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Lio and the Central Flores Languages

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Lio and the Central Flores Languages Lio and the Central Flores languages Alexander Elias A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Research Master of Arts in Linguistics by Alexander Elias Student ID: s1915444 Supervisor: Prof. dr. M.A.F. Klamer Second Reader: Dr. E.I. Crevels Date: 13th November, 2018 Faculty of Humanities, Leiden University Abstract This thesis consists of two interconnected parts: a synchronic section dealing with Lio phonology, and a diachronic section dealing with the internal relations of the Central Flores language group, of which Lio is a member. The first section is a description of the phonetics and phonology of Lio (Austronesian), a language spoken in Flores, an island in the Lesser Sunda island chain of eastern Indonesia. I describe the phonemic inventory, phonotactics, stress system and adaptation of loanwords into Lio. This is based on fieldwork carried out in Central Flores in July-August 2017 which focused mainly on Lio. This is a contribution to the state of linguistic documentation in Central Flores, which remains relatively poorly documented. This will also set the stage for the second part of the thesis, because Lio is an important language for reconstructing aspects of Proto-Central Flores. The second section is a historical analysis of the relations of the Central Flores lan- guages, and a reconstruction of Proto-Central Flores. I present evidence that the Central Flores languages form a valid innovation-defined subgroup, which underwent a period of splitting and isolation at the level of Proto-Central Flores. Then I address the internal relations of the Central Flores group and the process of differentiation from Proto-Central Flores to the modern Central Flores languages. Lio is one of the more conservative mem- bers of the Central Flores group, and is crucial for distinguishing the reflexes of certain Proto-Central Flores phonemes. The Central Flores group forms a linkage, with patterns of intersecting isoglosses which are not easily captured in a tree diagram. Therefore, the findings of this section will be cast in the framework of Historical Glottometry, a wave model-based methodology which is better equipped to represent and model the relations holding between linkages. 1 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following people who made this thesis possible. First and foremost, I would like to thank Tedyis Sofa for all of her help. This includes all the time spent on transcribing and explaining the meanings of Lio words, as well as the great company and delicious food I shared with her. It was thanks to her that I felt so welcomed to Flores and integrated with the community, and this research would not have happened without her. I hope to one day be able to return the hospitality that she showed me, and I hope we remain in touch for a long time to come. My next acknowledgement is to Edy Dole and his mother Madalena, as well as to his wife and children. Edy was one of the first people I met in Flores and was happy to welcome me into his family, leading to the greatly productive time I spent recording with Madalena. He showed me life in his village of Kanganara and we spent many great evenings together. I am proud to call him ka'´e (older brother) and to be his aji (younger brother). I would like to particularly acknowledge the following people I met in Flores for their friendship and support in large and small ways: Mama and Bapak Fanny, Mama and Bapak Gilbert, Pak Frumen Dole, Pak Alfons Mbuu, Pak Stan Jaya, Pak Gregorius Bito, Pak Dominikus, Ibu Vero, Pak Sipri, Pak Ali, Bartolomeus and his family, Eriko Aoki, Satoshi Nakagawa. There are many people whose names are not listed who I remember fondly from my time in Flores and who made it the adventure that it was. I would like to acknowledge Dr. Marian Klamer, my supervisor, for her support and confidence in me, and for guiding me through the process of planning and carrying out this plan. I would also like to thank Antoinette Schapper for helping me settle on central Flores as a fieldwork destination, and I am grateful to Owen Edwards, Hanna Fricke and George Saad for their linguistic input, friendship and advice at many stages of this research. I would like to thank Pak Wayan Arka (although I had not met him at the time) for putting me in touch with many useful local contacts in Flores. I would also like to thank Pak Yosef Bataona (who I have still not met in person) for helping me with my visa application and introducing me to the people in Ende who would turn out to be crucial to the success of this thesis. Finally, I would like to acknowledge the funding bodies which made this research pos- sible. The Leids Universiteits Fonds generously provided a 1100 euro LISF grant (LUF International Study Fund) which covered my international travel costs and living costs in the field. A second source of support was a 300 euro contribution from Marian Klamer's research project `Reconstructing the past through languages of the present: The Lesser Sunda Islands' which covered the cost of internal flights and transport within Indonesia. Together, these funding sources made this project possible and I thank them for their support. 2 List of Tables 1 List of recordings . .9 2 Lio consonant phonemes . 14 3 Lio vowel phonemes . 42 4 Mean duration of each segment in milliseconds . 49 5 Full forms of Lio pronouns . 59 6 Vowel system of all CF languages . 71 7 Consonant inventory of Lio (Kanganara) . 72 8 Consonant inventory of Ende (Ende) . 75 9 Consonant inventory of Western Nga'o (Watumite) . 76 10 Consonant inventory of Western Nga'o (Oja) . 76 11 Consonant inventory of Eastern Nage (Nangamboa) . 77 12 Consonant inventory of Central Nage (Boawae) . 78 13 Consonant inventory of K´eo(Udiworowatu) . 78 14 Consonant inventory of Western Ngadha (Bajawa) . 79 15 Consonant inventory of Central Ngadha (So'a) . 80 16 Consonant inventory of Eastern Ngadha (Takatunga) . 80 17 Consonant inventory of Rongga . 81 18 Consonant inventory of Palu'e . 82 19 Consonant inventory of Manggarai . 83 20 Consonant inventory of Sika . 84 21 Identical reflexes of PMP phonemes in PCF . 86 22 Non-identical reflexes of PMP phonemes in PCF . 86 23 Reflexes of PMP *m, *n, *~n,*N in PCF . 87 24 Reflexes of PMP *p, *t, *k, *q in PCF . 88 25 Reflexes of PMP *b in PCF . 89 26 Reflexes of PMP *z, *j, *d in PCF . 90 27 Reflexes of PMP *l, *R in PCF . 91 28 Reflexes of PMP *w, *y in PCF . 91 29 Reflexes of PMP *r, *g in PCF . 92 30 Reflexes of PMP vowels in PCF . 93 31 Deletion of PMP final consonants in PCF . 94 32 Reflexes of PMP consonant clusters in PCF . 95 33 Reflexes of final PMP *-R, *-q in PCF . 96 34 Reflexes of PMP trisyllables in PCF . 97 35 PCF reflexes of PMP trisyllables beginning in stative *ma- . 97 36 Reconstructed consonant inventory of PCF . 99 37 Reconstructed vowel inventory of PCF . 99 38 Reflexes of PCF consonants which correspond identically across CF languages100 39 Reflexes of PCF consonants which undergo changes in CF languages . 100 3 40 Reflexes of PCF voiceless stops *p, *t, *k, *P ................. 101 41 Reflexes of PCF nasals *m, *n, *N ....................... 101 42 Reflexes of PCF *b, *mb . 102 43 Reflexes of PCF *g, *Ng............................. 103 44 Reflexes of PCF *nd . 104 45 Reflexes of PCF *d, *dZ ............................. 105 46 Reflexes of PCF *á ................................ 106 47 Reflexes of PCF *â ................................ 106 48 Reflexes of PCF *l . 107 49 Reflexes of PCF *w . 108 50 Reflexes of PCF *y . 109 51 Reflexes of PCF *f . 110 52 Reflexes of PCF *s . 110 53 Reflexes of PCF *r . 111 54 Reflexes of PCF *kl- . 112 55 Reflexes of PCF *kr-, *bl- . 113 56 CF pronoun paradigms with reconstructed PCF pronouns . 114 57 Reconstructed PCF numerals and their underlying formulas . 116 58 CF numeral systems and reconstructed PCF numerals (1 to 5) . 117 59 CF numeral systems and reconstructed PCF numerals (6 to 10) . 118 60 CF directional systems and reconstructed PCF directionals . 119 61 Lexical replacements affecting whole CF group . 121 62 Lexical replacements affecting whole CF group (cont.) . 121 63 Innovations affecting LIO, END, NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD . 125 64 Innovations affecting LIO, END, NGO, KEO, NAG . 126 65 Innovations affecting LIO, END . 127 66 Innovations affecting LIO, END (cont.) . 128 67 Innovations affecting END, NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD, RON . 129 68 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, NAG, NGD . 130 69 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, NAG, E:NGD . 131 70 Innovations affecting NGO, KEO, E:NAG . 132 71 Innovations affecting NGO, NAG . 133 72 Innovations affecting NGO, E:NAG . 134 73 Innovations affecting NGO . 135 74 Innovations affecting NGO (cont.) . 135 75 Innovations affecting KEO, E:NAG . 136 76 Innovations affecting C:NAG, NGD, RON . 137 77 Innovations affecting NGD . 138 78 Innovations affecting W:NGD, C:NGD . 139 79 Results of glottometric analysis of subgroups listed in order of decreasing subgroupiness (σ)................................. 141 4 Abbreviations The abbreviations used in this thesis are listed below. 1 first person ITER iterative 2 second person KEO K´eo(Udiworowatu) 3 third person LIO Lio 1PL.E 1st plural exclusive LOC locative 1PL.I 1st plural inclusive M masculine ADV adverbial MAN Manggarai C:NAG Central Nage (Boawae) NAG Nage C:NGD Central Ngadha (So'a) NEG negative CF Central Flores NGD Ngadha CL classifier NGO Nga'o COM comitative NOM nominalizer COND conditional PAL Palu'e CONJ conjunction PAN Proto-Austronesian DEM demonstrative PCF Proto-Central Flores DISTR distributive PCMP Proto-Central Malayo-Polynesian E:NAG Eastern Nage (Nangamboa) PERF perfective E:NGD Eastern Ngadha (Takatunga) PL plural E:NGO Eastern Nga'o (Oja) PMP Proto-Malayo-Polynesian EMPH emphatic PROH prohibition END Ende RECIP reciprocal EXCLAM exclamation REL relativizer EXI existential RON Rongga F feminine SG singular FUT future SIK Sika HG Historical Glottometry SVC serial verb construction IMP imperative VOT voice onset time INTENS intensifier W:NGD Western Ngadha (Bajawa) IPA International Phonetic Alphabet W:NGO Western Nga'o (Watumite) 5 Contents Abstract 5 Acknowledgements 5 List of Tables 5 Abbreviations 5 1 Introduction 6 1.1 Aim of research .
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