DOCSLIB.ORG

Lio and the Central Flores Languages

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Lio and the Central Flores languages Alexander Elias A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Alexander Elias Student ID: s1915444 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second Reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 13th November, 2018 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Abstract This thesis consists of two interconnected parts: a synchronic section dealing with Lio phonology, and a diachronic section dealing with the internal relations of the Central Flores language group, of which Lio is a member. The first section is a description of the phonetics and phonology of Lio (Austronesian), a language spoken in Flores, an island in the Lesser Sunda island chain of eastern Indonesia. I describe the phonemic inventory, phonotactics, stress system and adaptation of loanwords into Lio. This is based on fieldwork carried out in Central Flores in July-August 2017 which focused mainly on Lio. This is a contribution to the state of linguistic documentation in Central Flores, which remains relatively poorly documented. This will also set the stage for the second part of the thesis, because Lio is an important language for reconstructing aspects of Proto-Central Flores. The second section is a historical analysis of the relations of the Central Flores lan- guages, and a reconstruction of Proto-Central Flores. I present evidence that the Central Flores languages form a valid innovation-defined subgroup, which underwent a period of splitting and isolation at the level of Proto-Central Flores. Then I address the internal relations of the Central Flores group and the process of differentiation from Proto-Central Flores to the modern Central Flores languages. Lio is one of the more conservative mem- bers of the Central Flores group, and is crucial for distinguishing the reflexes of certain Proto-Central Flores phonemes. The Central Flores group forms a linkage, with patterns of intersecting isoglosses which are not easily captured in a tree diagram. Therefore, the findings of this section will be cast in the framework of Historical Glottometry, a wave model-based methodology which is better equipped to represent and model the relations holding between linkages. 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people who made this thesis possible. First and foremost, I would like to thank Tedyis Sofa for all of her help. This includes all the time spent on transcribing and explaining the meanings of Lio words, as well as the great company and delicious food I shared with her. It was thanks to her that I felt so welcomed to Flores and integrated with the community, and this research would not have happened without her. I hope to one day be able to return the hospitality that she showed me, and I hope we remain in touch for a long time to come. My next acknowledgement is to Edy Dole and his mother Madalena, as well as to his wife and children. Edy was one of the first people I met in Flores and was happy to welcome me into his family, leading to the greatly productive time I spent recording with Madalena. He showed me life in his village of Kanganara and we spent many great evenings together. I am proud to call him ka'´e (older brother) and to be his aji (younger brother). I would like to particularly acknowledge the following people I met in Flores for their friendship and support in large and small ways: Mama and Bapak Fanny, Mama and Bapak Gilbert, Pak Frumen Dole, Pak Alfons Mbuu, Pak Stan Jaya, Pak Gregorius Bito, Pak Dominikus, Ibu Vero, Pak Sipri, Pak Ali, Bartolomeus and his family, Eriko Aoki, Satoshi Nakagawa. There are many people whose names are not listed who I remember fondly from my time in Flores and who made it the adventure that it was. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Marian Klamer, my supervisor, for her support and confidence in me, and for guiding me through the process of planning and carrying out this plan. I would also like to thank Antoinette Schapper for helping me settle on central Flores as a fieldwork destination, and I am grateful to Owen Edwards, Hanna Fricke and George Saad for their linguistic input, friendship and advice at many stages of this research. I would like to thank Pak Wayan Arka (although I had not met him at the time) for putting me in touch with many useful local contacts in Flores. I would also like to thank Pak Yosef Bataona (who I have still not met in person) for helping me with my visa application and introducing me to the people in Ende who would turn out to be crucial to the success of this thesis. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the funding bodies which made this research pos- sible. The Leids Universiteits Fonds generously provided a 1100 euro LISF grant (LUF International Study Fund) which covered my international travel costs and living costs in the field. A second source of support was a 300 euro contribution from Marian Klamer's research project `Reconstructing the past through languages of the present: The Lesser Sunda Islands' which covered the cost of internal flights and transport within Indonesia. Together, these funding sources made this project possible and I thank them for their support. 2 List of Tables 1 List of recordings . .9 2 Lio consonant phonemes . 14 3 Lio vowel phonemes . 42 4 Mean duration of each segment in milliseconds . 49 5 Full forms of Lio pronouns . 59 6 Vowel system of all CF languages . 71 7 Consonant inventory of Lio (Kanganara) . 72 8 Consonant inventory of Ende (Ende) . 75 9 Consonant inventory of Western Nga'o (Watumite) . 76 10 Consonant inventory of Western Nga'o (Oja) . 76 11 Consonant inventory of Eastern Nage (Nangamboa) . 77 12 Consonant inventory of Central Nage (Boawae) . 78 13 Consonant inventory of K´eo(Udiworowatu) . 78 14 Consonant inventory of Western Ngadha (Bajawa) . 79 15 Consonant inventory of Central Ngadha (So'a) . 80 16 Consonant inventory of Eastern Ngadha (Takatunga) . 80 17 Consonant inventory of Rongga . 81 18 Consonant inventory of Palu'e . 82 19 Consonant inventory of Manggarai . 83 20 Consonant inventory of Sika . 84 21 Identical reflexes of PMP phonemes in PCF . 86 22 Non-identical reflexes of PMP phonemes in PCF . 86 23 Reflexes of PMP *m, *n, *~n,*N in PCF . 87 24 Reflexes of PMP *p, *t, *k, *q in PCF . 88 25 Reflexes of PMP *b in PCF . 89 26 Reflexes of PMP *z, *j, *d in PCF . 90 27 Reflexes of PMP *l, *R in PCF . 91 28 Reflexes of PMP *w, *y in PCF . 91 29 Reflexes of PMP *r, *g in PCF . 92 30 Reflexes of PMP vowels in PCF . 93 31 Deletion of PMP final consonants in PCF . 94 32 Reflexes of PMP consonant clusters in PCF . 95 33 Reflexes of final PMP *-R, *-q in PCF . 96 34 Reflexes of PMP trisyllables in PCF . 97 35 PCF reflexes of PMP trisyllables beginning in stative *ma- . 97 36 Reconstructed consonant inventory of PCF . 99 37 Reconstructed vowel inventory of PCF . 99 38 Reflexes of PCF consonants which correspond identically across CF languages100 39 Reflexes of PCF consonants which undergo changes in CF languages . 100 3 40 Reflexes of PCF voiceless stops *p, *t, *k, *P ................. 101 41 Reflexes of PCF nasals *m, *n, *N ....................... 101 42 Reflexes of PCF *b, *mb . 102 43 Reflexes of PCF *g, *Ng............................. 103 44 Reflexes of PCF *nd . 104 45 Reflexes of PCF *d, *dZ ............................. 105 46 Reflexes of PCF *á ................................ 106 47 Reflexes of PCF *â ................................ 106 48 Reflexes of PCF *l . 107 49 Reflexes of PCF *w . 108 50 Reflexes of PCF *y . 109 51 Reflexes of PCF *f . 110 52 Reflexes of PCF *s . 110 53 Reflexes of PCF *r . 111 54 Reflexes of PCF *kl- . 112 55 Reflexes of PCF *kr-, *bl- . 113 56 CF pronoun paradigms with reconstructed PCF pronouns . 114 57 Reconstructed PCF numerals and their underlying formulas . 116 58 CF numeral systems and reconstructed PCF numerals (1 to 5) . 117 59 CF numeral systems and reconstructed PCF numerals (6 to 10) . 118 60 CF directional systems and reconstructed PCF directionals . 119 61 Lexical replacements affecting whole CF group . 121 62 Lexical replacements affecting whole CF group (cont.) . 121 63 Innovations affecting LIO, END, NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD . 125 64 Innovations affecting LIO, END, NGO, KEO, NAG . 126 65 Innovations affecting LIO, END . 127 66 Innovations affecting LIO, END (cont.) . 128 67 Innovations affecting END, NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD, RON . 129 68 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD . 130 69 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, NAG, E:NGD . 131 70 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, E:NAG . 132 71 Innovations affecting NGO, NAG . 133 72 Innovations affecting NGO, E:NAG . 134 73 Innovations affecting NGO . 135 74 Innovations affecting NGO (cont.) . 135 75 Innovations affecting KEO, E:NAG . 136 76 Innovations affecting C:NAG, NGD, RON . 137 77 Innovations affecting NGD . 138 78 Innovations affecting W:NGD, C:NGD . 139 79 Results of glottometric analysis of subgroups listed in order of decreasing subgroupiness (σ)................................. 141 4 Abbreviations The abbreviations used in this thesis are listed below. 1 first person ITER iterative 2 second person KEO K´eo(Udiworowatu) 3 third person LIO Lio 1PL.E 1st plural exclusive LOC locative 1PL.I 1st plural inclusive M masculine ADV adverbial MAN Manggarai C:NAG Central Nage (Boawae) NAG Nage C:NGD Central Ngadha (So'a) NEG negative CF Central Flores NGD Ngadha CL classifier NGO Nga'o COM comitative NOM nominalizer COND conditional PAL Palu'e CONJ conjunction PAN Proto-Austronesian DEM demonstrative PCF Proto-Central Flores DISTR distributive PCMP Proto-Central Malayo-Polynesian E:NAG Eastern Nage (Nangamboa) PERF perfective E:NGD Eastern Ngadha (Takatunga) PL plural E:NGO Eastern Nga'o (Oja) PMP Proto-Malayo-Polynesian EMPH emphatic PROH prohibition END Ende RECIP reciprocal EXCLAM exclamation REL relativizer EXI existential RON Rongga F feminine SG singular FUT future SIK Sika HG Historical Glottometry SVC serial verb construction IMP imperative VOT voice onset time INTENS intensifier W:NGD Western Ngadha (Bajawa) IPA International Phonetic Alphabet W:NGO Western Nga'o (Watumite) 5 Contents Abstract 5 Acknowledgements 5 List of Tables 5 Abbreviations 5 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Aim of research .
Recommended publications
  • Download Article (PDF)

    Download Article (PDF)

    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 547 Proceedings of the 1st Annual International Conference on Natural and Social Science Education (ICNSSE 2020) Mosalaki: Central Point of Traditional Leadership System in Lio Ethnic Group in Sikka District, East Nusa Tenggara Suswandari1, Sri Astuti2 1)History Education Study Program, FKIP UHAMKA 2)Economic Education Study Program. FKIP UHAMKA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract. Indonesia's ethnic diversity has become a world-recognized identity. There are more than 750 ethnic groups throughout Indonesia from Sabang to Merauke. Every ethnic group has its character and is also an image of a proud cultural system. The Lio ethnic group is one of the ethnic groups on the island of Flores with their traditional ties and values of local wisdom that enrich Indonesia's diversity. One of its values include the local leadership known as Mosalaki. In Sikka Regency, the status of a Mosalaki in the Lio ethnic group is still the central point of the social structure. The Mosalaki are prominent figures in terms of their origins, authority and charisma that are not shared by society in general. In various traditional ceremonial procedures, the Mosalaki have an essential role to play, such as deciding the planting season, land management procedures, marriage procedures, and procedures for preserving and ensuring the wellbeing of people, contact behaviour, the belief system embraced even in the realm of modern politics today. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach as developed by Spradley. The results of the study describe that the role of a Mosalaki is still the focal point of all activities in the Lio ethnic, especially in the modern world today.
  • 《International Symposium》 Let's Talk About Trees National Museum

    《International Symposium》 Let's Talk About Trees National Museum

    《International Symposium》 Let’s Talk about Trees National Museum of Ethnology, Osaka, Japan. February 10, 2013 Abstract [Austronesian Language Case Studies 2] Limitations of the tree model: A case study from North Vanuatu Siva KALYAN1 and Alexandre FRANÇOIS2 1. Northumbria University 2. CNRS/LACITO Since the beginnings of historical linguistics, the family tree has been the most widely accepted model for representing historical relations between languages. It is even being reinvigorated by current research in computational phylogenetics (e.g. Gray et al. 2009). While this sort of representation is certainly easy to grasp, and allows for a simple, attractive account of the development of a language family, the assumptions made by the tree model are applicable in only a small number of cases. The tree model is appropriate when a speaker population undergoes successive splits, with subsequent loss of contact among subgroups. For all other scenarios, it fails to provide an accurate representation of language history (cf. Durie & Ross 1996; Pawley 1999; Heggarty et al. 2010). In particular, it is unable to deal with dialect continua, as well as language families that develop out of dialect continua (for which Ross 1988 has proposed the term "linkage"). In such cases, the scopes of innovations (in other words, their isoglosses) are not nested, but rather they persistently intersect, so that any proposed tree representation is met with abundant counterexamples. Though Ross's initial observations about linkages concerned the languages of Western Melanesia, it is clear that linkages are found in many other areas as well (such as Fiji: cf. Geraghty 1983). In this presentation, we focus on the 17 languages of the Torres and Banks islands in Vanuatu, which form a linkage (Tryon 1996, François 2011), and attempt to develop adequate representations for it.
  • East Nusa Tenggara

    East Nusa Tenggara

    7th Edition SANDIAGA UNO: NOW IT IS TIME FOR TOURISM SECTOR & CREATIVE ECONOMY TO RISE UP ANDAZ BRANCH DEBUTS WITH THE OPENING OF THE FIRST RESORT IN ASIA, ANDAZ BALI CHASING SUNRISE IN LOOKING FOR POSONG & OFFROAD IN BATURRADEN AMIDST BEAUTY & COMFORT THE PANDEMIC TRAVELLING IN EAST NUSA TENGGARA EDITORIAL: Edhie Rianto TEAM Publisher/Group Editor-in-Chief Juandito B. Irianto Special Contributor Tommy Hermanses CREDITS Special Contributor Rico Horoni Contributor & Photographer MARKETING: Elthon Lakonawa Business Development Manager DESIGN: Betha Almanfaluthi Creative Design Ilham Special Webmaster Edhie Rianto Director & Publisher Sandra Berel Chief Executive Officer BOARD OF ADVISORY: The Late Daisy Hadmoko Moetaryanto Poerwoaminoto Pieter Johannes Berel TRAVELTEXT Media Publishing Jl. Wijaya Kusuma B-32 Komp. MPR, Cilandak Barat, Jakarta 12432, Indonesia www.traveltext.id/www.traveltextmagz.com COPYRIGHT TRAVELTEXT Media Publishing 2009 The published, written, and visual contents of this magazine are protected by copyright laws, you may not reproduce our articles, contents, images, videos and audios, online or in print in any format without first obtaining written permission. Please contact the publisher to obtain his or her written consent. Reproduction in whole or part without obtaining publisher permission and notifying the magazine is strictly prohibited. FOREWORD WE ARE DELIGHTED to reintroduce the sustainable edition FINALLY, (‘Reborn’) of the e-magazine for the tourism business lifestyle TRAVELTEXTMAGZ.COM which is aimed at and for well-known WE CAME entrepreneurs, the hospitality industry, tourism and creative economy players, etc., after experiencing a long delay due to with BACK! internal problems and the COVID-19 pandemic. That is the expression of our joy in entering the seventh edition of 2021.
  • UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

    UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5pv6f9g9 Author Cathcart, Chundra Aroor Publication Date 2015 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry By Chundra Aroor Cathcart A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Andrew J. Garrett, Chair Professor Gary B. Holland Professor Martin Schwartz Spring 2015 Abstract Studies in Iranian Dialectology and Dialectometry by Chundra Aroor Cathcart Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics University of California, Berkeley Professor Andrew Garrett, Chair This dissertation investigates the forces at work in the formation of a tightly knit but ultimately non-genetic dialect group. The Iranian languages, a genetic sub-branch of the larger Indo-European language family, are a group whose development has been profoundly affected by millennia of internal contact. This work is concerned with aspects of the diversification and disparification (i.e., the development of different versus near-identical features across languages) of this group of languages, namely issues pertaining to the development of the so-called West Iranian group, whose status as a legitimate genetic subgroup has long remained unclear. To address the phenomena under study, I combine a traditional comparative-historical approach with existing quantitative methods as well as newly developed quantitative methods designed to deal with the sort of linguistic situation that Iranian typifies. The studies I undertake support the idea that West Iranian is not a genetic subgroup, as sometimes assumed; instead, similarities between West Iranian languages that give the impression of close genetic relatedness have come about due to interactions between contact and parallel driftlike tendencies.
  • Pembangunan Di Indonesia Timur: Fakta Dan Beberapa Pelajaran

    Pembangunan Di Indonesia Timur: Fakta Dan Beberapa Pelajaran

    Pembangunan di Indonesia Timur: Fakta dan Beberapa Pelajaran Budy P. Resosudarmo Indonesia Project Arndt-Corden Department of Economics Crawford School of Public Policy ANU College of Asia & the Pacific Pertumbuhan PDB • Performa Nusa Tenggara 900 dan Papua baik 800 • Konflik di Maluku ditahun 1999 menyebabkan 700 kemunduran pembangunan 600 Sulawesi NusaTenggara 500 Papua 400 Java-Bali Maluku 300 Kalimantan 200 Sumatera 100 0 GDP (2010 Rp konstan) diindeks 100 di 1984 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Sumber: CEIC Kondisi di 1984 PDB/Kapita (juta Rp. Harga berlaku) Kemiskinan* (%) 1.2 1.6 0.6 18.7 20.5 31.7 1.5 1.6 47.7 37.6 0.8 29.9 0.4 40.9 Sumber: CEIC & Booth (1992) Kondisi di 2017 PDB/Kapita (juta Rp. harga berlaku) Kemiskinan (%) 53.4 72.9 43.9 11.1 6.5 11.0 65.4 24.3 28.0 13.4 54.5 9.8 21.3 19.3 Sumber: CEIC Inflasi* 1984-1994 1994-2004 2004-2017 PDB hr PDB hr PDB hr PDB hr PDB hr PDB hr 2010 berlaku Inflation* 2010 berlaku Inflation* 2010 berlaku Inflation* Sumatera 5.93% 12.10% 6.17% 2.62% 18.43% 15.80% 4.72% 12.80% 8.08% Java-Bali 7.25% 15.66% 8.41% 3.00% 17.93% 14.94% 5.92% 12.87% 6.94% Kalimantan 5.40% 14.68% 9.28% 3.90% 18.79% 14.90% 4.43% 11.88% 7.45% Sulawesi 7.57% 14.39% 6.82% 4.46% 19.25% 14.79% 7.61% 15.08% 7.46% Nusa Tenggara 6.35% 14.75% 8.39% 5.99% 19.13% 13.14% 4.81% 11.57% 6.76% Maluku 7.66% 15.66% 8.00% -0.09% 9.19% 9.28% 5.99% 12.39% 6.40% Papua 7.06% 16.00% 8.94% 4.27% 19.56% 15.29% 5.51% 15.28% 9.77% • (proxy) Inflasi di Papua umumnya tinggi • Tapi tidak di
  • E-Journal of Linguistics FORM and MEANING of TI'i KA DISCOURSE

    E-Journal of Linguistics FORM and MEANING of TI'i KA DISCOURSE

    e-Journal of Linguistics FORM AND MEANING OF TI'I KA DISCOURSE IN MBASA WINI RITUAL OF RONGGA ETHNIC IN FLORES Ni Wayan Sumitri e-mail : [email protected] Institute of Teacher Training PGRI Bali Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Weda Kusuma, M.S e-mail : [email protected] Study Program of Linguistics, School of Postgraduate Studies, Udayana University Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suarka, M.S e-mail : [email protected] Study Program of Linguistics, School of Postgraduate Studies, Udayana University Dr. Fransiscus Bustan, M.Lib [email protected] Nusa Cendana University ABSTRACT This article describes the results of research on the form and meaning of Ti'i ka discourse (TD) that is the food offering ritual to the ancestors in mbasa wini rituals in Rongga ethnic of Flores. Mbasa wini ritual is the new-year ritual of traditional agricultural in Rongga ethnic. Theoretical framework to guide is cultural linguistic supported by discourse, symbolic interactions and hermeneutics theories. This research is a descriptive study based on the philosophy of phenomenology. The location of the study is in the distribution of Rongga ethnic region with the main location in the Sambi Village sub-District of Kota Komba, East Manggarai regency. Methods of data collection are observation, interviews, and documentary studies. The data collection technique is recording and note-taking. The main data sources are Rongga ethnic residing in Sambi village that were represented by four key informants. The data were analyzed qualitatively using induction method. The results showed that the form and meaning of TD is unique in the context of the situation of mbasa wini ritual and socio-cultural context of Rongga ethnic.
  • 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS in EASTERN PART of INDONESIA Mandalika, Wakatobi, Morotai, Labuan Bajo, Bunaken

    5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS in EASTERN PART of INDONESIA Mandalika, Wakatobi, Morotai, Labuan Bajo, Bunaken

    PROFILE OF 5 TOURISM DESTINATIONS IN EASTERN PART OF INDONESIA Mandalika, Wakatobi, Morotai, Labuan Bajo, Bunaken INDONESIA INVESTMENT COORDINATING BOARD © 2017 by Indonesia Investment Coordinating Board. All rights reserved MANDALIKA |West Nusa Tenggara Province SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES DESTINATION PROFILE MANDALIKA - SEZ Location Province : Lombok Regency : Central Lombok Mandalika Development Area Mandalika Facts Total Area : ± 2000 Ha Total SEZ Area : 1.035,67 Ha (Total Developer Owned Area) • The only conservation area in Indonesia which has a total of Accesiblity 5,250 hectares of ocean sand. Lombok International Airport (40 minutes to Mandalika) • Mandalika has appointed as the Best Halal Destination and The Best Honeymoon Destination in the World Halal Travel Award Accomodation 2015. 884 hotels (Regional Statistics, 2014) • Mandalika directly exposed to the Atlantic Sea. Mandalika has Kuta Beach (like in Bali) as well as soft and white sandy beach of Tanjung Aan, white sandy beaches in the bay area with the longest coastline. • Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Mandalika proposed by PT Indonesia Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC) has been established by Government Regulation No. 52 of 2014 on June 30, 2014. • Development of the SEZ Mandalika focused on the main activities of Tourism. Mandalika KEK is currently in the construction phase I. • 1035.67 ha of land acquisition has been completed and physical development that has been done is the construction of roads in the area along the 4 Km. • The government needs support to extend Lombok International Airport runway, revitalize Harbour Shee, as well as to provide Clean Water Network Management Area in Kuta Area. In 2016, there are two hotels that has been built from 2016; the Pullman Hotel and Hotel Clumbmed.
  • Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification Alexandre François

    Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification Alexandre François

    Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification Alexandre François To cite this version: Alexandre François. Trees, Waves and Linkages: Models of Language Diversification. Bowern, Claire; Evans, Bethwyn. The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Routledge, pp.161-189, 2014, 978-0-41552-789-7. 10.4324/9781315794013.ch6. halshs-00874726v2 HAL Id: halshs-00874726 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00874726v2 Submitted on 19 Mar 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics Edited by Claire Bowern and Bethwyn Evans RH of Historical Linguistics BOOK.indb iii 3/26/2014 1:20:21 PM 6 Trees, waves and linkages Models of language diversifi cation Alexandre François 1 On the diversifi cation of languages 1.1 Language extinction, language emergence The number of languages spoken on the planet has oscillated up and down throughout the history of mankind.1 Different social factors operate in opposite ways, some resulting in the decrease of language diversity, others favouring the emergence of new languages. Thus, languages fade away and disappear when their speakers undergo some pressure towards abandoning their heritage language and replacing it in all contexts with a new language that is in some way more socially prominent (Simpson, this volume).
  • Media Informatika

    Media Informatika

    LOCAL WISDOM, 12 (1): 19 - 30, 2020 Local Wisdom Scientific Online Journal ISSN: 2086-3764 Identification and Orientation on Spatial Arrangement of Wajo Traditional Village, Keo Tengah, Nagekeo Regency Reginaldo Christophori Lake1, Yohanes Djarot Purbadi2, Herman Florianus Harmans3 1Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira 2Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknologi, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta 3Program Studi Arsitektur, Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Katolik Widya Mandira Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract Keywords: The purpose of this paper is to describe the uniqueness of spatial spatial arrangement of Wajo traditional villages in Nagekeo district, which is arrangement, designed based on local wisdom. Traditional settlements in Indonesia have traditional a spatial concept that has the potential to become the basis of settlement, contemporary architecture. The spatial arrangement of traditional adat village settlements of Wajo village is interesting to disclose the principle and its Wajo, constituent elements as one of Indonesia's architectural properties that orientation, identification maintaining local culture. The problem under study is the dominant (important) aspects underlying the spatial concept of traditional village settlements Wajo custom. The method used is to study literature in various writings on the spatial layout phenomenon of traditional settlements, as well as the elaboration of physical theories (structuring principles) and non-physical theories (identification
  • NAGEKEO DALAM ANGKA Nagekeo in Figures 2009

    NAGEKEO DALAM ANGKA Nagekeo in Figures 2009

    KATALOG BPS : NAGEKEO DALAM ANGKA Nagekeo In Figures 2009 BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK KABUPATEN NGADA NAGEKEO DALAM ANGKA Nagekeo In Figures 2009 ISSN : No. Publikasi / Publication Number : 5318.0901 Katalog BPS / BPS Catalog : Ukuran Buku / Book Size : 21 cm x 15 cm Jumlah Halaman / Number of Pages : 380 + xxxv Naskah / Manuscript : Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ngada / “BPS” – Statistics of Ngada Regency Penyunting / Editor : Seksi IPDS Gambar / Figures : Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ngada / “BPS” – Statistics of Ngada Regency Foto / Photo : Sil T. Cam Diterbitkan Oleh / Published by : Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Ngada / “BPS” – Statistics of Ngada Regency Boleh dikutip dengan menyebut sumbernya/ Maybe cited with reference to the source BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK KABUPATEN NGADA 2009 PENJELASAN LAMBANG KABUPATEN NAGEKEO Bentuk lambang Bentuk lambang Kabupaten Nagekeo “ Perisai “ yang melambangkan kelima Sila Pancasila sebagai Dasar Negara Warna dan isi lambang : Warna yang dicantumkan pada Logo Daerah mempunyai makna: 1. Kuning adalah warna yang khas bagi masyarakat Nagekeo, melambangkan keagungan dan kebesaran. 2. Hitam adalah warna yang khas bagi masyarakat Nagekeo, melambangkan kekuatan 3. Merah melambangkan keberanian dan keteguhan dalam perjuangan 4. Putih melambangkan kesucian, ketulusan dan kejujuran 5. Biru melambangkan indahnya cita-cita masyarakat 6. Hijau melambangkan harapan yang merupakan latar belakang terbentuknya Kabupetn Nagekeo Arti gambar lambang Lambang Kabupaten Nagekeo berisi : 1. Perisai melambangkan kelima Sila Pancasila sebagai Dasar negara 2. Bintang sebagai simbol kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa yang diyakini sebagai Penyelenggara Kehidupan bagi umat manusia 3. Peo sebagai simbol kultural sosial budaya Nagekeo yang khas karena dari Peo yang dilihat dan biasa ditanam di tengah kampung merupakan simbol persekutuan dan tata kehidupan masyarakat Nagekeo 4.
  • Problems With, and Alternatives To, the Tree Model in Historical Linguistics

    Problems With, and Alternatives To, the Tree Model in Historical Linguistics

    150 Journal of Historical Linguistics of Historical Journal Journal of Journal of Historical Linguistics volume 9 number 1 2019 Historical Linguistics SPECIAL ISSUE Introduction Understanding language genealogy Problems with, and alternatives to, the tree model in historical Alternatives to the tree model linguistics Siva Kalyan, Alexandre François and Harald Hammarström Articles Detecting non-tree-like signal using multiple tree topologies Annemarie Verkerk Visualizing the Boni dialects with Historical Glottometry Alexander Elias Subgrouping the Sogeram languages: A critical appraisal of Historical Glottometry 9 volume Don Daniels, Danielle Barth and Wolfgang Barth Save the trees: Why we need tree models in linguistic reconstruction (and when we should apply them) Guillaume Jacques and Johann-Mattis List When the waves meet the trees: A response to Jacques and List 1 number Siva Kalyan and Alexandre François volume 9 number 1 2019 2019 issn 2210-2116 / e-issn 2210-2124 John Benjamins Publishing Company John Benjamins Publishing Company jhl.9.1.cover.indd 1 16/04/2019 16:22:06 Table of contents special issue Understanding language genealogy introduction Alternatives to the tree model Problems with, and alternatives to, the tree model in historical 1 linguistics Siva Kalyan, Alexandre François and Harald Hammarstrom Edited by Siva ,alyan, Alexandre François and Harald Hammarström articles Australian National University / LaTTiCe, CNRS, École Normale Supérieure, Univ. Detecting non-tree-like signal using multiple tree topologies 9 Paris
  • Regional Overview Based on 2011-2015 GDRP, Book 5 Nusa

    Regional Overview Based on 2011-2015 GDRP, Book 5 Nusa

    Katalog: 9199018 TINJAUAN REGIONAL Berdasarkan PDRB KABUPATEN/KOTA 2011-2015 http://www.bps.go.id BUKU 5 PULAU NUSA TENGGARA, MALUKU, DAN PAPUA BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK http://www.bps.go.id Tinjauan Regional Berdasarkan PDRB Kabupaten/Kota 2011-2015 Pulau Nusa Tenggara,Maluku, dan Papua Buku 5 I S S N : 2477-0175 Nomor Publikasi : 07140.1606 Katalog : 9199018 Ukuran Buku : 29,7 cm x 21 cm Jumlah Halaman : x + 131 halaman Naskah : Subdirektorat Konsolidasi Neraca Produksi Regional Gambar Kulit : Subdirektorat Konsolidasi Neraca Produksi Regional Diterbitkan oleh : © Badan Pusat Statistikhttp://www.bps.go.id Dicetak oleh : PT Citra Mawana Patamaro Dilarang mengumumkan, mendistribusikan, mengomunikasikan, dan/atau menggandakan sebagian atau seluruh isi buku ini untuk tujuan komersial tanpa izin tertulis dari Badan Pusat Statistik Tim Penyusun Tinjauan Regional berdasarkan PDRB Kabupaten/Kota 2011-2015 Buku 5 Pulau Nusa Tenggara, Maluku, dan Papua Pengarah : Dr. Suhariyanto Penanggung Jawab Umum : Buyung Airlangga, M.Bus. Penanggung Jawab Teknis : Nina Suri Sulistini, MT Editor : Budi Ayu Kusuma Dewi, MA., M.Ec.Dev Tri Isdinarmiati, SST., SE., M.Si. Ari Sugih Mulia, SE, MSE, MA Penulis & Pengolahan Data : Mirta Dwi Wulandari, SST Wiwik Andriyani Lestari Ningsih, SST http://www.bps.go.id http://www.bps.go.id http://www.bps.go.id http://www.bps.go.id vi ——————————————————————————————-———————————————————————————————-- DAFTAR ISI Halaman KATA PENGANTAR v DAFTAR ISI vii DAFTAR TABEL viii PENJELASAN TEKNIS ix CATATAN x I. Peta Tematik Peranan Provinsi dalam Pembentukan PDRB Sektoral 1 II. Ulasan Singkat PDRB Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat 10 III. Ulasan Singkat PDRB Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur 12 IV.