Infection and Immunity Volume 57 * January 1989 * Number 1 J

INFECTION AND IMMUNITY VOLUME 57 * JANUARY 1989 * NUMBER 1 J. W. Shands, Jr., Editor in Chief Dexter H. Howard, Editor (1991) (1989) University of California University of Florida, Gainesville Peter F. Bonventre, Editor (1989) Los Angeles, Calif. Phillip J. Baker, Editor (1990) University of Cincinnati Stephen H. Leppla, Editor (1991) National Institute of Allergy and Cincinnati, Ohio U.S. Army Medical Research Institute Infectious Diseases Roy Curtiss III, Editor (1990) ofInfectious Diseases Bethesda, Md. Washington University Frederick, Md. Edwin H. Beachey, Editor (1993) St. Louis, Mo. Stephan E. Mergenhagen, Editor (1989) VA Medical Center National Institute ofDental Research Memphis, Tenn. Bethesda, Md. EDITORIAL BOARD Soman N. Abraham (1991) Barry Eisenstein (1991) Suzanne M. Michalek (1989) Julius Schachter (1989) Julia Albright (1989) Joseph Ferretti (1989) Michael L. Misfeldt (1991) Stewart Scherer (1991) John F. Alderete (1991) Richard A. Finkelstein (1989) David C. Morrison (1989) Patrick Schlievert (1990) Leonard C. Altman (1989) Vincent A. Fischetti (1989) Steve L. Moseley (1990) June R. Scott (1990) Neil R. Baker (1989) David FitzGerald (1989) Antony J. Mukkada (1990) Thomas M. Shinnick (1991) Alan Barbour (1989) Robert Fitzgerald (1989) Robert S. Munford (1989) Gerald D. Shockman (1989) Joel B. Baseman- (1991) Ronald J. Gibbons (1991) Juneann W. Murphy (1990) W. A. Simpson (1991) Robert E. Baughn (1990) Jon Goguen (1989) H. Nikaido (1989) Emil Skamene (1991) Blaine L. Beaman (1991) William E. Goldman (1989) Staffan Normark (1991) Magie So (1989) Gary K. Best (1991) Emil Gotschlich (1991) Itzhak Ofek (1989) P. Frederick Sparling (1990) Jenefer Blackwell (1991) Frank M. Griffin, Jr. (1990) Dennis Ohman (1989) Susan Straley (1989) Arnold S. Bleiweis (1990) Thomas L. Hale (1990) Andrew B. Onderdonk (1990) Barnet M. Sultzer (1991) David E. Briles (1991) Robert E. W. Hancock (1991) Paul Orndorff (1990) John L. Swanson (1990) Drusilla L. Burns (1991) Eric J. Hansen (1989) Shelley M. Payne (1991) Diane Taylor (1990) Gerald Byrne (1991) David L. Hasty (1991) Nathaniel F. Pierce (1989) Ronald K. Taylor (1991) Richard A. Calderone (1990) Fred Heifron (1990) Matthew Pollack (1989) John Thompson (1990) Priscilla A. Campbell (1990) David Hentges (1991) Richard A. Proctor (1990) Michael R. Thompson (1990) Janne G. Cannon (1990) James B. Hicks (1991) Reuben Ramphal (1991) K. N. Timmis (1990) Gail H. Cassell (1990) Jacques R. Hiernaux (1991) Jonathan I. Ravdin (1989) Ivo van de R"n (1990) Bruce Chassy (1990) Penny J. Hitchcock (1989) Neil E. Reiner (1991) Jan D. A. van Embden (1991) John 0. Cisar (1991) Paul S. Hoffman (1991) Richard F. Rest (1990) Johannes van Houte (1991) William B. Clark (1991) James B. Jensen (1989) John B. Robbins (1989) Michael L. Vasil (1990) P. Patrick Cleary (1990) William Johnson (1991) Donald Robertson (1990) Peter A. Ward (1991) Steven Clegg (1990) Keith A. Joiner (1989) Domenico Romeo (1991) Rodney Welch (1990) Don B. Clewell (1990) Stefan H. E. Kaufmann (1989) Burton Rosan (1989) Tracy D. Wilkins (1990) Rebecca Cox (1990) Paul M. Kaye (1991) Raoul S. Rosenthal (1989) Peter H. Williams (1990) Jorge H. Crosa (1991) Paul Kolenbrander (1989) Roy R. B. Russell (1989) Herbert H. Winkler (1989) Jim E. Cutler (1990) Malak Kotb (1991) David Sacks (1989) Donald E. Woods (1989) Charles J. Czuprynski (1989) Thomas R. Kozel (1991) Catharine Saelinger (1990) William W. Yotis (1989) Judith E. Domer (1989) Maurice J. Lefford (1990) Ann L. Sandberg (1989) Douglas B. Young (1991) Gordon Dougan (1991) Floyd C. McIntire (1991) Phillippe Sansonetti (1989) Elizabeth J. Ziegler (1991) Roman Dziarski (1990) John Mekalanos (1989) Dwayne C. Savage (1990) Robert A. Eisenberg (1990) Jiri Mestecky (1989) Charles F. Schachtele (1991) Helen R. Whiteley, Chairman, Publications Board Kirk Jensen, Director ofPublications Linda M. Illig, Managing Editor, Journals Jack Kenney, Production Editor Infection and Immunity (ISSN 0019-9567), a publication of the American Society for Microbiology, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006-5107, is devoted to the advancement and dissemination of fundamental knowledge concerning: (i) infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and unicellular parasites; (ii) the ecology and epidemiology of pathogenic microbes; (iii) virulence factors, such as toxins and microbial surface structures; (iv) nonspecific factors in host resistance and susceptibility to infection; and (v) immunology of microbial infection. Instructions to authors are published in the January issue each year; reprints are available from the editors and the Publications Department. Infection and Immunity is published monthly, one volume per year. The nonmember subscription price is $340 per year; single copies are $30. 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Made in the United States of America. Printed on acid-free paper. Copyright C) 1989, American Society for Microbiology. El: 4^ t E I (f I' 4 All Rights Reserved. The code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner's consent that copies of the article may be made for personal use or for personal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 21 Congress St., Salem, MA 01970, for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. Author Index

Abe, Chiyoji, 283 Follett, Denise M., 225 Martinez, Jose P., 262 Shultz, Leonard D., 62 Agliano, A. M., 138 Freihorst, Joachim, 235 Matile, Hugues, 278 Siadak, Anthony, 174 Allen, Bradley L., 219 Fujii, Nobuhiro, 272 Matsuo, Kazuhiro, 283 Siegfried, Lynne M., 225 Anderson, Kathleen J., 13 Fukuyama, Kimie, 186 Mazier, Dominique, 278 Simon, M. M., 41 Andrews, Gerard P., 164 McBride, Barry C., 95 Simpson, Lance L., 255 Astbury, Lyn, 204 Garsia, Roger J., 204 McConnell, Moyra M., 164 Slaughter, Clive A., 196 Gatermann, Soren, 110 McIntyre, Kim W., 48 Small, Gloria, 174 Basten, Antony, 204 Gerlach, Gerald-F., 219 Mellors, John W., 132 Smith, Leonard A., 18 Batteiger, Byron E., 299 Gil, M. Luisa, 262 Merrick, Joseph M., 235 Sokolovic, Z., 295 Beachey, Edwin H., 29 Goebel, Werner, 55, 295 Migasena, Sricharoen, 117 Sorsa, Timo, 213 Becker, Annette, 8 Grayston, J. Thomas, 71 Miller, Virginia L., 121 Speer, C. A., 289 Benjamin, William, 48 Grenier, Daniel, 95 Miltgen, Frangois, 278 Stanley, Samuel L., Jr., 8 Black, Robert E., 117 Groover, Karen A., 18 Miwatani, Toshio, 158 Stiles, Bradley G., 255 Boedeker, Edgar C., 164 Miyake, Masami, 158 Stills, Harold F., Jr., 191 Bohach, Gregory A., 23 Habig, William H., 18 Mogil, Rona J., 146 Suntharasamai, Pravan, 117 Booth, Roger J., 204 Hall, Elaine, 62 Moomaw, Carolyn R., 196 Supanaranond, Wichai, 117 Boyer, Michael J., 245 Halpern, Jane L., 18 Moon, Harley W., 82 Syuto, Bunei, 272 Bright, Rani, 180 Hanmilton, Holly L., 225 Munson, Robert, Jr., 88 Britton, Warwick J., 204 Handley, Jeffrey P., 23 Museteanu, C., 41 Takahashi, Hisashi, 186 Brown, James F., 100 Heffron, Fred, 1 Tall, Ben D., 164 Buchmeier, Nancy A., 1 Heino, Jyrki, 213 Nagai, Sadamu, 283 Taylor, Christopher E., 180 Hellqvist, Linus, 204 Nelson, Robert D., 291 Terasaka, Kunihiro, 283 Campbell, Lee Ann, 71 Hill, Walter E., 121 Norgard, Michael V., 196 Thissen, Robert W., 71 Cardenioso, Laura, 262 Honda, Takeshi, 158 Nussler, Andreas, 278 Thomas, Diane, 174 Casanova, Manuel, 262 Hook, Reuel R., Jr., 191 Toba, Hirokazu, 239 Cattani, P., 138 Hoschutzky, Heinz, 76 Ogra, Pearay L., 235 Tolan, Robert, W., Jr., 88 Chamberlain, Neal R., 196 Hsu, Pei-Ling, 196 Oguma, Keiji, 272 Trent, Ronald J., 204 Chao, G., 95 Huerkamp, Michael J., 62 Orth, Kim, 196 Tsuzuki, Kayo, 272 Chow, Anthony W., 231 Chrisp, Clarence E., 62 Jann, Klaus, 76 Paques, A. T., 138 Uitto, Veli-Jukka, 213 Clegg, Steven, 219 John, Jorg, 110 Peterson, Ellena M., 152 Unowsky, Joel, 48 Cocito, C., 138 Justus, C. W. E., 41 Pied, Sylviane, 278 Coene, M., 138 Pier, Gerald B., 174 Walzer, Peter D., 62 Cooley, A. James, 100 Kashima, Masato, 186 Pitisuttitham, Punnee, 117 62 Whipp, Shannon C., 82 Crawford, Jack T., 239 Kehoe, Michael A., 29 Pogue, Cheryl L., Whiting, John L., 231 Czarniecki, Christine W., 152 Kim, C. Kurtis, 62 Poirier, Thomas P., 29 Whitmire, William M., 289 Czuprynski, Charles J., 100, Kimura, Kouichi, 272 Pontet, Michel, 278 Whitnack, Ellen, 29 225 Kramer, M. D., 41 Prayurahong, Benjaluck, 117 Kuhn, Michael, 55 Wilkins, Tracy D., 255 Radford, Anthony J., 204 Winkler, Herbert H., 36 Daugherty, Robin M., 36 Kuhn, Raymond E., 13 Kim S., 245 Dean, Evelyn A., 82 Kuo, Cho-chou, 71 Radolf, Justin D., 196 Wise, Rank, Roger G., 299 Wixson, Sally K., 62 Debs, Robert J., 132 Kurokawa, Yasuo, 272 Marcia K., 164 de la Maza, Luis M., 152 Kyle, Jean E., 289 Rosten, Patricia M., 231 Wolf, DeLorenzo, William, 48 Ryan, John L., 132 Desakorn, Varunee, 117 Lambert, Paul-Henri, 278 Yamada, Takeshi, 283 Dettori, G., 138 Larjava, Hannu, 213 Sanna, A., 138 Yamaguchi, Ryuji, 283 Dockter, Michael E., 29 Lerro, Anthony V., 62 Schaible, U. E., 41 Yamazaki, Akihiro, 283 Levine, Myron M., 164 Schlievert, Patrick M., 23, 291 Yokosawa, Noriko, 272 Ellner, Jerrold J., 239 Li, Ellen, 8 Schreiber, Robert D., 152 Young, Karen M., 100 Epstein, William L., 186 Linke, Michael J., 62 Seamon, Kenneth B., 18 Lottspeich, Friedrich, 76 Sell, Stewart, 196 Zepeda, Hector, 255 Falkow, Stanley, 121 Sentandreu, Rafael, 262 Zhang, Li-Quan, 196 Farmer, J. J., III, 121 Mahrt, J. L., 146 Shi, Yufang, 146 Zhong, Guangming, 152 Fast, David J., 291 Marre, Reinhard, 110 Shimozuma, Michiro, 186 Zweerink, Hans, 174 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY, Jan. 1989 INFECTION AND IMMUNITY INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS HOW TO SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS original research results, (ii) in a form whereby peers Submit manuscripts directly to the ASM Publications of the author can repeat the experiments and test the Department, 1913 I St., N.W., Washington, DC 20006- conclusions, and (iii) in a journal or other source 5107. 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Schlessin- American for are absolutely necessary to show the experimental ger (ed.), Microbiology-1977. Society Microbiology, Washington, D.C. findings. Number figures and tables in the order in 3. Finegold, S. M., W. E. Shepherd, and E. H. Spaulding. which they are cited in the text, and be sure to cite all 1977. Cumitech 5, Practical anaerobic bacteriology. Co- figures and tables. ordinating ed., W. E. Shepherd. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Discussion. The Discussion should provide an inter- 4. Gill, T. J., III. 1976. Principles of radioimmunoassay, p. pretation of the results in relation to previously pub- 169-171. In N. R. Rose and H. Friedman (ed.), Manual of lished work and to the experimental system at hand clinical immunology, 1st ed. American Society for and should not contain extensive repetition of the Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Results section or reiteration of the introduction. In 5. Leadbetter, E. R. 1974. Order II. Cytophagales nomen short papers, the Results and Discussion sections may novum, p. 99. In R. E. Buchanan and N. E. Gibbons be combined. (ed.), Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology, 8th ed. The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore. Acknowledgments. Acknowledgments of financial 6. Miller, J. H. 1972. Experiments in molecular genetics, p. 352-355. Cold Harbor Cold assistance and of personal assistance are given in Spring Laboratory, Spring Harbor, N.Y. separate paragraphs. The usual format for acknowl- 7. Sacks, L. E. 1972. Influence of intra- and extracellular edgment of grant support is as follows: "This work cations on the germination ofbacterial spores, p. 437-442. was supported by Public Health Service grant In H. 0. Halvorson, R. Hanson, and L. L. Campbell CA-01234 from the National Cancer Institute." (ed.), Spores V. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. Appendixes. Appendixes, which contain supplemen- tary material to aid the reader, are permitted. Titles, Parenthetical references in the text should be cited authors, and Literature Cited sections that are distinct as follows: from those of the primary article are not allowed. If it ... and protects the organisms against oxygen toxic- is not feasible to list the author(s) of the appendix in ity (H. P. Misra and I. Fridovich, Fed. Proc. 35:1686, the by-line or the Acknowledgment section of the 1976). primary article, rewrite the appendix so that it can be ... system was used (W. E. Scowcroft, A. H. considered for publication as an independent article, Gibson, and J. D. Pagan, Biochem. Biophys. Res. either full length or Note style. Equations, tables, and Commun., in press). figures should be labeled with the letter "A" preceding ... in linkage group XIV (R. D. Smyth, Ph.D. thesis, the numeral to distinguish them from those cited in the University of California, Los Angeles, 1972). main body of the text. . . . in poly mitochondria (S. E. Mainzer and C. W. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS v

Slayman, Abstr. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol. Do not clasp figures to each other or to the manu- 1976, K15, p. 139). script with paper clips. Insert small figures in an envelope. Notes Submit Notes in the same way as full-length papers. Continuous-Tone and Composite Photographs They receive the same review, and they are neither When submitting continuous-tone photographs (e.g., published more rapidly than full-length papers nor polyacrylamide gels), keep in mind the journal page considered preliminary communications. The Note size: 35/16 inches for a single column and 67I8 inches for format is intended for the presentation of brief obser- a double column (maximum). Include only the signifi- vations that do not warrant full-length papers. cant portion of an illustration. Photos must be of Each Note must have an abstract of no more than 50 sufficient contrast to withstand the inevitable loss of words. Do not use section headings in the body of the contrast and detail inherent in the printing process. Note; report methods, results, and discussion in a Submit one photograph of each continuous-tone figure single section. Paragraph lead-ins are permissible. The for each copy of the manuscript; photocopies are not text is not to exceed 1,000 words, and the number of acceptable. If possible, the figures submitted should be figures and tables should be kept to a minimum. the size they will appear when published so that no Materials and methods should be described in the text, reduction is necessary. If they must be reduced, make not in figure legends or table footnotes. Present ac- sure that all elements, including labeling, can with- knowledgments as in full-length papers, but do not use stand reduction and remain legible. a heading. The Literature Cited section is identical to If a figure is a composite of a continuous-tone that of full-length papers. photograph and a drawing or labeling, the original composite must be provided for the printer (i.e., not a Minireviews photograph of the composite). This original, labeled Minireviews are brief summaries (limit of six printed "printer's copy," may be sent with the modified pages) of developments in fast-moving areas. They manuscript to the editor. must be based on published articles: they may address Electron and light micrographs must be direct cop- any subject within the scope of IAI. Minireviews may ies of the original negative. Indicate the magnification be either solicited or proffered by authors responding with a scale marker on each micrograph. to a recognized need. Irrespective of origin, mini- Color Photographs reviews are subject to editorial review. Color photographs are discouraged. However, if Errata they are necessary, include an extra copy so that a The Erratum section provides a means of correcting cost estimate for printing may be obtained. The cost of errors (e.g., typographical) in published articles. printing color photographs must be borne by the Changes in data and the addition of new material are author. not permitted. Send errata directly to the Publications Drawings Department. Submit graphs, charts, complicated chemical or Author's Corrections mathematical formulas, diagrams, and other drawings as glossy photographs made from finished drawings The Author's Correction section provides a means not requiring additional artwork or typesetting. Com- of adding citations that were overlooked in a published puter-generated graphics produced on high-quality la- article. The author who failed to cite a reference and ser printers are also usually acceptable. No part of the the author whose paper was not cited must agree to graph or drawing should be handwritten. Both axes of such a publication; the editor, editor in chief, chairman graphs must be labeled. Most graphs will be reduced to of the Publications Board, and director of publications one-column width (35/16 inches), and all elements in will not be involved. Letters from both authors must the drawing should be large enough to withstand this accompany the author's correction sent to the Publi- reduction. Avoid heavy letters, which tend to close up cations Department. when reduced, and unusual symbols, which the printer may not be able to reproduce in the legend. Disclaimers In figure ordinate and abscissa scales (as well as in Statements disclaiming governmental or any other table column headings), avoid ambiguous use of num- type of endorsement or approval will be deleted by the bers with exponents. Usually, it is preferable to use Publications Department. the International System of Units (,u for 10-6, m for 10-3, k for 103, M for 106, etc.). A complete listing of ILLUSTRATIONS AND TABLES SI symbols can be found in the International Union of The figure number and authors' names should be Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) "Manual of written on all figures, either in the margin or on the Symbols and Terminology for Physicochemical Quan- back (marked lightly with a soft pencil). For micro- tities and Units" (Pure Appl. Chem. 21:3-44, 1970). graphs especially, the top should be indicated as well. Thus, a representation of 20,000 cpm on a figure Vi INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS ordinate is to be made by the number 20, accompanied NOMENCLATURE by a label kcpm. When powers of 10 must be used, the journal Chemical and Biochemical Nomenclature requires that the exponent power be associated with The recognized authority for the names of chemical the number shown. In representing 20,000 cells per ml, compounds is Chemical Abstracts (Chemical Abstract the numeral on the ordinate would be "2" and the Service, Ohio State University, Columbus) and its label would be "104 cells per ml" (not "cells per ml x indexes. The Merck Index (10th ed., 1983; Merck & 10-4"). Likewise, an enzyme activity of 0.06 U/ml Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J.) is also an excellent source. would be shown as 6, accompanied by the label 10-2 For biochemical terminology, including abbreviations U/ml. The preferred designation would be 60 mU/ml and symbols, consult the following: Biochemical No- labeled as mU (or milliunits) per ml. menclature and Related Documents (1978; reprinted for The Biochemical Society, London), instructions to Figure Legends authors of the Journal ofBiological Chemistry and the Legends should provide enough information so that Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics (first issues the figure is understandable without frequent reference of each year), and the Handbook ofBiochemistry and to the text. However, detailed experimental methods Molecular Biology (G. D. Fasman, ed., CRC Press, must be described in the Materials and Methods Inc., 3rd ed., 1976). section, not in a figure legend. A method that is unique Do not express molecular weight in daltons; molec- to one of several experiments may be reported in a ular weight is a unitless ratio. Molecular mass is legend only if the discussion is very brief (one or two expressed in daltons. sentences). Define all symbols and abbreviations used For enzymes, use the recommended (trivial) name in the figure that have not been defined elsewhere. assigned by the Nomenclature Committee of the In- Tables ternational Union of Biochemistry as described in Enzyme Nomenclature (Academic Press, Inc., 1984). Type each table on a separate page. Arrange the If a nonrecommended name is used, place the proper data so that columns of like material read down, not (trivial) name in parentheses at first use in the abstract across. The headings should be sufficiently clear so and text. Use the EC number when one has been that the meaning of the data will be understandable assigned, and express enzyme activiLy either in katals without reference to the text. See the Abbreviations (preferred) or in the older system of micromoles per section ofthese instructions for those that may be used minute. in tables. Explanatory footnotes are acceptable, but more extensive table "legends" are not. Footnotes Amino Acid Sequences should not include detailed descriptions of the exper- Single-letter designations, rather than three-letter iment. Tables must include enough information to designations, should be used for sequences of amino warrant table format; those with fewer than six pieces acids. of data will be incorporated into the text by the copy editor. A well-constructed table is shown below. Drugs Chemical or generic names of drugs should be used; TABLE 1. Trapping of previously perfused piliated the use of code numbers or trade names is not permit- S. typhimurium by mouse livers ted.

Bacteria 6% Recovery ina: Total Nomenclature of Microorganisms recovery Liver Perfusate Binary names, consisting of a generic name and a Control 60.1 ± 11.2 46.2 ± 10.5 106.2 ± 87 specific epithet (e.g., Escherichia coli), should be used Previously 39.4 8.4b 66.2 9.5b 105.6 ± 10.3 for all microorganisms. Names of higher categories perfused may be used alone, but specific and subspecific epi- a Mean ± standard deviation of at least seven experiments. thets may not. A specific epithet must be preceded by b p < 0.001 versus control by the White rank order method (21). a generic name the first time it is used in a paper. Thereafter, the generic name should be abbreviated to Tables that can be photographically reproduced for the initial capital letter (e.g., E. coli), provided there publication without further typesetting or artwork are can be no confusion with other genera used in the referred to as "camera ready." They should not be paper. Names of all taxa (phyla [for fungi, divisions], hand lettered and must be carefully prepared to con- classes, orders, families, genera, species, and subspe- form with the style of the journal. The advantage of cies) are printed in italics and should be underlined in submitting camera-ready copy is that the material will the manuscript; strain designations and numbers are appear exactly as envisioned by the author, and no not. second proofreading is necessary. This is particularly The spelling of bacterial names should follow the advantageous when there are long, complicated tables Approved Lists ofBacterial Names (American Society and when the division of material and spacing are for Microbiology, 1980) and the validation lists and important. relevant articles published in the International Journal INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS vii of Systematic Bacteriology since 1980. If there is 5:197-206, 1979), with the modifications given in sec- reason to use a name that does not have standing in tion vi. The system of designating transposon inser- nomenclature, the name should be enclosed in quotations at sites where there are no known loci, e.g., tion marks and an appropriate statement concerning zef-123::TnS, has been described by Chumley et al. the nomenclatural status of the name should be made (Genetics 91:639-655, 1979). Whenever possible, use in the text (for an example, see Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. the nomenclature recommendations of Novick et al. 30:547-556, 1980). (Bacteriol. Rev. 40:168-189, 1976) for plasmids and It is recommended that a strain be deposited in a plasmid-specified activities, of Low (Bacteriol. Rev. recognized culture collection when that strain is nec- 36:587-607, 1972) for F-prime factors, and of Roberts essary for the description of a new taxon (see Bacte- (Nucleic Acids Res. 9:r75-r96, 1981) for restriction riological Code, 1975 Revision, American Society for enzymes and DNA fragments derived from treatment Microbiology, 1975). with these enzymes. Recombinant DNA molecules, Since the classification of fungi is not complete, it is constructed in vitro, follow the nomenclature for in- the responsibility of the author to determine the ac- sertions in general. DNA inserted into recombinant cepted binomial for a given yeast or mold. Some DNA molecules should be described by using the gene sources for the spelling of these names include The symbols and conventions for the organism from which Yeasts: a Taxonomic Study, 3rd ed. (N. J. W. Kreger- the DNA was obtained. The Plasmid Reference Cen- van Rij, ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1984) ter, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, and Ainsworth and Bisby's Dictionary of the Fungi, CA 94304, assigns Tn and IS numbers to avoid con- Including the Lichens, 7th ed. (Commonwealth Myco- flicting and repetitive use and also clears nonconflict- logical Institute, Kew, Surrey, England, 1983). ing plasmid prefix designations. Microorganisms, viruses, and plasmids should be given designations consisting of letters and serial num- ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS bers. It is generally advisable to include a worker's initials or a descriptive symbol of locale, laboratory, Patient Identification etc., in the designation. Each new strain, mutant, When isolates are derived from patients in clinical isolate, or derivative should be given a new (serial) studies, do not identify them by using the patients' designation. This designation should be distinct from initials, even as part of a strain designation. Change those of the genotype and phenotype, and genotypic the initials to arabic numerals or use randomly chosen and phenotypic symbols should not be included. letters. Do not give hospital unit numbers; if'a desig- A registry of plasmid designations is maintained by nation is needed, use only the last two digits of the the Plasmid Reference Center, Department of Medical unit. (Note: Established designations of some viruses Microbiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA and cell lines, although they consist of initials, are 94304. acceptable [e.g., JC virus, BK virus, HeLa cells].) Genetic Nomenclature Do not identify patients by race, country or region of origin, or occupation unless the relevance of this Bacteria. The genetic properties of bacteria are information is readily apparent or demonstrated in the described in terms of phenotypes and genotypes. The text. phenotype designation describes the observable properties of an organism. The genotype refers to the genetic constitution of an organism, usually in refer- Verb Tense ence to some standard wild type. Use the recommen- Use the past tense to narrate particular events in the dations of Demerec et al. (Genetics 54:61-76, 1966) as past, including the procedures, observations, and data a guide to the use of these terms. If your manuscript of the study that you are reporting. Use the present contains information including genetic nomenclature, tense for your own general conclusions, the conclu- please refer to the Instructions to Authors in the Janu- sions of previous researchers, and generally accepted ary issue of the Journal ofBacteriology. facts. Thus, most of the abstract, Materials and Meth- ods, and Results sections will be in the past tense, and "Mutant" vs. "mutation." Keep in mind the distinc- most of the introduction and some of the Discussion tion between a mutation (an alteration of the primary will be in the present tense. sequence of the genetic material) and a mutant (a Be aware that it may be necessary to vary the tense strain carrying one or more mutations). One may in a single sentence. For example, it is correct to say speak about the mapping of a mutation, but one cannot "White (30) demonstrated that XYZ cells grow at pH map a mutant. Likewise, a mutant has no genetic 6.8," "Fig. 2 shows that ABC cells failed to grow at locus, only a phenotype. room temperature," and "Air was removed from the chamber and the mice died, which proves that mice Transposable elements, plasmids, and restriction en- require air." In reporting statistics and calculations, it zymes. Nomenclature of transposable elements (inser- is correct to say "The values for the ABC cells are tion sequences, transposons, phage Mu, etc.) should statistically significant, indicating that the drug inhib- follow the recommendations of Campbell et al. (Gene ited...." . .i. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS

For an in-depth discussion of tense in scientific amt (amount) SD (standard deviation) writing, see p. 158-160 in How to Write and Publish a approx (approximately) SE (standard error) Scientific Paper, 3rd ed. avg (average) SEM (standard error of the concn (concentration) mean) diam (diameter) sp act (specific activity) Abbreviations expt (experiment) sp gr (specific gravity) exptl (experimental) temp (temperature) General. Abbreviations should be used as an aid to ht (height) tr (trace) the reader, rather than as a convenience to the author, mo (month) vol (volume) and therefore their use should be limited. Abbrevia- mol wt (molecular weight) vs (versus) tions other than those recommended by the IUPAC- no. (number) wk (week) IUB (Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Docu- prepn (preparation) wt (weight) ments, 1978) should be used only when a case can be yr (year) made for necessity, such as in tables and figures. It is often possible to use pronouns or to paraphrase Reporting Numerical Data a long word after its first use (e.g., "the drug," "the Standard metric units are used for reporting length, substrate"). Standard chemical symbols and trivial weight, and volume. For these units and for molarity, names or their symbols (folate, Ala, Leu, etc.) may be use the prefixes m, ,u, n, and p for lo-3, 10-6, 1o-9, used for terms that appear in full in the neighboring and 10- 2, respectively. Likewise, use the prefix k for text. 103. Avoid compound prefixes such as mp. or ,u,u. Use It is strongly recommended that all abbreviations p,g/ml or ,ug/g in place of the ambiguous ppm. Units of except those listed below be introduced in the first temperature are presented as follows: 37°C or 342 K. paragraph in Materials and Methods. Alternatively, When fractions are used to express units such as define each abbreviation and introduce it in parenthe- enzymatic activities, it is preferable to use whole sis the first time it is used; e.g., "cultures were grown units, such as g or min, in the denominator instead of in Eagle minimal essential medium (MEM)." Gener- fractional or multiple units, such as 1Lg or 10 min. For ally, eliminate abbreviations that are not used at least example, "pmol/min" would be preferable to five times in the text (including tables and figure "nmol/10 min," and "pumol/g" would be preferable to legends). "nmol/,g." It is also preferable that an unambiguous form such as exponential notation be used instead of Not requiring introduction. In addition to abbrevia- multiple slashes; for example, "ixmol g-1 min-"' is tions for standard units of measurement and chemical preferable to ",umol/g per min." symbols of the elements, the following should be used See the CBE Style Manual, 5th ed., for more de- without definition in the title, abstract, text, figure tailed information about reporting numbers. Also con- legends, and tables: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid); tained in this source is information on the appropriate cDNA (complementary DNA); RNA (ribonucleic SI units for the reporting of illumination, energy, acid); cRNA (complementary RNA); RNase (ribonu- frequency, pressure, and other physical terms. Always clease); DNase (deoxyribonuclease); rRNA (ribo- report numerical data in the appropriate SI unit. somal RNA); mRNA (messenger RNA); tRNA (transfer RNA); AMP, ADP, ATP, dAMP, ddATP, GTP, Isotopically Labeled Compounds etc. (for the respective 5' phosphates of adenosine or For simple molecules, labeling is indicated in the other nucleosides) (add 2'-, 3'-, or 5'- when needed for chemical formula (e.g., 14Co2, 3H20, H235SO4). contrast); ATPase, dGTPase, etc. (adenosine triphos- Brackets are not used when the isotopic symbol is phatase, deoxyguanosine triphosphatase, etc.); NAD attached to a word which is not a specific chemical (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); NAD+ (nico- name (e.g., 11-labeled protein, 14C-amino acids, 3H- tinamide adenine dinucleotide, oxidized); NADH (nic- ligands, etc.). otinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced); NADP (nic- For specific chemicals, the symbol for the isotope is otinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); NADPH placed in square brackets directly preceding the part of (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, re- the name that describes the labeled entity. Note that duced); poly(A), poly(dT), etc. (polyadenylic acid, configuration symbols and modifiers precede the iso- polydeoxythymidylic acid, etc.); oligo(dT), etc. (oligo- topic symbol. The following examples illustrate cor- deoxythymidylic acid, etc.); Pi (orthophosphate); PPi rect usage: (pyrophosphate); UV (ultraviolet); PFU (plaque- ["4C]urea UDP-[U-14C]glucose forming units); CFU (colony-forming units); MIC L-[methyl-14C]methionine E. coli [32P]DNA (minimal inhibitory concentration); MBC (minimal [2,3-3H]serine fructose 1,6-[1-32P]bisphosphate bactericidal concentration); Tris [tris(hydroxy- [a-'4C]lysine [_P32p]ATP methyl)aminomethane]; DEAE (diethylaminoethyl); A260 (absorbance at 260 nm); and EDTA (ethylene- This journal follows the same conventions for iso- diaminetetraacetic acid). 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Clinical Microbiology Reviews ...... 16 .32...... _ Infection and Immunity ...... 41 .70...... _ IA International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.... 35.. 35 ...... J Journal of Bacteriology ...... 41 .71...... _ JB Journal of Clinical Microbiology ...... 35 .61...... _

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