3-4 September 2018, Artha Wacana Christian University, , ,

ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY SEAGRASSES SIKKA ISLAND WATER DISTRICT IN ALOR

Jahved F. Maro1, Efrin A. Dollu1*, Adriana Blegur1 1Study Program of Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Fisheries, Tribuana University, , East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

Correponding authors: [email protected]

Abstract

Seagrass is the only flowering plant (Angiospermae) that has true rhizomes, leaves, and roots that live submerged in the sea. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of seagrass species diversity in Sikka Island waters, Kabola District, Alor . Data retrieval of seagrass species diversity was carried out when the sea water receded with a water depth of 5-50 cm using the quadrant transect method at each observation station placed a line transect with the distance between the transects to the 25 m transect. Observation of seagrass cover conditions and seagrass density was carried out using a 1 mx 1 m quadrant transects. From the results of this study found 4 types of seagrass, namely Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halohila ovalis, Halodule pinifolia. All measured water quality parameters qualify for seagrass optimum growth. The diversity index (H ') type in Sikka Island waters is 0.228 categorized into small conditions, diversity index value (H') of all types of seagrasses on Sikka Island, namely Cymodocea rotundata at station I 0.0858, station II 0.0855, station III 0.0933, IV station 0.0851, at station V 0.0770, Enhalus acoroides at station I 0.02203, station II 0.1987, station III 0.1676, station IV 0.1810, at station V 0, 2256, Halophila ovalis at station I 0.3103, station II 0.2667, station III 0.3223, station IV 0.2522, at station V 0.3217, Halodule pinifolia at station I 0.4738, station II 0.4950 , station III 0.4871, at station IV 0.7460.

Keywords: Seagrass, species diversity, seagrass, Sikka Island.

INTRODUCTION

Seagrass beds in Indonesian waters generally include mixed vegetation (Azkab, 1999 in Sitorus, 2011). Seagrass in Indonesia has an area of about 30,000 m2 and plays an important role in shallow marine ecosystems because it is a habitat for fish and another aquatic biota (Nondji, 2009). Seagrass beds are marine resources that are quite potential to be used and ecologically, seagrass beds have several important functions in coastal areas (Pratiwi, 2010).

Seagrass beds have secondary productivity and great support for fish abundance and diversity. Seagrass beds are a place where various types of fish take shelter, foraging (Rappe, 2010). Referring to the ecological function that is so large, accompanied by its high economic function, seagrass beds are

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able to support the local and national economy (Poedjirahajoe, et al., 2013). carbon sink in the ocean (Kawaroe, 2009).

East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) is an archipelago province which is located in the south of the Indonesian territory having an area of 200,000 km the sea in which has marine and fisheries resources that can be developed for the benefit of the community.

The province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) has enormous marine and fisheries potential, and high sea diversity such as mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds. Seagrass species found in East Nusa Tenggara were Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea rotundata, cymodocea serrulata, Thalassia hemprichii, Thalassodenron ciliatum, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Halophila minor, and Halophila ovalis.

Alor Regency is one of 92 outermost islands in Indonesia, located in the islands of East Nusa Tenggara, with an area of 10,773.62 km2, a land area of 2,864.6 km2 coastline length 287.10 km2. (BAPPEDA, 2005). Based on WWF results, 2009 seagrass plants spread along the coastline of the entire island of Alor Regency. In Alor Regency, seagrass growth is found in 6 locations, namely Mali beach, Deere beach, Alila beach, Dunangbila beach, Bagang beach and Lapang Island. In this observation seagrass had good growth potential there were 7 species of seagrass in Alor Regency waters. The seven species include Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Syringodium isoetifolium, Cymomodocea rotundata, Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia. On the coast of Mali and Deere beach itself were found as many as 4 types of seagrass, but the cover of seagrasses on the beach of Mali was relatively low compared to other regions in Alor Regency which was 15%.

Of the 6 locations that have been studied, there are some islands that have far enough seagrass potential including Sikka Island. Sikka Island is one of the areas in the Kabola Subdistrict of Alor Regency and has great marine and fisheries potential, but resource exploration is still inadequate and requires professional and integrated management in order to ensure the sustainability of the fisheries development in Sikka Island so that utilization will occur sustainably and still maintaining the sustainability of existing resources. Sikka Island has a high biodiversity in which there is a Dugong. Dugong has habitat in seagrass beds, such as in the bay, wide and shallow mangrove areas, shady coastal areas. The criteria for this habitat are similar to the waters on Sikka Island, thus supporting the breeding of Dugong in this coastals waters. Seagrass is a food for Dugong, therefore, this animal is classified as a plant-eating type (herbivore) Adult dugongs can spend 25-30 kg of wet seagrass every day (Azkab, 1998). Therefore it is necessary to do research on the diversity of seagrass (Seagrass) in Sikka Island waters.

Based on the background stated, thea problem to be studied are: 1). what types of seagrass are in the waters of Sikka Island? 2). How is the diversity of seagrass species in Sikka island waters?

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The Purpose of the Study

The aims of this study were: 1). to determine seagrass species in the waters of Sikka island, 2). To determine the species diversity of seagrass in the waters of the Sikka island.

The benefits of this research are: 1). Result data obtained can be used as information about various types of seagrass (seagrass) in island waters Sikka Alor Regency. 2). For researchers can be used as study material and references for further research and it is expected that there will be developed regarding this research. 3). For the community, it can be used as an information on the importance of preserving nature in the coastal environment, especially seagrass ecosystems and the benefits of seagrass as habitat for marine life.

METHODS

This research was carried out within 1 (one) month, namely on the 1st of May to 30th of May 2017, located on Sikka Island, Kabola District, Alor Regency. Determination of the research location can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Research location

Tools and Materials

Tools and materials used in research can be seen in Table 1

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Table 1. tools and materials

Research Schemes

Research flow schemes can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Scheme approach to problems

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The method used in this research is a method descriptive exploratory. Method Explorative descriptive is conducting surveys to be the basis for policy making or further research. Descriptive research that is explorative aims to describe the state or status of the seagrass phenomenon in Sikka Island, Alor Regency.

Determination of Observation Stations

Determine the location of observation stations based on the existence and environmental conditions around Sikka Island. At each station three transect lines were stretched perpendicular to the shoreline towards the sea, 5 stations were taken in the study area where each station was a seagrass area on each line with ten plot samples with a size of 1 mx 1 m2 and according to the conditions of the field that is in accordance with the presence or absence of seagrass habitat. So that obtained 30 (thirty) observation plots at 1 station. The design of the observation plot on the seagrass station can be seen in (Figure 3).

Figure 3. Observation plot design

In each line transect, a plot of 1 meter x 1 meter is placed. In each plot, the determination of each seagrass plant that has been determined and the number of individuals in each type has been determined.

Identification of Seagrass types Type

Identification is done by matching the data in the field such as the shape of leaves, flowers, and seagrass roots with a catalog, then the types of seagrass obtained in the field are presented in table form (Minister of Environment Decree no.200 years, 2004). Identification of seagrass types uses seagrass identification guidelines according to McKenzie (2003).

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Seagrass data collection was carried out in one research location, namely on Sikka Island, which was divided into 5 (five) research stations with a number of 30 plot plots measuring 1 meter x 1 meter2. Each station observed two variables, species density, and stand number, then the coordinate point was taken using GPS (Global Positioning system) station distribution and the number of plots scattered in each station can be seen in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Seagrass research design

In one station there are three (3) line transects with each line transect there are 10 plots and the length of the line transect is 100 m and the distance between plots to plots is 10 m the number of plots in one station has 30 plots so the total number of plots in the study location contained 150 plots.

Observations using equipment snorkeling to facilitate observation. Each type found was counted the number of stands in the plot and then one stand was taken for each type as a sample and then put into a plastic bag and then labeled. Furthermore, seagrass species were identified using Mckenzie's identification book (2003).

Data Analysis diversity index (H ') Diversity Index (H') (Shannon and Wiever, 1949 in Odum, 1971) namely 푠 푛푖 푛푖 퐻′ = log 푁 푁 푛=1

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Where:

H ' = Shannon-Wiener Index = Number of individuals for speciesi N = Total number of individuals inthe sample

With Criteria H':

H'≤ 2 = Small diversity 2 3 = Large diversity

Seagrass

Conditions Seagrass beds will be determined based on seagrass density scale in Table 2.

Table 2. Seagrass meadows conditions based on density percentage

Scale Density (ind/m2) Condition 5 ˃175 Very meeting 4 126-175 Meeting 3 76-125 Medium 2 26-75 Rarely 1 ˂25 Very rarely

To determine seagrass status according to Minister of Environment Decree No. 200 of 2004 can be seen in table 3.

Table 3. Status of Padang Seagrass

Status Condition Closing (%) Good Kay ˃60 Broken Less rich/healthy 30-59,9 Very damaged Poor ˂29,9

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

General Description The Research Location

Of Sikka Island is a small island in the northeast of the Regional Water Conservation Area (KKPD) of Alor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. The position of the island is directly opposite to Mali airport, which has an area of 53,683 hectares. Sikka Island is an uninhabited island in the District of Kabola, Kabola Subdistrict, Alor Regency with a geographical location 080 '09'33'24 LS 1240'3704 BT. In Sikka Island, there are coral reef ecosystems, seagrass beds and mangroves (WWF., 2009).

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In the waters of Sikka Island, 3 Dugong are often found, WWF together with DKP and Alor Regency KKPD team on April 30, 2011, took a picture of a teenage Dugong with a length of 1.5 meters in Sikka Island waters. This is a very important discovery for Alor Regency in the management of marine areas in the future, especially in Kabola Village in order to protect these rare marine mammals.

Dugong or Duyung with the scientific name Dugong Dugon, come from Family Dugongidae and there are only one species in this family, the Dugong is still related to Manatee. The body length of the Dugong can reach 2.4-3.0 meters with a body weight ranging from 230-908 kilograms (Skalis, 2007).

Seagrass Type

Composition

The species composition is calculated by comparing the number of stands of each species with the total number of stands of all types of seagrass found. The composition of seagrasses on Sikka island was mixed seagrass which was found as many as 4 types of seagrass from 2 tribes, namely Cymodocea rotundata (Patomogetonaceae), Enhalus acoroides (Hydrocaritaceae), Halophila minor (Hydrocaritaceae), Halodule pinifolia (Patomogetonaceae). The type and frequency of seagrass can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. Types and frequency of seagrass in Sikka Island Waters

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Cymodocea rotundata is the main seagrass species in Sikka Island waters, Kabola Subdistrict, Alor Regency, with 2122 occurrences and 100% occurrence frequency. While Halodule pinifolia is a type of seagrass with 275 occurrences because it is only found in station I to station IV while station V is not found.

The high type of Cymodocea rotundata at all observation stations shows that this type can adjust to the characteristics of the Sikka island waters habitat. This species is a pioneer species in the seagrass ecosystem, this species has very good adaptability through its root system so that it can absorb nutrients under different substrate conditions (Short et al., 2010).

Diversity (H ')

Diversity index is used to determine the biodiversity of the biota studied. The index value is higher, meaning that the community in the waters is increasingly diverse and not dominated by one type but more than one type that exists. Diversity index (H ') can be used to measure community abundance based on the number of species and the number of stands of species in a location. The more the number of species, the more diverse the community (Nainggolan, 2011). The results of the diversity index (H ') calculation can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5. Diversity Index (H ')

Research sites Value (H‘) Criteria Station I 0,0457 Small Station II 0,0442 Small Station III 0,0455 Small Station IV 0,0440 Small Station V 0,0486 Small Total 0,228

Based on the calculation results obtained seagrass (H') diversity index value in the waters of Sikka Island is 0.228 in a small criterion namely H'≤ 2 = low diversity. According to Odum (1996) diversity has the highest value if all individuals come from different species, whereas the smallest value is obtained if individuals come from the same species.

The results of the calculation of the diversity index (H ') of all types of seagrass contained in the waters of Sikka Island. The results of the diversity index can be seen in the Table. 6.

Table 6. Diversity index value (H ') of all types of seagrass in Sikka Island waters

Station No Seagrass type I II III IV V 1 Cymodocea rotundata 0,0858 0,0855 0,0933 0,0851 0,0770 2 Enhalus acoroides 0,2203 0,1987 0,1676 0,1810 0,2256 3 Halophila ovalis 0,3103 0,2667 0,3223 0,2522 0,3217 4 Halodule pinifolia 0,4738 0,4950 0,4871 0,7460 -

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The results of the calculation of the diversity index (H') of all seagrass species contained in the diversity index showed that seagrass diversity in the waters of Sikka Island was still low in seagrass species, namely: Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis and Halodule pinifolia diversity index value (H ') at each station value (H') varied in station V type seagrass Halodule pinifolia not found because this type of seagrass did not match the substrate at station V. Diversity index value is a vegetation parameter that is useful for comparing various plant communities, especially to study the existence of disturbances from various environmental factors to the community or to determine the state of succession and stability of the community. Because in a community there are generally various types of plants, the older or the more stable the state of a community, the higher the diversity of plant species (Fachrul, 2007).

The low value of the seagrass diversity index in Sikka Island waters, Kabola District, was caused by only 4 types of seagrass found in Sikka Island waters. The high and low value of the species diversity index can be caused by various factors including the number of species or individuals obtained, the existence of several species found in more abundant quantities than other types, conditions of substrate homogeneity, conditions of seagrass ecosystem as habitat of aquatic fauna (Yanu, 2011 in Suryanti et al., 2014).

Physical Characteristics of Aquatic Research Sites Physical

Parameters measured at the time of observation include measurement of temperature, salinity, current velocity, brightness and texture of the substrate. The parameters measurement results can be seen in Table 7.

Table 7. The range of physical parameters in the location of the study

Temperature

From the measurement results in five water stations in Sikka Island, ranging from 28.60C-32.20C. the highest temperature was found at the station IV because of the time of data collection at noon (at 12:38 WITA) with high sunlight intensity. There is a decrease in water temperature at stations I, II, III, and V due to the condition of the waters after the rain. According to Nondji (2005), differences in temperature in the waters are influenced by meteorological conditions (rainfall, evaporation, humidity, air temperature, wind speed, and sunlight intensity). Measurement results in Sikka Island waters are within

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3-4 September 2018, Artha Wacana Christian University, Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia the optimum range for seagrass growth. According to (McKenzie, 2008) the temperature range above 450C seagrass will experience stress and can cause death.

According to Wirawan (2014), the temperature is one of the environmental factors that influence seagrass ecosystems, because temperature affects the growth and distribution of seagrasses. Temperature changes affect metabolism, nutrient absorption, and seagrass survival. At a temperature range of 250C-300C, the net photosynthesis of seagrasses will increase with increasing temperature

Salinity

The salinity value found based on the measurement results in five observation stations is between 31% o-39% o. the difference in salinity in each station is influenced by the circulation of seawater in the process of tide and the influence of rainfall in the waters of Sikka Island.

Some seagrasses can live in the salinity range of 10-450 / 00 (Hemminga and Duarte, 2000), and can survive in the estuary, freshwater, marine waters and in the Hypersaline area so that the salinity is one of the seagrass distribution factors in Gradient (McKenzie, 2008) Thalassia can grow optimally in the salinity range of 24-350 / 00, but can also be found in salinity of 3.5-600 / 00 with a short tolerance time (Ziemen, 1986 in Hemminga and Duarte, 2000).

Conditions are a common condition in tropical marine waters, where according to Dahuri et al., (2001) seagrass species have a tolerance to different salinity in the range of 10-40% o, with the optimum value of sea salinity tolerance that is good for seagrass growth of 35 % o. as a high-level plant that lives in the sea, but has a wide salinity tolerance (euryhaline) with the adaptation of leaves that have a thin cuticle so that the leaves are able to absorb nutrients directly in the waters (Badria, 2007).

According to Wirawan (2014), the range of salinity that can be tolerated by seagrass plants is 10-40 ppt and the optimum value is 35 ppt. Supriharyono (2007) states that the flowering phase of seagrass plants in a good salinity range is between 28-32 ppt. Salinity value at the study site strongly supports seagrass life.

Brightness

A range of the value of the brightness of sea water in Sikka Island waters, Kabola Subdistrict, Alor Regency, is 100% the brightness value condition in Sikka Island waters is still within normal limits for seagrasses to grow and develop. This is supported by provisions in seawater quality standards based on KEPMEN-LH NO. 51 (2004).

According to Supriharyono (2007), the penetration of sunlight or brightness is very important for seagrass plants. Seagrass plants usually grow in the sea which is very shallow, because it requires light for photosynthesis.

Supriharyono, (2009) in Nainggolan, (2011). Saying that the higher the value of brightness or penetration of sunlight, the higher the level of light penetration into the water column will make it easier for seagrass plants to carry out photosynthesis.

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Flow velocity

Based on the results of the prediction of sea tides in Sikka Island waters, showing the condition of the waters at the time of measurement at 11.00 WITA until 16.00 WITA was in the condition of the waters towards low tide. The ebb condition of sea water will affect the speed of the water, where the velocity of the water current will be faster than the speed of the current when the sea water is going to tide.

Current velocity based on measurement results in Sikka Island waters that are at the station I is 0.6 m / sec, at station II is 0.07 m / sec, at station III is 0.3 m / sec, at station IV is 0.4 m / sec, and at station, V is 0.01 m / sec.

In seagrass beds, current velocity has a very real effect, the productivity of seagrass meadows can be seen from the influence of the current velocity of the waters, which has the maximum ability to produce a "standing crop" when the current velocity is 0.5 m / sec (Dahuri et al., 2011).

Substrate

Base substrate texture of Sikka Island waters based on measurement results in all sand station type observations. This condition makes it possible for seagrasses to grow and develop properly because this type of sandy substrate will make it easier for seagrasses to stick their roots into the substrate. With the condition of the seagrass roots that stick well will allow the seagrass to be able to absorb the nutrients contained in the sediment substrate as a food source for seagrasses.

Seagrass is Cymodocea able to grow on a variety of substrates ranging from the range of mud clay to coarse coral fragments, in a calm environment and seagrass sandy substrate to form a vast and dense monospatial field. Halodule is generally found on substrate mud or fine-sized calcite sand.seagrass is Thalassia hemprichi found abundantly on a sand substrate to coral fragments (Arifin, 2001).

CONCLUSION

Based on the results of analysis diversity of seagrass (Seagrass) in the waters of the island Sikka can be concluded as follows:

1. The composition of seagrass species in island waters Sikka, found there are 4 types: Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halophila ovalis, and Halodul epinifolia.

2. Type diversity index (H ') in Sikka Island waters is 0.228 categorized into small conditions.

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