AND IMMUNITY VOLUME 39 0 NUMBER 1 * JANUARY 1983 J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor-in-Chief (1984) University ofFlorida, Gainesville Phillip J. Baker, Editor (1985) Arthur G. Johnson, Editor (1986) National Institute ofAllergy andInfectious Diseases University of Minnesota, Duluth Bethesda, Md. Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1984) Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1984) National Institute ofDental Research University of Cincinnati Bethesda, Md. Cincinnati, Ohio John H. Schwab, Editor (1985) Bernard N. Fields, Editor (1984) University ofNorth Carolina, Medical School Harvard University, Medical School Chapel Hill, N.C. Boston, Mass. EDITORIAL BOARD Michael A. Apicella (1985) Harry Greenberg (1985) Chik H. Pai (1985) John A. Armstrong (1983) Frank Griffin (1984) Monique Parant (1984) Roland Arnold (1984) Carlton L. Gyles (1985) Fred Rapp (1983) Joel B. Baseman (1985) Edgar Hanna (1984) John B. Robbins (1983) Edwin H. Beachey (1983) David Hentges (1985) Donald Robertson (1984) Elmer L. Becker (1984) Martin S. Hirach (1985) Burton Rosan (1983) Neil Backlow (1984) Randall K. Holmes (1983) Noel R. Rose (1983) Arnold S. Bledweis (1984) Dexter H. Howard (1985) Jon A. Rudbach (1984) William H. Bowen (1985) Howard M. JohnSon (1985) Stephen W. Russeil (1985) Robert R. Brubaker (1983) Karl M. Johnson (1983) R. Bradley Sack (1983) Ward Bullock, Jr. (1985) Russell C. Johnson (1985) Catherine Saelinger (1984) Priscilla A. Campbeil (1983) William Johnson (1985) Edward J. St. Martin (1985) Charles Carpenter (1985) Garth W. Jones (1984) Irvin E. Salit (1983) Bruce Chassy (1984) Irving G. Kagan (1983) Anthony J. Sbarra (1984) John 0. Cisar (1985) Dennis L. Kasper (1985) Charles F. Schachtele (1985) John Clements (1985) George E. Kenny (1984) Julius Schachter (1983) Myron Cohen (1984) David F. Keren (1985) Jerome L. Schulman (1985) Barry C. Cole (1984) George S. Kobayashi (1983) H. Jean Shadomy (1983) Gerald A. Cole (1983) Yi-chi M. Kong (1983) Alan Sher (1984) R. John Collier (1984) Julius P. Kreier (1983) Gerald D. Shockman (1983) Lynette Corbeil (1984) Maurice J. Lefford (1984) Phillip Smith (1985) Jlm E. Cutler (1984) Thomas Lehner (1983) Ralph Snyderman (1985) Peter C. Doherty (1984) Stephan H. Leppla (1985) H. G. Stevens (1985) Judith E. Domer (1983) Jack P. London (1983) Barnet M. Sultzer (1985) James L. Duncan (1985) Michael Loos (1984) Catharina Svanborg-Eden (1985) Dennis Dwyer (1984) John Mansfield (1985) John L. Swanson (1984) Roman Dzlarsli (1984) Zell A. McGee (1985) Diane Taylor (1984) Robert A. Eisenberg (1984) Jerry R. McGhee (1985) Ivo van de Rln (1984) Barry Eisenstein (1985) Dougls D. McGregor (1985) Johannes van Houte (1985) Toby Elsenstein (1984) Floyd C. McIntire (1985) Jan T. Vilcek (1985) Peter Elsbach (1983) Monte Meltzer (1983) Stefanie Vogel (1985) Stanley Falkow (1985) Jiri Mestecky (1983) Duard L. Walker (1983) John J. Farrar (1985) J. Gabriel Michael (1983) Lewis W. Wannamaker (1984) John C. Feeley (1985) George Mller (1983) Peter A. Ward (1985) Robert Flnberg (1984) W. E. C. Moore (1983) Robert G. Webster (1983) John R. Flnerty (1984) Page Morahan (1985) William P. Weldanz (1984) Thomas J. Fitzgerald (1983) David Morrlso-a (1983) William 0. Weigle (1984) Samuel B. Formal (1983) Frederick A. Murphy (1985) Emilio Weiss (1983) Robert M. Friedman (1983) George Naff (1983) Jerry A. Winkeistein (1984) John Gallin (1985) Neal Nathanson (1984) Alex J. Winter (1983) Peter Gemski (1985) Robert J. North (1985) Meyer J. Wolin (1984) Robert Genco (1985) Alois H. Nowotny (1983) David J. Wyler (1984) Ronald J. Gibbons (1985) Alison O'Brien (1985) Wendell D. Zollinger (1985) Frances Guif (1984) Pearay L. Ogra (1983) Mayer B. Goren (1985) Roy C. Page (1985) Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Walter G. Peter HI, Director, Publications Linda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals Karen Simon, Production Editor Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication ofthe American Society for , 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning: (i) caused by , fungi, unicellular parasites, and viruses; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibility to infection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Office. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, and the twelve numbers are divided into four volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $225 per year; single copies are $20. The member subscription price is $37 (foreign, $44 [surface ratel) per year; single copies are $7. Correspondence relating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability ofback issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Office, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (area 202 833-9680). Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because of failure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed. Second class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Infection and Immunity, ASM, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006. Made in the United States of America. Copyright 0 1983, American Society for Microbiology. : 1fl4¶;t E :f (I All Rights Reserved. a A,JN :rkf. The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Author Index Aaronson, W., 315 Engert, Richard F., 117 Kato, Keijiro, 132 Achtman, M., 315 Eppstein, Deborah A., 172 Keusch, Gerald T., 270 Aikawa, Masamichi, 377 Etherden, I., 280 Kirkland, Jerry J., 383 Altieri, Patricia L., 247 Kling, J. Malcolm, 383 Alves, Maria Julia M., 377, 435 Klipstein, Frederick A., 117 Anderson, Porter, 233 Falke, Dietrich, 15 Knoblich, Andreas, 15 Appleton, Judith A., 208 Fleischmann, W. Robert, Jr., 159 Knox, Kenneth W., 445 Arneborn, Per, 29 Flores, Jorge, 91 Kohl, Steve, 480 Ascher, Michael S., 388 Fraser-Smith, Elizabeth B., 172 Kotani, Shozo, 132, 449 Azuma, Ichiro, 137 Freter, Rolf, 60 Kreger, Arnold, 439 Freter, Rolf R., 60 Kroll, Hein-Peter, 122 Friedman, Richard L., 487 Kronvall, Goran, 336 Fukuhara, Hiroko, 132 Kusecek, B., 315 Bach, M.-A., 109 Kusumoto, Shoichi, 449 Barja, Juan L., 184 Barron, Almen M., 463 Gabridge, Michael G., 164 Baughn, Robert E., 297 Gardner, I. D., 353 Labat, Deidre D., 305 Beachey, Edwin H., 275 Gibbons, R. J., 280 Lagrange, P. H., 109 Bearzotti-Le Berre, Monique, 7 Glock, R. D., 460 Larsen, Marjorie A., 172 Berger, Melvin, 403 Gortz, Johannes, 15 Larsson, P., 142 Berman, David T., 394 Greenberg, Harry, 91 Lawton, J. W. M., 353 Berman, Monique A., 388 Griffiss, J. McLeod, 247 Leake, Eva S., 439 Berman, Sanford L., 247 Gupta, Sunil K., 344 Lecara, Grace, 473 Bernard, Jacqueline, 7 Letchworth, Geoffrey J., III, 208 Best, Gary K., 383 Letendre, Elaine D., 50 Biberfeld, Gunnel, 29 Ha, D. K. K., 353 Levinson, Arnold I., 290 Bigley, Robert H., 487 Hague-Park, Mickey, 297 Lindblad, M., 147 Blackwood, Linda L., 198 Hamada, Shigeyuki, 43 Lochner, Janis E., 487 Blalock, J. Edwin, 220 Harle-Grupp, Veronika, 15 Bloomster, Timothy G., 311 Harris, Alan S., 431 Bolton, Ronald W., 476 Harshman, Sidney, 439 Mackowiak, Philip A., 38 Bottone, Edward J., 469 Havell, Edward A., 362 Marling-Cason, Margaret, 38 Brandt, Brenda L., 247 Havu, Vaino K., 24 Mathew, Ranjit C., 344 Brickner, Howard, 60 Hetrick, Frank M., 184 Matsuno, Shigeo, 155 Brown, Eric J., 403 Heuzenroeder, M., 315 Matthews, Thomas R., 172 Butterworth, Anthony E., 225 Hoffenbach, A., 109 Mattsby-Baltzer, Inger, 466 Byrne, Gerald I., 362 Hoffman, Marjorie, 100 McAuliffe, Vincent, 91 Hofstad, Tor, 179 McCallum, Roderick E., 213 Holbein, Bruce E., 50 McGee, Maria P., 439 Campbell, Lindy K., 445 Holmgren, J., 147 Mercer, A., 315 Campbell, S. Gordon, 202 Hoshino, Yasutaka, 91 Mikesell, Perry, 371 Carlson, Eunice, 193 Houghten, Richard A., 117 Miorner, Hakan, 336 Carter, Jeanne K., 410 Hsu, H. S., 423 Moreno, E. C., 280 Casareale, Domenic, 85 Hughes, Thomas K., 220 Moriyon, Ignacio, 394 Chiesa, Claudio, 469 Humphreys, Robert E., 85 Mtero, Shungu S., 202 Clark, I. A., 1 Hunt, N. H., 1 Musher, Daniel M., 297 Cleary, P. Patrick, 239 Cole, Roger M., 403 Collins, Frank M., 202 Iglewski, Barbara H., 198, 487 Nakoneczna, Irene, 423 Colweil, Rita R., 184 Inouye, Sakae, 155 Nelson, Robert D., 239 Cowley, Benjamin, 297 Ivins, Bruce E., 371, 483 Neussen, Mary E., 460 Cox, Rebecca A., 473 Izumitani, Akira, 43 Niederbuhl, Carol J., 202 Curtis, Jill, 344 Nussenzweig, Ruth S., 377 Jerrells, Thomas R., 262 Joens, L. A., 460 O'Callaghan, Richard J., 305 Dahlen, Gunnar, 466 Johansson, Gote, 336 Ogawa, Tomohiko, 449 David, John R., 225 Joiner, Keith A., 403 Okahashi, Nobuo, 43 de Kinkelin, P., 7 Jones, Wendy, 85 Oiling, S., 142 Dessein, Alain, 225 Joronen, Iris A., 24 Ooshima, Takashi, 43 di Rienzo, Joseph M., 253 Osterman, Joseph V., 262 Dockrell, Hazel M., 456 Ow, Cathy L., 410 Donohue-Rolfe, Arthur, 270 Kabir, Shahjahan, 452 Dreier, Thomas M., 371 Kaijser, B., 142 Dyer, John K., 476 Kalica, Anthony, 91 Palmer, Bennie A., 262 Dziarski, Agnes, 290 Kalimo, Kirsti 0. K., 24 Parker, Darien, 388 Dziarski, Roman, 290 Katayama, Ichiro, 344 Pennington, James E., 198 Pereira, Lenore, 100 Simpson, W. Andrew, 275 Vadas, Mathew A., 225 Pier, Gerald B., 247 Singh, Nalini, 91 Valdesuso, Jose, 91 Playfair, John H. L., 456 Skaug, Nils, 179 Volanakis, John E., 100 Pohl, A., 315 Smith, Eric M., 220 Smith, R. E., 410 Sobue, Shizuo, 43 Rabinovitch, Michel, 435 Spieler, Eric L., 253 Wallace, Richard J., Jr., 297 Rank, Roger G., 463 Stagno, Sergio, 100 Wallas, Charles H., 431 Ristroph, Joseph D., 371, 483 Stith, Rex D., 213 Warren, John R., 431 Rothermel, Constance C., 362 Stone, Richard M., 198 Watson, Dennis W., 311 Sutton, A., 315 Wexler, Daniel E., 239 Svennerholm, A.-M., 147 Whipp, S. C., 460 Sagawa, Hirosuke, 132 Wicken, Anthony J., 445 Saiki, Ikuo, 137 Wyatt, Richard, 91 Sairenji, Takeshi, 85 Tanio, Yoshiro, 137 Schneerson, R., 142 Taylor, Peter W., 122 Schwarz, Lindsay A., 159 Toranzo, Alicia E., 184 Yamamoto, Ken-Ichi, 137 Scott, David F., 383 Turk, John L., 344, 388 Yamamura, Yuichi, 137 Seale, Thomas W., 213 Shiba, Tetsuo, 449 Silver, R. P., 315 Umemoto, Toshio, 132 Simpson, Russell B., 473 Upchurch, Susan, 164 Zweiman, Burton, 290 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1983 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS tion of the paper, will in no way affect review of Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Pub- the manuscript. lications Office, 1913 I Street, NW, Washington, Copyright DC 20006. The manuscript should be accompa- nied by a covering letter stating the following: To maintain and protect the Society's owner- the journal to which the manuscript is being ship and rights and to be able to protect the submitted; the most appropriate section of the original authors from misappropriation of their journal; the address and telephone number of published work, ASM requires authors to sign a the corresponding author; and the former manu- copyright transfer agreement. This agreement is script number (if it is being resubmitted). 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The use of semination of fundamental knowledge concern- paper with numbered lines is recommended. ing (i) infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, Submit figures as glossy or mat-finish photo- fungi, unicellular parasites, and viruses; (ii) ecol- graphs. (See p. iv for detailed instructions.) ogy and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; Authors who are unsure of proper English (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and micro- usage should have their manuscripts checked by bial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors someone proficient in the English language. in host resistance and susceptibility to infection; Manuscripts may be rejected on the basis of and (v) immunology of microbial infection. poor English or lack of conformity to accepted IAI will consider papers concerned with the standards of style. ecology of pathogenic microbes. 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Avoid abbreviations, dia- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS . . grams, and references. When it is essential to velocity) need not be shown except in unusual include a reference, use the full literature cita- circumstances. All tabular data must be accom- tion but omit the article title. Because the ab- panied by either standard deviation values or stract will be published separately by abstracting standard errors of the means. The number of services, it must be complete and understand- replicate determinations (or animals) used for able without reference to the text. making such calculations also must be included. All statements concerning the significance of the Introduction. The introduction should supply differences observed should be accompanied by sufficient background information to allow the probability values given in parentheses. The reader to understand and evaluate the results of statistical procedure used should be stated in the present study without needing to refer to Materials and Methods. Limit photographs (par- previous publications on the topic. The intro- ticularly photomicrographs and electron micro- duction should also provide the rationale for the graphs) to those that are absolutely necessary to present study. Choose references carefully to demonstrate the experimental findings. Number provide the most salient background rather than figures and tables in the order in which they are an exhaustive review of the topic. cited in the text, and be sure to cite all figures and tables. Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methods section should include sufficient tech- Discussion. The Discussion should provide the nical information so that the experiments can be interpretation of the results in relation to previ- repeated. For commonly used materials and ously published work and to the experimental methods (e.g., commonly used media and pro- system at hand and should not contain extensive tein determinations), a simple reference is suffi- repetition of the Results section or reiteration of cient. If several alternative methods are com- the introduction. In short papers, the Results monly employed, it is useful to identify the and Discussion sections may be combined. method briefly as well as to cite the reference. For example, it is preferable to state "cells were Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments for fi- broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously nancial assistance and for personal assistance described (9)" rather than "cells were broken as are given in two separate paragraphs. The usual previously described (9)." You should allow the format for acknowlegment of grant support is as reader to assess the method without constant follows: "This work was supported by Public reference to previous publications. Describe Health Service grant CA-01234 from the Nation- new methods completely, and give sources of al Cancer Institute." unusual chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains. When large numbers of microbial strains Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain sup- or mutants are used in a study, include strain plementary material to aid the reader, are per- tables identifying the sources and properties of mitted. Titles, authors, and Literature Cited the strains, mutants, bacteriophages, plasmids, sections that are distinct from those of the etc. primary article are not allowed. If it is not A method, strain, etc., used in only one of feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in several experiments reported in the paper the by-line or the Acknowledgment section of should be described in the Results section or, if the primary article, rewrite the appendix so that brief enough, in a table footnote or figure legend. it can be considered for publication as an inde- pendent article, either full length or Note style. Results. In the Results section, include the rationale or design of the experiments as well as Literature Cited. Arrange the Literature Cited the results; reserve extensive interpretation of section in alphabetical order, by first author, and the results for the Discussion section. Present number consecutively. (Abbreviate journal the results as concisely as possible in one of the names according to the Bibliographic Guide for following: text, table(s), or figure(s). However, Editors & Authors, American Chemical Society, avoid extensive use of graphs to present data 1974, or Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data that might be more concisely presented in the Base, BioSciences Information Service, 1981.) text or tables. For example, except in unusual Cite each listed reference by number in the text. cases, double-reciprocal plots used to determine The following types of references are not valid apparent Km values should not be presented as for listing: unpublished data, personal communi- graphs; instead, the values should be stated in cations, manuscripts in preparation, manu- the text. Similarly, graphs illustrating other scripts submitted, "in press" references, graphic methods commonly used to derive kinet- pamphlets, abstracts, patents, theses, disserta- ic or physical constants (e.g., reduced viscosity tions, and material that has not been subjected plots and plots used to determine sedimentation to peer review. References to such sources IV INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS should be made parenthetically in the text. An Each Note must have an abstract of no more "in press" reference to an ASM publication than 50 words. Do not use section headings in should state the control number (e.g., IAI 576) the body of the Note; report methods, results, or the name of the publication, if it is a book. and discussion in a single section. The text is not Follow the styles shown in the examples be- to exceed 1,000 words, and the number of fig- low. ures and tables should be kept to a minimum. 1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purifi- Present acknowledgments as in full-length pa- cation and chemical characterization of the heat- pers, but do not use a heading. The Literature stable enterotoxin produced by porcine strains of Cited section is identical to that of full-length enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. papers. 19:1021-1030. 2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES R. E. Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhibition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321- Photographs 325. In D. Schlessinger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. When submitting electron micrographs, pho- American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. tographs of polyacrylamide gels, etc., keep in 3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. mind the journal page size: 6.5 cm for a single Spaulding. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic column and 14 cm for a double column (maxi- bacteriology. Coordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. mum). Include only the significant portion of the American Society for Microbiology, Washington, illustration. Each must be of sufficient contrast D.C. to withstand the inevitable loss of contrast and 4. Gill, T. J., HI. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoas- detail inherent in the printing process. Electron say, p. 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman and light micrographs must be first-generation (ed.), Manual of clinical immunology. American copies of the original negatives. Indicate with a Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. scale marker the of each 5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales magnification photomi- nomen novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. crograph and electron micrograph, rather than Gibbons (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative stating the magnification in the legend. Do not bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., mount figures on heavy cardboard. Composite Baltimore. figures may be mounted on bond paper or on 6. Mifler, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genet- lightweight, flexible cardboard. A complete set ics, p. 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, of photographs, not photocopies, must accom- Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. pany each copy of the manuscript. 7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracel- lular cations on the germination of bacterial spores, Drawings p. 437-442. In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell (ed.), Spores V. American Society Submit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. drawings as photographs made from finished drawings not requiring additional artwork or Parenthetical references in the text should be typesetting. No part of the graph or drawing cited as follows: should be typewritten. Use a lettering set or ... and protects the organisms against oxygen other professional-quality device for all labeling. toxicity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Most graphs will be reduced to one-column Proc. 35:1686, 1976). width (6.5 cm), and all elements in the drawing ... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H. should be prepared to withstand this reduction. Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Avoid very heavy letters, which tend to close up Res. Commun., in press). when reduced, and unusual symbols which the ... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. printer may not be able to reproduce in the thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, legend. Symbols and lettering should be of ap- 1972). propriate size; do not use large letters and small . . . in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and symbols or vice versa. Direct readouts from C. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. computers, recorders, etc., are not usually ac- Microbiol. 1976, K15, p. 139). ceptable; such materials should be redrawn. In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well Notes as in table column headings), avoid ambiguous Submit Notes in the same way as full-length use of numbers with exponents. Usually, it is papers. They receive the same review, and they preferable to use the International System of are neither published more rapidly than full- Units (p. for 10-6, m for 10-3, k for 103, M for length papers nor considered preliminary com- 106, etc.). A complete listing of SI symbols can munications. The Note format is intended for be found in the International Union of Pure and the presentation ofbriefobservations that do not Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of Sym- warrant full-length papers. bols and Terminology for Physicochemical INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS v Quantities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3- Camera-Ready Copy 44, 1970). Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure ordinate is to be made by the number Drawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., 20, accompanied by a label kcpm. that can be photographically reproduced for When powers of 10 must be employed, the publication without further typesetting or editorial style of IAI follows the CBE Style artwork are referred to as "camera ready." Manual recommendation, which differs in the Such copy may also be prepared for complicated convention employed from that of several other mathematical or physical formulas, portions of journals. The CBE Style Manual suggests that genetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. It the exponent power be associated with number should not be hand lettered. Camera-ready copy shown. In representing 2 x 107 cells per ml, the must be carefully prepared to conform with the correct designation would be 2, labeled as 107 style of IAI. The advantage to submitting cam- cells per ml, not cells per ml x 10-7. Likewise, era-ready copy is that the material will appear an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml would be shown exactly as envisioned by the author, and no as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 U/ml. The second proofreading is necessary. This is partic- preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml la- ularly advantageous when there are long, com- beled as mU (or milliunits) per ml. plicated tables and when the division of material Figure Legends and spacing are important. Figure legends may be placed beneath the photocopy of a drawing for the convenience of NOMENCLATURE reviewers. (In addition, however, a complete set Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature of photographs or drawings with legends on The recognized authority for the names of separate pages must accompany each copy of chemical compounds is Chemical Abstracts the manuscript.) Legends should provide (Chemical Abstract Service, Ohio State Univer- enough information so that the figure is under- sity, Columbus) and its indexes. For biochemi- standable without frequent reference to the text. cal terminology, including abbreviations and However, do not repeat experimental methods symbols, consult the following: International in the legend. Define all symbols and abbrevia- Union of Biochemistry Biochemical Nomencla- tions used in the figure. Common abbreviations ture and Related Documents (1978; reprinted for and others used frequently in preceding text The Biochemical Society, London, England), need not be redefined in the legend. instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiologi- Tables cal Chemistry and Archives ofBiochemistry and Type each table on a separate page. Arrange Biophysics (first issues of each year), and the the data so that columns of like material read Handbook ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biol- down, not across. The headings should be suffi- ogy (G. D. Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ciently clear so that the meaning of the data will ed., 1976). be understandable without reference to the text. Do not express molecular weights in daltons; See the Abbreviations section of these instruc- molecular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular tions for those that may be used in tables. mass is expressed in daltons. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but more For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes name assigned by the Nomenclature Committee should not include detailed descriptions of the of the International Union of Biochemistry as experiment. A well-constructed table is shown described in Enzyme Nomenclature 1978 (Aca- below: demic Press, Inc., 1979). If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper (trivial) name in TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated parentheses at first use in the abstract and text. S. typhimurium by mouse livers Use the EC number when it has been assigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals % Recovery in': (preferred) or in the older system of ",umol/ BacteriaBacteria-_ Total min." Liver Perfusate ~~~~~~recovery Drugs Control 60.1 ± 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 8.7 Whenever possible, use generic names rather Previously 39.4 ± 8.4b 66.2 ± 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3 perfused than trade names of drugs. Nomenclature of Microorganisms a Mean ± standard deviation of at least seven experiments. Binary names consisting of a generic name b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order and a specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia colt) method (21). should be used for all microorganisms. Names of Vi INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS higher categories may be used alone, but a of locale, laboratory, etc., in the designation. specific epithet must be preceded by a generic Each new strain, mutant, isolate, or derivative name the first time it is used in a paper. Thereaf- should be given a new (serial) designation. Such ter, the generic name should be abbreviated to a designation should be distinct from those of the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided the genotype and phenotype, and genotypic and there can be no confusion with other genera phenotypic symbols should not be included. used in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for A registry of plasmid designations is main- fungi, divisions], classes, orders, families, gen- tained by the Plasmid Reference Center, Depart- era, species, and subspecies) are printed in ment of Medical Microbiology, Stanford Univer- italics; strain designations and numbers are not. sity, Stanford, CA 94305. In general, the nomenclature of bacteria should follow that presented in Bergey's Manual Genetic Nomenclature of Determinative Bacteriology (8th ed., The Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria Williams & Wilkins Co., 1974). If you wish to are described in terms of phenotypes and geno- challenge this nomenclature, you may express a types. The phenotype designation describes the judgment, but the name given in Bergey's Man- observable properties of an organism. The geno- ual should follow in parentheses the first time type refers to the genetic constitution of an the name is used in both the text and the organism, usually in reference to some standard abstract. wild type. Use the recommendations of De- Only those names which were included in the merec et al. (Genetics 54:61-74, 1966) as a guide "Approved Lists of Bacterial Names" (Int. J. in employing these terms. If your manuscript Syst. Bacteriol. 30:225-420, 1980) and those contains information including genetic nomencla- which have been validly published in the Inter- ture, please refer to the Instructions to Authors in national Journal of Systematic Bacteriology the January issue of the Journal ofBacteriology. since 1 January 1980 have standing in nomencla- ture. If there is reason to use a name that does "Mutant" vs. "mutation." .Keep in mind the not have standing in nomenclature, the name distinction between a mutation (an alteration of should be enclosed in quotation marks and an the primary sequence of the genetic material) appropriate statement concerning the nomencla- and a mutant (a strain carrying one or more ture status of the name should be made in the mutations). One may speak about the mapping text (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. of a mutation, but one cannot map a mutant. 30:547-556, 1980). Likewise, a mutant has no genetic locus-only a It is recommended that a strain be deposited phenotype. in a recognized culture collection when that strain is necessary for the description of a new Viruses. The rules for genetic nomenclature of taxon (see Bacteriological Code, 1975 Revision, viruses (bacteriophages) differ from those for American Society for Microbiology, 1975). bacteria. In most instances, viruses have no Since the classification of fungi is far from phenotype, since they have no metabolism out- complete, it is the responsibility of the author to side host cells. Therefore, distinctions between determine the currently accepted binomial for a phenotype and genotype cannot be made. Su- given yeast or mold. Some sources for the perscripts are employed to indicate hybrid ge- spelling of these names include The Yeasts (J. nomes. Genetic symbols may be one, two or Lodder, ed., North-Holland Publishing Co., three letters. 1970) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Com- Transposable elements, plasmids, and restric- monwealth Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, tion enzymes. Nomenclature of transposable ele- England, 1971). ments (insertion sequences, transposons, phage Names used for viruses should be those ap- Mu, etc.) should follow the recommendations of proved by the International Committee on Tax- Campbell et al. (Gene 5:197-206, 1979), with the onomy of Viruses (ICTV) and published in the modifications given in section vi. The system of 3rd Report of the ICTV Classification and No- designating transposon insertions at sites where menclature of Viruses, Intervirology, vol. 12, there are no known loci, e.g., zef-123::TnS, has no. 3-5, 1979. If desired, synonyms may be been described by Chumley et al. (Genetics added parenthetically when the name is first 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, use the mentioned. Approved generic (or group) and nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al. family names may also be used. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should and plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacte- be given designations consisting of letters and riol. Rev. 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, serial numbers. It is generally advisable to in- and of Roberts (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, clude a worker's initials or a descriptive symbol 1981) for restriction enzymes and DNA frag- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS .ii ments derived from treatment with these en- (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); zymes. Recombinant DNA molecules, con- NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide structed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for phosphate, reduced); Pi (orthophosphate); PP, insertions in general. DNA inserted into recom- (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU binant DNA molecules should be described by (plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming using the gene symbols and conventions for the units); Tris [tris(hydroxymethyl)aminometh- organism from which the DNA was obtained. ane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); and EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetate). Abbreviations for cell lines (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not be ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS defined. The following abbreviations should be used Verb Tense without definition in tables: Use the past tense in referring to results recorded in the present paper. Use the present tense in discussing previously established find- amt (amount) SE (standard error) ings and generally accepted phenomena. approx (approximately) SEM (standard error of the avg (average) mean) concn (concentration) sp act (specific activity) Abbreviations diam (diameter) sp gr (specific gravity) expt (experiment) temp (temperature) It is strongly recommended that all abbrevia- ht (height) tr (trace) tions except those listed below be introduced in mo (month) vol (volume) the first paragraph in Materials and Methods. mol wt (molecular vs (versus) Alternatively, define each abbreviation and in- weight) wk (week) troduce it in parentheses the first time it is used; no. (number) wt (weight) e.g., "cultures were grown in Eagle minimal prepn (preparation) yr (year) essential medium (MEM)." Generally, eliminate SD (standard deviation) abbreviations that are not used at least five times in the text (including tables and figure legends). Abbreviations should be used primarily as an aid Reporting Numerical Data to the reader, rather than as a convenience to the Standard metric units are used for reporting author, and therefore their use should be limit- length, weight, and volume. For these units and ed. Abbreviations other than those recommend- for molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p (for ed by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical Nomencla- lo-, 1O-6, 10-9, and 10-l2, respectively). Like- ture and Related Documents, 1978) should be wise, use the prefix k (for 103). Avoid compound used only when a case can be made for necessi- prefixes such as m,u or p.p.. Use ,ug/ml or ,ug/g in ty, such as in tables and figures. place of the ambiguous ppm. Units of tempera- It is often possible to use pronouns or to ture are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K. paraphrase a long word after its first use (e.g., When fractions are used to express units such "the drug," "the substrate"). Standard chemi- as enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use cal symbols, numerical multiples (e.g., Me2SO whole units, such as g or min, in the denomina- for dimethyl sulfoxide), and trivial names or tor instead offractional or multiple units such as their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be ,ug or 10 min. For example, "pmol/min" would used for terms that appear in full in the neighbor- be preferable to "pmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" ing text. would be preferable to "nmol/,g." It is also In addition to abbreviations for standard units preferable that an unambiguous form such as the of measurement and chemical symbols of the exponential notation be used in place of multiple elements, the following should be used without slashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-1" is definition in the title, abstract, text, figure leg- preferable to ",umol/g per min." ends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); See the CBE Style Manual, 4th ed., for more cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucle- detailed information regarding the reporting of ic acid); RNase (ribonuclease); DNase (deoxyri- numbers. Also contained in this source is infor- bonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA mation on the appropriate SI units to be used for (messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, the reporting of illumination, energy, frequency, ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective pressure, and other physical terms. Always re- 5' phosphates of adenosine or other nucleo- port numerical data in the appropriate SI unit. sides); 2'-AMP, 3'-AMP, and 5'-AMP (the 2'-, 3'-, and 5'-, when needed for contrast, phos- phates of the nucleosides); NAD+ (nicotinamide Isotopically Labeled Compounds adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nico- For simple molecules, the labeling is indicated tinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP in the chemical formula (e.g., 1 C02, 3H20, viii INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

H235SO4). Brackets are not employed when the ['4C]urea UDP-[U-.4CJglucose isotopic symbol is attached to a word which is L-[methyl-.4CJmethionine E. coli [32P]DNA not a specific chemical name (e.g., 13"-labeled [2,3-3Hlserine fructose 1,6[1-32P]bisphosphate protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H-ligands, etc.). [a3L4C]lysine For specific chemicals, the symbol for the [-Y32P]ATP isotope is placed in square brackets directly This journal follows the same conventions for preceding the part of the name that describes the isotopic labeling as the Journal of Biological labeled entity. Note that configuration symbols Chemistry, and more detailed information can and modifiers precede the isotopic symbol. The be found in the instructions to authors of that following examples illustrate correct usage: journal (first issue of each year). 1983 Full Membership - American Society for Microbiology 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006

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Any regularly matriculated student majoring in microbiology or a related field is eligible for election as a Student Member. Student Members have all privileges of membership except the right to vote and hold office in the Society. Student Members receive the monthly ASM News and are entitled to subscribe to the Society's journals at member rates. Memberships are initiated and renewed in January of each year. Unless there are directions to the contrary, membership nominations received prior to November 1 will be credited to the current year, and back issues of the selected publications for the current year will be furnished if available. Nominations received after November 1 will become effective the following January.

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1. Journals may be subscribed to at the following rates. Please enter the higher rate (column B) if you reside outside the U.S. and its possessions. A B L] D (JB)...... $37 $46 Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (AA)...... $29 $36 Applied and Environmental Microbiology (AE)...... $29 $36 International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology (IJ)...... $18 $18 Journal of Virology (JV)...... $37 $44 Journal of Clinical Microbiology (JC)...... $28 $36 Microbiological Reviews (MR)...... $16 $20 Infection and Immunity (IA)...... $37 $44 Molecular and Cellular Biology (CB)...... $22 $26- 2 Dues (includes ASM News) ...... S 5.00 3. TOTAL and Remit...... S

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