AND IMMUNITY VOLUME 51 * JANUARY 1986 * NUMBER 1 J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor in Chief (1989) University of Florida, Gainesville Phillip J. Baker, Editor (1990) Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1989) Arthur G. Johnson, Editor (1986) National Institute ofAllergy and University of Cincinnati University of Minnesota, Duluth Infectious Diseases Cincinnati, Ohio Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1989) Bethesda, Md. Roy Curtiss III, Editor (1990) National Institute of Dental Researcl Edwin H. Beachey, Editor (1988) Washington University Bethesda, Md. VA Medical Center St. Louis, Mo. Memphis, Tenn. EDITORIAL BOARD Leonard C. Altman (1986) Toby K. Eisenstein (1987) F. Kierszenbaum (1987) Catherine Saelinger (1987) Michael A. Apicella (1988) Peter Elsbach (1986) Paul Kolenbrander (1986) Dwayne C. Savage (1987) Roland Arnold (1987) Stanley Falkow (1988) Julius P. Kreier (1986) Irving E. Salit (1986) John B. Bartlett (1988) John R. Finerty (1987) Maurice J. Lefford (1987) Charles F. Schachtele (1988) Joel B. Baseman (1988) Robert Fitzgerald (1986) Thomas Lehner (1986) Julius Schachter (1986) Robert E. Baughn (1987) James D. Folds (1988) Stephen H. Leppla (1988) Gary K. Schoolnik (1987) Gary K. Best (1988) Samuel B. Formal (1986) F. Y. Liew (1988) June R. Scott (1987) Jenefer Blackwell (1988) Peter Gemski (1988) Francis L. Macrina (1988) Philip Scott (1988) Arnold S. Bleiweis (1987) Robert Genco (1988) John Mansfield (1988) Alan Sher (1987) William H. Bowen (1988) Ronald J. Gibbons (1988) Jerry R. McGhee (1988) Gerald D. Shockman (1986) David E. Briles (1988) Emil Gotschlich (1988) Floyd C. McIntire (1988) W. A. Simpson (1988) Robert R. Brubaker (1986) Frank Griffin (1987) Monte Meltzer (1986) Phillip D. Smith (1988) Gerald Byrne (1988) Richard Guerrant (1986) Jiri Mestecky (1986) Ralph Snyderman (1988) Bruce Chassy (1987) Thomas L. Hale (1987) J. Gabriel Michael (1986) Maggie So (1986) John 0. Cisar (1988) Robert E. W. Hancock (1988) Henry W. Murray (1986) P. Frederick Sparling (1987) William B. Clark (1988) Edgar Hanna (1987) Carol A. Nacy (1987) Barnet M. Sultzer (1988) John Clements (1988) Eric J. Hansen (1986) Alison O'Brien (1988) Catharina Svanborg-Eden (1988) Don B. Clewell (1987) Thomas P. Hatch (1988) Itzhak Ofek (1986) John L. Swanson (1987) Myron S. Cohen (1987) David Hentges (1988) Andrew B. Onderdonk (1987) Diane Taylor (1987) R. John Collier (1987) Randall K. Holmes (1986) Monique Parant (1987) K. N. Timmis (1987) Jorge H. Crosa (1988) Marcus A. Horwitz (1987) Shelley M. Payne (1988) Ivo van de Rijn (1987) Jim E. Cutler (1987) Dexter H. Howard (1988) Nathaniel F. Pierce (1986) Johannes van Houte (1988) James B. Dale (1988) Vincent J. Iacono (1988) Matthew Pollack (1986) Stefanie Vogel (1988) Judith E. Domer (1986) Barbara Iglewski (1986) Reuben Ramphal (1988) Peter A. Ward (1988) James L. Duncan (1988) Richard E. Isaacson (1987) Richard R. Ranney (1988) William P. Weidanz (1987) Dennis Dwyer (1987) Howard M. Johnson (1988) Ruth Rappaport (1986) P. H. Williams (1987) Roman Dziarski (1987) Russell C. Johnson (1988) John B. Robbins (1986) Jerry A. Winkelstein (1987) Robert A. Eisenberg (1987) William Johnson (1988) Donald Robertson (1987) Herbert H. Winkler (1986) Barry Eisenstein (1988) Dennis L. Kasper (1988) Burton Rosan (1986) Elizabeth J. Zieglekw (1988) Wendell D. Zollinger (1988) Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Linda M. lhlig, Managing Editor, Journals Thomas M. Rogers, Production Editor Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication of the American Society for , 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination offundamental knowledge concerning: (i) caused by , fungi, and unicellular parasites; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibility to infection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Department. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, and the twelve numbers are divided into four volumes per year. The nonmember subscription price is $280 per year; single copies are $21. The member subscription price is $41 (foreign, $54 [surface rate]) per year; single copies are $7. Correspondence relating to subscriptions, reprints, defective copies, availability of back issues, lost or late proofs, disposition of submitted manuscripts, and general editorial matters should be directed to the ASM Publications Department, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 (phone: 202 833-9680). Claims for missing issues from residents of the United States, Canada, and Mexico must be submitted within 3 months after publication of the issues; residents of all other countries must submit claims Within 6 months of publication of the issues. Claims for issues missing because offailure to report an address change or for issues "missing from files" will not be allowed. Second class postage paid at Washington, DC 20006, and at additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Infection and Immunity, ASM, 1913 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006. Made in the United States of America. Copyright C) 1986, American Society for Microbiology. a* 4EWAwE TS%#l (1I3tl All Rights Reserved. The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the ar- ticle may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Author Index

Aaltonen, Antti S., 49 Galloway, D. R., 37 Lehtonen, Olli-Pekka J., 49 Roth, M., 314 Abe, Chiyoji, 54 Garber, Gary E., 250 Levine, Michael J., 302 Achtman, Mark, 268, 286 Gariepy, Jean, 320 Lupan, David M., 360 Saito, Hajime, 157, 163 Aihara, Yukoh, 43 Germaine, Greg R., 119 Samuelson, John C., 181 Anderle, Sonia K., 240 Ghadirian, E., 263 Maldonado, Marcela S., 369 Sato, Katsumasa, 157, 163 Arata, Satoru, 43 Goebel, W., 314 Marchitto, Kevin S., 168 Schar, Gertrud, 199 Goguen, Jon D., 352 Mashimo, Jun-Ichi, 43 Schmitz, Silvie, 54 Babiuk, L. A., 344 Goldstein, Elaine G., 302 McArthur, Hamish A. I., 1 Schoolnik, Gary, 320 Barcinski, Marcello A., 80, Gordon, M. R., 134 McGhee, Jerry R., 348 Schwab, John H., 240 369 Graves, Don C., 125 McNabb, Scott J. N., 125 Scott, E. N., 6 Barnes, Robert C., 60 Gregory, Richard L., 348 McRae, William B., 115 Seeliger, H. P. R., 314 Beachey, Edwin H., 362 Mendonga-Previato, Lucia, Selander, Robert K., 268 Bessler, Wolfgang G., 233 Hansen, Eric J., 69 369 Selland-Grossling, Coleen K., Bhakdi, S., 314 Hastie, Annette T., 254 Meyers, Gwyneth L., 16 168 Bienz, Kurt A., 147 Hausmann, Ernest, 302 Michalek, Suzanne M., 348 Seoane, Rafael, 224 Blaser, Martin J., 204, 209 Heck, Louis W., 115 Mietzner, Timothy A., 60 Shafer, William M., 60 Bowie, William R., 250 Hedstrom, R. C., 37 Millar, Stephen J., 302 Shiba, Tetsuo, 43, 110 Brade, Helmut, 110 Heuzenroeder, Michael, 268 Miller, Edward J., 115 Shimamoto, Tetsuo, 43 Brade, Lore, 110 Higgins, Michael L., 254 Minion, F. Chris, 352 Shryock, Thomas, 254 Brawner, Diane L., 327, 337 Hindahl, Michael S., 94 Moll, Albrecht, 286 Silverblatt, Fredric J., 193 Brown, Roger R., 240 Hingley, Susan T., 254 Morahan, P. S., 87 Somerfield, S. D., 263 Bryner, John H., 209 Hoberg, Kathryn A., 102 Morihara, Kazuyuki, 115 Sommer, Pascal, 277 Hogt, Andre H., 294 Morse, Stephen A., 60 Spitalny, George L., 355 Calderone, Richard A., 102 Hopkins, Janet A., 204 Moser, Irmgard, 54 Stab, Karin, 233 Caugant, Dominique, 268 Hoyne, Peter A., 187 Muchmore, H. G., 6 Stevens, David A., 199 Caulfield, John P., 181 Hulstaert, C. E., 294 Murad, Ferid, 320 Stewart, David J., 187 Ceri, Howard, 1 Myrvik, Q. N., 134 Stimpson, Stephen A., 240 Chang, Ling Y., 320 Iglewski, Barbara H., 94 Stover, E. Price, 199 Cihlar, Ronald L., 102 Imoto, Masahiro, 43 Nawa, Yukifumi, 213 Stuart, Simon, 268 Clark, Bruce L., 187 Ivey, Michael H., 125 Norgard, Michael V., 168 Clark, Richard L., 240 Nuessen, M. E., 282 Takada, Haruhiko, 43 Clemons, Karl V., 199 Jann, Barbara, 54 Nziramasanga, Pasipanodya, Takata, I., 134 Connor, J., 87 Jann, Klaus, 54 360 Tellefson, Lois M., 119 Couceiro, Jose, 224 JeanLouis, Yucynthia A., 60 Tenovuo, Jorma, 49 Cromartie, William J., 240 Jerrells, Thomas R., 355 Ochman, Howard, 268 Thong, Y. H., 177 Jim E., 337 Ogier, Joelle A., 277 Tomioka, Haruaki, 157, 163 Cutler, 327, Joens, L. A., 282 320 Jones, Thomas C., 147 O'Hanley, Peter, Tranum-Jensen, J., 314 Dankert, Jacob, 294 Ohmann, H. Bielefeldt, 344 Tuohimaa, Pentti, 49 Okuda, Kenji, 43 Turco, Jenifer, 355 Danley, David L., 307 Kamisaki, Yoshinori, 320 0rskov, Frits, 54, 268 Dempsey, W. L., 87 Kaper, J. B., 37 0rskov, Ida, 54, 268 Vaisanen-Rhen, Vuokko, 268 dos Reis, George A., 369 Kasai, Nobuhiko, 43 Owhashi, Makoto, 213 Dove, C. Robert, 24 Kelly, James K., 16 Veum, Trygve L., 24 Vilja, Pekka, 49 Kimura, Alan, 69 Packer, Beryl J., 141 Eiras, Adolfo, 224 Klapper, David G., 240 Volkman, A., 87 Pai, Chik H., 16 Vordermeier, Martin, 233 ElDeib, Mohamed M. R., 24 Klein, Jean-Paul, 277 Parker, Charlotte D., 24 Elleman, Thomas C., 187 Kongshavn, P. A. L., 263 Parrisius, J., 314 Elliott, John A., 31 Korhonen, Timo K., 268 Waldman, Scott A., 320 Pavia, Charles S., 365 Watanabe, Takashi, 157, 163 Emery, David L., 187 Kotani, Shozo, 43 Pavlovskis, 0. R., 37 Erb, Peter, 147 Kreier, Julius P., 141 Weinbaum, George, 254 Perez Perez, Guillermo I., White, Arnold A., 24 Kueppers, Friedrich, 254 204, 209 Fairbrother, John 10 Whitfield, Christopher, 1 M., Kuno, Takayoshi, 320 Pluschke, Gerd, 286 Winkler, Herbert H., 355 Faro, Jose, 224 Kuriyama, Steve M., 193 Polakoff, Josephine, 307 Winn, Washington C., Jr., 31 Feijen, Jan, 294 Kusecek, Barica, 268, 286 Previato, Lucia M., 80 Worley, Mark A., 125 Feldman, David, 199 Kusumoto, Shoichi, 43, 110 Proctor, Eileen M., 250 Ferrante, A., 177 Kwon-Chung, K. J., 218 Xavier, Murcia T., 80 Filler, Steven J., 348 Regueiro, Benito Jose, 224 Fine, D. P., 6 Lallier, Real, 10 Rhodes, J. C., 218 Yoshimura, Hiroyuki, 43 Frank, Robert M., 277 Lareo, Isabel, 224 Rietschel, Ernst T., 110 Funk, C. R., 37 Lariviere, Serge, 10 Rodrigues, Maurfcio M., 80 Zinn, Gene M., 24 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1986 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS peers of the author can repeat the experiments and test Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Publications the conclusions, and (iii) in a journal or other source Department, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006. document [emphasis added] readily available within Since all submissions must be processed through this the scientific community." office, alternate routings, such as to an editor, will A scientific paper published in a conference report, delay initiation of the review process. The manuscript symposium proceeding, technical bulletin, or any should be accompanied by a covering letter stating the other retrievable source is unacceptable for submis- following: the journal to which the manuscript is being sion to an ASM journal on grounds of prior publica- submitted, the most appropriate section of the journal, tion. A preliminary disclosure of research findings the address and telephone number of the correspond- published in abstract form as an adjunct to a meeting, ing author, and the former ASM manuscript number e.g., part of a program, is not considered "prior and year if it is a resubmission. In addition, include publication" because it does not meet the criteria for a written proof that permission to cite personal commu- scientific paper. nications and preprints has been granted. It is incumbent upon the author to acknowledge any Submit two complete copies of each manuscript, prior publication of the data contained in a manuscript including figures and tables. The manuscript text may submitted to an ASM journal even though he or she be either the original typescript or clear, clean copies. may not consider such publication in violation of ASM Type every portion of the manuscript double spaced, policy. A copy of the relevant work should accompany including figure legends, table footnotes, and Litera- the paper. ture Cited, and number all pages in sequence, includ- Authorship ing the abstract, tables, and figure legends. Place the last two items after the Literature Cited section. The An author is one who made a substantial contribu- use of paper with numbered lines is recommended. tion to the "overall design and execution of the See p. v for detailed instructions about illustrations. experiments"; therefore, ASM considers all coauthors Copies of "in press" and "submitted" manuscripts equally responsible for the entire paper. Individuals that are important for judgment of the present manu- who provided assistance, e.g., supplied strains or script should be enclosed to facilitate the review. reagents or critiqued the paper, should not be listed as Authors who are unsure of proper English usage authors but should be recognized in the Acknowledg- should have their manuscripts checked by someone ment section. proficient in the English language. Manuscripts may be Page Charges rejected on the basis of poor English or lack of It is anticipated that page charges, currently $35 per conformity to accepted standards of style. printed page (price subject to change), will be paid by EDITORIAL POLICY authors whose research was grant or contract sup- ported. A bill for page charges will be sent with the Manuscripts submitted to thejournal must represent page proofs and reprint order form. reports of original research. By submission of a manu- If the research was not grant or contract supported, script to the journal, the authors guarantee that the a request to waive the charges should be sent to the manuscript, or one substantially the same, was not Director of Publications, American Society for published previously, is not being considered or pub- Microbiology, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC lished elsewhere, and will not be published elsewhere. 20006, with the submitted manuscript. This request, All authors of a manuscript must have agreed to its which must be separate from the covering letter, submission and are equally responsible for its content, should be accompanied by a copy of the Acknowledg- including appropriate citations and acknowledgments. ment section. Failure to comply with the above-mentioned policy Minireviews (see p. iv) are not subject to page may result in a 3- to 5-year suspension of publishing charges. privileges in ASM journals. (For further details, see the minutes of the March 1984 Publications Board Copyright meeting, ASM News 50:260-263, 1984.) To maintain and protect the Society's ownership and rights and to protect the original authors from Primary Publication misappropriation of their published work, ASM re- The American Society for Microbiology accepts the quires authors to sign a copyright transfer agreement. definition of primary publication as defined in How to This agreement is sent to the submitting author when Write and Publish a Scientific Paper, second edition, the manuscript is accepted for publication. Unless this by Robert A. Day, to wit: " . . . (i) the first publication agreement is executed, ASM will not publish the manu- of original research results, (ii) in a form whereby script. (U.S. government employees may file a state- i . . INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS ment attesting that a manuscript was prepared as part (Council of Biology Editors, Inc.), as interpreted and of their official duties. If they elect to do so, they modified by the editors and the ASM Publications should not sign the ASM copyright transfer agree- Department. The editors and the Publications Depart- ment.) ment reserve the privilege of editing manuscripts to conform with the stylistic conventions set forth in the Scope aforesaid publications and in these instructions. IAI is devoted to the advancement and dissemina- tion of fundamental knowledge concerning: (i) infec- Review Process tions caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and para- All manuscripts are subjected to by the sites; (ii) ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic editors, members of the editorial board, or qualified ad microbes; (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and hoc reviewers. When a manuscript is submitted to IAI, microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in it is given a manuscript control number and is assigned host resistance and susceptibility to infection; and (v) to one of the editors. The authors are notified of this immunology of microbial infection. number and the editor to whom the manuscript has IAI will consider papers concerned with the ecology been assigned. (It is the responsibility of the corre- of pathogenic microbes. Clinical descriptions and pa- sponding author to inform the coauthors of the manu- pers concerning the microbiology of hospital environ- script's status throughout the review and publication ments should be submitted to the Journal of Clinical processes.) The reviewers operate under strict guide- Microbiology. Papers concerned with environmental lines set forth in "Guidelines for Reviewers" and are ecology should be submitted to Applied and Environ- expected to complete their reviews within 3 weeks mental Microbiology. after receiving the manuscript. Authors are notified, IAI will consider papers concerned with specific and generally within 8 weeks after submission, of accep- nonspecific immunity to microorganisms, including tance, rejection, or the need for modification. When a the function of phagocytes, lymphocytes, im- manuscript is returned to the author for modific-ation, munoglobulins, and other factors. Studies of basic it should be returned to the editor within 2 months. If immunology and tumor immunology are more appro- more time is required, permission should be obtained priate for non-ASM journals. from the editor; otherwise it may be considered with- IAI will consider papers describing experimental drawn. models of infections and the pathological conse- quences of infection. In addition, the journal will Notification of Acceptance consider papers describing microbial products that are When an editor has decided that a manuscript is or may be related to pathogenesis. Microbiai products acceptable for publication on the basis of scientific or activities that are described and related to diagnosis merit, it is sent to the Publications Department, where should be submitted to the Journal of Clinical it is checked by the production editor. If the manu- Microbiology. If papers contain extensive taxonomic script has been prepared according to the criteria set material, they should be submitted to the International forth in these Instructions, it is scheduled for the next Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. available issue and an acceptance letter that indicates IAI will not consider papers concerned with antimi- the month of publication, approximate page proof crobial therapy. These should be submitted to Antimi- dates, and section is mailed to the corresponding crobial Agents and Chemotherapy. author. The editorial staff of the ASM Publications IAI will not consider papers concerned with viral Department completes the editing of the manuscript to infections. These should be submitted to the Journal bring it into conformity with prescribed style and of Virology. English usage. Papers describing methodology are not encouraged; only under unusual circumstances will they be consid- Page Proofs ered for publication. The printer sends page proofs, copy-edited manu- Questions about these guidelines may be directed to script, and the page charge/reprint order form to the the editor in chief of the journal being considered. author. As soon as the page proofs are corrected Note that a manuscript rejected by one ASM journal (within 48 h), they should be mailed to the ASM on scientific grounds or on the basis of its general Publications Department. suitability for publication is considered rejected by all The proof stage is not the time to make extensive other ASM journals. corrections, additions, or deletions. Important new information that has become available between accep- Editorial Style tance of the manuscript and receipt of the proofs may The editorial style of ASM journals conforms to the be inserted as an Addendum in Proof with the permis- Council of Biology Editors Style Manual (5th ed., sion of the editor. Limit changes to correction of 1983; Council of Biology Editors, Inc., 9650 Rockville spelling errors, incorrect data, serious grammatical Pike, Bethesda, Md.), Robert A. Day's How To Write errors, and completion of "in press" references. Such and Publish a Scientific Paper (2nd ed., 1983; ISI references can be listed in Literature Cited in alpha- Press), and Scientific Writing for Graduate Students betical order by adding "a," "b," etc., to the refer- INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS . ence number; i.e., if the reference falls after citation Materials and Methods. The Materials and Methods 12, give it the designation "12a." Do not renumber section should include sufficient technical information references. to allow the experiments to be repeated. When cen- Questions about late proofs and problems in the trifugation conditions are critical, give enough infor- proofs should be directed to the ASM Publications mation to enable another investigator to repeat the Department, telephone (202) 833-9680. procedure: make of centrifuge, model of rotor, tem- perature, time at maximum speed, and centrifugal Reprints force (x g, rather than revolutions per minute). For Reprints (in multiples of 100) may be purchased by commonly used materials and methods (e.g., media contributors. An order form that includes a table and protein determinations), a simple reference is showing the cost of reprints is sent with each proof. sufficient. If several alternative methods are com- monly employed, it is useful to identify the method briefly as well as to cite the reference. For example, it ORGANIZATION AND FORMAT is preferable to state "cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described (9)" rather than Regular Papers "cells were broken as previously described (9)." The Regular full-length papers should include the ele- reader should be allowed to assess the method without ments described in this section. constant reference to previous publications. Describe new methods completely, and give sources of unusual Title. Each manuscript should present the results of chemicals, equipment, or microbial strains. When an independent, cohesive study; thus, numbered se- large numbers of microbial strains or mutants are used ries titles are not permitted. Exercise care in compos- in a study, include strain tables identifying the sources ing a title. Avoid the main title/subtitle arrangement, and properties of the strains, mutants, bacteriophages, complete sentences, and unnecessary articles. On the plasmids, etc. title page, include the title, running title (not to exceed A method, strain, etc., used in only one of several 54 characters and spaces), full name (including first experiments reported in the paper may be described in name and middle initial) of each author, address(es) of the Results section or, if very brief (one or two the institution(s) at which the work was performed, sentences), in a table footnote or figure legend. and each author's affiliation or a footnote indicating the present address(es) of any author(s) no longer at Results. In the Results section, include the rationale the institution where the work was performed. Place or design of the experiments as well as the results; an asterisk after the name of the author to whom reserve extensive interpretation of the results for the inquiries regarding the paper should be directed, and Discussion section. Present the results as concisely as give that author's telephone number. A list of key possible in one of the following: text, table(s), or words may also be included on the title page. These figure(s). Avoid extensive use of graphs to present will be considered during compilation of the subject data that might be more concisely presented in the text index. or tables. For example, except in unusual cases, double-reciprocal plots used to determine apparent Km Disclaimers. Statements disclaiming governmental values should not be presented as graphs; instead, the or any other type of endorsement or approval will be values should be stated in the text. Similarly, graphs deleted by the Publications Department. illustrating other graphic methods commonly used to derive kinetic or physical constants (e.g., reduced Abstract. Limit the abstract to 250 words or fewer, viscosity plots and plots used to determine sedimen- and concisely surpmarize the basic content of the tation velocity) need not be shown except in unusual paper without presenting extensive experimental de- circumstances. All tabular data must be accompanied tails. Avoid abbreviations, diagrams, and references. by either standard deviation values or standard errors When it is essential to include a reference, use the full of the means. The number of replicate determinations literature citation but omit the article title. Because the (or animals) used for making such calculations must abstract will be published separately by abstracting also be included. All statements concerning the signif- services, it must be complete and understandable icance of the differences observed should be accom- without reference to the text. panied by probability values given in parentheses. The statistical procedure used should be stated in Materials Introduction. The introduction should supply suffi- and Methods. Limit photographs (particularly cient background information to allow the reader to photomicrographs and electron micrographs) to those understand and evaluate the results of the present that are absolutely necessary to show the experimental study without referring to previous publications on the findings. Number figures and tables in the order in topic. The introduction should also provide the ratio- which they are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all nale for the present study. Choose references carefully figures and tables. to provide the most salient background rather than an exhaustive review of the topic. Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter- IV INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS pretation of the results in relation to previously pub- 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual of lished work and to the experimental system at hand clinical immunology, 1st ed. American Society for and should not contain extensive repetition of the Microbiology, Washington, D.C. In 5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen Results section or reiteration of the introduction. novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons short papers, the Results and Discussion sections may (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th be combined. ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. 6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p. Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financial 352-355. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring assistance and of personal assistance are given in Harbor, N.Y. separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl- 7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellular edgment of grant support is as follows: "This work cations on the germination ofbacterial spores, p. 437-442. was supported by Public Health Service grant In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute." (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen- tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles, Parenthetical references in the text should be cited authors, and Literature Cited sections that are distinct as follows: from those of the primary article are not allowed. If it . . . and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic- is not feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686, the by-line or the Acknowledgment section of the 1976). primary article, rewrite the appendix so that it can be . . . system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H. considered for publication as an independent article, Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res. either full length or Note style. Equations, tables, and Commun., in press). figures should be labeled with the letter "A" preceding ... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis, the numeral to distinguish them from those cited in the University of California, Los Angeles, 1972). main body of the text. ... in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W. Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Literature Cited. The Literature Cited section must 1976, K15, p. 139). include all relevant published work, and all listed Notes references must be cited in the text. Arrange the citations in alphabetical order by first author and Submit Notes in the same way as full-length papers. number consecutively. (Abbreviate journal names ac- They receive the same review, and they are neither cording to Serial Sources for the BIOSIS Data Base, published more rapidly than full-length papers nor BioSciences Information Service, 1984.) Cite each considered preliminary communications. The Note listed reference by number in the text. format is intended for the presentation of brief obser- The following types of references are not valid for vations that do not warrant full-length papers. listing: unpublished data, personal communications, Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50 manuscripts in preparation, manuscripts submitted, words. Do not use section headings in the body of the "in press" references, pamphlets, abstracts, patents, Note; report methods, results, and discussion in a theses, dissertations, news-letters, and material that single section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. The has not been subjected to peer review. References to text is not to exceed 1,000 words, and the number of such sources should be made parenthetically in the figures and tables should be kept to a minimum. text. An "in press" reference to an ASM publication Materials and methods should be described in the text, should state the control number (e.g., IAI 576-86) or not in figure legends or table footnotes. Present ac- the name of the publication if it is a book. knowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not use Follow the styles shown in the examples below. a heading. The Literature Cited section is identical to that of full-length papers. 1. Alderete, J. F., and D. C. Robertson. 1978. Purification and chemical characterization of the heat-stable entero- Minireviews toxin produced by porcine strains of enterotoxigenic Minireviews are brief summaries (limit of six printed Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 19:1021-1030. pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. They 2. Berry, L. J., R. N. Moore, K. J. Goodrum, and R. E. must be based on previously published articles: they Couch, Jr. 1977. Cellular requirements for enzyme inhi- bition by endotoxin in mice, p. 321-325. In D. Schlessin- may address any subject within the scope of IAI. ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. American Society for Minireviews may be either solicited or proffered by Microbiology, Washington, D.C. authors responding to a recognized need. Irrespective 3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding. of origin, reviews are subject to editorial review. 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co- ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society for Errata Microbiology, Washington, D.C. The Erratum section provides a means of correcting 4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p. errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS v

Changes in data and the addition of new material are requiring additional artwork or typesetting. No part of not permitted. Send errata directly to the Publications the graph or drawing should be typewritten or hand Department. lettered. Use a lettering set or other professional- quality device for all labeling. Both axes of graphs Author's Corrections must be labeled. Most graphs will be reduced to The Author's Correction section provides a means one-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements in of adding citations that were overlooked in a published the drawing should be large enough to withstand this article. The author who failed to cite a reference and reduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close up the author whose paper was not cited must agree to when reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printer such a publication; the editor, editor in chief, chairman may not be able to reproduce in the legend. Direct of the Publications Board, and director of publications readouts from computers, recorders, etc., are not will not be involved. Letters from both authors must usually acceptable; such material should be redrawn. accompany the author's correction sent to the Publi- One of the two sets of drawings may consist of cations Department. photocopies; the other, however, must consist of photographs. In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well as in ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES table column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num- Continuous-Tone Photographs bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use the International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for The figure number and authors' names should be 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of written on all figures, either in the margin or on the SI symbols can be found in the International Union of back (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro- Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well. Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan- Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu- tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). script with paper clips. Insert small figures in an Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure envelope if necessary. ordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompanied When submitting continuous-tone photographs by a label kcpm. (e.g., polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal When powers of 10 must be employed, the editorial page size: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67I8 style of IAI follows the CBE Style Manual recommen- inches for a double column (maximum). Include only dation, which differs in the convention employed from the significant portion of the illustration. Each must be that of several other journals. The CBE Style Manual of sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss of suggests that the exponent power be associated with contrast and detail inherent in the printing process. the number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml, Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figure the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and the for each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are not label would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x acceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should be 10-4'"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml the size they will appear when published so that no would be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 reduction is needed. If they must be reduced, make U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml sure that all elements, including labeling, can with- labeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml. stand reduction and remain legible. If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tone photograph and a Figure Legends drawing or labeling, the tone should be mounted on the Legends should provide enough information so that original drawing (i.e., do not submit a photograph of the figure is understandable without frequent reference the composite). to the text. However, detailed experimental methods Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop- must be described in the Materials and Methods ies of the original negative; in addition to the two sets section, not in a figure legend. A method that is unique of photographs for the reviewers, include a third set to to one of several experiments may be reported in a be used for reproduction. Indicate the magnification legend only if the discussion is very brief (one or two with a scale marker on each micrograph. sentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations used Color Photographs in the figure that have not been defined elsewhere. Color photographs are discouraged. However, if Tables they are necessary, include an extra copy so that a Type each table on a separate page. Arrange the cost estimate for printing may be obtained. The cost of data so that columns of like material read down, not printing color photographs must be borne by the across. The headings should be sufficiently clear so author. that the meaning of the data will be understandable without reference to the text. See the Abbreviations Drawings section of these instructions for those that may be used Submit graphs, charts, diagrams, and other drawings in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but as glossy photographs made from finished drawings not more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes Vi INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS should not include detailed descriptions of the exper- Drugs iment. A well-constructed table is shown below. Whenever possible, use generic names rather than trade names of drugs. TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated S. typhimurium by mouse livers Nomenclature of Microorganisms % Recovery ina: Total Binary names, consisting of a generic name and a Bacteria Liver Perfusate recovery specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be used for all microorganisms. Names of higher categories Control 60.1 + 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 8.7 Previously 39.4 8.4b 66.2 ± 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3 may be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi- perfused thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded by a generic name the first time it is used in a paper. a Mean ± standard deviation of at least seven experiments. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated to b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order method (21). the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided there can be no confusion with other genera used in the paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for fungi, divisions], Camera-Ready Copy classes, orders, families, genera, species, and subspe- Drawings, tables, chemical formulas, etc., that can cies) are printed in italics; strain designations and be photographically reproduced for publication with- numbers are not. out further typesetting or artwork are referred to as The spelling of bacterial names should follow the "camera ready." Such copy may also be prepared for Approved Lists ofBacterial Names (American Society complicated mathematical or physical formulas, por- for Microbiology, 1980), the subsequent validation tions of genetic maps, diagrams, and flow schemes. It lists and relevant articles published in the Interna- should not be hand lettered. Camera-ready copy must tional Journal of Systematic Bacteriology since 1980, be carefully prepared to conform to the style of IAI. The or Bergey's Manual ofSystematic Bacteriology (N. R. advantage in submitting camera-ready copy is that the Krieg and J. G. Holt, ed., The Williams & Wilkins material will appear exactly as envisioned by the Co., 1984). If there is reason to use a name that does author, and no second proofreading is necessary. This not have standing in nomenclature, the name should is particularly advantageous when there are long, be enclosed in quotation marks and an appropriate complicated tables and when the division of material statement concerning the nomenclatural status of the and spacing are important. name should be made in the text (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 30:547-556, 1980). NOMENCLATURE It is recommended that a strain be deposited in a recognized culture collection when that strain is nec- Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte- The recognized authority for the names of chemical -iological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society for compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Abstract Microbiology, 1975). Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) and its Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it is indexes. For biochemical terminology, including ab- the responsibility of the author to determine the cur- breviations and symbols, consult the following: Bio- rently accepted binomial for a given yeast or mold. chemical Nomenclature and Related Documents Some sources for the spelling of these names include (1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society, Lon- The Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study (3rd ed., N. J. W. don), instructions to authors of the Journal ofBiolog- Kreger-van Rij, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., ical Chemistry and the Archives of Biochemistry and 1984) and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Biophysics (first issues of each year), and the Hand- Fungi, Including the Lichens, 6th ed. (Commonwealth book of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., CRC Press, Inc., 3rd ed., 1976). Mycological Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1971). Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec- Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should be ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass is given designations consisting of letters and serial num- expressed in daltons. bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker's For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name initials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory, assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In- etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant, ternational Union of Biochemistry as described in isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial) Enzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1979). designation. This designation should be distinct from If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper those of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypic (trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstract and phenotypic symbols should not be included. and text. Use the EC number when one has been A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by assigned, and express enzyme activity either in katals the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of Medical (preferred) or in the older system of micromoles per Microbiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA minute. 94305. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS .ii

Genetic Nomenclature unless the relevance of this information is readily Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are apparent or demonstrated in the text. described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The phenotype designation describes the observable prop- Verb Tense erties of an organism. The genotype refers to the Use the past tense to narrate particular events in the genetic constitution of an organism, usually in refer- past, including the procedures, observations, and data ence to some standard wild type. Use the recommen- of the study you are reporting. Use the present tense dations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as for general statements, including your own general a guide in employing these terms. If your manuscript conclusions, the conclusions of previous researchers, contains information including genetic nomenclature, and generally accepted facts. In addition, the present please refer to the Instructions to Authors in the Janu- tense should be used for discourse having an immedi- ary issue of the Journal ofBacteriology. ate effect on the reader ("the data indicate"; "Fig. 1 shows"). "Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc- tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primary Abbreviations sequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (a General. It is strongly recommended that all abbre- strain carrying one or more mutations). One may viations except those listed below be introduced in the speak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannot first paragraph in Materials and Methods. Alterna- map a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no genetic tively, define each abbreviation and introduce it in locus, only a phenotype. parentheses the first time it is used; e.g., "cultures were grown in Eagle minimal essential medium Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en- (MEM)." Generally, eliminate abbreviations that are zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser- not used at least five times in the text (including tables tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) should and figure legends). Abbreviations should be used follow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene primarily as an aid to the reader, rather than as a 5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec- convenience to the author, and therefore their use tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser- should be limited. Abbreviations other than those tions at sites where there are no known loci, e.g., recommended by the IUPAC-IUB (Biochemical No- zef-123::Tn5, has been described by Chumley et al. menclature and Related Documents, 1978) should be (Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, use used only when a case can be made for necessity, such the nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al. as in tables and figures. (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrase plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. a long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "the 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts substrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivial (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for restriction names or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be enzymes and DNA fragments derived from treatment used for terms that appear in full in the neighboring with these enzymes. Recombinant DNA molecules, text. constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for in- sertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinant Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia- DNA molecules should be described by using the gene tions for standard units of measurement and chemical symbols and conventions for the organism from which symbols of the elements, the following should be used the DNA was obtained. The Plasmid Reference Cen- without definition in the title, abstract, text, figure ter, Stanford University School of Medicine, assigns legends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); Tn and IS numbers to avoid conflicting and repetitive cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleic use. acid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu- clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA (ribosomal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, GTP, etc. (for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine or other Patient Identification nucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for When isolates are derived from patients in clinical contrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphos- studies, do not identify them by using the patients' phatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD initials, even as part of a strain designation. Change (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NAD+ the initials to arabic numerals or use randomly chosen (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH letters. Do not give hospital unit numbers; if a desig- (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP nation is needed, use only the last two digits of the (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); unit. (Note: Established designations of some viruses NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phos- and cell lines, although they consist of initials, are phate, reduced); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acceptable [e.g., JC virus, BK virus, HeLa cells].) acid, polydeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. Do not identify patients by race or occupation (oligodeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophos- . .i. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS phate); PP, (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU "nmol/10 min," and ",umol/g" would be preferable to (plaque-forming units); CFU (colony-forming units); "nmol/,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguous MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration); MBC (mini- form such as exponential notation be used instead of mal bactericidal concentration); Tris [tris(hydroxy- multiple slashes; for example, ",umol g-1 min-1" is methyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); preferable to ",umol/g per min." A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylene- See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de- diaminetetraacetic acid). Abbreviations for cell lines tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con- (e.g., HeLa cells) also need not be defined. tained in this source is information on the appropriate The following abbreviations should be used without SI units to be used for the reporting of illumination, definition in tables: energy, frequency, pressure, and other physical terms. Always report numerical data in the appropriate SI amt (amount) SD (standard deviation) unit. approx (approximately) SE (standard error) avg (average) SEM (standard error of the Isotopically Labeled Compounds concn (concentration) mean) diam (diameter) sp act (specific activity) For simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the expt (experiment) sp gr (specific gravity) chemical formula (e.g., 14CO2, 3H20, H235S04). ht (height) temp (temperature) Brackets are not employed when the isotopic symbol mo (month) tr (trace) is attached to a word which is not a specific chemical mol wt (molecular vol (volume) name (e.g., 1311-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H- weight) vs (versus) ligands, etc.). no. (number) wk (week) For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope is prepn (preparation) wt (weight) placed in square brackets directly preceding the part of yr (year) the name that describes the labeled entity. Note that configuration symbols and modifiers precede the iso- Reporting Numerical Data topic symbol. The following examples illustrate cor- Standard metric units are used for reporting length, rect usage: weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity, use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for 10-3, 10-6, 10-9, [14C]urea UDP-[U-'4C]glucose and 10-12, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for L-[methyl-'4C]methionine E. coli [32P]DNA 103. Avoid compound prefixes such as m,L or ,u,. Use [2,3-3H]serine fructose 1,6-[l-32P]bisphosphate pug/ml or ,g/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units of [a-14C]lysine [y-32P]ATP temperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K. When fractions are used to express units such as This journal follows the same conventions for iso- enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use whole topic labeling as the Journal ofBiological Chemistry, units, such as g or min, in the denominator instead of and more detailed information can be found in the fractional or multiple units, such as pug or 10 min. For instructions to authors of that journal (first issue of example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to each year). 1986 APPLICATION FOR FULL MEMBERSHIP IN THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY 1913 I Street, NW * Washington, DC 20006 * (202) 833-9680 COMPLETE ALL INFORMATION REQUESTED AND RETURN FORM WITH REMITTANCE IN U.S. FUNDS Eligibility ASM welcomes to full membership anyone who is interested in its objectives and has a minimum of a bachelors de- gree orequivalent in microbiologyora related field. Initiation Memberships are initiated and renewed in January each year. Unless there are directions to the contrary, membership nominations received prior to November 1 are credited to the current year, and back issues of the selected publications fo, the current year are furnished, if available. Nominations received after November 1 will become effective the following January. NAME FIRST INITIAL LAST ADDRESS CITY STATE/PROVINCE ZIP/POSTAL CODE COUNTRY PHONENUMBER( ) YEAR OF BIRTH SEX_ HIGHEST DEGREE YEAR EARNED MAJOR SUBJECT GRANTING INSTITUTION PRESENT POSITION CURRENT SCIENTIFIC AREA SIGNATURE DATE *NOMINATED BY SIGNATURE OF ASM MEMBER *If you are not associated with an ASM nominating member, you can still send in this full member application form and we will contact you. Dues Annual dues for 1986 are $61.00, with $10.00 allocated for ASM News and $8.00 for membership services. Apply the remaining $43.00 to subscriptions for the ASM journals at the special membership rates indicated below. Journals Please check: El Enclosed is my dues payment (in U.S. dollars only) ...... $61 O Please send me the following ASM journal(s) at Member Price(s): U.S. Non-U.S. Amount Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy $35 $49 $- Applied and Environmental Microbiology 35 49 Molecular and Cellular Biology 41 54 Infection and Immunity 41 54 International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 35 35 41 54 Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35 49 Journal of Virology 41 54 Microbiological Reviews 18 29 Total Journal Fees $- Subtract your $43 Member Journals Credit $ -43 Subtotal (if less than zero, enter zero) $- Add your $61 Membership Dues $ +61 Total (Dues plus Journals). If total is less than $61.00, enter $61.00 $ PAYMENT IN U.S. DOLLARS MUST ACCOMPANY APPLICATION A membership card, voting registration form, Placement Committee form and the journal(s) of your choice will be sent within 90 days upon completion of processing. Dues for individual membership in ASM are tax deductible. Rates are for 1986 only. Non-U.S. applicants remit in U.S. dollars by check or draft payable to ASM through a U.S. bank located within the Continental U.S. Applicants from Canada may use check made out in U.S. dollars and drawn on a Canadian bank. U.S. and non-U.S. applicants may choose to pay with VISA or MasterCard. If that is your preference, please fill in the box below.

0 VISA # [l MASTERCARD # EXPIRATION DATE | TODAYS DATE SIGNATURE Minimum Charge $15.00