Introduction 1 Slaves and Scholars

Notes

Introduction

1 See Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London, 1993); James Walvin, Making the Black Atlantic: Britain and the African Diaspora (London, 2000).

1 Slaves and Scholars

1 Robin Blackburn, ‘Slave Exploitation and the Elementary Structures of enslavement’ in M. L. Bush (ed.), Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage (Harlow, 1996), p. 165. 2 Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 22, 115; John K. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 2nd edn 1998), p. 107. 3 Myles Dillon (ed.), Lebor na Cert: The Book of Rights (Dublin, 1962), xvi quoting from the Lecan text. 4 Fergus Kelly, A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin, 1995), pp. 10, 17, 41, 46, 126–7, 103, 137, 138. 5 The Táin; transl. Thomas Kinsella (Oxford, 1979), p. 133. 6 Ibid., pp. 55, 169, 114. 7 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 115–16. 8 Ibid., p. 99. 9 Ibid., p. 135. 10 Ibid., pp. 11, 33–5. 11 Táin, pp. 126, 159, 218, 219, 222. 12 Seán Connolly, ‘Vita Prima Sanctae Brigitae’ in Journal of the Royal Society of the Antiquaries of Ireland, 119 (1989), pp. 15, § 7; 17, §16. 13 Fergus Kelly, Early Irish Farming (Dublin, 1997), p. 438 quoting from Betu Brigte. 14 Ibid., p. 439; Donnchadh Ó Corrain, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Daibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. i (Oxford, 2005), pp. 662–4. 15 Táin, p. 117. 16 Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, pp. 80,116; quoted in Poul Holm, ‘The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries’ in Peritia, 5 (1986), p. 338. 17 Táin, pp. 68–72. 18 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 95. 19 Táin, p. 100. 20 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 96. 21 Ludwig Bieler (ed. and trans.) ‘B. Tírechán’ in The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh (Dublin, 1979), pp. 151 §36; Poul Holm, ‘The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries in Peritia, 5 (1986), p. 332. 22 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 223. 23 B. G. Scott, ‘Iron “Slave-Collars” from Lagore Crannog, Co. Westmeath’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 78C (1978), p. 213–30. 24 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 19, 173. 25 Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba, transl. Richard Sharpe, (Middlesex, 1995), pp. 188–90 [II, § 39].

333 334 Notes

26 ‘Confessio’ in D. R. Howlett (ed.), The Book of Letters of St Patrick, the Bishop (Dublin, 1994), p. 63. 27 Ibid., p. 63. 28 Ibid., p. 65–7. 29 Ibid., p. 87. 30 Ibid., p. 81. 31 ‘Epistola ad milites Corotici’ in Howlett, The Book of Letters, p. 31. 32 Ibid., p. 33. 33 Ibid., ‘Confessio’, p. 85; ‘Coroticus’, pp. 27, 31, 33, 39. Elizabeth McLuhan, ‘Ministerium seruitutis meae’: The Metaphor and Reality of Slavery in Saint Patrick’s Epistola and Confessio’ in John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (eds), Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars (Dublin, 2000), suggests that Patrick’s immersion in the bible caused him to feel an affinity towards St Paul’s employment of slavery as a metaphor to describe the Christian experience. 34 T. M. Charles–Edwards, ‘Brigit’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), vol. vii, p. 652. 35 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. I (Oxford, 2005), p. 564. 36 Elva Johnston, ‘Munster, saints of’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford 2004), vol. xxxix, p. 789. 37 ‘A. Muirchú’ in Ludwig Bieler (ed.) The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh (Dublin, 1979), pp. 77–82, 1 §11 § 10 and 1 §12 §11. 38 Ibid., pp. 101, 1 §29 §28. 39 Adomnán, St Columba, pp. 188–90 [II, §39]. 40 Howlett, Book of Letters, p. 53. 41 Clare Stancliffe, ‘Patrick’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford 2004), vol. xliii, p. 73. 42 Seán Connolly and Jean-Michel Picard, ‘Cogitosus’s Life of Brigit: Content and Value’ in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 118 (1987), p. 27. 43 Adomnán Life of St Columba, p. 186 [II, §37]. 44 Connolly, ‘Vitae Prima’, pp. 47–8 § 125. 45 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 330 n. 38, quoting from the Annals of Ulster. 46 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland vol. i (Oxford, 2005), p. 577. 47 Adomnán, Life of St Columba, p. 51. 48 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 96, 266. 49 Translation of Vita Findani by Christine J. Omand in R. J. Berry and H. N. Firth (eds), The People of Orkney (Kirkwall, 1986), pp. 284–7. 50 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 323. 51 Patrick F. Wallace, ‘The archaeology of Ireland’s Viking Age Towns’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. i (Oxford, 2005), p. 837. 52 Ibid., pp. 334, 341. 53 David Wyatt, ‘The Significance of Slavery: Alternative Approaches to Anglo-Saxon Slavery’ in Anglo–Norman Studies, 23 (2000), p. 331, from Vita Wulfstani Three Lives of the Last Englishmen. 54 Howlett, Book of Letters, p. 33. 55 Wyatt, ‘Anglo-Saxon Slavery’, p. 377. 56 Giraldus Cambrensis (trans. A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin) Expugnatio Hibernica: The Conquest of Ireland (Dublin, 1978) pp. 18, 69–70. 57 Wyatt ‘Anglo-Saxon Slavery’, p. 329. 58 Declan Kiberd, Irish Classics (London, 2000), pp. 4–5. Notes 335

59 A. H. M. Jones and Elizabeth Monroe, History of Abyssinia (Oxford,1935), pp. 26–7. 60 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 331. 61 D. Ó Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 (London, 1995), pp. 268–9. 62 Fergus Kelly, Early Irish Farming (Dublin, 1997), p. 438. 63 Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life (Cambridge,1990); Edward Reynolds, Stand the Storm, a History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York, 1985); John Iliffe, Africans: the History of a Continent (Cambridge, 1995), Chapter 7; James Walvin, Black Ivory, A History of British Slavery (London, 1992), Chapter 19. 64 Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 135–53. 65 J. D. Fage, ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History’ in Journal of African History, x, 3 (1969), pp. 399–400. 66 Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of African History (Middlesex, new edn, 1995), p. 90. 67 Walter Rodney, ‘African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the African Slave Trade’ in Journal of African History, vii, no. 4 (1966), pp. 431–3. 68 John K. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed. Cambridge 1998), pp. 75–6. 69 Ibid., pp. 108 and 91, n. 73. 70 Lovejoy, Transformations, pp. 11–14. 71 Rodney, ‘African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression’, p. 441. 72 Iliffe, Africans, p. 75. 73 Sierra Leone, the colony established in 1786 by British slave trade abolitionists intent on civilising and Christianising Africa, abolished the institution of slavery in 1928. Ethiopia, the only African state to remain independent during the colonial period, abolished the institution of slavery in 1942. 74 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 66. 75 See chapter 10, Literature, mostly imaginative. 76 J. H. Todd (ed.), Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, Rolls Series (London, 1867), pp. 42–3.

2 Servants and Slaves: The Seventeenth Century

1 Joyce Lorimer (ed.), English and Irish Settlement on the River Amazon 1550–1646, Hakluyt Society (London, 1989), p. 263. This invaluable collection brings together English, Irish, Portuguese and Spanish documents dealing with the northerners’ activities upon the Amazon and providing a clear, concise commentary upon them. Lorimer reprints all the documents dealing with the Amazon published by Aubrey Gwynn in his ‘Documents relating to the Irish in the West Indies’ Analecta Hibernia, No. 4, October 1932. However Gwynn’s paper read to the Royal Irish Academy, see note 6, still contains much of interest. 2 Ibid., pp. 428, 303, 304. 3 Ibid., p. 157. 4 Ibid., p. 244. 5 Ibid., p. 157. 6 By the mid 1620s the northern Europeans on the Amazon amounted to anything between 250 and 400. The Irish at this time claimed their numbers had gone beyond 70 with their native clients ‘twenty-two Indian families’, amounting to 10,000 people. (Ibid., p. 84, Note 2,: Aubrey Gwynn, ‘An Irish Settlement on the Amazon’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), Vol. Xli, Section C, No. 1, (July, 1932). 336 Notes

7 Lorimer, Amazon, pp. 76, 78, 251. 8 Ibid., p. 266. 9 Ibid., p. 300. 10 Ibid., pp. 69, 246, 257. 11 Ibid., p. 310. 12 Ibid., pp. 303–4. 13 Gwynn, ‘Amazon (1612–1629)’ in P. R. I. A., pp. 48–9. 14 Lorimer, Amazon. Chillan’s memorials, pp. 398–412; O’Brien memorials, pp. 263–8, 300–4, 414–31. 15 Ibid., p. 402. 16 Ibid., p. 422. 17 Ibid., p. 263–8. 18 Ibid., p. 400–1. 19 Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (London, 1993), p. 10. 20 Dunn, Sugar, p. 52. 21 James Horn, ‘British Diaspora: emigration from Britain, 1680–1815’ in W. R. Louis (ed.) The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1998) vol. ii, p. 30. 22 Hilary Beckles, ‘Irish Servants in Barbados, a “Riotous and unruly lot” ’ in William and Mary Quarterly, vol. xlvii, Oct. 1990, p. 506; Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, the Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713. (North Carolina, 1972), p. 52. 23 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, pp. 508–9. 24 Ibid., p. 513. 25 Dunn, Sugar, p. 69. 26 Jill Sheppard, The ‘Redlegs’ of Barbados, their Origins and History (New York, 1977), p. 14. 27 Dunn, Sugar, pp. 40, 54. 28 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 511, Faulkner’s Dublin Journal 25 Aug 1792; Aubery Gwynn, ‘Indentured Servants and Negro Slaves in Barbados (1642–1650) in Studies, vol xix, June 1930, p. 288; Sean O’Callaghan, To Hell or Barbados; the ethnic cleansing of Ireland (Kerry, 2000), pp. 89–96. 29 Hilary Beckles, ‘Black Men in White Skins’: The Formation of a White Proletariat in West Indian Slave Society’ in The Journal of Imperial and Common wealth History No. 15, 1986, p. 6 Beckles gives figures for the number of white servants in 1652 at 13,000 and the figures for total white population three years later in 1655 as 23,000 and black slaves at 20,000. For 1684 he can provide figures for all three cat- egories illustrating the fall of the white population overall, the much sharper decline of the servant class and the steep rise in slaves numbers. Year 1684 – whites, 19,568: white servants, 2317: black slaves, 46,602. 30 Vere Langford Oliver, Caribbeana, 6 vols (London, 1909–11), vol. ii, p. 55. 31 Beckles ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 517. 32 S. K., A short but particular and impartial account of the treatment of the slaves in the island of Antigua (Cork, 1789), p. 68. 33 Windthrop D. Jordan, White over Black, American Attitudes towards the Negro 1550–1812 (North Carolina, 1968). 34 Thornton, Africans, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 1998, 2nd ed.), pp. 322–28. 35 James Walvin, Black Ivory, Slavery in the British Empire, 2nd ed. (Oxford, 2001) pp. 156–7. 36 Thornton, Africans, pp. 254–62. 37 Redemptionists, servants who had arranged with the captain that they would acquire their own master on landing and then repay the price of their passage. Notes 337

38 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 521. 39 Ibid., p. 513. 40 Gwynn, Anelecta Hibernia, p. 234. 41 Caribbeana, vol ii, pp. 76, 320. 42 Ibid., vol iv, p. 56. 43 (Colonial State Papers, 1693–96, p. 647; 1696–97, p. 52; 1697–98, pp. 296–98.) 44 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 517. 45 Ibid., pp. 508–9. 46 Ibid., pp. 515–16. 47 Sheppard, The ‘Redlegs’, p. 24. 48 Beckles, p. 521; Donald Harman Akenson, If the Irish Ran the World, (Liverpool, 1997), p. 142. 49 Colonial State Papers, 1693–96, p. 647; 1696–9, p. 752; 1697–98, pp. 296, 298 in Dixon Wecter, Edmund Burke and his Kinsmen (Colorado, 1939), p. 52. 50 Joseph J. Williams, Whence the Black Irish of Jamaica (New York, 1932), p. 54. 51 Dunn, Sugar, p. 160. 52 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 520–1. 53 David Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade 1660–1807’ in W.R. Louis (ed.) The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1998) vol. ii, p. 459. Of the 77, 689 entering Jamaica 33,179 (42.7 per cent) are recorded as being exported, probably to the Spanish colonies under the Asiento. Figures for Jamaican whites from Hilary McD. Beckles, ‘The “Hub of Empire”: The Carribean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century,’ Ibid., vol., i, p. 224. 54 Sheppard, The ‘Redlegs’, p. 18. 55 T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire 1600–1815 London 2003, p. 28. 56 R.B. Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, an Economic History of the British West Indies 1623–1775 (Barbados, 1974) 236; A.D. Chandler, ‘Expansion of Barbados’ in Barbados Museum and Historical Society Journal, nos 3 and 4, (March-October 1946), p. 114. 57 Aubrey Gwynn, ‘Cromwell’s Policy of Transportation’, in Studies, vol. xx, June 1931, pp. 614–5. 58 Ibid., p. 614, Robert Cann, Robert Yate and Thomas Speed, p. 615, Henry Hazard and Robert Inmans, all of Bristol. Also Robert Lewellin of London, p. 617, Joseph Lawrence, no port specified, p. 618, David Selleck of Boston, John Netherway of Bristol, p. 619, John Mylan, no port specified, p. 620, Charles Andrews and Mathias Browne of Dublin. 59 Henry Cromwell, major-general of the forces in Ireland to Secretary Thurloe, 11 September 1655, vol. 4, p. 23 in John Thurloe, Collection of State Papers 1638–1660 (London, 1742) 7 vols. 60 Ibid., Henry Cromwell to John Thurloe 18 September 1655, vol iii, p. 40. 61 Ibid., Broghill to Thurloe, 15 June 1855, p. 41 vol. v, on the 23 June 1656 Broghill informed Thurloe that the troops were ready to sail (86) and on 14 October Henry Cromwell said his had been sent off, p. 494. The State Papers do not contain any further mention of the Irish girls and boys. 62 Chandler, ‘Expansion of Barbados’, p. 114. Figures for those leaving quoted in Sheppard, Redlegs, 25. Sheppard describes the estimate of 10,000 as ‘generous’. 63 Exact ratio has shifted over the years and according to the calculator, but in Barbados there seem to have been two or three blacks to one white as against ten blacks to one white in Jamaica or St Domingue. 338 Notes

64 I am grateful to Dr Cecily Jones, Director of the Centre for Caribbean Studies at Warwick University, for this suggestion. See C.Jones, Engendering Whiteness: Gender, Race and Class in Barbados and North Carolina, 1627–1865 (Manchester, Spring 2007). 65 Parliamentary Sessional Papers (Accounts and Papers) 15 November–16 August 1837–8, xlviii, Jamaica, uncontested claims, pp. 10, 47, 184, 200. Jamaica litigated claims, pp. 66, 69. 66 Beckles, ‘Riotous and unruly lot’, p. 519. 67 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 171. 68 Akenson, If, p. 85–8. 69 Alan Burns, History of the British West Indies (New York, 1965), p. 342. 70 Akenson, If, pp. 104–16. 71 Results of 1678, Irish: 26 per cent on Antigua: 23 per cent Nevis: 10 per cent St Kitts (Dunn, Sugar, p. 130). 72 Burns, History of the British West Indies, pp. 342–6. 73 Ibid., pp. 117, 123. 74 Ibid., p. 347. 75 Ibid., vol. i, p. 54. 76 Oliver Caribbeana, vol. i, pp. 52, 54. 77 Ibid., vol. i, p. 56. 78 Akenson, If, pp. 123–4. 79 Ibid., pp. 42–5. 80 Burns, History of the British West Indies, p. 287. 81 Akenson, If, p. 45. 82 Ibid., pp. 99–102. 83 Ibid., p. 74. 84 Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic Slave Trade 1660–1807’ in W. R. Louis (ed.) The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1998) vol. ii, pp. 442, 456. 85 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 178; Akenson, If, p. 91. 86 Akenson, If, p. 155 shows that in 1729 there was a population of 1155 whites and 6063 slaves and by 1775, there were 1314 whites and 9834 slaves. Dunn Sugar, p. 127 shows that in 1678 there were 2682 whites and 992 slaves; p. 141 shows that in 1708 there were 1545 whites and 3570 slaves. 87 L. M. Cullen, ‘The Irish Diaspora of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries’ in Nicholas Canny (ed.) Europeans on the Move, Studies in European Migration 1500–1800 (Oxford, 1994), p. 127. Canvas was the cheapest type of textile imported into the Caribbean, and was generally distributed as slave clothing. 88 Rosario Sevilla Soler, Immigracion y Cambio Socio-Economico en Trinidad (1783–1797) (Seville, 1988), pp. 188–9.

3 Creoles and Slaves: The Eighteenth Century

1 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 175. 2 Ibid., p. 182; Caribbeana, vol. iv, pp. 303–11. 3 Thomas, Slave Trade, pp. 237–8, 643, 780. 4 Ibid., pp. 76, 148. 5 David Richardson, Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America (Bristol, 1986), vol. i, p. 129. Slaves consigned to Skerret for sale by Abell Thomas, master, October, 1726. Notes 339

6 Howard Fergus, Montserrat, History of a Caribbean Colony (London, 1994) p. 61. 7 National Library of Ireland D116,274, nos 5, 6; MS 14,165, fols 39, 40. 8 Genealogical Office, Dublin, MS 160, fol. 112: MS 162 James Roche of Martinique claiming descent from Roches of Fermoy, sought and acquired arms in 1725, MS 162, fol. 28 shows a Pierce Kirwan leaving Galway for Martinique, 1652; fol. 29 Joanna Lynch of Martinique, daughter of William Lynch of Martinique, grand daughter of Edmund Lynch of Galway, married to a Michael Kirwan who acquired arms in 1745. 9 Burns, British West Indies, pp. 391–3. 10 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, pp. 444–5. 11 Hugh Fenning (ed.), ‘The Mission to St Croix in the West Indies:1750–1769; Document from the Archive of San Clemente, Rome, in Archivium Hibernicum, 25, 1962, p. 76. 12 Philip C. Yorke (ed.) The Diary of John Baker, Barrister of the Middle Temple and Solicitor–General of the Leeward Islands (London, 1931) p. 62. 13 Akenson, If, p. 115. 14 Howard Fergus, Montserrat, p. 53. 15 Akenson, If, p. 177. 16 Fenning (ed.), ‘St Croix’, p. 79. 17 Ibid., pp. 86, 94, 102. 18 Ibid., p. 120; Caribbeana, vol. vi, p. 60. 19 Fenning (ed.), ‘St Croix’, Ibid., pp. 85, 117. 20 Ibid., pp. 86–7. 21 Ibid., p. 102. 22 Ibid., pp. 117, 119–22. 23 Ibid., pp. 84, 99. 24 Ibid., p. 105. 25 Ibid., pp. 114, 120. 26 Ibid., p. 119. 27 Ibid., p. 121. 28 Yorke, Baker Diary, p. 62. 29 Fergus, Montserrat, pp. 26, 68. 30 Yorke, Baker Diary, pp. 10, 51, 83, 86, 88, 89. 31 Ronald Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, Planter in Maryland (Chapel Hill and London, 1996), p. 176. 32 Baker, Diary, p. 152. 33 Fenning , ‘St. Croix’, p. 84 footnote 4. 34 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, p. 182. 35 Yorke, Baker Diary, p. 30. 36 Ibid., p. 10. 37 Ibid., pp. 20, 41–5. 38 Ibid., p. 69. 39 Yorke, Baker Diary, pp. 63, 69. 40 Richard Pares A West Indian Fortune (London, 1950) pp. 6–9, 171–3, footnote 8, p. 356.; Tobin Papers, Liverpool Public Record Office, Hq 920 TOB Annals of the Tobin family of Liverpool and the Isle of Man typescript compiled by R. C. Reid, 1940, p. 2. See also James Tobin, A Short Joinder to Mr. Ramsay’s Reply (London, 1785) and Cursory Remarks upon the Rev. Mr. Ramsay’s Essay (1787). 41 Joseph J. Williams, Whence the Black Irish of Jamaica (New York, 1932) p. 66; Lewis Namier and John Brooke, History of Parliament, House of Commons, vol. xi, (London, 1964) p. 26; Oliver, Caribbeana, vol. v, pp. 260–1. 340 Notes

42 Yorke, Baker Diary, pp. 26, 62; Oliver Caribbeana, vol. vi, p. 62. 43 Richardson, ‘The Atlantic slave trade’, vol. ii p. 451. 44 Vincent Caretta (ed.), Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative and Other Writings (London, 1995) p. 95. 45 Ibid., pp. 93–4. 46 Oliver, Caribbeana, vol. v, p. 106. The family probably continued to hold property there into later generations. In 1807 Gabriel Doran of Montserrat had a will proved. (Caribbeana, vol. iii, p. 119). 47 Carretta, Equiano, Narrative, p. 99. 48 Douglass, Narrative, pp. 62–3. 49 Carretta, Equiano, Narrative, pp. 99–101, 104, 124. 50 Winthrop D. Jordan, White over Black, American Attitudes towards the Negro (North Carolina, 1968) p. 140. 51 Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–1786 (London, 1989), pp. 84, 195, 210. 52 Carretta, Equiano, Narrative, pp. 104–10. 53 Ibid., pp. 116–17. 54 Ibid., pp. 127–30. 55 Ibid., p. 135. 56 Ibid., pp. 138, 144. 57 Akenson, If, p. 155. 58 Carretta, Equiano, Narrative, p. 119. 59 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 117; Equiano, Narrative, pp. 121–2. 60 Michael Mullin, Africans in America, Slave Acculturation and Resistance in the American South and the British Caribbean 1736–1831 (Illinois, 1998) pp. 219–21. 61 Carretta, p. 164. 62 Mullins, Africans, p. 121. 63 Thomas, Slave Trade, p. 281. 64 John Martin, ‘Martin, Samuel (1694–1776)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004) p. 976; R. G. Thorne, (ed.) History of parliament, vol. cxi, p. 114; Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, pp. 300–3; G.E.C. editor of complete peerage, Complete Baronetage, (Exeter, 1906) vol. v, 1707–1800 p. 269. 65 British Library, Additional Mss. 41,349, Letter Book of Samuel Martin (hereafter ML), Martin to Richard Oliver, 25 May, 1758, fol. 42. 66 Ibid., Samuel Martin to Samuel Martin jr,14 June, 1756, fol. 7; Martin to Eburne, 30 May, 1757, fol. 21; Martin to Richard Oliver, 29 May, 1758, fol. 44 , 41, 350, Martin to George Martin, 2 March, 1766, fol. 5. 67 R. G. Thorne, (ed.) History of parliament (London, 1986) vol. iv, pp. 555–6. 68 M. L., Martin to Bulmer, 12 June, 1756, fol. 9: Martin to Forfar, 12 June, 1756, fol. 10; Martin to William Whitman, 26 October, 1756, fol. 14. 69 Ibid., Samuel Martin to Richard Oliver, 20 February, 1757, fol. 19–20. 70 Ibid., Martin to Codrington and Miller, 6 January, 1758, fol. 37; Martin to Codrington and Miller, 25 April, 1758, fol. 42. 71 Ibid., Martin to Richard Oliver, 25 April, 1758, fol. 42. 72 Ibid., Martin to Thomas Warner, 17 March, 1761, fol. 95; Martin to Thomas Warner 26 April, 1775, fol. 37. 73 Ibid., Martin to Sam Martin jnr., 20 November 1761, fol. 124; MS 41,351, Martin to Charles Baldwin, 22 February, 1776, fol. 65. 74 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 361. 75 Ibid., p. 379; R. Reingold, Nature and society, later eighteenth-century uses of the Pastoral and Georgic (Sussex, 1978). Notes 341

76 ML. S. Martin to William Martin, 25 May, 1758, fol. 43. 77 Ibid., Negroes on the Plantation of Samuel Martin, 1 May, 1771, fol. 171. 78 Sheridan, Sugar and Slavery, p. 485. 79 Add. MS 41, 351, ML, Martin to Mrs. Henry Martin, 9 June, 1774, fol. 90. 80 Ibid, Martin to Rev. Dr. Wharton, 21 June, 1774. 81 D. C. Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery, 1830–1860’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1975) p. 35. 82 Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (Hereafter P.R.O.N.I.) Belmore Papers, D.3007/G/45, Lord Goderich to Belmore, 18 Feb, 1832, fol. 27. 83 Oliver MacDonagh, The Hereditary Bondsman, (London, 1988) p. 154.

4 Sojourners, Slaves and Stipendiaries: The Nineteenth Century

1 Alan L Karras, Sojourners in the Sun, Scottish Migrants in Jamaica and the Chesapeake 1740–1800 (London, 1992), p. 4. 2 Oliver, Caribbeanea, vol. i, p. 54. 3 P.R.O.N.I., Papers of Watts of Ramelton (henceforth WP), Mic 135, Samuel Watt to James Watt, 31 March, 1815, fol. 35. 4 WP, Mic 135, George Young to James Watt, 7 February, 1799, fol. 107. 5 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 30 September, 1803, fol. 11. 6 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 12 April, 1801, fol. 2. 7 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 30 November, 1802, fol. 6. 8 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 7 July, 1806, fol. 19; 6 March, 1807, fol. 21. 9 Ibid., 13 April, 1805, fol. 16. 10 Ibid., 6 July, 1802, fol. 5. 11 Ibid., 27 December 1802, fol. 7. 12 Ibid., 31 July, 1804, fol. 12. 13 Ibid., 30 September, 1804, fol. 13. 14 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt sr, 10 September, 1808, fol. 26. 15 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 30 November, 1802, fol. 6. 16 Jamaica Gazette, 1823, pp. 103, 113, 126. 17 W. P. John Watt to James Watt, fol. 86 (27 December, 1824) pp. 92, 103. 18 T. M. Devine, Scotland’s Empire 1600–1815, (London, 2003), p. 231. 19 Karras, Sojourners, p. 176. 20 W. P., Samuel Watt to James Watt, 10 September, 1810, fol. 31; 14 July, 1888, fol. 32: 3 September, 1811, fol. 33: 28 February, 1812, fol. 34. February 1812, fol. 34. 21 Ibid., 19 January, 1816, fol. 37. 22 Ibid., 21 May, 1816, fol. 39. 23 Ibid., John Watt to James Watt, nd 1822, fol. 83. 24 Douglas Hall (ed.), In Miserable Slavery, Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica 1750–1786 (London and Basingstoke, 1992), pp. 71–2. 25 Ibid., p. 218. 26 WP, Robert Watt of Montego Bay to Crookshank and Johnston, St John’s, New Bruswick, 4 July, 1825 fol. 47: Hamilton Brown to George Carter, New York, nd July 1825, fol. 48. 27 Ibid., Samuel Watt to James Watt sr., 6 July, 1806, fol. 20. 28 Ibid., Will of Samuel Watt of McDowell, Watt and Cramsie, Kingston, Jamaica, proved 1829, fol. 81. 29 Ibid, John Watt to James Watt, nd 1829, fol. 91. In 1835 James McDowell, William Cramsie and John Watt claimed compensation from the British government for 342 Notes

37 slaves. In 1837 the claim for £736-3-0 was paid. Parliamentary Sessional Papers (Accounts and Papers) 15 Nov–16 August 1837–8, xlviii, Jamaica, uncontested claims. 30 Mary Reckord, ‘The Jamaican Slave Rebellion of 1831’ in Past and Present, No. 40, July 1968, p. 121. 31 Peter Howe, Marquis of Sligo, Jamaica under Apprenticeship by a Proprietor (London, 1838). 32 Parliamentary Sessional Papers (Accounts and Papers) 15 November–16 August 1837–8, xlviii, Jamaica, uncontested claims. 33 Geoffrey H.White, The Complete Peerage (London, 1953) vol. xii, part1, pp. 24–27l; Inez Knibb Sibley, Dictionary of Place Names in Jamaica. 34 P.R.O.N.I., Belmore Papers, D.3007/G/45, Lord Goderich to Belmore, fol. 27. 35 Richard Robert Madden, A Twelve Months Residence in the West Indies, 2 vols. (New York, 1835), pp. 13–16. 36 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ p. 52. 37 Blair Papers, P.R.O.N.I., D717/24, Accounts, 30 June 1793. 38 B. W. Higman, ‘The West India “interest” in parliament, 1807–1833’ in Historical Studies, vol. xiii, No. 49, October 1967. p. 12; Parliamentary Sessional Papers, xlviii, British Guiana. 39 Parliamentary Sessional Papers (Accounts and Papers), 15 Nov–16, Aug 1837–8, xlviii, Montserrat, uncontested and litigated Claims for Slave Compensation.

5 The Trade

1 Nigel Tattersfield, The Forgotten Trade (London, 1998) p. 349; Bill Rolston and Michael Shannon, Encounters: How Racism came to Ireland (Belfast, 2002) p. 8. 2 Frances Wilkins, Manx slave traders, a social history of the Isle of Man’s involvement in the Atlantic slave trade (Kidderminster, 1999), p. 10. 3 David Richardson (ed.), Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth–Century Slave Trade to America, vol. i, The Years of Expansion 1698–1729 (Bristol Record Societies Publications, vol. xxxviii, 1986), pp. 53, 94, 111, 120, 123, 126, 135, 139,151, 162, 166,169,174, 184,189. 4 Ibid., pp. 121, 136, 149, 159, 171. 5 Ibid., pp. 96,103, 113,118, 132, 146, 154,157,165. 6 Ibid., pp. 49, 63, 74, 89, 104, 166,141. 7 Stephen D. Behrendt, ‘The Captains in the British Slave Trade From 1785–1807’ in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 1990, vol. cxl, pp. 111–14 Behrendt’s survey covers 224 captains working from 1785–1807: 213 from Liverpool and 11 from Bristol: 27 drowned, 5 killed by the French, 3 by slave revolts, 3 when the vessel caught fire and blew up. He considered the death rate of 27 per cent provided by these figures to be an underestimate. At least 45 captains became Liverpool merchants. Stephen D. Behrendt, ‘The Captains in the British Slave Trade From 1785–1807’ in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 1990, vol. cxl. 8 David Richardson (ed.), Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth–Century Slave Trade to America, vol. iii, ‘The Years of Decline’, Vol. iii, (Bristol Record Societies Publications, vol, xlii, 1991) pp. 123, 132, 135, 147, 168, 170, 174, 203, 211, 172 173, 182, 189, 132, 190, 103. 9 Another possible Irish name could be Lougher. Between 1721 and 1745 Walter and Richard Lougher sent out 33 ships, 19 of them after 1730. David Richardson (ed.), Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth–Century Slave Trade to America, vol. i, The Years of Expansion 1698–1729 (Bristol Record Societies Publications, vol. xxxviii, 1986) Notes 343

pp. 93,100, 102, 107, 115,120, 128,135,152,156, 162,170, 178, 182; vol. ii, The Years of Ascendancy, 1730–1745 (Bristol Record Societies Publications, vol. xxxix, 1987) pp. 4,7,8,21,31,34,54,63,81,93,95,105,111,118, 120, 125,126,135,143. 10 Steve Bherendt, Liverpool’s contribution to the slave trade Unpublished conference paper Liverpool and Transatlantic slavery, 13–15 October 2005. 11 Behrendt, ‘Captains’, Tables C, D, E, pp.128–31. 12 Steve Bherendt, Liverpool’s contribution. The Scots participated enthusiastically in the slave trade, but like the Irish they did so outside Scotland. See Douglas J.Hamilton, Scotland, the Caribbean and the Atlantic World 1750–1820 (Manchester, 2005), p. 99. 13 Tuohy Papers, Liverpool Public Record Office (LPRO), 380 TUO 4/1 Bill of lading for the snow Betty and Peggy, Master Philip Nagle, 8 June 1753. 14 Tuohy Papers, LPRO, 380 TUO 4/2 James Clemens to Captain (Cpt.) William Speers, 3 June 1767; Ibid. 4/3 James Clemens to David Tuohy, 30 June 1768. 15 Ibid., 380 TUO 5/10 Thomas Trant to David Tuohy, 9 May 1780. 16 Ibid., 380 TUO 5/37 David Tuohy to Stephen Fagan, 28 August 1771. 17 Ibid., 380 TUO 5/43 David Tuohy to Luke Mann, 5 April 1774. 18 Ibid., 380 TUO 5/15 David Tuohy to Owen Harris, 8 April 1780: David Tuohy to Robert Cushin, 11 December 1781. 19 David J. Pope, ‘Liverpool’s Catholic Mercantile and Business Community in the Second Half of the Eighteenth century.’Part 11, Recusant History, 2005, vol. xxvii, No. 3, pp. 407–8. 20 David J. Pope, ‘The Geographical Origins and Socio-economic backgrounds of the Liverpool Catholic mercantile and maritime community in the second half of the eighteenth century’ in North West Catholic History, 2003, No. 30, 35, 45–8. Christopher Butler seems to have come from a local gentry background, with family connections at Stalmines Hall. Ryan had family in Kilkenny. Doran’s father, also Felix, had been sailing out of Liverpool as a captain since the 1740s. 21 Behrendt, ‘Captains’ pp. 112–13. 22 When financial disaster struck, their most famous member, John Forbes, lawyer, Patriot MP and friend of Grattan, was able to secure an appointment as Governor of the Bahamas (1796). He died there in its capital, New Providence, in 1797. Letters to John Forbes 1775–96 in Analecta Hibernica, no. 8, 1938. 23 Behrendt, ‘Captains’, p. 85. 24 Ibid., p.105, Table A, 124–5. 25 Riach, ‘American Slavery’, pp. 7–8. 26 Eveline Martin, Journal of a Slave Dealer (London, 1930 ), p. 26. 27 Ibid., p. 62. 28 Ibid., p. 42. 29 Ibid., p. 76. 30 Ibid., pp. 63, 73. 31 Ibid., p. 91. 32 Ibid., p. 85. 33 Ibid., p. 89. 34 Ibid., p.108. 35 Ibid., p. 88. 36 Ibid., p.107. 37 Marcus Woods, Blind Memory, Visual representations of slavery in England and America 1780–1865 (Manchester, 2000), p. 35. 38 Thomas, Slave Trade, p. 283. 344 Notes

39 Percy Arland Ussher (ed.), The Midnight Court and The Adventures of a Luckless Fellow, translated from the Gaelic by Percy Arland Ussher, with a preface by W.B. Yeats (London, 1946), p. 76. 40 Wilkins, Manx Slave Traders, pp. 9,19, 25–7. 41 Robert Louis Stein, The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century: an Old Regime Business (Wisconsin, 1979), p.152. 42 Ibid., p. 27. 43 Ibid., pp. 20–3. 44 Richard Hayes, Dictionary of Irishmen in France (Dublin, 1949), p. 309. 45 Jean Agnew, Belfast merchant families in the seventeenth century (Dublin, 1996), p. 40. 46 Thomas, Slave Trade, pp. 252–3. 47 Robert Louis Stein, The French Slave Trade in the Eighteenth Century: an Old Regime Business (Wisconsin, 1979), p. 152. 48 Jean Mettas, Repertoire des expeditions negrieres Francaises au vxiii, vol. 1. Nantes (Paris, 1976) vol. ii. Ports autre que Nantes (Paris, 1984) Irish names, Walsh, Sheill (O’Sheil), Lynch, Rirdan (O’Riordan), Eustace, Mills, Archer, White, Roche, Clark, Ellis, Brown, Woulf, Trant, Creagh, Murphy: Vol. ii, Quin, from Bordeaux; Donovan from L’Havre. 49 Stein, French Slave Trade, p. 153. 50 Hayes, Dictionary, pp. 307–9, 262. 51 Mettas, Repertoire, vol. i., pp. 212, 1728/5: 275, 1733/4 52 Ibid., p. 504, 1744/7. 53 Ibid., p. 285, 1734/7. 54 Bruce Lenman, The Jacobite risings in Britain 1689–1746 ((London,1980) pp. 241–45: Hayes, Dictionary, p. 307: Mettas, Cpt. Richard Butler (RB), St Malo, 26/3138, 1726/3: RBSt Malo 37/3148, 1729/2 unnamed Cpt. Butler 1725–9; three voyages from L’Orient, could probably be the same person. 55 Mary Ann Lyons, ‘The emergence of an Irish Community in St. Malo 1550–1710’ in Thomas O’ Conner, (ed.) The Irish in Europe 1580–1815 (Dublin, 2001), pp. 119, 124. 56 Stein, French Slave Trade, pp. 28–9; Thomas Slave Trade, p. 252. 57 Mettas, Repertoire, vol. i., p. 518, 1748/4 58 Ibid., p. 445, 1742/2. 59 Stein, French Slave Trade, p. 28. 60 Thomas, Slave Trade, pp. 251–2. 61 Hayes, Dictionary, p. 307. 62 Mettas, Repertoire,vol. i; Hayes, p. 35. 63 Hayes, Dictionary, p. 262. 64 Mattas, Repertoire,I, Mathias Roche et cie, vol.i., p. 361, 1739/13 : 391, 1740/12: Roche Freres (RF) p. 413, 1740/34: Francois Roche et Freres (FrFF) p. 458, 1742/15,: FrF F548, 1742/15: RF. P.475, 1743/14: Nicholas Roche (NR), 552, 1749/26: NR 618, 1752/8: NR,640, 1752/30: NR 723, 1755/10 this is the one taken by the English: NR724, 1755/11. 65 Eamon O Ciosain ‘A hundred year of Irish migration to France 1590–1688, in Thomas O’ Conner, (ed.) The Irish in Europe 1580–1815 (Dublin, 2001), p. 98. 66 Genealogical Office (GO), Dublin, MS 160, fol. 62. 67 GO MS 60, fol. 111. 68 Landsdowne MS, Historical Manuscripts Commission, Rep. 6, App. 1877, 241. 69 Mettas, Repertoire,vol. i, p. 492, 1743/29. Perhaps Paul had a relative who was a captain in the slave trade vol. ii, Pierre Creach (Peter Creagh?) Bordeaux, La Levrette d’Argenton, 44/1480, 1748/1. 70 G.O.MS 103 pp.119–20, this shows that Paul Creagh had a brother Pierce. No Peter Creagh is recorded, T.M.Truxes (ed.) Letter Book of Greg and Cunningham 1756–57, p. 66. Notes 345

71 PRONI Blair Papers, D717/20, Quinton Hamilton’s account with James and Lambert Blair, 10 May 1790. 72 Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, 27–30 November 1784. 73 David Dickson, Old World Colony; Cork and South Munster (Cork University Press, 2005), p. 425. 74 From [email protected] 11 April 2002. 75 Martin Lynn, ‘Trade and politics in nineteenth century Liverpool: the Tobin and Horsfall families and Liverpool’s African trade,’ in Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1992, vol. cxlii., p. 104. 76 From [email protected] 11 April 2002. 77 Tobin Papers, LPRO Hq 920 TOB Annals of the Tobin family of Liverpool and the Isle of Man typescript compiled by R.C.Reid, 1940, pp. 21, 31.

6 Protestant, Catholic

1 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 2. 2 Ibid., p. 28. 3 James A. Rawley, ‘London’s Defense of the Slave Trade, 1787–1807’ in Slavery and Abolition, vol. xiv, No. 2, August 1993, p. 56. 4 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p.155; J.R.Ward, British West Indian slavery 1750–1834, the process of amelioration (Oxford, 1988), p. 21. 5 Dickson, Old World Colony, p. 16. 6 Gwynn, ‘An Irish Settlement on the Amazon’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), vol. xli, Section C, No. 1, (July, 1932). 7 D. W. Galenson, ‘Economic aspects of the growth of slavery in the seventeenth- century Chesapeake’ in B. L. Solow (ed.) Slavery and the rise of the Atlantic system (Cambridge, 1991), p. 267. 8 S. J. Connolly (ed.) Oxford companion to Irish history (Oxford, 1998), p. 544; Truxes, Irish-American trade, pp. 190–1. 9 G. A. O’Brien, Economic history of Ireland, p. 97. 10 Jackie Hill, From Patriots to Unionists (Oxford, 1997) p. 147 footnote 37; O’Connell Papers, University College Dublin (hereafter UCD) 12/2, David Murray to Maurice O’Connell, 11 April, 1782, p. 45. 11 Walkers Hibernian Magazine, February 1775, p. 18. 12 Strain, Charitable society, 62; George Benn, A history of the town of Belfast from the earliest time to the close of the eighteenth century (2 vols, London, 1877), ii, p. 622; Belfast News Letter, 11 January 1785. 13 Seán Ó Tuama and Thomas Kinsella, An duanaire 1600–1900 Poems of the Dispossessed (Mountrath, Portlaoise, 1981), pp. 39, 91. 14 Belfast News Letter, 11 January 1785, 1 February 1785, 16 September 1785; Freeman’s Journal, 9–11 August 1791. 15 L. E. Cochrane, Scottish trade with Ireland in the eighteenth century (Edinburgh, 1985), p. 75. 16 F. G. James, ‘Irish smuggling in the eighteenth century’ in Irish Historical Studies (IHS) xii, no. 48 (September 1961), p. 307; George Chambers, Faces of Change: the Belfast and N. Ireland Chamber of Commerce and Industry, 1783–1983 (Belfast, 1984). 17 James, ‘Irish smuggling’, pp. 306–9. 18 O’Connell Papers, UCD James Rice to Maurice O’Connell, 12/6/A,7 March, 1758, p. 20; Ibid., John Brock to Maurice O’Connell, 31 March, 1773, p. 49. 19 L. M. Cullen, ‘Value of contemporary printed sources,’ pp. 149, 154. 346 Notes

20 T. B. Costello, Trade Tokens of the County of Galway in the Seventeenth Century (Galway, 1911), p. 14. 21 L. M. Cullen, ‘Economic development 1750–1800’ in T. W. Moody, W. Vaughan (ed.), A New History of Ireland, iv, Eighteenth-century Ireland 1691–1800 (Oxford, 1986), pp. 174–5; Kevin Whelan,’The Catholic community in eighteenth century Wexford’in T. P. Power and Kevin Whelan (ed.), Endurance and emergence, Catholics in Ireland in the eighteenth century (Dublin, 1990), pp. 137–40. 22 O’Connell Papers, 12/2, John Bourke to Maurice O’Connell, 26 February 1793. 23 King MSS, Trinity College Dublin, 750/3/2/147–8, William King to Edward Southwell, p. 2. 24 O’Connell Papers, 12/3/X. Charles Sugrue to Maurice O’Connell, 8 August 1822; William McCarthy [for Charles Sugrue] to Maurice O’Connell, 24 June, 1823. 25 Dickson, Cork region, pp. 523, 435; Dickson, ‘Butter comes to market’ p. 380. 26 G.A. O’Brien, Economic History of Ireland; L. M. Cullen, ‘The value of contemporary printed sources for Irish economic history in the eighteenth century’ in IHS, xiv, no. 54, September 1964. 27 Isaac McCartney LetterBook PRONI, D501/1, McCartney to Henry Caldwell, Ballyshannon, 4 April, 1705, p. 82; 15 September 1705, p.169; 11 February, 1706, p. 268; 12 August 1706, p. 341. 28 Thomas Bartlett, The O’Haras of Annaghmore in Irish Economic and Social History, Vol. 9, 1982, p. 45. 29 PRONI O’Hara Papers T2812/19/1 Survey of the economic development of County Sligo in the eighteenth century by Charles O’Hara of Nymphsfield, p. 9. 30 Ibid., p.154. 31 W. A. Hart, ‘Africans in eighteenth-century Ireland,’ in I.H.S., xxxiii, No. 29, May 2002, pp. 21–2. (The break down for Munster is 23 in Cork, seven in Kinsale and 10 in Waterford. Hart suggests a possible total of some 1000 to 3000 for Ireland as a whole over the half century.) 32 Ibid., p. 24. 33 See Chapter 14, page. 34 See Chapter 5, page. 35 Kinsella, An Duanaire, p. 183. 36 Truxes, Irish American Trade, p. 154. 37 Ibid., p. 151: David Dickson, An economic history of the Cork region in the eighteenth century, unpublished Ph.D. thesis (Universtiy of Dublin, 1977), p. 482. 38 Truxes, Irish-American trade, pp. 262–3; Richard Pares, War and trade in the West Indies 1739–1763 (Oxford, 1936), p. 288. 39 Pares, War and trade p. 402–4; Derby Shellure, Martinique to John Goddard Rotterdam, 10 January 1745 (PRONI, Shannon papers, D2707/A/1/9/4). 40 Truxes, Irish-American trade, pp. 34, 154, 164–5, 270–1. 41 Dickson, ‘Cork region’, pp. 485, 588–90. 42 David Dickson, ‘The Cork merchant community in the eighteenth century’ in P.Butel and L.M.Cullen (ed.), Negoce et industrie en France et en Irlande au xviii and xix siecles, (Paris, 1980), p. 47. 43 Dickson, Cork region, p. 447. 44 Nano Nagle to Miss Fitzsimons, Cork, early 1770, in T.J. Walsh (ed.) Nano Nagle and the Presentation Sisters, (Dublin, 1959) Appendix A, p. 347. 45 Alexander the Coppersmith, Remarks upon the religion, trade, government, police, customs, manners and maladys of the city of Cork (Cork, 1737: 2nd ed. Cork 1974), pp. 5–6, 66. Notes 347

46 Dickson, ‘Butter comes to market’ p. 370. 47 Maureen MacGeehin Wall, ‘The catholics in the towns and the quarterage dispute in eighteenth-century Ireland’ in IHS, viii, no. 30, September 1952, pp. 101–6; Maureen MacGeehin Wall, ‘The rise of the catholic middle class in eighteenth-century Ireland’ in IHS.,xi, no. 42, September 1958, p. 99. 48 T. Bartlett, The fall and rise of the Irish nation (Dublin,1992), pp. 50, 75–7. 49 Cork Archives Council, Letter Book of a Cork Merchant, Richard Hare, 1771–2 (hereafter Hare Letterbook, HL) fol. 152 Hare to Peter Holme, 19 October 1771. 50 GHD ‘Hare of Stow Bardolph, and the Ancestry of Lord Listowel’ in J.G.Nichols (ed.), The Herald and Genealogist vol. 2 (London, 1865) p. 487. 51 Arthur Edward Vicars, Abstracts of Irish Wills, Index to the Prerogative Wills of Ireland, 1538–1810 (Dublin 1897) p. 217. 52 HL, Hare to Charles Dyer, 24 August 1771, fol. 60: Hare to James Baillie, 21 September, 1771, fol. 103; David Dickson, An economic history of the Cork region In the eighteenth century, unpublished Ph.D. thesis (University of Dublin, 1977), p. 505. 53 HL, Hare to Charles Dyer, 24 August 1771, fol. 60: Hare to James Baillie, 21 September 1771, fol. 103. 54 HL., Hare to John and Henry Simpson, 21 August 1771 fol. 55; Hare to Amsinck and Burmesler, 18 August, 1771, fol. 47; Hare to Jean Marques Baslo, 30 August 71, fol. 72; Hare to Martin and Peile, 6 September, 1771, fol. 84; Hare to Berkoff, September, 1771, fol. 101. 55 H. L., Hare to Hind and Simpson, 16 August 1771 fol. 41; Hare to John Tarleton, 16 August 1771, fol. 43. 56 H. L., Richard Hare to David and Stephen Moylan and Edward Forest, 2 August 1771, fol. 15. 57 H. L., Richard Hare to John Power, 13 April, 1771 fol. 26; ibid., 7 August. 58 L. M. Cullen, ‘The Blackwater Catholics and Conty Cork Society and Politics in the Eighteenth Century’ in O’Flanagan and Buttimer, Cork, p. 577. 59 Burke’s Peerage and Baronetage, 150th edition (London, 1970), vol. i, p. 1629 (see Listowel). 60 Edith Mary Johnston Lik (ed.) History of the Irish Parliament (Dublin, 2003), vol. iv, pp. 366–7. 61 R. G. Thorne, History of Parliament, the Commons 1790–1820 vol. iv, pp.154; George Ireland, ‘William Francis Hare’ in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, vol. xxv, p. 263. 62 HL, Hare to Richard Watt, 24 August 1771, fol. 63. 63 Colm Lennon, The urban patriciciates of early modern Ireland: a case study of Limerick, O’Donnell Lecture 1999, Dublin, p. 21. 64 Bernard Burke, Landed Gentry of Ireland (London, 1904), p. 517. 65 David Dickson, Old World Colony, Cork and South Munster 1630–1830 (Cork 2005), pp. 487–8. 66 James Roche, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays of an Octogenarian, 2 vols, (Cork, 1851) vol. ii, p. 139. 67 Roche and Crosbie Papers, Co. Cork 1732–1740, British Library (B2), Add. MS 20, 715 fol. 34. 68 Roche family in the city of Cork 1543–1740, BL Add. MS.19, 868. 69 Emmet Larkin, (trans. and ed.), Alexis de Tocqueville’s Journey in Ireland July-August 1835 (Washington D.C.,1990), pp. 87–8. 70 Maurice Lenihan, Limerick: its History and Antiquities (Dublin, 1866), 398–9. 348 Notes

71 National Library of Ireland, MS 827, Kelly Letter Book (KL), Limerick, 1744–48, Peter Pepard, 7 May 1745 and 25 August 5, 24 December 1746. 72 KL, Kelly to Joseph Percival, 8 November 1745, Stephen Schaap, 10 November, 45 LB; see Bernard Burke, Irish Landed Gentry (London, 1958) entry for Roche Kelly of Ballintlea, p. 409–10. Probably Philip Stackpole, the younger, and Stephen Creagh possessed marital connections for they operated a partnership very similar to that of Kelly and Roche. 73 Elizabeth Donnan, Documents illustrative of the Slave Trade (Washington, 1930) vol. ii, p. 26. 74 Vere Langford Oliver, Caribbeana, 6 vols (London, 1909–1911) vol. ii, pp. 117, 199. 75 KL, Kelly to Jonathan Gurnell, 4 December 1745. 76 Roche Papers, BL, William Archdeacon to Robert Dillon, 2 July 1740, fol. 66–7, KL, John Kelly to John Curtin 6 June 1745: Kelly Papers (KP), National Library of Ireland, copies of letters, printed manuscripts and wills for Kelly of Limerick and Roches of Cork c. 1737–1954, completed by T.Kelly with subsequent additions, John Kelly to Sam Martin, 29 January 1737, p. 154. 77 Williams, Whence the Black Irish of Jamaica, p. 66. 78 Ibid., p. 70. 79 BL Add. MS 20, 715, John Archdeacon to Edmond McGrath, fol. 83, 23 January, 1748. 80 Bill Power, Mitchelstown through Seven Centuries (Mitchelstown, 1987), p. 17. 81 KL, Kelly to Jonathan Gurnell, 4 December, 1745. 82 KL, Kelly to Jonathan Gurnell and Co., 13 April, 1745, Kelly to John Curtin, 6 June, 1745. 83 KL, Kelly to Stephen Schaap, 10 November, 45. 84 Roche Papers, William Archdeacon to Robert Dillon and Co., 2 July 1740; William Archdeacon to Messrs Blake and Lynch, 28 July 1740; John Archdeacon to George Fitzgerald and Co., 28 July 1740, Fols 66–7. 85 KL, Kelly to John Archdeacon, 3 November 1744. 86 KL, Jonathan Gurnell, 22 September 1745, JK to John Archdeacon, 17 September 1745. 87 KL, Kelly to John Arcdeacon, 7 April, 1745. 88 KL, Kelly to John Archdeacon, Rotterdam 10 November, 1745. 89 J.V. Kernan, History of the Financial Administration of Ireland to 1817, p. 671. 90 KP, pp. 201, 205, 228; GOMS 103, pp. 119–20. 91 Maurice Lenihan, Limerick: its History and Antiquities (Dublin, 1866) p. 348. 92 Cork Archives Council, Richard Hare, Letter Book, 1771–2, Hare to John Power, 13 April, and 7 August 1771 fol. 26; Lenihan, History, p. 399. 93 J. Carberry, Chronological and Historical Account of some of the Principal Events con- nected with the Dominican Convent, Limerick (1866), p. 19, quoted in David Lee and Christine Gonzalez, Georgian Limerick, vol. ii, Limerick Civic Trust Publication, p. 294. 94 Lenihan, History, pp. 658, 414. 95 James Roche, Critical and Miscellaneous Essays by an Octogenarian (Cork, 1851) vol. ii, p. 139. 96 Lennon, Patriciate, p. 6: Lenihan, History, p. 624. 97 Toby Barnard, The Abduction of a Limerick Heiress (Dublin, 1998), p. 12. 98 Lenihan, History, pp. 349–53. 99 A.P.W. Malcomson, ‘Sexton Pery and the Pery Papers’ in the North Munster Antiquarian Journal, Vol. xvi, 1974, p. 38. 100 Lenihan, Limerick, p. 346. Notes 349

101 Lenihan, History, p. 363. 102 Judith Hill, Buildings of Limerick (Dublin,1991), pp. 96–7; Lenihan, History, p. 398. 103 PRON I, T/2812/17/7, Stephen Roche to Charles O’Hara, 13 March, 1778. 104 Malcomson, ‘Sexton Pery’, p. 35. 105 William Coppinger, Life of Nano Nagle (Cork, 1794), p. 29. 106 KP, 201, 205, 228; GOMS 103, 119–20. 107 KP, 201. 108 KL, John Kelly to Blake and Lynch, 6 Jan. 1848. 109 BL, Additional MSS. 41, 349, Letter Book of Samuel Martin, Martin to Charles Baldwin, 22 February 1776, fol. 65. 110 Roche, Papers, BL, Add. MS 20, 715. 111 Ibid. 112 Ibid. 113 Rodgers, ‘Black Atlantic’, p. 183. 114 Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, 27–30 Nov, 1784. 115 Ibid., 18–24 Dec, 1784.

7 And Dissenter

1 T. M. Truxes (ed.), Letter book of Greg and Cunningham 1756–1757 (Oxford, 2001), p.19; Richard Hare, Letter book 1771–2 (Cork Archives Council) U259 fol. 39, Hare to John Henderson, 13 August 1771: fol. 137, Hare to Galen and Thompson, 11 October 1771: fol. 141 Hare to John Holmes, 17 October, 1771. 2 Jean Agnew, Belfast merchant families in the seventeenth century (Dublin, 1996), pp. 82–5, 140. 3 Truxes, Letter Book, pp. 38–9. 4 Ibid., pp. 43–47: Truxes, Irish-American Trade, p. 93. 5 Truxes, Letter Book, p. 233. 6 Ibid., p. 50. 7 Ibid., pp. 12, 361–2, 367. 8 K. J. Harvey, The Bellews of Mount Bellew, a Catholic gentry family in eighteenth- century Ireland (Dublin, 1998), p. 118. 9 David Richardson ‘the Atlantic slave trade,’ in W. R. Louis (ed.), The Oxford history of the British empire, vol. xi, pp. 156–7. 10 Harvey, Bellews, p. 122. 11 Parliamentary Sessional Papers (Accounts and Papers) 15 November–16 August, 1837–8, xlviii, p. 437. 12 Truxes, Letter Book, pp. 49–52. 13 Ibid., pp. 40–3. 14 Jean Agnew (ed.), The Drennan–McTier Letters 1776–93 (Dublin, 1998) p. 273. 15 A. T. Q. Stewart, A Deeper Silence, The Hidden Origins of the United Irishmen (London, 1993), p. 132. 16 Chambers, p. 40. 17 HL, Hare to Greg and Cunningham, 11 October, 1771, fol. 136. 18 W. A. Maguire, Absentees, Architects and Agitators: the Fifth Earl of Donegall and the Builders of Fisherwick Park’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C, 10 February, 1981, pp. 9–11. 19 Ibid., p.15. 20 W. A. Maguire, ‘Lord Donegall and the Hearts of Steel’ in IHS, xxi, no.84, September, 1979, 364; Stewart, A Deeper Silence, p. 121. 350 Notes

21 Maguire, ‘Absentees, Architects and Agitators’, p. 18. 22 Ibid., pp. 6–7. 23 Ibid., p. 15. 24 Maguire, ‘Lord Donegall and the Hearts of Steel’, pp. 355, 358–9, 363, 365, 367. 25 Truxes, Letter book, p. 53. 26 Ibid., plates 2 and 3. 27 Belfast Mercury, 16 March, 1784; Antiquarian Horology, December 2000, p. 664. 28 Chambers, Faces, p. 43. 29 S. J. Connolly (ed.) Oxford Companion to Irish History (Oxford, 1998). 151; Billy Kennedy, The Scots-Irish in the Carolinas, (Belfast, 1997), pp. 99–104. 30 PRONI, D162/51 Arthur Dobbs to Matthew Gregory, undated c. 1751; ibid., D162/70 Sir Simon Clark to Conway Richard Dobbs and Brice Dobbs, 24 May, 1754; ibid., D162/76 Jonathan Ever to Conway Richard Dobbs, 14 October, 1758. 31 W. H. Crawford, ‘The Belfast middle classes in the late eighteenth century’ in David Dickson, Daire Keogh and Kevin Whelan (ed.), The United Irishmen, radicalism and rebellion (Dublin, 1993), pp. 64–5; Chambers, Faces of change, pp. 84–5. 32 Truxes, Letter book, p. 70. 33 The Journals of the House of Commons of the Kingdom of Ireland, vol ii, Part 1 , p. 312, quoted in Antiquarian Horology, December 2000, p. 666. 34 N.E. Gamble, ‘The business community and trade of Belfast 1767–1800’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Dublin, 1978, p. 322. 35 Patrick Rogers and Ambrose Macaulay, Old St Mary’s (Belfast 1984), pp. 26–9. 36 ‘United Irish Family: the McCabes of Belfast’ in Familia: Ulster Genealogical Review, 13 (1997) 6. 37 Jean Agnew (ed.), The Drennan-McTier Letters (Dublin,1999), vol. iii, p. 480.

8 Dublin, Sweet City

1 L. M. Cullen, Princes and Pirates: The Dublin Chamber of Commerce, 1783–1983 (Dublin, 1983), p. 20. 2 L. M. Cullen, ‘The Dublin merchant community’ in Paul Butel and L. M. Cullen (eds), Cities and merchants: French and Irish perspectives on urban development 1500–1800 (Dublin, 1986), p. 198; Truxes, Irish American trade, p. 214. 3 Cullen, ‘Merchant community’, p. 198; Harvey, Bellews of Mount Bellew, p.124. 4 L. M. Cullen, ‘Irish merchant communities of Bordeaux, La Rochelle and Cognac in the eighteenth century’ in Paul Butel and L. M. Cullen (eds), Négoce et industrie en France et en Irlande aux xviiie et xixe siècles (Paris, 1980), p.55; L.M. Cullen, ‘Galway merchants in the outside world, 1650–1800’ in Diarmuid O Cearbhaill, Galway, town and gown 1484–1984 (Dublin, 1984), p.81; Truxes, Irish-American trade, pp. 96, 340. 5 Cullen, ‘Dublin merchant community,’ p. 203. 6 William Urwick, Biographical sketches of the late James Digges La Touche Esq. (Dublin, 1868), pp. 8, 9, 11, 14, 175, 181. 7 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 282–96. 8 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 228. 9 Seán Ó Tuama (ed.) and Thomas Kinsella (transl.), An duanaire 1600–1900: poems of the dispossessed (Mountrath, Portlaoise, 1981), p. 235. 10 National Library of Ireland (NLI), Mary Leadbetters Diaries, 1789, Anecdotes, 136; Edgeworth Beaufort Papers, MS 13176(2) f. 6 Dr D. Beaufort to Harriet Beaufort, 8 August 1796. Notes 351

11 Limerick Chronicle 17 Oct. 1768; Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, 21–23 June 1791 Michael Foy, The sugar industry in Ireland (Dublin, 1876), 8; R. M. W. Strain, Belfast and its charitable society: a study of urban social development (London, 1961), p. 63. 12 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 228. 13 Cullen, Princes, p.18. 14 Cullen, ‘Merchant community’, p. 198. 15 Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 228. 16 L. M. Cullen, ‘Economic development 1750–1800’, p. 182; Cullen, ‘Merchant community’, p. 197. 17 Petition of the merchants and traders of the city of Dublin concerned in the importation and refining of sugar, 30 November 1765 (PRONI, T1060/9/3868); Truxes, Irish-American trade, p. 282–96. 18 An impartial state of the case between the refiners of sugar of Great Britain and those of Ireland, 30 November 1765 (PRONI, T 1060/9/97). 19 Petition of the merchants and traders of the city of Dublin concerned with the importation and refining of sugars, 30 November 1765 (PRONI, T1060/ 9/3868). 20 Coghill Papers, Huntingdon Library, HM28678, Marmaduke Coghill, Irish Chancellor of the Exechequer, 5 November 1718; Maurice Craig, Dublin 1660–1860 (Dublin, 1980), p. 101. 21 T. J. Kiernan, History of the Financial Administration of Ireland to 1817 (London, 1930), p. 267. 22 Sean Reamonn, History of the Revenue Commisioners (Dublin, 1981), p.19. 23 Kiernan, Financial Administration, pp. 262–9. 24 Ibid., p. 136. 25 Chambers, Faces of Change, pp. 73–4. 26 House of Commons Journal, xiv, p. 24. 27 House of Commons Journal, vol. xix, p. 28. 28 Westport House, Co Mayo, a brief history (unpaginated, unsigned, unpublished). 29 See Chapter 5, Note 22. 30 G.O. Sayles, ‘Sketches of the members of the Irish parliament’ in PRIA, Section C, vol i, pp. 234–6. 31 Edward McParland, Public Architecture in Ireland (New Haven and London, 2001), p. 187. 32 Kiernan, Financial Administration, p. 122. 33 Maurice Craig, Dublin 1660–1860 (Dublin, 1980), p. 133. 34 A chronology of American slavery, at http/innercity.org/holt/contents.html, pp. 6,7,12,13. 35 Kiernan, Financial Administration, pp. 158–9. 36 Ibid., pp. 165–79. 37 Parliamentary Register, Fourth session in the Third Parliament, George III, 1781, p. 109. 38 J. Kelly, Prelude to Union (Cork, 1992), pp. 131–2. 39 Eoin Magennis, ‘Coal, Corn and Canals: The Dispersal of Public Monies, 1695–1772’ in D. W. Hayton (ed.), The Irish Parliament in the Eighteenth Century, the Long Apprenticeship, p. 86. 40 Hunt, 42; Ross J.S.Hoffman, Edmund Burke, New York Agent, with his letters to the New York Assembly and intimate correspondence with Charles O’Hara 1761–1776 (Philadelphia 1956), p. 335. 352 Notes

41 West India Committee MSS. Minutes of the West India Merchants, April 1769–79 fol. 52–5 quoted in Sheridan Sugar and Slavery, p. 351. 42 Ibid., pp. 351–2; see also Thomas Bartlett, ‘Viscount Townshend and the Irish Revenue Board, 1767–73,’ in R.I.A. Proc, lxxix (1979), sect C, pp. 153–75. 43 Dickson, ‘Cork region’, p. 489. 44 David Lammey, ‘A study of Anglo-Irish relations between 1772 and 1782, with particular reference to the “free trade” movement’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984), pp. 151–2. 45 Ibid., p. 204; R.V. Gallen, ‘The structure of Anglo-Irish politics during the American Revolution: Sir Henry Cavendish’s diary of the Irish parliament, October 12, 1779 to September 2, 1780; edition of the partial text and critical essay,’ (2 vols, Ph.D. thesis, University of Notre Dame,1973, University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan), p. 97. 46 R. V. Gallen, as in Note 45. 47 Malcomson, Foster, 39; Edward Byrne and John Sutton to John Foster, 11 January 1780 (Foster/Massereene Papers, Mic 500/42, D562/8398); Messrs Stewart, Thompson, Bateson, Cunningham, Sinclair, Lewis to Foster, 19 January 1780 (ibid., D562/8440). 48 A. W. P. Malcomson, Foster, 39. 49 Petition of the merchants and traders of the city of Dublin concerned with the importation and refining of sugars, 30 November 1765 (PRONI, T1060/9/3868); Watson’s Dublin directory or the gentleman’s and citizens almanack 1765. 50 Petition from the sugar refiners of the city of Dublin, May? 1780 (Foster Masserene Papers, Mic 500/42, D562/8416A). The names listed in order were Edward Byrne, Thomas Sherlock, Pat. Long, Jos. Green, John Maquay, John Sutton, Peter Galan, And. Maziere, Peter Canier, Pat. Sweetman, Garrett Geoghan, John Taurow, Sam Collins, John Green, George Maquay, John Nairic, John Canier, John Maryland, John Byrne, Bartho. Maziere, Pat Kavanagh, John McMahon, John Morain, William Field, Sam. Canier, Will. Sweetman, Thomas Nowlan, Elias Tardy; R. Dudley Edwards, ‘Catholic Commitee minute book, 1773–93’ in Archiv. Hib., ix (1942), pp. 3–89. 51 J. T. Gilbert, A history of the city of Dublin (3 vols, Dublin, 1854–9), i, pp. 354–5; Wall, ‘Catholic middle class’, pp. 107–8. 52 Bartlett (ed.) Wolfe Tone, p. 235. 53 Edwards, ‘Catholic Committee’, p. 45. 54 Petition from the sugar refiners of the city of Dublin, May? 1780 (Foster/Massereene Papers, Mic500/42, D526/8416A); Allegations of the merchants and refiners of Ireland, relative to the sugar business, undated, 1780; ibid., D526/8420. 55 Hibernian Magazine, February 1775, p. 128. 56 Frederick Jebb, Sugar duties, appendix no. vi, ‘Advice on the sugar business by John Sutton, Bartholmew Maziere and Robert Thompson’, pp. 51–61. 57 Lammey, ‘Free trade’, p. 272. 58 Lammey, ‘Free trade’, p. 274. 59 Hibernian Magazine, 1781, p. 47, 166. 60 Ibid., 275–8; R.V. Gallen, ‘Cavendish diary’, ii, pp. 193–200. 61 Lammey, ‘Free trade’, pp. 79–80. 62 Jebb, Sugar duties, appendix i, pp. 43–5. 63 Ibid., appendix ii and iii, pp. 46–7. 64 Ibid., appendix iv, p. 48. Notes 353

65 Ibid., appendix v, pp. 49–51. 66 Gallen, ‘Cavendish diary’, ii, p. 281. 67 Lammey, ‘Free trade’, p. 282. 68 Drennan McTeir Letters, p. 257. 69 Frederick Jebb, Thoughts of the Discontents of the People last year respecting the Sugar Duties, (Dublin, 1781), p. 11; ii, iii, pp. 46–7. 70 Ibid., pp. 41–4. 71 Riach, ‘American Slavery’, pp. 10–11. 72 Mary Pollard, Dublin’s Trade in Books 1550–1800, Oxford, 1989, pp. 179–81. 73 Hibernian Magazine, 1784, pp. 126–9, 146; July 1782, 341–3. 74 Ibid, Feb. 1788, pp. 57–60, 131–3. 75 SK, A short and particular and impartial account of the treatment of slaves in the island of Antigua (Cork, 1789), p. vii. 76 Ibid., p. 10. 77 Ibid., pp. 12–21. 78 Ibid., pp. 46–56. 79 Ibid., p. 62. 80 Ibid., pp. 63–5. 81 L. M. Cullen, Princes, p. 54. 82 Mary Leadbeater, Memoirs and Letters of Richard and Elizabeth Shackleton (London, 1822), pp. 60,76,100. 83 Thomas, Slave Trade, p. 476. 84 Dixon Wecter, Edmund Burke and his Kinsmen (Colarado, 1939), pp. 19,48, 52. 85 Ross J. S. Hoffman, Edmund Burke, New York Agent, with his letters to the New York Assembly and intimate correspondence with Charles O’Hara 1761–1776, (Philadelphia, 1956), pp. 332–41. 86 Wecter, Burke and his Kinsmen, pp. 76–8. 87 Paul Langford (ed.) The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke (Oxford, 1996), vol. iii, p. 131. 88 Ibid., pp. 340–1. 89 Ibid., p. 687. 90 Edmund Burke, Sketch of the Negro Code, in Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, vol. ii, pp. 173, 185, 196. 91 Ibid., pp. 178–9,191. 92 Ibid., pp. 182–7. 93 Ibid., pp. 192–5 94 Ibid., p. 207. 95 Ibid., pp. 202–3. 96 Ibid., pp. 192, 203. 97 Ibid., p. 208. 98 Ibid., p. 198. 99 Ibid., pp. 186, 200–1. 100 Ibid., p. 168. 101 Diaries of Mary Leadbeater, NLI, MSS 9292–9314 (1769–89), 13 vols: MSS 9315–9329 (1790–1909), 15 vols: MSS 9330–9346 (1810–26), 17 vols.; Mary Leadbeater, Poems (Dublin, 1808). 102 John Woolman, The Journal of John Woolman (London, 1895), pp. 81, 184–207. 103 Leadbeater, Poems, pp. 87–92. 104 Rodgers, ‘Equiano in Belfast’, p. 77. 105 Laurence Parsons, ‘Poem on the state of Ireland’ in Bartlett (ed.), Wolfe Tone, pp. 448–9; D. O. Madden (ed.), Speeches of Henry Grattan (Dublin, 1853), pp. 42, 54. 354 Notes

106 William Drennan, ‘Letters of Orellana, an Irish helot, to the seven northern counties not represented in the national assembly of delegates held at Dublin, October 1785’ in Lawless (ed.), Belfast politics, pp. 155–242. 107 J. R. Oldfield, Popular Politics and British Anti-Slavery, the mobilisation of public opinion against the slave trade, 1787–1807 (Manchester, 1995), pp. 76–7. 108 Anon, ‘Addresss to the People of Great Britain, respectfully offered to the people of Ireland, on the utility of refraining from the use of West Indian sugar and rum’ (London 1791: Dublin 1792) reprinted in Peter Kitson and Debbie Lee (eds), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation (8 vols, London, 1999) vol ii, pp. 155–165. 109 O’Neill, ‘Peaceful rebel’, pp. 150–52. 110 Leadbeater, Papers, 1, 205; O’Neill, ‘Peaceful rebel’, pp. 147–153. 111 Judith Jennings, The Business of Abolishing the British Slave Trade 1783–1807 (London,1997), pp. 72–4. 112 Seymour Drescher, Econocide: British Slavery in the Era of Abolition, (London, 1997). 113 The General Evangelical Society, founded in 1787 was the first Dublin organisa- tion to use the term. Joseph Liechty, ‘Irish evangelicalism, Trinity College Dublin, and the mission of the Church of Ireland at the end of the eighteenth century’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, 1987), 325. Early evangelicalism in Ireland was very much fostered by aristocratic patronage and favoured Calvinist Methodism disseminated by Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, founder of the Huntingdon Connection. From 1773 on she sent preachers to ‘poor wicked Ireland’ who preached at Lady Arabella Denny’s Magdelene Chapel. (David Hempton and Myrtle Hill, Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster society 1740–1890 (London and New York, 1992), pp. 15, 131.) 114 James Mullalla, A compilation on the slave trade respectfully addressed to the people of Ireland (Dublin, 1792), v–vi, p. 23. 115 Mary Birkett, The African slave trade addressed to members of her own sex (Dublin, 1792), part 1 and 2. 116 Clare Midgley, Women against slavery, the British campaign 1780–1870 (London, 1995), p. 34. 117 The purrings of the city mowzers of Napper, escaped from the man-trap, a civic eclogue exhibiting a choice scrap of tea-table scandal between Tabby, a Cherokee and other illustrious individuals (Dublin, 1792), pp. 3–4. 118 Drennan McTeir, Letters, vol. i, p. 388. 119 Mullalla, Slave trade, p. 29. 120 Marianne Elliott, Wolfe Tone: Prophet of Irish Independence (Yale, 1989), p. 118; William Drennan to Martha McTier, 3 July 1791 (PRONI Drennan Papers, T765/1/303); Bartlett (ed.), Life of Tone, pp. 278–97. 121 L. H. Parsons, ‘The Mysterious Mr. Digges’ in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 22 (1965), pp. 487–90; C.W. Purcell, Jr, Thomas Digges and William Pearce, An Example of the Transit of Technology’ in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser., 21 (1964), p. 552. 122 Henry Joy and William Bruce (eds), Belfast Politics (Belfast, 1794), p. 26. 123 Thomas Bartlett (ed.), Life of Theobald Wolfe Tone:Memoirs, Journals and Political Writings compiled and arranged by William T.W. Tone, 1826 (Dublin, 1998), p. 125. 124 Ibid., pp. 137–40; Bartlett, Fall and rise, p. 129. 125 Robin Dudley Edwards (ed.), ‘The minute book of the Catholic Committee, 1773–93’ in Archivium Hibernicum, ix, (1942), p. 144. 126 Bartlett (ed.), Wolfe Tone, pp. 47, 52. 127 Letter for Beresford Burton from a Brother Barrister in Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, 25–27 September 1792. Notes 355

128 Ibid., 169; ‘The crisis is arrived when we must assert our rights or submit to every imposition that can be heaped upon us, till custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway.’ George Washington, 1774, quoted in I. R. Christie, Crisis of empire: Great Britain and the American colonies 1754–83 (London, 1966), p. 91. 129 Bartlett (ed.) Wolfe Tone, pp. 205–6. 130 Ibid., pp. 152, 157. 131 Ibid., pp. 173, 200. 132 Bartlett, Fall and rise, p. 203.

9 Dynasties

1 The idea which stimulated the writing of this chapter, and most of the material within it, comes from two recent, detailed and impressive family studies, Ronald Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, Planters of Maryland, a Carroll Saga 1500–1782 (Chapel Hill and London, 2000); Malcolm Bell jr, Major Butler’s Legacy, Five Generations of a Slave Holding Family (Athens and London, 1987); Hoffman, while drawing a careful and detailed picture of the Carrolls, is sympathetic to their achievement. Bell, though equally careful and informative, is much more critical of the Butlers, finding the major’s legacy a distinctly unpleasant one. Perhaps inevitably this chapter reflects the same attitudes. No similar work has been done on the Calhouns, though R.N. Klein, Unification of a Slave State, the Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry 1760–1808 (Chapel Hill and London, 1990) provides an illuminating understanding of the world Patrick Calhoun helped to build. 2 F. A. Kemble, Journal of Residence on a Georgian Plantation 1838–9 (London, 1961); Butler’s Legacy, p. 335. 3 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, pp. 14–15, 23–25. 4 Ibid., pp. 32–40. 5 Ibid., pp. 44–6. 6 Ibid., pp. 64–6. 7 Ibid., pp. 111, 115. 8 Ibid., pp. 67–73. 9 David Richardson, ‘The British Empire and the Atlantic slave trade’, in W.R. Louis, The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1998), vol. xi, p. 456. 10 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, pp. 76, 111–113. 11 Ibid., p. 72. 12 Ibid., pp. 78–83. 13 Ibid., p. 94. 14 Ibid., p. 103. 15 Ibid., p. 266. 16 Ibid., pp. xxiv–xxv. 17 Ibid., pp. 51–4 18 Ibid., pp. 101–2. 19 Ibid., p. 53. 20 Ibid., p. 84. 21 Ibid., pp. 92–4. 22 Ibid., pp. 271–2. 23 Ibid., p. 56. 24 Ibid., p. 58. 356 Notes

25 Ibid., p. 255. 26 L. H. Parsons. ‘The mysterous Mr. Digges’ in William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd. ser., 22 (1965), pp. 490–1. 27 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland., p. 256. 28 Ibid., p. 249. 29 Ibid., pp. 54–9. 30 Kevin Kenny, The American Irish, a History (Essex, 2000), p. 7; K. A. Miller’ Scotch- Irish’,’black-Irish’ and ‘real Irish’: emigrants and identities in the Old South,’ in Andy Bielenberg (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (London, 2000), pp. 139–40. 31 Kenny, American Irish, p.10. 32 Patrick Griffen, The people of no name; Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World 1689–1764 (Oxford, 2001), p.79. 33 Coghill Papers, Huntingdon Library, HM28678, Marmaduke Coghill, Irish Chancellor of the Exechequer, 5 November, 1718. 34 R. J. Dickson, Ulster Emigration to Colonial America 1718–1775 (Belfast, 1966), p. 36. 35 Griffin, No Name, p. 172. 36 Billy Kennedy, The Scots-Irish in the Carolinas (Belfast, 1997), p. 90. 37 Griffin, No Name, pp. 99–110, 134. 38 C. M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782–1828 (New York, 1944), p. 12. 39 Kennedy, Scots-Irish, p. 108. 40 Wiltse, Calhoun, pp. 13–14. 41 Arthur E. Mitchell, The History of the Hibernian Society of Charleston, South Carolina 1799–1981 (South Carolina, 1981), p. 2; Edward Ball, Slaves in the Family (New York, 1998), p. 32. 42 Patrick Melvin,’John Barnewell and Colonial South Carolina,’ in The Irish Sword, (1973–4) vol. xi, pp. 1–6. 43 Eirlys M. Barker, Indian Traders, Charles Town and London’s Vital Link to the Interior of North America 1717–1755, unpublished paper presented to the College of Charleston Program for the Study of the Low Country and the Atlantic World, May 1995, pp. 6–9, 26. 44 Melvin, ‘Barnewell’, p. 15. 45 Ball, Slaves in the Family, pp. 33–9, 287. 46 Mitchell, Hibernian Society, p. 12; E.C. Lynch, Lynch Record, Biographical Sketches (New York, 1925), p. 116. 47 Mitchell, Hibernian Society, p. 12. 48 Ibid., p. 6. 49 Dixon, Ulster Emigration, p. 49–51. 50 R. K. MacMaster, Flaxseed, and emigrants: Scotch-Irish merchants in eighteenth century America (unpublished paper delivered at xiv Ulster–American Heritage Symposium, June 2002, York County, South Carolina) 51 Miller, ‘Scotch Irish’, p. 139. 52 Wiltse, Calhoun, pp. 15–16; Kennedy, Scots-Irish, p. 90. 53 Will of Ezekiel Calhoun, 3 September 1759, proved May 1762; Ezikiel Calhoun and Kenton plantation by Mrs Louise C. Hill, June 1970, Calhoun family papers 1760–1843, South Carolinian Library (SCL), Columbia, South Carolina. 54 R. N. Klein, Unification of a Slave State, the Rise of the Planter Class in the South Carolina Backcountry 1760–1808 (London, 1990), p. 42. 55 M. L. Coit, John C. Calhoun, American Portrait (Boston, 1950), p. 7. 56 Klein, Unification, pp. 19–20. Notes 357

57 MacMaster, Flaxseed. 58 Klein, Unification, pp. 47–51, 61–72. 59 Burkes Peerage, 150th edition, vol. i, p. 427; National Library of Ireland (NLI), MS 8008, Copy of an Act of Parliament 1725, 12th of Geo.1, Estate settlement Sir Pierce Butler, 4th baronet and his nephew and heir, James Butler, later 5th baronet, MS 8008, Dublin. 60 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, p. 483. 61 Ibid., p. 24. 62 Ibid., pp. 6–10. 63 Ibid., p. 40. 64 Ibid., p. 122. 65 Ibid., p. 29. 66 Wiltse, Calhoun, vol. i, p. 23. 67 Kennedy, Scots-Irish, pp. 90–2. 68 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, pp. 73, 549, 542. 69 Ibid., p. 79. 70 Ibid., p. 76. 71 Bell, Butler Legacy, p. 74–6. 72 Ibid., p. 79. 73 Klein, Unification, pp. 135, 143–4. 74 Bell, Butler Legacy, pp. 69–70. 75 Ibid., pp. 71, 550. 76 Ibid., pp. 116, 315, 488. 77 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, pp. 236–43, 251–55, 259. 78 Klein, Unification, p. 287. 79 Griffin, No Name, p. 134. 80 Calhoun family papers 1758–43, SCL. Will of Ezekiel Calhoun, 3 September 1759, proved May 1762, SCL 81 Ibid., Inventory of James Calhoun, 1761. 82 Patrick Calhoun, MS 15 May, 1784, SCL. 83 Wiltse, Calhoun, vol.i, p. 23. 84 Calhoun family papers 1758–43, SCL. Inventory and appraisement of the per- sonal estate of Patrick Calhoun, 25 January 1797. 85 Coit, Calhoun, American portrait, p. 284. 86 Calhoun family papers 1760–1843, SCL, Inventory and appraisement at the house of Patrick Calhoun, March 1802, taken on the death of Martha Calhoun. 87 Coit, Calhoun, American Portrait, p. 9; Wiltse, Calhoun, vol. i, p. 25. 88 Calhoun family papers 1758–43, SCL. Will of William Calhoun, 1841. 89 Klein, Unification, p.38. 90 Wiltse, Calhoun, i, pp. 17–18. 91 Calhoun family papers 1758–1843, SCL.Patrick Calhoun’s will, 19 May, 1784. 92 Butler Papers, Report on Private Collections N.L.I 512., pp. 8, 64. 93 R. W. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, p. 43. 94 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, pp. 122, 141. 95 Ibid., pp. 158, 181, 562. 96 Ibid., pp. 116–117. 97 Ibid., p. 131. 98 Ibid., p. 125. 99 Ibid., pp. 139, 146. 358 Notes

100 F. A. Kemble, Journal of residence on a Georgian plantation 1838–9 (London, 1961), pp. 75–6, 98, 223, 230, 315. 101 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, pp. 155–59. 102 Ibid., p. 144. 103 Ibid., pp. 154, 168. 104 Ibid., pp. 162–66. 105 Ibid., pp. 531, 559. 106 Kemble, Journal 1838–9 (London, 1961). 107 Bell, Butlers Legacy, pp. 166, 151. 108 See Stanley M. Elkins, Slavery, a Problem in American Constitutional and Intellectual Life (Chicago 1959); Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Written by Himself, H.A. Baker jr (ed.) (London, 1992), pp. 47–54. 109 Bell, Butler’sLlegacy, p. 138. 110 Ibid., p. 182. 111 Ibid., p. 187. 112 Ibid., pp. 60, 541. 113 Ibid., p. 48. 114 Ibid., p. 86. 115 E.M. Johnston, ‘Members of the Irish Parliament, 1784–7,’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. lxxi, section C, p. 173. 116 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, pp. 499–500. 117 Butler Letter Book, SCL.Pierce Butler to Frances Butler, 29 April, 1790; Pierce Butler to Roger Saunders, 24 May, 1790. 118 Hoffman, Princes of Ireland, p. 390. 119 Bell, Butler’s Legacy, pp. 494–6. 120 Coit, Calhoun, American Portrait, p. 90. 121 John Bateman, The Great Landowners of Great Britain and Ireland (1879, reprint Surrey, 1971), p. 69. 122 Butler Papers, Report on Private Collections NLI, 512.

10 Anti-slavery Literature, Mostly Imaginative

1 James De-La-Cour, Poems (Cork, 1778) In Laudem Aethiopissae: Thus translated from the foregoing. In Praise of a Negress, pp. 97–8; Journal of the Cork Historical Archaeological Society, vol iii, 1894, pp.270–278. See also Richard Ryan (ed.) Biographia Hibernica: A Biographical Dictionary of the Worthies of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the Present Time , vol ii (London 1821); David J., O’Donaghue (ed.), The Poets of Ireland, Dictionary with Biographical particulars in three parts (London, 1892). 2 Peter Kitson and Debbie Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation (8 vols, London, 1999), vol. iv, pp. 9–24. 3 Hugh Mulligan, Poems chiefly on Slavery and Oppression (London, 1788), p. 34. 4 Ibid., p. 3: Michael Adanson, A voyage to Senegal, the Isle of Goree and the River Gambia (London, 1759) praises the simple rural life of Africans echoed in Benezet, see also Equiano’s description of Africa, Equiano who makes use of the same phraseology Carretta, Interesting Narrative, pp. 36 and 242. 5 Ibid., pp. 1–2. 6 Ibid., p. 7. 7 Lillian Ashcraft-Eason, ‘ “She voluntarily hath come”: A Gambian woman trader in colonial Georgia in the eighteenth-century’, in Paul Lovejoy (ed.) Identity in the shadow of slavery (London, 2000) p. 211. notes 33 and 35 description of the New Notes 359

Britannia Cpt. Dean, exploding in the Gambia river in February 1772. Reported in Gentleman’s Magazine October 1773. pp. 512 and 523. 8 Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, vol. iv, pp. 27–9. 9 Ibid., pp. 1–8. 10 Thomas Chatterton, The Complete Poetical Works (London 1906) vol.i, Death of Nicou, pp. 1–4. 11 Mulligan, Poems, pp. 8–15. 12 Ibid., pp. 16–22. 13 Edward Rushton, Poems and Other Writings (Liverpool, 1824) pp. x–xxv. 14 Ibid., pp. 8–10, 11–13, 14–16, 30–32. 15 Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, vol. iv, p.15. Chatterton on the other hand, had used black skin as a sexually exciting image. ‘Black was her face, as Togls’s hidden cell;/Soft as the moss where hooting adders dwell.’ Thomas Chatterton, Works vol. i, ‘Narva and Mored, an African Eclogue’, pp. 8–11. 16 Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, vol. iv, p. 75. 17 Ibid., pp. xiv, 158–60. 18 Ibid., p. 110. 19 Ibid., p. 125. 20 Mary Birkett, The African Slave Trade Addressed to Members of her Own Sex (Dublin, 1792), Part I and II. I, p. 13. 21 Ibid., I, pp. 11, 12. 22 Anon, ‘Addresss to the People of Great Britain’, in Kitson and Lee (eds), Slavery, Abolition, vol. ii, p.156. 23 Ibid., I, pp. 13–15. 24 Ibid., II, p. 12. 25 Ibid., II, p. 22. 26 Mary Leadbeater, Poems (Dublin, 1808) pp. 87–92. 27 Even dedicated prose writers felt this. As part of his education John Stuart Mill (1806–73) was encouraged by his utilitarian father James Mill to write poetry because ‘some things could be expressed more forcibly in verse’ and ‘people in general attached more value to verse than it deserved, and the power of writing it, was, on this account worth acquiring’. J. S. Mill, Autobiography of John Stuart Mill (New York, 1960) p. 10. 28 Ibid., pp. 401–2. 29 Ibid., pp. 395–6. 30 The purrings of the city mowzers of Napper, escaped from the man-trap, a civic eclogue exhibiting a choice scrap of tea-table scandal between Tabby, a Cherokee and other illustrious individuals (Dublin,1792), pp. 3–4. 31 A. M’Dowell (ed.) The Posthumous Works of James Orr of Ballycarry with a Sketch of his Life (Belfast, 1817), p. iii–viii. 32 Ibid., pp. 38–40. 33 R. R. Madden (ed.), Literary remains of the United Irishmen (Dublin, 1887) p. 102. 34 See Tim Fulford and Peter J. Kitson (ed.), Romanticism and Colonialism: Writing and Empire 1780–1830 (Cambridge, 1998). 35 Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, vol. iv, pp. 268–7. 36 Anna Laetitia Barbauld’s anti-slavery writings were varied. She had published, with her brother, a dialogue ‘The Master and the Slave’ (1780), Hymns in prose for children (1781), which expressed anti-slavery sentiments and a poem Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the rejection of the bill for abolishing the slave trade (1791) Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery, Abolition, iv, pp. 161–9. 360 Notes

37 A. J. C. Hare (ed.), Life and Letters of Maria Edgeworth, 2 vols (London, 1894) vol. i, p. 30. 38 Edgar E MacDonald (ed.), The Education of the Heart, the Correspondence of Rachel Mordecai Lazarus and Maria Edgeworth (North Carolina, 1977) p. 320. 39 Bryan Edwards, The History Civil and Commercial of the British West Indies, 5 vols (London, 1819) vol. ii, p.101. 40 Maria Edgeworth, Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, 2 vols (London, 1819) vol. ii, p. 495. 41 Bryan Edwards, History of the British West Indies, vol. ii, pp. 180–5, 259–60; Marylin Butler, Maria Edgeworth, a Literary Biography (Oxford,1972), p. 89. 42 Edgeworth, Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, vol. ii, pp. 207–30. 43 Maria Edgeworth, Castle Rackrent (London, 1992), Preface, p. 62. 44 The names of Cork gentry are prominent among the leading characters, Delacour, Pereceval and Freke. 45 Maria Edgeworth, Belinda (Oxford, 1994) pp. 353, 218–22, 258. 46 Ibid., pp. 244–5. 47 Ibid., p. 228. 48 Ibid., pp. 347–51. 49 Ibid., pp. 448–9. 50 Ibid., p. 426. 51 Ibid., pp. xxix, xxvi–xxxvi. 52 Maria Edgeworth, Moral and Popular Tales (London, 1878) p. 87. 53 Butler, Maria Edgeworth, p. 287. 54 Edgeworth, Moral and Popular, p. 578. 55 Butler. Maria Edgeworth, p. 239. 56 Brian Hollingworth, Maria Edgeworth’s Irish writing (Basingstoke, 1997), pp. 28–9; Clare Midgley, Women against Slavery, the British Campaign 1780–1870 (London, 1995), p. 37. 57 T. O. McLoughlin, Contesting Ireland: Irish Voices against England in the Eighteenth Century (Dublin, 1999), pp.189–210. See also Tom Dunne, Maria Edgeworth and the Colonial Mind (Cork, 1984). 58 Burke, Sketch of the Negro Code, p. 174 in Kitson and Lee (ed.), Slavery Abolition, vol. ii, p. 174. 59 McLoughlin, Contesting Ireland, p. 180 quoting from P. J. Marshall (ed.), The Writings and Speeches of Edmund Burke (London, 1981), vol.v, p. 402. 60 Declan Kiberd, Inventing Ireland: the Literature of the Modern Nation (London, 1995) pp. 552–3.

11 Daniel O’Connell and Anti-slavery

1 Freeman’s Journal, 11 May 1843. 2 Nation, 27 April 1844. 3 An English country gentleman’s advice to the Irish members of the imperial parliament on the subject of the slave trade (London, 1802). 4 Robert Isaac Wilberforce and Samuel Wilberforce, The Life of William Wilberforce 5 vols (London, 1838) vol. iii, p. 48. 5 Ibid., vol. iii, p. 88. 6 R. G. Thorne (ed.) History of Parliament: House of Commons, 5 vols (London, 1986) vol. iii, p. 219; vol. iv, p. 400. 7 Wilberforce, Life of Wilberforce., iii, pp. 168–70. Notes 361

8 Ibid., vol. iii, pp. 175–8. 9 Thorne, vol. iv, p. 729. 10 Hansard Debates, first series, vol. cxi, p. 674. 11 Wilberforce, Life of William Wilberforce, vol. iii, p. 212. 12 P. J. Jupp, ‘Irish MPs at Westminster in the early Nineteenth Century’ in Historical Studies, Papers read before the Irish Conference of Historians, vii (London, 1969) pp. 71,75. 13 Cobbett’s Parliamentary Debates, 1st series, vol. vii, p. 583. 14 Ibid., vol. vii, p. 589. 15 Ibid., vol. viii, p. 671. 16 Ibid., vol. ix, p.170. 17 Wilberforce, Life of William Wilberforce, vol. iii, p. 305. 18 Ibid., vol. iii, p. 2. 19 Tom Bartlett, Fall and Rise of the Irish Nation, p. 296, quoting figures from P. J. Jupp, ‘Irish Parliamentary Elections and the Influence of the Catholic Vote’, in Historical Journal, x, 2 (1967) p.184–5. 20 Brian MacDermot, The Catholic Question in Ireland and England 1798–1822: the Papers of Denys Scully (Dublin,1988), p.110. 21 Thorne (ed.) History of Parliament, vol. v, p. 280. 22 Ibid., vol. iii, p. 219; vol. iv, pp. 400, 663–6. 23 Hansard First series, iv, p.1059. 24 Roger Anstey, The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition (London, 1972), p. 393. 25 Wilberforce, vol.iii, pp. 216, 230, 234. 26 P.M. Kielstra, The Politics of Slave Trade Suppression in Britain and France, 1814–48 (Basingstoke, 2000), p. 63. 27 Betty Fladeland, ‘Abolitionist Pressures on the Concert of Europe 1814–1822’ in Journal of Modern History, xxxvii, (1966), p. 357. 28 Thomas, Slave Trade, p.784. 29 Robin Blackburn, The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery 1777–1848 (London, 1988), p. 413. 30 James Cropper, The Present State of Ireland with a Plan for Improving the State of the People (Liverpool,1823). 31 Kenneth Charlton, ‘The state of Ireland in the 1820s: James Cropper’s plan’ in Irish Historical Studies, xvii (Dublin, 1970–1), p. 326. 32 Ibid., pp. 331–3, 337. 33 Oliver McDonagh, The Emancipist (London, 1989), p. 54. 34 Douglas C. Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery, 1830–1860’(unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1975), pp. 44–7. 35 Midgley, Women against Slavery, p. 64. 36 Isak Gross, ‘The abolition of negro slavery and British parliamentary politics 1832–3’ in Historical Journal, xxiii (1980), pp. 77–8. 37 Christine Kenealy Great Famine (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 88–9. Between 1845–9 the government spent over £10 million on famine relief in Ireland, over half of that money in the form of a loan. Private charity produced £ 2 million in relief. 38 Riach, ‘Campaign against American slavery’, pp. 33–7, 56. 39 Ibid., p. 60. 40 Ibid., pp. 105–9. 41 Ibid., pp. 227–30. 42 Carl Senior, ‘Limerick “slaves” for Jamaica’ in Old Limerick Journal (Limerick, 1986), vol. xix, pp. 35–8. 362 Notes

43 Fionnghuala Sweeney, ‘Frederick Douglass: Mask or Maroonage?: Atlantic Sites and the Politics of Representative Identity’ (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University College Cork, NUI, 2002) pp. 94–5. Forthcoming publication, Fionnghuala Sweeney, Frederick Douglass: Mask or Maroonage? Frederick Douglass and the Atlantic World (Liverpool, 2007). 44 R.R. Madden,’Address to the Hibernian Anti-slavery Society’ February 1840, printed as an appendix to J.F. Manzano, Poems by a Slave on the Island of Cuba, translated from the Spanish by R.R. Madden with the History of the Early Life of the Negro Poet written by himself (London, 1840), pp. 135–7. 45 D.C. Riach, ‘Daniel O’Connell and American anti-slavery’ in IHS, vol. xx, no. 77 (March 1976), pp.10–12. 46 Ibid., pp. 14–6. 47 Riach, ‘Campaign against American slavery’, p. 206. 48 Ibid., pp. 92, 95. 49 David Hempton and Myrtle Hill, Evangelical Protestantism in Ulster Society, 1740–1890 (London, 1992), pp. 33–5. 50 David Hempton, Religion and Political Culture in Britain and Ireland (Cambridge, 1996), p. 96. 51 Midgley, Women against Slavery, pp. 20, 50; Bill Jackson, Ringing True, The Bells of Trummery and Beyond: 350 Years of an Irish Quaker Family (York, 2005) p. 57. 52 Royal Irish Academy (RIA), Madden Papers, MS.24.0.9, fols. 425, 427–31, 443–63. Also see Nini Rodgers, ‘Richard Robert Madden: an Irish anti-slavery activist in the Americas’, in Oonagh Walsh (ed.) Ireland Abroad, Politics and Professions in the Nineteenth Century (Dublin, 2003). 53 Gross, ‘Abolition of Negro slavery’, pp. 82–3. 54 Maurice J Bric, ‘Daniel O’Connell and the Debate on Anti-slavery, 1820–50,’ in Tom Dunne and Laurence M.Geary, History and the Public Sphere, Essays in Honour of John A. Murphy (Cork, 2005), p. 75. 55 Riach, ‘Campaign against American slavery’, p. 148.

12 Frederick Douglass and the ‘Antieverythingarians’

1 Sweeney, ‘Douglass’, pp. 187–9, 195. 2 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, pp. 340–2. 3 Dickson J. Preston, Young Frederick Douglass, the Maryland Years (Baltimore and London, 1980) p. 142. 4 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, p. 336. 5 Sweeney, ‘Douglass’, p. 111. 6 Elizabeth Malcolm, Ireland Sober, Ireland Free: Drink and Temperance in Nineteenth- Century Ireland (Dublin, 1986), pp. 127–9, 133. 7 Ibid., p. 120. 8 William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York and London, 1991), p. 124. 9 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, p. 291. 10 Sweeney, ‘Douglass’, p. 96. 11 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, pp. 286–90. 12 McFeely, ‘Douglass,’ pp. 120–1. 13 Sweeney, ‘Douglass,’ p. 53. 14 Ibid., p. 294. 15 Ibid., p. 57. 16 Ibid., pp. 225–6. Notes 363

17 Ibid., p. 58. 18 C. Peter Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, Vol. I, (North Carolina and London, 1985) p. 17. 19 Sweeney, ‘Douglass,’ pp. 222–3. 20 Ibid., p. 97. 21 McFeeley, ‘Douglass,’ pp. 127–30: Riach ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, pp. 297–8. 22 McFeeley, ‘Douglass’, p. 123. 23 Ibid., p. 143. 24 Sweeney, ‘Douglass,’ p. 204. 25 McFeeley, ‘Douglass,’ p. 132. 26 Sweeney, ‘Douglass,’ p. 138. 27 Ibid., p. 104. 28 Ibid., p. 108. 29 Ibid., p. 111, quoting from Douglass to Garrison, 26 February 1846, in Philip Foner, Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, i (New York) pp. 138–41. 30 Peter Gray, Famine, Land and Politics, British Government and Irish Society 1843–1850 (Dublin, 1999), p. 98. 31 Christine Kenealy, The Great Irish Famine, Impact, Ideology and Rebellion (Basingstoke, 2002), pp. 34–5. 32 Thomas Kenealy, The Great Shame, a Story of the Irish in the Old World and the New (London, 1998), p. 304. 33 Sweeney, ‘Douglass,’ p. 117. 34 Ibid., pp. 101–2. 35 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ pp. 351–52, 356. 36 Kinealy, ‘Great Irish Famine,’ p. 81. 37 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery’, pp. 361, 365. 38 Ibid., p. 363. 39 Ibid., p. 358. 40 Ibid., pp. 357, 372. 41 Ibid., p. 368. 42 Ibid., p. 369. 43 Ibid., p. 356, Kinealy, ‘Great Irish Famine’, p. 70. 44 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ p. 414.

13 Famine and War

1 Marianna O’Gallagher, ‘The Orphans of Grosse Isle: Canada and the adoption of the Irish Famine orphans, 1847–48’ in Patrick O’Sullivan (ed.), The Meaning of Famine, vol. vi, pp. 81–2 in The Irish World Wide Series, 6 vols. (London, 2000). 2 Kevin Kenny, The American Irish, a History (London, 2000), p. 100. 3 Ruth Ann M Harris, ‘Where the poor man is not crushed down to exalt the aristocrat: Vere Foster’s programme of assisted emigration in the aftermath of the Irish Famine’ in O’Sullivan (ed.) Meaning of Famine, p. 173. 4 D.Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (Oxford, 1984) p. 73. 5 Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, p. 129. Well kept Dutch figures for the period 1630 to 1803 put the average mortality at 14. 8 per cent, Iliffe, Africa, p. 136. 6 Iliffe, Africa, p. 131. 7 Kenny, American Irish, p. 97. 8 Ibid., p. 103. 364 Notes

9 Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, p. 131. 10 Iliffe, Africa, p. 137. 11 McEvedy, Atlas of African History, p. 90; Fage,’Slavery and the Slave Trade,’ pp. 399–400; 12 James Quinn, ‘John Mitchel and the Rejection of the Nineteenth Century’ in Eire – Ireland, 2003, pp. 95–6. 13 John Mitchel, Jail Journal with an Introductory Narrative of Transactions in Ireland (London, 1983), xxxii–vliv. The appendicies in this 1983 edition contains a reprint of Mitchel’s 1847 description of famine conditions in the west of Ireland. pp. 409–18. 14 William Dillon, Life of John Mitchel, 2 vols, (London, 1888)vol. ii, p. 118. See also Christopher Morash,’Making memories: the literature of the Irish Famine,’ in O’Sullivan (ed.) Meaning of Famine, pp. 40–53. 15 Rachel O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, Young Irelander (Dublin, 1985) p. 24. 16 PRONI, T/413/2, John Mitchel to Miss Thompson, 4 October, 1852. 17 The Citizen, 14 January 1854. 18 Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 370. 19 Citizen, 28 January 1854; L.Fogarty, Father John Kenyon, A Patriot Priest of Forty- Eight (Dublin, nd), p. 74. (Full text of Kenyon’s letter to the Nation, 19 January 1847, pp. 71–5). 20 Mitchel, Jail Journal, Preface by Arthur Griffith; Dillon, Mitchel, i, p. ix; ii, pp. 114–5. 21 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, p. 207. 22 Dillon, Mitchel, vol. ii, p. 129. 23 David T. Gleeson, The Irish in the South 1815–1877 (London, 2001) p. 122. 24 Ronald T. Takaki, A Pro-Slavery Crusade, the Agitation to Reopen the African Slave Trade (London, 1971?) p. 1. 25 Citizen, 28 January 1854. 26 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, pp. 226–7, 231. 27 Ibid., p. 214. 28 Quinn, ‘John Mitchel’, p. 104. 29 Kenealy, Great Shame, p. 304. 30 Dillon, Mitchel, vol. ii, p. 160. 31 Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 25. 32 Ibid., p. 41. 33 PRONI, T413/4, Mitchel to Mary Thompson, 24 April, 1854. 34 Dillon, Mitchel, vol. ii, p. 106. 35 Michael Toomey, ‘Saving the South With All My Might’: John Mitchel, Champion of Southern Nationalism’, in John M. Hearne and Rory T. Corish (ed.), Thomas Francis Meagher, The Making of an Irish American (Dublin, 2006) p. 134. 36 PRONI, D1078/M/7B, Mitchel to Matilda Dixon, 10 April, 1859. 37 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ pp. 466–8. 38 Dillon, Mitchel, vol. ii, p. 171. 39 Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 369. 40 Quinn, ‘Mitchel’, p. 99. 41 Irish Citizen, 9 November 1867. 42 Kevin Kenny, The American Irish, a History (London, 2000), p. 124. Noel Ignatiev, How the Irish became White (London, 1995) see race (‘whitenness’ over ‘blackness’) as a social construct, which, on reaching the United States in large numbers in the nineteenth century, the Irish helped to build. He suggests that on their arrival Notes 365

they were friendly with the blacks. Steve Garner, Racism in the Irish Experience (London, 2004) p. 111–12 takes the view that the Catholic Irish in America had to work hard to become white. But he sees white racism as convenient for Irish assimilation. 43 Quinn, ‘Mitchel’, pp. 107–9. 44 PRONI, D/1078/M/9, John Mitchel to Matilda Dixon, 28 December 1860. 45 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, p. 185. 46 Mitchel, Jail Journal, p. 396. 47 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, p. 268. 48 Ibid., pp. 295–7. 49 Ibid., p. 268. 50 Dillon, Mitchel, vol. ii, p. 185. 51 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, pp. 271–3. 52 Gleeson, The Irish in the South, p. 156. 53 Takaki, A Pro-Slavery Crusade, p. 65; Dillon, vol. ii, p. 191. 54 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, pp. 225,234. 55 Ibid., p. 315. 56 Kieran Quinlan, Strange Kin, Ireland and the American South (Louisiana, 2004), p. 95. 57 O’Conner, Jenny Mitchel, p. 383 58 Keneally, Great Shame, pp. 302, 341. 59 Ibid., p. 305. 60 Gleeson, Irish in the South p. 159. 61 Kenny, American Irish, p. 123. 62 Gleeson, Irish in the South, pp. 141, 154. 63 Kenny, American Irish, p. 125. 64 Quinlan, Strange Kin, pp. 88–92. 65 Keneally, Great Shame, p. 366. 66 Gleeson, Irish in the South, p. 151. 67 William K. Sullivan, Manufacture of Beet-Root Sugar in Ireland (Dublin, 1851); W. Neilson Hancock, On the Prospects of Sugar–Beet Manufacture in reland (Dublin, 1851) see ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ p. 351, note 3. 68 Thomas A. Boylan and Timothy p. Foley, ‘Cairnes, Hern and Bastable: The Contribution of Queen’s College, Galway, to Economic Thought,’ in Dairuid O’ Cearbhaill (ed.),Galway, Town and Gown 1484–1984 (Dublin, 1984), pp. 183, 195, 199. 69 D.Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress (Oxford, 1984), p. 245. 70 Tom Boylan and Tadhg Foley (ed.), John Elliott Cairnes, Collected Works, 6 vols (London, 204), vol. ii, The Slave Power, Its Character, Career and Probable Designs: Being an Attempt to Explain the Real Issues Involved in the American Contest, p. 3. 71 Early in 1862 Cairnes published two articles in the Economist, ‘The policy of alliance with the South’ on 8 February and ‘Negro slavery and the American Civil War’ on 1 March. See Boylan and Foley (ed.), Cairnes, Collected Works, vi. 72 Boylan and Foley (ed.), Cairnes, Collected Works, vol. ii, pp. 95–103. 73 Ibid., pp. ii, pp. 64–9. 74 R. D. Webb (ed.), The Life and Letters of John Brown (London, 1861). 75 Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery,’ pp. 510–12. 76 Boylan and Foley (ed.),Cairnes, Collected Works, vol. i, p. 337. 77 Ibid., vol. i, pp. 26–7. 78 Boylan and Foley, ‘Cairnes, Hern and Bastable Cairnes,’ pp. 201–2, 204. 366 Notes

79 W. A. Maguire, Belfast, in Town and City Histories Series, Stephen Constantine (ed.) (Keele, 1993), p. 59. 80 Marylin Cohen, Linen, Family and Community in Tullylish, County Down 1690–1914 (Dublin,1997), p. 180. 81 Ibid., p. 110. 82 Maguire, Belfast, p. 59.

14 A Special Relationship?

1 Kitson and Lee, Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation, vol. iv, pp. 171–93; Ripley, Black Abolitionists, vol. ii, p. 203. 2 Denis Taaffe in Andrew O’Reilly, Reminiscences of an Emigrant Milesian, vol. ii, p. 227, quoted in Janet Todd, Rebel Daughters, Ireland in Conflict 1798 (London, 2003), p. 165. 3 Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, Tuesday, 25 September–Thursday 27 September 1792. 4 Burrowes to Parsons, 23 October 1800 (PRONI) quoted in Bartlett, Rise and Fall, p. 267. 5 Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates, First series, vol. xxvii, p. 639. 6 William Thomson, A Tradesman’s Travels, in the United States and Canada, in the Years 1840, 41 and 42 from Willie Lee Rose, A Documentary History of Slavery in North America (London, 1999), pp. 363–68. 7 English Countryman’s Address, p. 75. 8 Cork pamphlet, SK, pp. vii, 13, 21, 25, 47, 49, 62. 9 Philip Wright (ed.) Lady Nugent’s Journal of her residence in Jamaica (Kingston, Jamaica,1966), p. 53. 10 PRONI, Watt papers, MIC135/13, 13 September 1804. 11 Edwards, History of the West Indies, vol. ii, p. 209. (SK’s Cork pamphlet, describes diet, pp. 13–17, as 12 pints of maize weekly and six salt herrings for a field worker. The Antiguan diet seems meaner, but the writer may have been expecting the slaves to add to this from provision grounds. The Jamaican calculation applied to slaves without access to such grounds.) 12 R. Fogel, Without Consent or Contract, the Rise and Fall of American Slavery (London, 1991), p. 132. 13 Cormac O’Grada, Ireland, a New Economic History 1780–1939 (Oxford, 1995), p. 85. 14 Hall, Thistlewood, p. 37. 15 K. Theodore Hoppen, Ireland since 1800, Conflict and Conformity (London, 1989), p. 39. 16 Freeman’s Journal, 26 August 1840. 17 Peter Kolchin, American Slavery 1619–1877 (London, 1995) pp. 109, 148–52, 165. 18 Smith O’Brien to Mrs. O’Brien, 27 March,1859, quoted in Riach Thesis p. 467. 19 Arthur Young, A Tour in Ireland, vol. ii, p. 54, quoted in Janet Todd, Rebel Daughters. Ireland in Conflict 1798 (London, 2003), pp. 57–8. 20 The Táin, p. 5. 21 PRONI Survey of the economic development of county Sligo in the eighteenth century by Charles O’Hara of Nymphsfield, T/2812/19/1, p. 20. 22 Maria Edgeworth, Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, vol. ii, p. 496. 23 Madden, West Indies, vol. ii, pp. 103–6. 24 Maria Edgeworth, Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, vol. ii, p. 496. 25 Kenny, American Irish, p. 111. Notes 367

26 Hoppen, Ireland since 1800, p. 37. 27 Gleeson, Irish in the South, pp. 121–7. 28 Ronnie W. Clayton, Mother Wit: the ex-Slave Narratives of the Louisiana Writer’s Project (1990), pp. 178–80. 29 Maunsel White to James N. Bracewell, 17 May 1848, quoted in William K. Scarborough, The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (Louisiana, 1966), p. 71. 30 Letter from Harriet Jacobs to Amy Post, 1852? quoted in Jean Fagin Yellin, ‘Texts and Contexts of Harriet Jacob’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl written by herself.’ in Davis and Gates, The Slaves Narrative, p. 262. 31 Frederick Law Olmsted, The Cotton Kingdom: a Traveller’s Observations on Cotton and Slavery in the American Slave States, (New York, 1953) p. 215. 32 Gleeson, Irish in the South, p. 139. 33 From John D. Vose tour of N.Y. … … .1850? Graham Hodges ‘Desirable Companions and Lovers’ in Ronald H.Bayor and Timothy J. Meagher (ed.) The Irish in New York (Baltimore and London, 1996) p. 113. 34 Gleeson, Irish in the South, p. 124. 35 P. D. Morgan, ‘Encounter with Africans and African-Americans’, in B. Bailyn and P. D. Morgan (ed.), Strangers within the Realm (Chapel Hill, 1991), p. 172. 36 The life, history and unparalleled sufferings of John Jea, the African preacher (1815) in Henry Louis Gates jr and William L. Andrews (ed.), The Pioneers of the Black Atlantic, Five Slave Narratives from the Enlightenment 1772–1815 (Washington, 1998), p. 428. 37 Ibid., pp. 399, 401,432. 38 Ibid., p. 438. 39 Gleeson, Irish in the South, p. 127. 40 Harris, ‘Vere Foster’ in Meaning of Famine, p. 192. 41 Equiano, Interesting Narrative, pp. 92–3, 266, note 60. 42 Douglass, Narrative, p. 86. 43 Quinlan, Strange Kin, pp. 74–5. 44 Williams, Whence the Black Irish, pp. 54–55. 45 Ibid., p. 75. 46 Akenson, If, pp. 176, 186. 47 R R. Madden, A Twelve Months Residence in the West Indies during the Transition from Slavery to Apprenticeship, 2 vols (London, 1835) vol i, pp. 160–71. 48 Stella Tillyard, Aristocrats, Caroline, Emily, Louisa and Sarah Lennox, 1740–1832 (London, 1995), p. 331. 49 Kerby A. Miller, ‘Scotch Irish’, ‘Black Irish’ and ‘Real Irish’: Emigrants and Identities in the Old South,’ in Andy Bielenberg (ed.), The Irish Diaspora (Longman, 2000), p. 148. 50 Gleeson, Irish in the South, p. 128. 51 C. Peter Ripley, Black Abolitionist Papers, vol. 1 The British Isles 1830–65, London, 1985, pp. 332–4. 52 Quinlan, Strange Kin, pp. 60–5. Quilan’s work includes an interesting discussion of three books published on the Healys since 1954. Albert Foley, BishopHealy: Beloved Outcaste (New York, 1954), Albert Foley, Dream of an Outcaste (Alabama, 1989) and James M. O’Toole, Passing for White. 53 Joan R. Sherman (ed.), Tales of Conjure and the Color Line, 10 Stories by Charles Waddell Chestnutt, (New York,1995) pp. iii–vi. 54 Alex Haley, Roots (London 1991), p. 661. 368 Notes

55 Elliot, Tone, p. 212. 56 Stella Tillyard, Citizen Lord: Edward Fitzgerald 1763–1798 (London, 1998), pp. 249–50. 57 Alex Haley and David Stevenson, Queen (London, 1993), p. 669. 58 The Irish Empire: A Five Part Landmark Documentary Series About the Irish Worldwide, A Little Bird Café, Hilton Cordell Production, 1999. Part 1 ‘The Scattering.’ Bibliography

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Unpublished University Theses R. V. Gallen, ‘The structure of Anglo-Irish politics during the American Revolution: Sir Henry Cavendish’s diary of the Irish parliament’, 12 October 1779 to 2 September 1780; edition of the partial text and critical essay (2 vols PhD thesis, University of Notre Dame, 1973, University Microfilms, a XEROX Company, Ann Arbor, MI). N. E. Gamble, ‘The business community and trade of Belfast 1767–1800’ (Trinity College, Dublin, 1978). David Lammey, ‘A study of Anglo-Irish relations between 1772 and 1782, with particular reference to the “free trade” movement’ (unpublished PhD thesis, Queen’s University of Belfast, 1984). Joseph Liechty, ‘Irish evangelicalism, Trinity College Dublin, and the mission of the Church of Ireland at the end of the eighteenth century’ (St Patrick’s College, Maynooth, 1987). Douglas C. Riach, ‘Ireland and the campaign against American slavery, 1830–1860’ (University of Edinburgh, 1975). Fionnghuala Sweeney, ‘Frederick Douglass: mask or maroonage? Atlantic sites and the politics of representative identity’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University College Cork, NUI, 2002) pp. 94–5. Fionnghuala Sweeney (forthcoming publication) Frederick Douglass: Mask or Maroonage? Frederick Douglass and the Atlantic World (Liverpool, 2007). Dublin Liverpool Cork Rotterdam Bristol London NEWFOUNDLAND

Nantes

Bordeaux

Boston PENNSYLVANIA New York Philadelphia MARYLAND Baltimore Lisbon

SOUTH CAROLINA GEORGIA Charleston

Havana CUBA ST CROIX JAMAICA ST DOMINGUE ST KITTS, NEVIS AND EUSTATIA PUERTO ANTIGUA RICO GUADELOUPE DOMINICA CAPE VERDE MONTSERRAT MARTINIQUE SENEGAL SPANISH MAIN ST VINCENT BARBADOS GAMBIA TRINIDAD SIERRA LEONE NIGERIA El Mina GUIANA DEMERARA

Tauregure AMAZON SAO TOME

ANGOLA

Map 1 Ireland and the Black Atlantic. Malin

Ramelton Ballymoney Derry Carrickfergus

10 Co. Down Belfast Dungannon Lurgan Enniskillen

Newry Carrickmacross Co. Mayo Co. Louth Co. Meath

Drogheda Longford

100 Galway Athlone DUBLIN Kildare Co. Wicklow

Limerick Kilkenny

Ross 10 Clonmel Waterford

Cork Youghal 23 Kinsale 7

Map 2 Africans in eighteenth-century Ireland. Source: W.A. Hart, University of Ulster, Coleraine Campus. Index

abolition of slavery, 48, 74, 80–1, 191, amelioration of slavery, 92, 94, 99, 180, 259, 267, 269, 306, 322, 353–4 185, 248, 267–8, 345 (ch.6, note 4) (ch.8, notes 90, 108, 112), 358–60 American Revolutionary War, 64, 79, (ch.10, notes 2, 8, 15, 16, 22, 35, 36, 104, 229, 232, 58), 361–2 (ch.11, notes 36, 53), 366 Anglican, see Protestant (ch.14, note 1) Angola, 23, 28, 40, 72, 109, 291, 292 Britain, 80, 267–9 Antigua, 34, 36, 39, 45, 49, 50, 52, 53, USA, 306, 324 58, 72, 75–8, 85, 113, 132, 135, 136, abolition of the slave trade, 3, 24, 79, 86, 148, 159, 179, 180, 287, 314 91, 142–3, 158, 179, 187, 189, 231, Antony, Thomas, 35 235, 237, 240, 244–5, 248, 259, apprenticeship, 92–3, 259, 269–71, 73, 260–6, 331, 345 (ch.6, note 3), 361 77, 342 (ch.4, note 31), 367 (ch.14, (ch.11, note 24) note 47) abolitionists, 68, 73, 86, 89, 178, 182, Arawaks, 36 188, 218, 260–2, 264, 269, 271, 274, Archdall, Mervyn, 166 276, 279, 281, 285, 295, 299, 300, Archdeacon, 65, 135–7, 140 309, 316, 318, 321, 324–6, 335, Andrew, 135 (ch.1, note 73), 361 (ch.11, note 27), John, 135–7, 348 (ch.6, notes 79, 84, 363 (ch.12, note 18), 366–7 (ch.14, 85, 86, 88) notes 1, 51) William, 135, 348 (ch.6, notes 76, 84) Adams, John, 320 Archer, Address to Hans Hamilton, M.P. on behalf Henry, 122 of the injured African, 244 Patrice, 110 Africa, 1, 2, 7, 21–4, 28, 30, 38, 39, 57, Arkwright, Richard, 157 66, 80, 86, 96–103, 106–10, 114, Armagh, Council of, 20, 259 135, 142, 143, 173–4, 178, 179, 180, Arthur, 105, 138–9 182, 183–5, 188, 190, 210, 211, 221, Catherine, 112 225, 226, 232–5, 238–41, 245, 254, Thomas, 104 264–6, 270–2, 276, 282, 291–2, 299, Ashton, John, 205 314, 328 Asiento, 56, 105 African slave trade addressed to members of Atholl, Duke of, 104 her own sex, 190, 240 Australia, 227, 294, 299, 305 Amazing Grace, 103 Aylmer, Fitzgerald, 166 Aghagurty, 119, 201, 202, 203 agrarian discontent, 127, 267, 151–3, Bachelder, 295 African trade, see slave trade Backhouse, 98 Akan, 40, 72 Bagnell, Beauchamp, 166 Aksum, 21 Bagwell, John, 133 Alabama, 228, 295, 298, 301, 319, 326–8 Baker, 64, 65, 183 Aldridge, Ira, 278, 300 John, 64, 339–40 (ch.3, notes 12, 28, Allen, 323 30, 32–5, 39, 42) Dominic, 60 Joseph, 64 Richard, 270, 273, 275, 278–80, Thomas, 64 286–9 Balfour, Townely, B., 166 Amazon, 2, 27–9, 31, 32–4, 54 Ballycastle, 146, 169

384 Index 385

Baltimore, Lord, 199–201, 320 Bermuda, 72, 76, 299 Band of Hope, 288 Betu Brigte, 14 Banks, Stuart, 153 Bewley, Molly, 188–9 Baptists, 73, 74, 92, 307, 325 Biafra, 66 Barbados, 37–41, 44, 48, 86 Bicknell, John, 232–3, 238, 246 Barbauld, Mrs, 238, 247, 251, 359 Birkett, (ch.10, note 36) Mary, 190, 239–45, 254, 330, 354 Baillie, Alexander, James & Evan (ch.8, note 115), 359 (ch.10, notes Baillie, 132 20, 21) Barkin, 67 Birr, 16 Barnewell, John, 210–11, 356 (ch.9, Blackamoor Lane, 280 notes 42, 44) Blair, 99, 342 (ch.4, note 37), 345 (ch.5, Barnewell Rhett, Robert, 302 note 71) Barrington, Catherine, 224 James I, 94 Barry, 97, 166 Lambert, 94 Barry, 166 James II, 94 Edward, 54 Blake, 51, 53, 59, 82–4, 127, William, 97 159, 324 Basseterre, 62, 64 Andrew Óg, 51 Bateson, 156 Henry, 38, 51, 62, 82–3, 93 Bath, 62, 63, 65 John snr, 83 Baugh, Jim, 327 John, 38, 51–2, 61, 82–3, 122 Beckford, 323 William (poet), 238, 246 Peter, 134 Martin, 51 Beddoes, Dr Thomas, 247 Messrs Blake and Lynch, 141, 348 Beecher, Henry Ward, 295–6 (ch.6, note 84) beef, 19, 89, 98, 105–6, 120, 121, 125, Thomas, 51 128, 130, 132, 135–8, 140, 147, 151, Blaney, 63 171, 224, 314 Blanquirie, Sir John, 259–60, 263 Beef, Henry, 63 Bleak House, 272 Behn, Mrs Aphra, 230, 239 bliadhain an a’ir, (the year of the Belfast, 89, 122, 144, 145–58, 159, 160, slaughter), 136 164, 169, 174, 190, 191–6, 205, 212, Boates, 98 236, 256, 269, 270, 275, 283–4, 288, Bodkin, 127 289, 310 – 11, 313 Antony, 56 Belfast Charitable Society, 106, 157 Edward, 52 Belfast Mercury, 154, 158, Bonaparte, Belinda, 250–4 Napoleon, 79, 87, 245–6, 254, 260–2, Bell, 87 265 William, 275–6 Napoleon III, 301 Bellew, 158–9, 349 (ch.7, notes 8, 10), see also Napoleonic Wars 350 (ch.8, note 3) Bond, Oliver, 328 Christopher Dillon, 195 Booterstown, 281 Belmore, Boru, Brian, 10, right order? Earl of, 81, 92, 341 (ch.3, note 82), Boswell, James, 312 342 (ch.4, note 34) Boston Bazaar, 285 Lord, 276 Bourke, 65 Benezet, Antony, 182–5, 231 Edward, 42, Benin, 40, 66 Fitzmaurice, 150 Bentinck, Lord George, 287 John, 124, 346 (ch.6, note 22) Beresford, 175 Thomas, 124 386 Index

Boyne, battle of, 105, 202, 204, 209 Edmund, 126, 181–7, 189, 243, 254–5, Bradburn, Samuel, 189 337 (ch.2, note 49), 351–3 (ch.8, Bradley, Dr. Patrick, 63 notes 40, 84, 85, 86, 87, 90), 360 Bradshaw, Richard, 128, 147 (ch.10, notes 58, 59) Brazil, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34, 119, 125, 156, Samuel, 127, 324, 329 265, 266, 277, 291 Richard, 130, 182–3 Bridgetown, 41, 42, 85, 156, 159 William, 182 Briskett, Antony, governor, 49 Burke’s Peerage, 229, 347 (ch.6, note 59), Bristol, 14, 35, 46, 65, 75, 96–8, 105, 357, (ch.9, note 59) 112, 113, 132, 135, 160, 183, 186, Burns, 246 237, 247 Antony, 295, 300 British Emancipator, 272 Burrowes, 166 Broghill, Lord, 46, 337 (ch.2, note 61), Kildare, 166 see also Orrery, Earl of Peter, 312–13 Broicsech, 14 Butler, 136, 166, 198, 215–16, 223, 225, Brooke, 228–9, 357–8 (ch.9, notes 92, 122) Charles, 169 Christopher, 99, 343 (ch.5, note 20) Sir Richard, 177 Edward, 104, 226 Brooklyn, 294, 295, 301 Frances, 227, 358 (ch.9, note 117) Brown, 323–23 James, 198, 357 (ch.9, note 59) Capability, 151 Mary, 216 Count Julius Caesar Mars Napoleon Nell, 320–1 Sinclair, 278 Major Pierce, 197, 215–19, 222–7, 295, Hamilton, 88, 93, 273, 323, 341 (ch.4, 301, 355–8 (ch.9, notes 1, 2, 59, note 26) 60, 68, 71, 74, 94, 101, 107, 109, John, 324–5, 365 (ch.13, note 75) 116, 117, 119) Robert, 211 Richard, 109, 226, 344 (ch.5, William, 34 note 54) William Wells, 245 Sir Richard Pierce, 227, 358 (ch.9, note Browne, 92, 164 117) Andrew, 51 Thomas, 215, 226 Col. Arthur, 164 Weedon Butler, 226 Elizabeth, 92 Butler’s Island, 216, 219, 223 James, 164 Butler’s Place, 223 John, 164, 309 Burton, Pierpoint, 166 Montford, 324 butter, 9, 41, 90, 98, 105–06, 121, Otway, 93 123, 125–6, 128, 130, 132, Patrick, 51 135–8, 149, 314, 346–7 (ch.6, Peter Howe, 323 notes 25, 46) Robert, 158 Buxton, Charles Foxwell, 266–9, 272, Ulysses, (Field Marshall), 138 275 Brownstown, 88, 273 Byrne, Edward, 173–4, 194–6, Bruges, 132, 136 204, 312, 352 (ch.8, Bryan, Cornelius, 41–3, 103 notes 47, 50) Buchanan, James, 274, 298 Bull Run, 293, 302, 306 Cade, Waddell, 326 Burgh, Cairnat, 10 Hussey, 172 Cairnes, John Elliott, 308–10 Thomas, 162, 167, 206 Calhoun, 197, 209, 213, 215, 219–21, Burial of Sir John Moore, 246 227–9, 355–7 (ch.9, notes 1, 84–7, Burke, 186, 323, 324, 327 120) Aedanus, 212 Ann, 213, 216, 229 Index 387

Calhoun – continued Charles III, 63, 202, 205, 229 Catherine I (Montgomery), 209, 213, Charles, Dr, 204 229 Daniel of Aghagurty, 198, 202 Catherine II, 213, 229 Daniel of Lisheenboy, 202–03, 206–07 Catherine III, 326 Daniel of Rock Creek I, 203, 206 Ezikiel, 209–20, 213, 220, 229, 356–7 Daniel of Rock Creek II, 197, 203, 217 (ch.9, notes 53, 80) Dominick, 203 Floride Bonneau, 228 Eleanor, 203 James, 209–10, 220, 229, 357 (ch.9, Henry (bishop), 197, 205 note 81) James, 202–04, 226 Jean Craighead, 222 John, (Montserrat), 54 John Caldwell, 194, 219, 221, 228, John, 202–03 274, 295, 297, 326, 356–7 Keane, 203 (ch.9, notes 38, 40, 52, 55, Margaret, 203 66, 83, 90 Martha, 199 Martha Caldwell, 222 Mary, 200 Mary I, 209–10, 229 Michael of Lisheenboy, 202, 204–07 Mary II, 213 Carysfort, Lord, 176 Patrick I, 197, 209–10, 220 Cash, Wilbur H, 297, 325 Patrick II, 209–10, 213–22, 227, 357 Cashel, 8 (ch.9, notes 82, 91) Cassel, 92 William, 209–20, 213, 357 (ch.9, note Castle Rackrent, 100, 249–50, 251, 254 91) Castlereagh, 83, 259–66 California, 295 Castletown Roche, 133 Callaghan, Michael, 97 Castro, 332 Campbell, 88, 323 Catholic emancipation, 2, 3, 191, 193, Cape Mount, 100, 107 227, 249, 259, 262–3, 266, 268, 271, Caribbean, 1, 2, 27, 31–9, 43–5, 50–8, 276, 280, 312, 322 60–80, 82–8, 91–4, 96–100, 104–13, Catholics, 30, 35, 47, 49, 53–5, 58–9, 62, 115, 119–21, 124–9, 131–9, 141–9, 64, 70, 84, 99, 105, 124, 129–40, 151, 155–60, 165, 170, 174, 179, 157–8, 165, 173–7, 185, 187, 193–5, 181, 183, 184–5, 189, 196, 201, 199, 201, 205, 207, 208, 249, 262–3, 210–12, 248, 250, 256, 272, 287, 276–7, 307, 312, 317, 322, 326 289, 291, 294, 312–14, 317, 329, Caton, Mary Ann, 227 331–2 Ceded Islands, 64, 147–8, 158 Caribbs, 34, 36, 50 Celbridge, 281 Carlow, 168, 194, 197, 215, 226, 229 Chalmers, Dr, 284 Carlyle, Thomas, 272, 294, 296, 299, 300 Charlemont, Lord, 187 Carren, John, 103 Charles I, 31, 203, 215, 219 Carew, Shapland, 166 Charles II, 43, 49, 53, 62, 162, 198, 206 Carrickfergus, 152, 154–5, 164 Charles, Edward, Prince, 108–09 Carroll, 197–8, 200–09, 215, 219, 225, Charleston Mercury, 302 228–9, 279, 355 (ch.9, notes 1, 3–8, Charleston Standard, 298, 10–25, 27–29) Chatterton, Thomas, 234–5, 237, 239, Alexander, 204, 206 359 (ch.10, notes 10, 15) Antony I, 198, 205 Carlisle Bay, 45 Antony II, 199, 202, 205–07, 229 Chesapeake, 35, 11–20, 122, 123, 135, Antony (baby), 200 192, 200–1, 208 Antony (slave boy), 205 Chestnutt, Charles I, 198–205, 209, 215, 219, Andrew Jackson, 326 226–7, 229–30 Charles Waddell, 326, 367 (ch14, note Charles II, 202, 204–6, 224, 229 53) 388 Index children’s fiction, 231, 247, 256 Cooney, 103 Chillan, Gasper, 31–3, 336 (ch.2, note Coppinger, 65, 112, 166 14), see also Jasper Collins Bishop, 140, Mr., 136 Christian-Sprengal, Matthias, 179 Cork, 15, 39, 51, 55, 57, 75, 89, 97, 98, Citizen (New York), 293–6, 299 104, 111–15, 124–38, 141–2, 145, Civic Eclogue, 244 149, 153, 158, 159, 163, 164, 172, Civil War (English), 43, 45, 188 174, 175, 179, 180–2, 194, 195, 211, (U.S.A.), 3, 153, 228, 230, 289, 292, 230, 236, 267, 269, 270, 276, 280–4, 293, 296, 307, 308, 310, 326, 327, 286, 288, 289, 291, 313, 316, 324 331 Cork Foundling Asylum, 129, Clare, 134, 138, 177, 268, 287, 314 Corry, Armor Lowry, 166 Clark, 334 (ch.5, note 48) Cormantines, 40, 66, 249, 252, 253 Thoby (Theobald), 111 Cotter, 166 Clarkson, Thomas, 103, 178–9, 182, cotton, 28, 37, 50, 70, 96, 106, 143, 187–8, 231, 236–7, 240, 243, 246 156–8, 169–70, 172, 177, 191, 194, Clemens, James, 98, 343 (ch.5, note 14) 210–11, 213–14, 216, 221, 223–4, Cleyburne, Patrick, 306 228, 248, 256, 265–7, 279, 308, Clonmel, 131, 257, 310–11, 314, 318–19, 328, 367 Clothilde, 245, (ch.14, note 31,) Clotworthy Upton, Mr, 150, 152 Couldhurst, Cobbett, 126 Catherine, 48 Codderington, Dixie, 166 J.B, 48, 93 Codrington, 76–7, 340 (ch.3, note 70) Maria Elizabeth, 48 Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, 10 Mary, 48 Coghlan, 166 William Matthew, 48 John, 97 Courtnay, Lord, 143, 177 Colchester (siege of ), 46 Cowper, William, 238–9, 246, 254 Colclough, Vesey, 166 Craighead, Colebrooke, Sir George, 159 Alexander, 222 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 237, 246 Jean, 222 Colhoun, Cramsie, 89, see also Cramsie & Floride Bonneau, 228 McDowell John Ewing, 197, 210, 220, 228 James, 91 Collins, 32, 323 Cramsie & McDowell, 89–91 Jasper, 31–3, see also Gasper Chillan Creagh, 105, 134–5, 138, 143 Columbus, 27, 239, 291 David, 113 Conchobar of Ulster, 9, 316 James, 113 Condon, 198 John, 113 Confessio, 12–16 Patrick, 51 Congo, King of, 40 Paul, 113, 345 (ch.5, note 70) Connacht, 9, 15, 24, 41, 120–1, 126–7, 304 Susanah, 113 Conner, John, 56 Crimean War, 115, 295 Connolly, 166 Croker, Thomas, 176, 187 Catherine, 276 William, 162, 165–7, 206 John, 133 Connor, James, 97 Cromwell, Convoy, 197, 210, 229, 203 Henry, 46–7, 65, 323, 337 (ch.2, notes Conway, 149, 155, 166 59–61) Conyham, Cpt, 306 Oliver, 2, 36, 41–5, 75, 120, 146, 166, Conyhaming, Mr., 85 198, 337 (ch.2, note 57) Index 389

Cropper, James, 267–68, 361 (ch.11, Dillon, 198, 324 notes 30, 31) William, 296 Crow, Cpt. Hugh, 238 Dissenter, see Presbyterian Cúchulainn, 9–11 Dobbs, 155 Cullen, Paul, 181 Arthur, 155, 350 (ch.7, note 30) cumal, see also female slave, 8–11, Conway, 166 13–16, 24, 27 Richard Conway, 155 Cummings, Mr., 87, 89 dóer (the unfree), 9 Cunningham, Waddell, 122, 145–58, Dooley, John, 303 164, 174, 177, 187, 191–2, 195–6, Dominica, 64, 132, 147–8, 158, 159, 212, 311, 326, 345 (ch.5, note70), 164, 192, 195, 237 349 (ch.7, notes 1, 17.) Dominicans, 52, 60–3, 74–5, 125, 138, Currie, Dr James, 237 207 Curtin, John, 136, 348 (ch 6, notes 76, Donegal (county), 44, 83, 84, 85, 87, 88, 82) 90, 91, 151, 174, 195, 197, 209, 220, 229, 298 Dáibhí Ó Croinín, 21 Donegall, Earl of, 150–2, 154–5 Dál Riada, 9 Dooley, John, 303 Daly, 55, 166, 323, 324 Doran, James, 87, 88 James, 67–9, 71, 321 Darby, Abraham, 96 Felix I (cptn), 99, 343 (ch.5, note 20) Darnall, 202–03 Felix II, 99, 343 (ch.5, note 20) Col. Henry, 199–200 Patrick, 57, 67 Mary, 200–01 Dougherty, Cornelius, 211 Davenport, 98 Douglas, Davis, David, 152–3 Justina, 155 Senator, 298 President Jefferson, 302, 306 Douglass, Frederick, 1, 3, 68, 225, Dawson, 54, 98 279–89, 295, 315, 318, 321, 325–6, Day, Thomas, 232–5, 238–40, 247–8, 340 (ch.3, note 48), 358 (ch.9, note 250–1, 254 108), 362–3 (ch. 11, note 43, ch.12, Déisi, 8 notes 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 13, 19–29, Delacour, James, 230 33–4), 367 (ch.14, note 42) Delap, 85, 87, 159 Downshire, 150 Charlotte, 87 Drennan, Dr. William, 190–3 Florinda, 88 Drogheda, 46, 99, 131, 174, Robert, 85–6 Dromoland Castle, 287 Samuel F., 87 Dublin Evening Mail, 280 Sarah, 87 Dublin’s Foundling Hospital, 243 Delaware, 210 Du Bois, W.E.B, 322 Demerara, 73, 74, 86, 99, 256 Dubthach, 14, Democratic Party, 274, 298, 305 Duffy, Gavan, 293–94 Denny, Lady Arbella, 243, 354 (ch.8, Dunbar (battle of ), 46 note 113) Dundas, Henry, 189 Derby, Earl of, 104 Dupleix de Bacquencourt, 110 Dermott, James, 168 Dutch, 22, 28–35, 43, 52, 57, 71, 73, 74, De Valera, 332 94, 96, 100, 119–20, 128, 143 Devenish, Thomas, 60–1 Dyer, 55 Dickens, Charles, 272 Dying African, 245 Digges, Thomas, 191–4, 202, 205 Dying Negro, 247, 250 390 Index

Edgar, Dr, 288 Fedelm, 10 Edgeworth, 350 (ch.8, note 10) female slave, see also cumal, 8, 9, 11, 19, Maria, 247–54, 316, 360 (ch.10, notes 21, 89, 92, 103, 184, 303 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 52–7), 366 Fenton, 323–4 (ch.14, notes 22, 24) Fergus, Howard, 329, 338–9 (ch.3, notes Richard Lovell, 247–50, 251, 360 6, 14, 29) (ch.10, notes 40, 42), 366 (ch.14, Fermanagh, 195, 276, 285 notes 22, 24) Figueira, Father Luis, 29, 30 Edinburgh Review, 254 Fir Maige, 8 Edmundson, William, 187 First Virginia Regiment, 302 Edwards, Bryan, 248, 250, 252–3, 360 Fisher, 143 (ch.10 notes 39, 41) Fisherwick Place, 150–1 Ely O’Carroll, 198, 202, 205 Fitzgerald, 93, 166, 198 Emerald Guards, 305 Charles, 324 emigration, 35, 45–6, 104, 150, 207–9, Citizen/Lord Edward, 188, 324, 328, 225, 236, 267, 269, 273, 291–2, 332 368 (ch.14, note 56) Emmet rebellion, 84, 245, 260, 264 Emily, Duchess of Leinster, 324 Engels, 332 Sir Henry, 188 Engerman, 310, 319 Vesey, 268 English country gentleman’s advice to the Fitzdennis, 55 Irish members of the imperial Fitzmaurice, Tom, 124 parliament on the subject of the slave Fitzredmond, William, 203 trade, 259 Fitzwilliam, Lord, 196 Epistle to Varro, 235 Flight of the Earls, 27 Ephraim, Duke, 114 Flood, 166 Equiano, Olaudah, 1, 66–73, 184, 193, Henry, 172, 175–7 205, 279, 281, 307, 321, 328, 340 Fogel, R. W., 310, 319, 332 (ch.3, notes 44, 47, 49, 52, 58, 59), Forbes, 353 (ch.8, note 104), 358 (ch.10, Edward, 99 note 4), 367 (ch.14, note 41), William, 99 see also Vassa, Gustavus Patriot MP, 165 Essay on Plantership, 76 Forde, Garret, 324 Ethiopia, 21 Forsey, Thomas, 148 Ewing, 145, 156, 229, Forten, Sarah, 312 John Ewing Calhoun, see Calhoun Fort Sumpter, 302, 303, 305 Everard, Mr., 93 Foster, 166, 259 John, 169, 172–7, 263 Fagan, Stephen, 98 Vere, 321 Fage, J. D., 22–3 Fox, Fahey, Garrett, 56 Charles James, 261–3 Falkiner, Rigs, 166 William, 187–9, 241, 244–5 famine, (see also Great Famine) 7, 16, France, 1, 2, 45, 49, 53, 58, 61, 64, 21, 22, 24, 90, 136, 235, 267, 315 79, 80, 105–13, 123, 128, 129, 132, Farrell, 55, 62, 65, 68, 94, 323 135, 137, 147, 159, 160, 172, 182, Mary, 65 188, 189, 194, 201, 204, 242, 248, Matthew, 61 259, 263, 264, 265, 301, 312, 314, Richard, 56 320, 329 Farrell’s Mountain, 73 Franciscans, 52, 138 Faulkner’s Dublin Journal, 177 Frederick V., 58 Fearon, 65 Free Church of Scotland, 284 Index 391

Freeman’s Journal, 38, 272, 273, 315 Gibbon, 323 free soilers, 295 Gilbert, 173, 352 (ch.8, note 51) ‘Free Trade for Ireland’, 2, 83, 113, 140, Ginkel, Godert, 105 142, 144, 153, 155, 156, 158, 172, Gladstone, William, 308–09 173, 175, 176, 236, 247 Gleeson, David T., 305, 364–5 (ch.13, Free trade (classic), 173, 267, 272, 286, notes 24, 53, 61, 63, 67), 367 (ch.14, 293, 309 notes 27, 32, 34, 39, 50) French, 158–9, 166 Glúniarainn (Iron-knees), 11 Robert, 51 Gone With the Wind, 307 Freke, Good Aunt, 251, 254 Philip, 97 Gookin, Daniel, 35 Thomas, 97 Gould, 112, 130, 309 William, 97 Grace, 198 Frere, Richard, 198–9, 202–3, 206 Tobias, 42 Grainger, James, 76, 79 Tobias II, 42 Grateful Slave, (Maria Edgeworth) 253–4 Tobias III, 42 (Hibernian Magazine) 179 Fry, Elizabeth, 254 Grattan, 166 Frye, 55, 72, 75, 82, 94 Henry, 140, 172, 175, 188, 353 (ch.8, Fugitive Slave Law, 218, 223, 295, 325 note 105) Richard, 56–7, 67, see also the Galan, Peter, 145, 174 ‘Richard and Henry’ Gallagher, James, 103 Great Famine, 1, 136, 170, 229, 285, Galphin, George, 211 286, 288, 290–3, 304, 306, 307, 318 Galway, 49, 55, 65, 73, 112 Greencastle, Martin, 79 David, 56 Greg, 145 Margaret, 65 John, 147–8, 192, 212–14, 313 Nicholas, 56, Samuel, 148. ?Gregg William (see also Sir William Payne- Thomas, (nephew) 148. ? Gregg Gallwey), 65 Thomas, 145–58, 165, 187, 191–2, Galway, 38, 54, 57, 105, 123, 127, 159, 195, 345 (ch.5, note 70), 349 174, 308 (ch.7, notes 1, 17) Galway (county), 52, 92, 112, 288 see also Torrans, Greg & Pogue Gambia (Upper Guinea), 23, 24, 207, Grenada, 64, 132, 147, 156, 160, 182 327, 329 Grenville, Lord, 261–3 Garrison, William Lloyd, 271, 273, 277, Griffith, 281, 282, 318 Amayas, 164 Garrisonians, 271, 274, 287, 289 Arthur, 296, 364 (ch.13, note 20) Garsington, 53 Grogan, 166 Genovese, Eugene, 310 Grosse Isle, 290–1 Gentleman’s Magazine, 179, 232, 234, Grou, 110 235, 237 Grubb, Robert, 188 Gerald of Wales, 20, 24, 95 Gwynn, Aubery, 38, 336–7 (ch.2, notes George I, 201, 203 1, 5, 6, 13, 28, 40, 57), 345 (ch.6, George II, 166 note 6.) George III, 95, 185, 195 Guadeloupe, 54, 57, 113, 125, 182 Georgia, 7, 198, 216, 218, 223, 224, 227, 228, 294, 299, 325–6 Haley, Germans, 208, 212 Alex, 327–8 Gettysburg, 293, 303, 306, 309 Simon, 327 392 Index

Haliday, Dr, Alexander, 151–2 Higgins, G., 93 Hall, 202 Hillsborough, Lord, 149 Brothers, 84, 87 History Civil and Commercial of the Mr., 101, British West Indies, 248, 250, 253 William, 90 Hoban, James, 166 Hamilton, Hobart, Secretary, 194 Lord, 176 Holloway, Augustus, 252 W.G., 182 Hope, James / Jemmy, 245 Hancock, Prof. William Neilson, 307, Holm, Poul, 21 365 (ch13, note 68) Holmes, 145 Hanratty, John, 110 Honoraty, Jean, 110 Hare, 134 Horan, James, 122 Mary, 133 Horsfall, 115 Margret Anne, 133 Howard, 65, 243 Richard, 131–3, 142, 145, 149, 163, Miss, 251 347–8 (ch.6, notes 49, 50, 52–7, Howick, Lord, 275 62, 92), 349 (ch.7, notes 1, 7) Hughes, Richard II, 133 Bishop/Archbishop, 274, 296, 304–5, William, 94, 131, 133, 347 (ch.6, 307, 310 note 61) Bernard, 211 Harleston, John, 211 Humbert, General, 249 Harleston Coming, Hunter, Governor Robert, 45, 82, 135–6 Aphra, 211 Hussey, 62, 68, 94, 172, 175 Harlon, Mary, 321 Hutcheson, Francis, 151 Harper, Mary, 111 Hutchinson, Hely, 158, 172 Hart, Governor Robert, 201–4 Hyde, 146 Hartley, David, 182–5 Elizabeth, 146 Harvey, 143 Margaret, 148, 153 Haslett, Dr John, 301 Ibo, 1, 40, 65, 70, 72, 249, 252 Sullivan, 301 Inchiquin, Lord, 121 Haughton, James, 270, 273, 278–81, India, 64, 80, 96, 104, 106, 143, 173, 286–9, 295, 305, 307 179, 185–6, 187, 227, 235, 243, 252, Havana, 56, 214, 265 255, 267 Healy, 325–7 Indians (native Americans), 28, 34, 36, Eliza I, 325 50, 52, 93, 153, 208, 210, 211, 213 Eliza II, 326 indigo, 37, 50–1, 54, 70, 106, 119, James, 325–6 122–3, 172, 210, 213–14 Michael, 325 Ine, 11 Patrick, 326 Irish (as a family name), 55, 75 Hearts of Steel/Steelboys, see agrarian Irish Brigade, 305–6 discontent Irish Citizen, 300 Henderson, 145 Irish Confederation, 287 herring, 12, 125–6, 129, 151, 170, 175, Irish law tracts, 8–12, 23 180, 314, 366 (ch.14, note 11) Irish Friend, 276 Hewitt, James, 154 Irish parliament, 2, 139, 153, 155, 161, Hibernian Anti-slavery Society (HASS), 270, 162, 165, 166, 170–5, 177, 191, 194, 271, 274, 275, 285, 286, 287, 289, 307 247, 263, 267 Hibernian and Foreign Bible Society, 270 Irish Revenue Commissioners, 162, 165, Hickel, 166 168, 172 Index 393

Irish Statistical Society, 308 Fergus, 21–2 Islam, 19, 22 John, 135–7, 141–2, 348 (ch.6, notes 71, 72, 75, 76, 81–3, 85, 87–8) Jackson, 327–8 Margaret, 137, 140 Andrew, 328 Martin, 141 Eleanor, 328 Kemble, Fanny, 198, 224, 227, 355–8 Henry, 328 (ch.9, notes 2, 100, 106) James I, 327 Kennedy, 323 James, 327–8 Hyacinth, 60–1, 206 Jacobs, Harriet, 318, 326, 367 (ch.14, James, 61 note 30) Kenmare, Jacques, Francois, 111 Earl of, 124, 125, 150, 194 Jail Journal, 293 Kenyon, Father, 294, 296 James I, 36, 120, 207 Kerry, 48, 81, 93, 98, 123, 124, 125, 127, James II, 44–5, 53, 105, 107, 135, 145, 133, 263, 269 199, 202, 211 Kiberd, Declan, 255, 335–9 (ch.1, note Jea, 58), 360 (ch.10, note 60) John, 320 Kildare, 10, 16, 169, 177, 181, 186 Mary, 320 Killala, 12 Jebb, Frederick, 177–8, 352–3 Killikelly, Martin, 141 (ch.8, notes 56, 62, 69) King, of Mitchelstown,134, 224, of Jeffereyes, St John, 166 Roscommon, 224 Jefferies, Richard, 254 Catherine, 224 Jefferson, Thomas, 95, 245 Robert, 68–9, 71–2 Jefferson’s Daughter, 245 Roswell snr, 224–5 Jennings, 282, Roswell jnr, 224–5 Isabel, 282, 284, 288 Kingston (Jamaica), 87, 89, 91, 93, 147 Jephson, Denham, 166 Kingston, Lord, 134–5, 322 Jesuits, 40, 52, 199, 325 Kinsale (Ireland), 35, 36, 96, 127, 346, John IV, 33, 35 (ch. 6, note 31) Johnson, 323 Battle of, 27, 30 Thomas, 96 Kinsale (Montserrat), 50, 62, 70 Jones, Kinte, Kunta, 327 John Paul, 153 Kirwan, 49, 57, 62, 127, 166, 339 (ch.3, Valentine I, 155–6 note 8) Valentine II, 155–6 Know – Nothings, 295, 298 Jordan, Winthrop, 39, 336 (ch.2, note Knox, Alexander, 259 33), 340 (ch.3, note 50) Knoxville, 293, 297, 298, 300, 303 Joy, 156 Kyrle, Sir Richard, 211 Jump Jim Crow, 278 Lagore, 12 Kearney, 166 Lancashire, 99, 256, 266–7, 310 Kelly, 114, 135–7, 140, 143, 324, 348 Langan, John, 249 (ch.6, note 76) Langrishe, 166 Charles, 135 La Rochelle, 105 Daniel, 123 Last Conquest of Ireland (Perhaps), 293, Darcy, 135 315 Denis, 92 Latouche, 164, 166 Dennis, 135 David, 175–6 Elizabeth, 164 Digges, 175 394 Index

Laudem Aethiopissae: In Praise of a Liverpool, Prime Minister, 264 Negress, 230 Locke, 76, 166–7, 187, 195 Laughton, Phillip, 54 lóg n-enech (honour-price), 8 Laurens, Henry, 212, 222 Logue, Dominick, 88 Leadbeater, London Committee for the abolition of Mary, 186, 189, 238, 241, 243–4, 254, the Slave Trade, 79, 143, 158, 179, 310, 315, 350, 350–4 (ch.8, notes 231, 237, 260 10, 82, 101, 103, 110), 359 (ch.10, Londonderry, county, 152, 229 note 26) London, 32, 35, 44, 51, 61, 68, 75, 77, William, 189 86, 87, 89, 96, 104, 107, 113, 126, Leary, Lewis, 324–5 130, 132, 134, 141, 148, 150, 151, Lebor na cert, (the Book of Rights), 8, 19 160, 162, 173, 178, 179, 181, 184, Leckey, John, 226 185, 189, 192, 195, 199, 212, 227, Lee, 55, 63, 94, 323–4 230, 237, 248, 250, 255, 266, 269, Edward, 260, 263 270, 271, 274, 276, 279, 301, 312, 324 General, 303 London, bishop of, 52, 212 Legg, 146 Long, Edward, 119 Lehinch, 51 Longford, 56, 60, 247, 249 Leigh, L’Orient, 129 Alice, 227, 229 Lorrha, 60, 206 Frances, 227 Louis XV, 109 Leinster, 14, 15, 17, 18, 267 Louis XVI, 332 Leinster, Duchess of, 324 Louis XVII, 265 Leinster, Duke of, 176, 188 Louisiana, 204, 228, 256, 274, 297, 299, Le More, Mary, 237 318, 325 Letter to Coroticus,12, 14–15, 19, 95 Lovejoy, Paul, 22–3 Letters for Literary Ladies, 249 Lovers, an African Eclogue, 232, 234 Lewis, John, 205 L’Overture, Toussaint, 73, 245 Leyland, 98 Lowdnes Yancey, William, 302 Life and Letters of John Brown, 309 Lowther, Sir James, 246 Lignon, Richard, 37 Lynch, 57, 127, 158, 211 Limerick, 10, 19, 52, 96, 104, 105, Antony, 159 112–13, 131, 133–43, 158, 169, 171, Father, 61 174, 177, 194, 195, 202, 203, 211, John, 51 270, 273, 283, 285, 307, 314, 320 John Roy, 325 Limerick Reporter, 273, 283 Nicholas, 52 Lincoln, 298, 306, 309 Patrick, 325 linen, 82–4, 90, 120–1, 126, 131, 143, Thomas, 211 145–6, 149, 151–2, 155–9, 169–70, see also Messrs Blake & Lynch 172–3, 192, 196, 208, 276, 289, Lucy Long, 278 310–1, 327–8, 366 (ch.13, note 81) Lyons, 75 Lines to Edward Rushton on the Recovery of Dr., 324 his Sight, 244 Lyrical Ballads, 235 Lines written on a Joyful Event, 244 Lysaght, 166 Lisaduff, 92 Lisburn, 145, 149, 154, 157, 165 MacDonnell, Terence, 60–1 Lisheenboy, 202, 204, 205, 206 Mackenzie, 88 Literature, see saints lives, slave Mackey, 323 narrative, poetry, post colonialism, Macnamara, novels, children’s fiction, pamphlets, Denis, 104, 127 Little Black Boy, 238 Thomas, 203–04 Index 395

Madden, McDermott, 323 Richard Robert, 93, 273, 277, 286, McDonnell, 316, 324, 342 (ch.4, note 35), Dr James, 193 359 (ch.10, note 33), 362 (ch.11, Randal, 194, 204 notes 44, 52), 366–7 (ch.14, McDowell, 89–91 notes 23, 47) McEvedy, Colin, 23 Dr. Samuel, 126 McGauley, James, 99 Madeira, 57, 76, 89 McGrath, 134, 142 Magdalene Asylum, 243 Edmond, 134, 136, 142, 348 (ch.6, Maginnis, John, 319 note 79) Maid Marian, 57 McIntosh, 307 Malcolmson, 267 McKenna, Dr, Theobald, 194 Malone, 166 McKeon, 323 Mandingo, 40, 207, 248, 327 McMahon, 211 Manning, Billy, 65 Thomas, 305 Mansfield, Lord Chief Justice, 78, 231, McNally, Leonard, 179 253 Meade, 55, 94, 323 Marks & Spencers, 311 Meagher, Thomas Francis, 289, 304–5, 310 Maquay, George, 187 Meath, 9, 62, 125 Mark, Thomas, 143 Megan, John, 103 Martell, Anastatia, 112 Merriman, Brian, 160 Martin, Mervyn, Rochfort, 166 Cptn, 75 Methodists, 190, 275–6, 307 George, 75 Michel, 110, 301 Henry, 75 Middleton, 222 John (from Newry), 294, 302 Mary, 215–16 John (from Belfast), 89 Midgley, Clare, 190, 354 (ch.8, note Josiah, 76 116), 360 (ch.10, note 56), 361–2 Samuel, 75–9, 141, 185, 340–1 (ch.3, (ch.11, notes 35, 51) notes 64, 76–7, 79–80), 349 (ch.6, Miliucc, 12 note 109) Mill, John Stuart, 254, 308, 310, 359 Martinique, 108, 113, 125 (ch.10, note 27) Maryland, 63, 119, 192, 197, 199–207, Mind of South, 297 217, 119, 225, 228, 279, 283, 287, Mitchel, 293, 299, 304 298, 301, 314, 320, 322 Billy, 302–03, 309 Marx, 332 Henrietta (Henty), 301 Mathew, Father Theobald, 280–2, 286, James, 302–03 288 Jenny, 302–04, 308, 364–5 (ch.13, Matthews, Lieutenant, 179 notes 13, 15, 27–8, 46, 48–50, 52, Maunsell, 139 55–6, 58) Maynooth grant, 262 John, 2–3, 287, 289, 293–306, 308, Mayo, 11, 12, 52, 60, 120, 164, 195 310, 313, 315, 318, 328, 364–5 McCabe, Thomas, 154, 157–8, 191–2, (ch.13, notes 12–14, 16, 18, 196 20–21, 23, 29, 31–7, 39–41, 44–5, McCammon/ McEamon, 94, 99 47, 51) McCarthy, Justin, 66 John II (cpt.), 301–3 McCartney, Lord, 170 Mary, 301 McCormack, 323 William, 301 McCracken, Mitchell, Margaret, 307 John, 157 Moghadh, (serf), 21 Mary Ann, 196 Moira, Earl of, 92, 261 396 Index

Molyneux, Nantes, 105, 107, 125, 135 Capel, 166 Napoleonic Wars, 88, 90, 114, 134 William, 189 Napper Tandy, James, 181, 190, 244 Molyneux, 187 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, Monck, Christopher (Duke of an American Slave, 279 Albermarle), 45 Nation, 287, 294, 295 Mongomerie, Neal, Samuel, 182 Thomas (Sir), 42 Negro; addressed to Edmund Burke, Montaudoin, 111 243 Montego Bay, 88, 104, 124 Negro’s Complaint, 238, 246, Montgomery, Neilson, Samuel, 191, 193, 307 Hugh, 155 Netterville, Catherine, 179 Catherine, 209 Newenham, Sir Edward, 175, 177 Montserrat, 1, 33, 34, 36, 41, 45, 49–54, Nevis, 34, 36, 45, 49, 50, 58, 65, 113, 55–9, 61–75, 83, 94, 100, 107, 113, 132, 146 119, 127, 166, 193, 260, 321, 323, Newfoundland, 121 329, 332 Newry, 85, 94, 99, 145, 155, 174, 176, Moore, 166, 311 293, 294, 300, 304 Colville, 166 Newton, 159 James, 211 John, 78, 103 Moore & Wineberg, 311 New York, 81, 146–8, 152, 229, 274, 290, Moral Tales, 250–1 293–7, 299, 300, 304–6, 309, 320, More, Hannah, 238–9, 243 321, 324, 325 Morning or The Complaint, 232–3 New York Coloured Orphan Asylum, Morres, Lodge, 166 306 Morris, Sheriff, 132–3 New York Times, 300 Moylan, 130, 132 New York Tribune, 300 Francis, 129, 195 Nigger Question, 272 John, 129 Nine Years War, 198 Steven, 129, 347 (ch.6, note 56) Noble, 220, 229 Mug (male slave), 8–13, 16, 21, 27 Clement, 104 Muirchú, 12, 15 John, 209–10 mulatto, 30, 48, 72–4, 76, 85, 89, 91, Mary, 209–10, 213 101, 179, 214, 252, 299, 320–9 Patrick, 210 Mullala, James, 190–1, 312, 354 (ch. 8, Norris, Richard, 96 notes 114, 119) North, Lord, 173, 175 Mulligan, Hugh, 232–9, 245, 254–5, North Carolina, 76, 155, 182, 210, 358–9 (ch.10, notes 3–6, 11–12.) 211, 248, 318, 326, 327 Mullin, Michael, 74, 340 (ch.3, note 62) Novelle Heloise, 63 Mullaghmore, 51, 83 Novels, 12, 63, 192, 230–1, 245, 250–6, Mulryne, 63 289, 295, 327–9 Munster, 104, 121, 126, 158 Nugent, Lady, 314, 366 (ch.14, Munsterman, 60, 104 note 9) Murphy, Patrick, 115 Muslims, 40, 110, 185, 207, 327, 329 obeah, 249, 250, 253 Musseden, 156 O’Brien, 82, 136, 166 Myall man, 40 Bernard, 27–33, 35, 50, 119, 336 (ch.2, note 14) Nagle, Cornelius, 27 Nano, 129, 140, 346, (ch.6, note 44) Denis Thomas, 194 Philip, 98–9, 343 (ch.5, note 13) Kennedy, 211 Index 397

O’Brien – continued O, Súilleabháin, Eoghan Rua, 127 Lucius, 177 O, Sullivan, Cpt. Florence, 210 Smith, 287, 289, 293–4, 299, 307, Ouidah. 107–8 309–10, 315–16, 318, 366 (ch.14, Owen, note 18) Nicholas, 99–103 O’Callaghan, 166 Blaney, 99–103 Sean, 38, 336 (ch.2, note 28) Oxford, 20, 53, 65, 133 O’Carroll, 215 O’Connell, 2, 125, 229 Paine, Tom, 193, 244 Daniel, 3, 81, 124, 242, 259, 266–77, Palmer, Bertha, 327–8 280–2, 284, 286, 289, 294, 310, Palmerston, 115, 265, 291, 309 330, 362 (ch.11, notes 45, 54) Palmetto Point, 42, 65 John, 272–3 Pascal, cpt, 66–70 Maurice (the Hunting Cap), 122–5, Pamphlets, 65, 80, 177–82, 184–5, 345–6 (ch.6, notes 10, 18, 22, 24) 188–91, 194, 239–44, 255, 259, 267, O’Connor, 158, 324 346 note 45 Arthur, 322 see also bibliography, section on O’Conor, Charles, 304 contemporary pamphlets Ó Croinín, Dáibhí, 21 Parent’s Assistant, 247 Ó Dálaigh, Muireadhach Albannach, 21 Parnell, 166, 322, 332 O’Ferrill, Jose Rickardo, 56 Parsons, 55, 82, 94, 366 (ch.14, note 4) Ogle, George, 172, 175 Sir Laurence, 260, 353 (ch.8, note 105) O’Hara, 126, 166 Pastorini, 271, 280 Charles of Annaghmore, Paugh, see Pogue 158, 164, 194 Payne, 65 Scarlet, 307 Payne-Gallwey, Sir William, see also O’Kelly, Charles, 60 William Galway, 65 O’Leary, Pearce, Lovatt, 165–7, 169 Art, 130, 132, 133 Peel, Sir Robert, 133, 268, 272, 286 Dr., 191 Peizley, Mary, 181 Oliver, Silver, 166 Pennsylvania, 181, 208, 209, 213, 217, Olmsted, Frederick Lee, 319, 367 (ch.14, 219, 220, 223, 229, 283, 304, 305, 306 note 31) Pery, 138, 140 O, More, 165 Edmund, 140 Rory, 211 Edmund Sexton, 138–43, 170–1, 349 O’Neal, 330 (ch.6, note 104) Dr Charles Duncan, 330 Rev. Stackpole, 138 Edwin, 329–30 William Cecil, 138–40 On the Death of Hugh Mulligan, 237 Petty, Sir William, 122 Opossum up a Gum Tree, 278, 284 Philadelphia, 57, 68, 85, 129, 152, 181, O’Reilly, 182, 197, 215, 217, 218, 222, 223, Father, 60 224, 226, 228, 275, 278, 300, 312, 328 Dowell, 93 Philip IV, 27, 31–5, 119 O’Riordan, 111, 344 (ch.5, note 48) Pickney, 217 Orkneys, 18 Charles (lawyer), 217 Oronooko, 230 339 Charles (general), 217 Orr, James, 245, 359 (ch.10, note 31) Pim, Jonathan, 288 James Lawrence 302 Pinney & Tobin, 65 Orrery, earl of, 46, 337 (ch.2, note 61), Pitt, Prime Minister William, 83, 170, see also Broghill, Lord, 259–64 O, Sheil, Marie, 107, 344 (ch.5, note 48) Plymouth (England), 320 398 Index

Plymouth (Montserrat), 56, 62, 68, 69, Reconstruction, 300 70, 71 Red Sea, 21 Poems, chiefly on Slavery and Oppression, Redlegs/RedShanks, 47–8, 319 255 Reeves, 104 Poetry, 8, 21, 24, 77, 80, 104, 122, 160, Regulators, 214, 215, 216, 228, 317 186–7, 230–46, 250, 256, 359, note 27 Remond, 274, 279 Pogue, 327, see also Torrans, Greg & Renvyle, 52 Pogue Repealers, 273–4 Ponsonby, 133, 175 Rheinau, 18 Popular Tales, 252, 254 Richard II, 133 Porteous, Bishop, 276 Richmond Montgomery Guards, 302 Port Royal, 45, 93, 127, 135 Ridgley, Robert, 200 Portugal, 27, 28, 30, 33, 96, 265 Rirdan, 111–12, 344 (ch.5, note 48) Portuguese, 22, 23, 27–34, 40, 59, 61, Etienne, 111 101, 119, 121, 126, 128, 132, 143, Laurent, 111 290, 291 Marie, 111 post colonialism 254–5, 330 Roach, 94, 97, 324 Postlewaite, Malachy, 178 Roche, 55, 57, 111–12, 133–40, Pottinger, Thomas, 145 142–4, 147, 166, 174, 224, 339 Powell, William, 120 (ch.3, note 8), 344 (ch.5, note 64). Presbyterians, 47, 82, 83, 85, 88, 94, 99, 347–9 (ch.6 notes 68, 76, 84, 131, 145–50, 153, 157, 168, 174, 110, 349) 191, 194, 197, 205, 207–9, 212, 213, Anastatia Martell, 112 216, 218, 219, 221, 227 Boyle, 166 Preston, battle of 46 Dominick, 112 Protectorate, 36, 43, 46, 51 Francois, 111, 344 (ch.5, note 64) Protestant, 25, 27, 30, 33, 43, 44, 49, George, 133 52–5, 59, 64, 65, 75, 79, 93, 99, 103, James, 112, 134, 142, 347–8 (ch.6, 115, 125, 126, 127, 129–34, 137–8, notes 66, 95) 142, 152, 154–6, 158, 160, 165, 167, James of Martinique, 112 170, 172, 174, 177, 187, 189, 191, John, 133–7, 140, 163, 169, 194 195, 197–9, 201, 204–5, 207–8, 211, Julius, 112 212, 215, 216, 225, 228, 231, 232, Lodivicus, 112 249, 268, 270, 271, 273, 275, 276, Mathias, 111, 344 (ch.5, note 64) 277, 282, 283, 285, 289, 304, 306, Maurice, 60 307, 322, 326 Richard, 112 Purcell, 32, 121 Robert, 112 James, 27, 29, 30 Nicholas, 112 Philip, 27–29 Philip, 134, 137–40, 158 Stephen,134, 137–40, 158, 349 (ch.6, Quakers, 2, 80, 160, 181–2, 185–6, note 103) 189–90, 270–1, 275, 280–1, 284, Roche’s Bank, 134 286, 232 Roche’s Bluff, 73 Queen Maebh of Connacht, 9, 11, 24 Rockingham, Lord, 183, 185 Quinlan, Kevin, 304 Rodney, Walter, 23 Quinn, Roland, Madame, 189 Daniel, 321 Roman empire, 7, 15, 21, 294 Wyndham, 166 Rome, 18, 59, 61, 64 Roscoe, William, 237, 254 Ramelton, 83–91, 103 Roscommon, 75, 224, 290, 324 Ramsay, 179, 184 Rotterdam, 104, 133, 135, 143, 212 Index 399

Rowley, Clotworthy, 166 Nicholas Tuite, 66 Royal Africa Company, 39, 95 senchléithe (hereditary serf), 9 Ruddock, Noblet, 56 Servants (black), 73, 77, 78, 94, 127, 274, rum, 36–7, 57, 60–1, 69, 100, 104, 106, 278, 282, 301, 303, 314 132–5, 137, 144, 146, 161, 163, (bound or indentured), 33–50, 54, 55, 171–4, 188, 190, 201, 223–4, 241, 59, 75, 168, 200, 207, 210, 218, 332, 354 (ch.8, note 108) 323 Rush, Dr Benjamin, 226 Indian, 30, 31, 33 Rushton, Edward, 237, 244–5, 359 sét (gems), 8 (ch.10, notes 13, 14) Seven Years War, 64, 66, 111, 127, 137, Russell, 146, 147, 148, 158, 161, 182, 213, Anne, 49 235 Governor, 42 Seward, 267 Lord John, 272, 286, 309 Sexton, 138 Thomas, 191–92, 205 Mr., 136 Rutland, Lord, 149 Edmund Sexton Pery, see Pery Rutledge, Shackleton, 181, 186–8, 270 Edward, 211 Abraham, 181, 186 John, 217 Ebenezer, 315 Ryan, 49, 62–5, 71, 94, 183, 323 Mary, 186–7, 353 (ch.8, note 82), see Elizabeth, 65 also Leadbetter, Mary John, 62–3, 71 Richard, 181–3, 186 Mary, 63–5 Sally, 86, 188 Patty (Martha), 63, 65 Shannon, 122, 139, 143, 273 Thomas, 62, 99 Shannon, Lord, 132 see also Ryan/Baker Sharpe, Granville, 78, 85, 231, 276 Ryan/Baker, 183 Shaughnessy, 103 Patty, 65 Cpt J., 107–8 Shaw, 323 Sable Venus, 249 Robert Gould, 309 Said, Edward, 255 Mrs Susan, 309 saints lives (hagiography), 9–12, Shawnee, 210 14–19, 21 Shea, 130 Sandford and Merton, 247 Shepherd, William, 237 Sarsfield Southerns, 305 Shiel, 166 Scandinavia, 18 Shiell, 107, 111, 344 (ch.5, note 48) Scots, 36, 41, 46, 50, 88, 98 Barnaby, 107–8 Scotch Irish/Scots Irish, 209, 213, 218, Marie, 107 307, 326, 229, (see also Luc, 107–08, 110–11 Presbyterians, 209–16, 219–22) Queely, 94 Scotland, 12, 47, 98, 108–9, 129, 136, see also O’Shiel 146, 195, 207, 284, 311 Shields, 87, 103 Scott, Ships, Aetna, 67, 321 Dred, 283, 304 Anne Brigantine, 56, Jane, 91 Aventurier, 107, 108 Nancy, 89 Blessing, 96 Sir Walter, 12 Boyne, 99 Scully, Denys, 263, 361 (ch.11, Brookes, 103–4 note 20) Catherine, 137 Searle, Daniel (Governor), 43–4 Charming Sally, 67, 68, 69, 70, 321 Selby, 65 Countess of Donegall, 149 400 Index

Ships, Aetna – continued Marly, 164 Dauphin, 108 Paradise, 63 Dolphin, 99 YS, 92, Du Teillay, 108 Slave Power, Its Character, Career and Endeavour, 51, Probable Designs, 308, 310 Grace, 99 slave revolt, 44, 72–4, 102, 110, 253, Greg, 146 317, 325 Heurex, 109 Slavers throwing out the Dead and Dying, John Shaw, 136 Typhoon coming on, 246 Mary and Catherine, 57 Slavery Owner’s Goodwill, 57 in Africa, 21–4, 66, 100–3, 107, Prince d’ Orange, 110 109–10 Prosperity, 96, 113, 149 the Amazon, 28, 30–1, 66 Richard and Henry, 57 Antigua, 75–7, 79 Robert Kerr, 273 Barbados, 37–41, 44, 48, 86 Sarsfield, 107 Cuba, 56, Sainte Heléne, 110 in early Ireland, 7–26 St John the Baptist, 107 Jamaica, 45, 87, 89, 91–2, 313, 314, St Louis, 113 323, 324, Tenedos, 299 Montserrat, 53, 55, 56, 62, 63, 66, Sierra Leone, 40, 100, 211, 240, 68–73, 94 265, 276 North American colonies (13)/U.S.A., Sinclair, William, 196 200–01, 202, 205, 210–11, 214, S.K. (Cork), A short and particular 217, 219–6, 299–303, 314–15, impartial account of the treatment of 318–19, 325 slaves in the island of Antigua, St Croix, 58, 60, 75 179–181 slave trade 1, 3, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 54, Skerret, 49, 55–6, 62, 71, 127 57, 65, 74, 77, 80, 86, 87, 91, 95–9, Catherine, 56 102, 105–15, 132, 135, 142–4, 151, George, 56–7, 67, 338 (ch.3, note 5.) 158, 173, 177, 178, 181–5, 187–90, Gregory, 56 192–3, 201, 203, 213–14, 222, Thitt, 56 231–4, 235, 237, 239–44, 246, 247, slave emancipation, see abolition of 250, 253, 254, 259–66, 272–7, slavery 291–2, 294, 297–300, 302, 308, 309, slave narrative 1, 12, 66 –73, 184, 312–13, 318, 332 193, 225, 279, 318, 321–2, add Sleator, 169 John Jea Slemish, 12 slave plantations, Belfast, 147 Sligo, 92, 120, 126, 195, 262, 290, 316, Clinlamira, 202 323 Concordia, 63 Sligo, Earl of, 92–3, 262–3 Doughoragen, 202, Smith, 323 greencastle, Adam, 173, 250 Hertford, 147 smuggling, 28, 57, 96, 104, 112, 120, Hillsborough, 147 122, 123, 130, 154, 164 Lees, 63 Smyth, Rev. Thomas, 284 Litterluna, 202 Somerset, James, 78, see also the Orange Estate, 87 Somerset Case/Mansfield Judgement Symes, 63 Somerset Case/Mansfield Judgement, 78, Shafton, 86 231, 253 Vinegar Hill, 87 South Carolina, 71, 74, 104, 113, 127, Mounteagle, 87 135, 147, 152, 156, 168, 197, 210–12, Index 401

215–23, 226, 228, 248, 276, 284, 299, Stewart, 301, 302, 307, 309, 324, 326 Cptn William, 146 Southern Citizen, 297–300, 302, 305 Robert, 147 Southey, 237, 246 Stopfords of Courtstown, 94 Spain, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 54, 61, 119, Stormont, Viscount, 189 145, 265, 272, 313 Stowe, Mrs, 289 Spratt, Leonidas, 298 Stritch, Father John, 52 St Antony’s, 52 Stuart, 32–3, 37, 50, 59, 109, 119, 198, St Adomnan, 15–16, 19–20, 24, 333–4 203, 215 (ch.1, notes 25, 39, 43, 47) sugar, 1, 33, 36, 38–9, 42, 44, 47–55, St Brigit, 9–10, 14–17, 333–4 (ch.1, notes 57–8, 60–5, 69–71, 75, 77, 79–80, 12, 34, 42) 82, 86–7, 89, 92, 94–6, 100, 106, St Ciaran, 15, 17 113, 115, 119–21, 123, 125–9, 132, St Christopher/St Kitts, 31, 33, 34, 35, 134–5, 137, 142, 155–6, 158–61, 42, 49, 50, 52, 56, 58, 62–5, 68, 71, 164, 167, 170–7, 181–3, 187–8, 190, 72, 77, 113 194–6, 201, 223, 234, 239, 241, 244, St Columba, 14–16, 333–4 (ch.1, notes 247–8, 256, 261, 265, 267, 272, 279, 25, 39, 43, 47) 297, 299, 308, 310, 312, 314, 324, St Croix, 58, 60, 75 332, 336–8 (ch.2, notes 20, 22, 25, St Domingue, 54, 58, 73, 107–9, 11–13, 27, 51, 67, 71, 85, 86), 338–40 (ch.3, 125, 179, 272, 317, 332 notes 1, 10, 59, 64, 74, 78 ), 351–4 St Eustatia, 57, 61, 71, 91, 99, 113, 147 (ch.8, notes 11, 17, 18, 19, 41, 49, St Finbar, 15 50, 54, 56, 62, 69, 108), 365 (ch.13, St Fintan, 1, 17–19 note 68) St Frumentius, 21 Sugar Cane. A Poem. In Four Books. With St Leger, 166 Notes, 77 St Martin of Tours, 18 sugar duties, 2, 91, 156, 161, 175–7, 179, St Vincent, 64–5, 147, 183 265, 272, 287–7, 352–3 (ch.8, notes St Patrick, 1, 11–20, 24–5, 72, 74, 95, 56, 62, 69) 103, 242, 312, 316, 331, 334 (ch.1, Sullivan, Prof, 308 notes 26, 33) Surinam, 29, 31, 47, 75 Friendly brothers of St. Patrick, 211 Sutton, St Patrick’s Day, 72, 74, 211, 332 Bernard, 112 St Patrick’s parish, 57, 62 John, 174, 352 (ch.8, note 47) St Peter’s parish, 52, 56 Swan, Mayor William G., 297 St Philip’s parish, 43 Sweden, 19 Stackpole, 135 Sweeney, 323 Dymphna, 140 Sweetman, Peter, 33, 34 Patrick, 104 Swift, 76, 126, 247 Philip, 135, 140, 348 (ch.6, note 72) Swineburne, 63, 65 Stanley, Lord, 272 Patty, 65 Stansfield, James, 284 Swiney, 92 Stapleton, 134, 198 William, 49–55, 62, 65 Táin Bó Cuailnge, ‘the Cattle Raid of Staunton, 158 Cooley’, 1, 8–11, 24, 316 Stephen, James, 261 Talbot, 93, 166 Stephens, Tallyrand, 264 Alexander H., 293, 315 Tarleton, 98, 132 David, 328 Teague, John, 97 James, 303 Temperance movement, 277, 280–1, Stevenson, Mr, 94 283, 285, 288 402 Index

Tennessee, 294, 297–9, 306, 325, 327 Troy, Archbishop, 195, 205 Theory of Moral Sentiments, 250 tuath (population group),10 Thistlewood, Thomas, 314 Tucker, Henry, 101–2 Thomond, Earl of, 27 Tuit, 323 Thompson, 145, 156, 323 Tuite, 63, 71, 82, 94, 106–7 E.P., 39 Elinor, 65 Mary, 294, 299, 364 (ch.13, notes 16, Nicholas, 57–66, 71, 106–7 34 Nicholas II (Tuite Selby), 66 Robert, 156, 174, 178 Tuohy, 98, 99 Thomson, George, 274 David, 98–9, 343 (ch.5, notes 13–18) Thornton, John 23 Turner, 246 Thurloe, Chancellor, 46–7, 337 (ch.2, Tyre, 21 notes 59–61.) Tyrell, Duke, 166 Tighe, 166 Tipperary, 49, 65, 124, 127, 133, 202, Uí Liatháin, 8 203, 206, 207, 209, 215, 227, 229, Ulster, 9, 10, 15, 75, 82, 88, 94, 284, 297, 301, 314, 318 112, 120, 145, 147, 148, Tírechán, 11 192, 197, 207, 208, 212, 216, 226, Tiree, 15 284, 288, 307, 310, 311, 316, 326, tobacco, 1, 27–37, 50–1, 54, 58, 63, 96, 327, 328 100, 106, 113, 115, 119–23, 126, Underwood, 135, 137, 141–3, 149, 153, 160–1, Antony, 200 164, 167, 172–3, 196, 200–1, 203, Martha Ridgley, 199, 200 210, 214, 219, 228, 230, 246, 279, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 289, 295 314 Union Tobin, 65, 114–15, 189, 339 (ch.3, note (Irish Act of, 1801), 81, 83, 84, 133, 40), 345 (ch.5, notes 75, 77) 163, 249, 253, 259, 260, 262, 263, James, 65 266, 271 John I, 114 United Irishmen, 2, 80, 93, 179, 190, John II, 114–15 191, 193, 196, 229, 237, 244, 245, Patrick, 114 279, 312, 328, 322 Thomas, 114–15 USA, 1, 2, 3, 41, 74, 80, 95, 197, 205, Thomas jr (Sir Thomas Tobin of 210, 217, 222, 228, 255, 256, 268, Ballincollig), 114–15 269, 273, 274, 277, 278, 279, 281, see also Pinney & Tobin 284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 291, 293, Tone, Wolfe, 83, 191–6, 205, 352–5 294, 295, 298, 299, 300–9, 313, 315, (ch.8, notes 52, 105, 120, 123, 126, 320, 324, 327, 329, 331, 332 129–31), 368 (ch.14, note 55) Utrecht, Treaty of, 56 Torrans, Greg & Pogue, 147, 148, 212–14 Toulouse, 66, 129 Vandeleur, Crofton, 166 Toussaint L’Overture’s Farewell to St Vassa, Gustavus, 66, see also Olaudah, Domingo, 245 Equiano Tralee, 98, 270 Vesey, Denmark, 169 Trant, 55, 94, 344 (ch.5, note 48) Vienna, Congress of, 74, 80, Dominick, 113 264, 266 James / Jacques, 113 Viking, 10, 11, 17–19, 21, 26, 101 Susanah, 113, Virginia, 34, 35, 36, 66, 74, 78, 119, 123, Thomas, 98, 343 (ch.5, note 15) 155, 185, 207, 209, 210, 213, Trimlestown, Lord, 211 219–20, 225, 232–3, 277–8, 295, Trinidad, 36, 54, 156, 256 298, 302–3, 306, 314, 326 Trinity College, 167, 181, 190, 206, 230, Vincent, Mr, 250–1 266, 308 Vita Findani, 17 Index 403

Vita prima, 14, 15 193, 194, 199, 136, 241, 253, 259, Volunteers, 153, 157, 171, 173, 176, 177, 260, 262, 263, 267, 269, 187, 293 191 Wheatley, Francis, 165–6 Whigs, 92, 183, 186, 268–72, 275, Waad, 94 White, 323 Waddell, 326 Catherine, 325 Moses, 326 Mary, 111 Wage slaves, 284, 313, 332 Maunsel, 297, 299, 318, 325, 367 Wales, Prince of, 261 (ch.14, note 29) Walkers Hibernian Magazine, 79, 81, 91 Michael (governor of Walsh, 106–112, 323 Montserrat), 70 Antoine, 106–112, 329 Michael (of Waterford), 111 Count of Serrat (Francois Jacques), 111 Whiteboys, see agrarian discontent Mr., 136 Wilberforce, 65, 73, 89, 185–9, 234, 243, Philip, 105, 107, 111 247, 259–66, 269, 275, 313, 318, Washington, 360–1 (ch.11, notes 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, Booker T., 327 17, 18, 25.) George, 129, 192, 195 Mrs, 254 War of the Austrian Succession, 108, William III, 44–5, 202 111, 128, 169 Williams, 323, 324 Warner, Sir Thomas, 31, 33, 340 (ch.3, George, 228 note 72) Father Joseph, J., 322–4 Waterford, 104, 107, 111, 121, 131, 174, Willoughby, Lord, 43, 49, 62 260, 263, 270 Wolfe, Charles, 246 Watt, 83, 98 Wollstonecroft, Mary, 134 Andrew, 84, 88 Women, 2–11, 17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 24, 25, David, 84, 88 28, 34, 36, 38, 46–7, 48, 50, 59, 65, James snr, 83, 85, 90, 341 (ch.4, notes 68, 70, 77, 80, 85, 87, 89, 91–2, 103, 14, 27) 110, 122, 125, 140–2, 166, 181, James jnr, 84–6, 88, 90, 341 (ch.4, 184–90, 293, 297, 298, 300, 303, notes 3–13, 15, 17, 20–3) 309, 315 John (of Ramelton), 89, 91 Woolman, John, 186–8, 243, 353 (ch.8, John (free coloured man), 91 note 102) Mrs, 85 Worcester, battle of, 46 Samuel, 83–91, 93, 95, 259, 273, 314, Wordsworth, 235, 245–7, 341 (ch.4, notes 3, 5–15, 20–2, 254 27–8) Wulfstan of Worcester, 19, Webb, 20, 24 Maria, 283, 288 Wyke, 55, 94 Richard Davis, 270, 273, 275, 278–9, Edward, 75 309–10, 365 (ch.13, note 75) Wellesley, Richard, 227 Yaws, Cacao, 77 Wellington, Duke of, 227, 268, 313 Yearsley, Anne, 237 West Indies, see Caribbean Yelverton, 166 Westminster government, 40, 45, 46, 48, Barry, 172, 175–6 57, 60, 74, 75, 81, 84, 87, 91, 94, 95, Yorkshire, 181, 260, 313 96, 120, 129, 133, 158, 161, 162, Young, Arthur, 134, 315–16, 366 (ch.14, 166, 171, 172, 173, 182, 187, 188, note 19)