Notes Introduction 1 See Paul Gilroy, The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness (London, 1993); James Walvin, Making the Black Atlantic: Britain and the African Diaspora (London, 2000). 1 Slaves and Scholars 1 Robin Blackburn, ‘Slave Exploitation and the Elementary Structures of enslavement’ in M. L. Bush (ed.), Serfdom and Slavery: Studies in Legal Bondage (Harlow, 1996), p. 165. 2 Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life: Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades (Cambridge, 1990), pp. 22, 115; John K. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (Cambridge, 2nd edn 1998), p. 107. 3 Myles Dillon (ed.), Lebor na Cert: The Book of Rights (Dublin, 1962), xvi quoting from the Lecan text. 4 Fergus Kelly, A Guide to Early Irish Law (Dublin, 1995), pp. 10, 17, 41, 46, 126–7, 103, 137, 138. 5 The Táin; transl. Thomas Kinsella (Oxford, 1979), p. 133. 6 Ibid., pp. 55, 169, 114. 7 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 115–16. 8 Ibid., p. 99. 9 Ibid., p. 135. 10 Ibid., pp. 11, 33–5. 11 Táin, pp. 126, 159, 218, 219, 222. 12 Seán Connolly, ‘Vita Prima Sanctae Brigitae’ in Journal of the Royal Society of the Antiquaries of Ireland, 119 (1989), pp. 15, § 7; 17, §16. 13 Fergus Kelly, Early Irish Farming (Dublin, 1997), p. 438 quoting from Betu Brigte. 14 Ibid., p. 439; Donnchadh Ó Corrain, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Daibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. i (Oxford, 2005), pp. 662–4. 15 Táin, p. 117. 16 Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh, pp. 80,116; quoted in Poul Holm, ‘The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries’ in Peritia, 5 (1986), p. 338. 17 Táin, pp. 68–72. 18 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 95. 19 Táin, p. 100. 20 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 96. 21 Ludwig Bieler (ed. and trans.) ‘B. Tírechán’ in The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh (Dublin, 1979), pp. 151 §36; Poul Holm, ‘The Slave Trade of Dublin, Ninth to Twelfth Centuries in Peritia, 5 (1986), p. 332. 22 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 223. 23 B. G. Scott, ‘Iron “Slave-Collars” from Lagore Crannog, Co. Westmeath’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 78C (1978), p. 213–30. 24 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 19, 173. 25 Adomnán of Iona, Life of St Columba, transl. Richard Sharpe, (Middlesex, 1995), pp. 188–90 [II, § 39]. 333 334 Notes 26 ‘Confessio’ in D. R. Howlett (ed.), The Book of Letters of St Patrick, the Bishop (Dublin, 1994), p. 63. 27 Ibid., p. 63. 28 Ibid., p. 65–7. 29 Ibid., p. 87. 30 Ibid., p. 81. 31 ‘Epistola ad milites Corotici’ in Howlett, The Book of Letters, p. 31. 32 Ibid., p. 33. 33 Ibid., ‘Confessio’, p. 85; ‘Coroticus’, pp. 27, 31, 33, 39. Elizabeth McLuhan, ‘Ministerium seruitutis meae’: The Metaphor and Reality of Slavery in Saint Patrick’s Epistola and Confessio’ in John Carey, Máire Herbert and Pádraig Ó Riain (eds), Studies in Irish Hagiography: Saints and Scholars (Dublin, 2000), suggests that Patrick’s immersion in the bible caused him to feel an affinity towards St Paul’s employment of slavery as a metaphor to describe the Christian experience. 34 T. M. Charles–Edwards, ‘Brigit’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), vol. vii, p. 652. 35 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. I (Oxford, 2005), p. 564. 36 Elva Johnston, ‘Munster, saints of’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford 2004), vol. xxxix, p. 789. 37 ‘A. Muirchú’ in Ludwig Bieler (ed.) The Patrician Texts in the Book of Armagh (Dublin, 1979), pp. 77–82, 1 §11 § 10 and 1 §12 §11. 38 Ibid., pp. 101, 1 §29 §28. 39 Adomnán, St Columba, pp. 188–90 [II, §39]. 40 Howlett, Book of Letters, p. 53. 41 Clare Stancliffe, ‘Patrick’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford 2004), vol. xliii, p. 73. 42 Seán Connolly and Jean-Michel Picard, ‘Cogitosus’s Life of Brigit: Content and Value’ in Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, 118 (1987), p. 27. 43 Adomnán Life of St Columba, p. 186 [II, §37]. 44 Connolly, ‘Vitae Prima’, pp. 47–8 § 125. 45 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 330 n. 38, quoting from the Annals of Ulster. 46 Donnchadh Ó Corráin, ‘Ireland c. 800: Aspects of Irish Society’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland vol. i (Oxford, 2005), p. 577. 47 Adomnán, Life of St Columba, p. 51. 48 Kelly, Early Irish Law, pp. 96, 266. 49 Translation of Vita Findani by Christine J. Omand in R. J. Berry and H. N. Firth (eds), The People of Orkney (Kirkwall, 1986), pp. 284–7. 50 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 323. 51 Patrick F. Wallace, ‘The archaeology of Ireland’s Viking Age Towns’ in Dáibhí Ó Cróinín (ed.), New History of Ireland, vol. i (Oxford, 2005), p. 837. 52 Ibid., pp. 334, 341. 53 David Wyatt, ‘The Significance of Slavery: Alternative Approaches to Anglo-Saxon Slavery’ in Anglo–Norman Studies, 23 (2000), p. 331, from Vita Wulfstani Three Lives of the Last Englishmen. 54 Howlett, Book of Letters, p. 33. 55 Wyatt, ‘Anglo-Saxon Slavery’, p. 377. 56 Giraldus Cambrensis (trans. A. B. Scott and F. X. Martin) Expugnatio Hibernica: The Conquest of Ireland (Dublin, 1978) pp. 18, 69–70. 57 Wyatt ‘Anglo-Saxon Slavery’, p. 329. 58 Declan Kiberd, Irish Classics (London, 2000), pp. 4–5. Notes 335 59 A. H. M. Jones and Elizabeth Monroe, History of Abyssinia (Oxford,1935), pp. 26–7. 60 Holm, ‘Slave Trade’, p. 331. 61 D. Ó Cróinín, Early Medieval Ireland, 400–1200 (London, 1995), pp. 268–9. 62 Fergus Kelly, Early Irish Farming (Dublin, 1997), p. 438. 63 Patrick Manning, Slavery and African Life (Cambridge,1990); Edward Reynolds, Stand the Storm, a History of the Atlantic Slave Trade (New York, 1985); John Iliffe, Africans: the History of a Continent (Cambridge, 1995), Chapter 7; James Walvin, Black Ivory, A History of British Slavery (London, 1992), Chapter 19. 64 Paul E. Lovejoy, Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 135–53. 65 J. D. Fage, ‘Slavery and the Slave Trade in the Context of West African History’ in Journal of African History, x, 3 (1969), pp. 399–400. 66 Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of African History (Middlesex, new edn, 1995), p. 90. 67 Walter Rodney, ‘African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Context of the African Slave Trade’ in Journal of African History, vii, no. 4 (1966), pp. 431–3. 68 John K. Thornton, Africa and the Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed. Cambridge 1998), pp. 75–6. 69 Ibid., pp. 108 and 91, n. 73. 70 Lovejoy, Transformations, pp. 11–14. 71 Rodney, ‘African Slavery and Other Forms of Social Oppression’, p. 441. 72 Iliffe, Africans, p. 75. 73 Sierra Leone, the colony established in 1786 by British slave trade abolitionists intent on civilising and Christianising Africa, abolished the institution of slavery in 1928. Ethiopia, the only African state to remain independent during the colo- nial period, abolished the institution of slavery in 1942. 74 Kelly, Early Irish Law, p. 66. 75 See chapter 10, Literature, mostly imaginative. 76 J. H. Todd (ed.), Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh: The War of the Gaedhil with the Gaill, Rolls Series (London, 1867), pp. 42–3. 2 Servants and Slaves: The Seventeenth Century 1 Joyce Lorimer (ed.), English and Irish Settlement on the River Amazon 1550–1646, Hakluyt Society (London, 1989), p. 263. This invaluable collection brings together English, Irish, Portuguese and Spanish documents dealing with the northerners’ activities upon the Amazon and providing a clear, concise commentary upon them. Lorimer reprints all the documents dealing with the Amazon published by Aubrey Gwynn in his ‘Documents relating to the Irish in the West Indies’ Analecta Hibernia, No. 4, October 1932. However Gwynn’s paper read to the Royal Irish Academy, see note 6, still contains much of interest. 2 Ibid., pp. 428, 303, 304. 3 Ibid., p. 157. 4 Ibid., p. 244. 5 Ibid., p. 157. 6 By the mid 1620s the northern Europeans on the Amazon amounted to anything between 250 and 400. The Irish at this time claimed their numbers had gone beyond 70 with their native clients ‘twenty-two Indian families’, amounting to 10,000 people. (Ibid., p. 84, Note 2,: Aubrey Gwynn, ‘An Irish Settlement on the Amazon’ in Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy (Dublin), Vol. Xli, Section C, No. 1, (July, 1932). 336 Notes 7 Lorimer, Amazon, pp. 76, 78, 251. 8 Ibid., p. 266. 9 Ibid., p. 300. 10 Ibid., pp. 69, 246, 257. 11 Ibid., p. 310. 12 Ibid., pp. 303–4. 13 Gwynn, ‘Amazon (1612–1629)’ in P. R. I. A., pp. 48–9. 14 Lorimer, Amazon. Chillan’s memorials, pp. 398–412; O’Brien memorials, pp. 263–8, 300–4, 414–31. 15 Ibid., p. 402. 16 Ibid., p. 422. 17 Ibid., p. 263–8. 18 Ibid., p. 400–1. 19 Peter Kolchin, American Slavery (London, 1993), p. 10. 20 Dunn, Sugar, p. 52. 21 James Horn, ‘British Diaspora: emigration from Britain, 1680–1815’ in W. R. Louis (ed.) The Oxford History of the British Empire (Oxford, 1998) vol. ii, p. 30. 22 Hilary Beckles, ‘Irish Servants in Barbados, a “Riotous and unruly lot” ’ in William and Mary Quarterly, vol. xlvii, Oct. 1990, p. 506; Richard S. Dunn, Sugar and Slaves, the Rise of the Planter Class in the English West Indies, 1624–1713.