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Austria-Hungary's Last War, 1914-1918

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Austria-Hungary's Last War, 1914-1918 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY’S LAST WAR, 1914-1918 (ÖSTERREICH-UNGARNS LETZTER KRIEG, 1914-1918) EDITED BY THE AUSTRIAN FEDERAL MINISTRY OF THE ARMY AND WAR ARCHIVE Under the Direction of Edmund Glaise-Horstenau Edited by Josef Brauner, Eduard Czegka, Walther Heydendorff, Rudolf Kiszling, Carl Klumpner, and Ernst Wisshaupt Translated by Stan Hanna Vol 5 (1916) THE EVENTS OF AUGUST TURN TO THE FINANCIAL With 35 leaflets 1934 Publisher of Military Science Releases Vienna © 2005 Stan Hanna. All Rights Reserved. Austria-Hungary’s Last War, 1914-1918 Vol 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS TO THE FIFTH VOLUME (1916) I. The World Situation in Summer 1916........................1 A. Theaters of Operation on Land and Sea......................1 B. The Political Situation of Both Sides......................5 1. The Central Powers through summer 1916...................5 2. The Entente..............................................9 II. The Southwestern Front in the First Half of August 1916.11 A. The Sixth Battle of the Isonzo............................12 1. The Italians prepare a new attack on the Isonzo.........12 a. Situation on the Southwestern Front at the end of July.12 b. Development of Italian operational plans for 1916......13 c. Deployment and strength of the Italians................15 d. Order of battle of the k.u.k. forces in the Italian theater on 1 August.......................................20 e. Units and preparations of the k.u.k. 5th Army..........31 f. The battle plan of the 3rd Italian Army and measures to conceal their intentions..................................35 2. Loss of the Görz bridgehead.............................36 a. Opening actions on 4 and 5 August......................36 b. The surprise attack on the bridgehead..................37 c. Counterattacks in the Görz bridgehead..................40 d. The unequal struggle on 7 August.......................42 e. Evacuation of the bridgehead...........................45 3. The battle on the Karst plateau of Doberdo (6-8 August). 48 a. XI Italian Corps attacks Mt S Michele on 6 August......48 b. The last fighting around Mt S Michele on 7-8 August....51 4. The crisis of the battle................................53 a. Unfavorable situation on the Isonzo by Görz on 8 August; occupation of the second position east of the city........53 b. The decision to evacuate the Doberdo Karst plateau.....57 c. Cadorna's plan to continue the attack over the Isonzo..58 d. The "missed opportunity" to break through the Aus-Hung. front.....................................................59 e. Events on the Karst plateau on 9 August................62 f. The k.u.k. 5th Army after occupation of the second position..................................................63 5. The battle's second phase (10-16 August)................64 a. The enemy probes toward the new defensive front (10 August)...................................................64 b. Reconnaissance thrusts against the new positions of the k.u.k. 5th Army (11 August)...............................67 c. The Italian attempts to break through at Görz and the ii Austria-Hungary’s Last War, 1914-1918 Vol 5 northern edge of the Karst (12-13 August).................70 d. Overcoming the crisis of the battle (14 August)........73 e. The last day of heavy fighting in the Sixth Isonzo Battle ..........................................................76 f. The last actions on the Karst plateau; the Sixth Isonzo Battle dies out...........................................78 g. Review of the Sixth Isonzo Battle......................80 B. Events in Tyrol in August 1916............................84 1. Tyrol becomes a secondary front.........................84 2. Continuation of the Italians' Fleims valley offensive...85 III. Actions in the East from the end of July to the End of August......................................................88 A. Creation of the Hindenburg Front..........................88 B. Orders of Battle in the August Fighting...................92 1. Austro-Hungarian and German forces under the AOK as of 28 July 1916..................................................92 2. Austro-Hungarian units north of the Pripyat............105 C. The Battle of Kovel......................................110 1. The attacks by Letsch's Army, 28 July-3 August.........110 2. The onslaught of Bezobrazov's and Kaledin's Armies, 28 July-3 August.............................................114 a. The allies pull back from the bend in the Stokhod.....114 b. Defense of the upper course of the Stokhod............118 c. A setback for Tersztyanszky's Army....................120 D. Brussilov's Attacks toward Lemberg and Stanislau.........125 1. The end of the Battle of Brody, 28 July-3 August.......125 a. Sakharov's thrusts against Armeegruppe Marwitz........125 b. Böhm-Ermolli's Army retreats after the Battle of Brody .........................................................126 2. The battle north and south of the Dniester, 28 July-3 August....................................................128 3. Pflanzer-Baltin's Army makes a relief attack in the Carpathians, 28 July-4 August.............................131 4. Brussilov's measures to continue the offensive, 4 August ..........................................................133 E. The Close of the Battle of Kovel.........................135 1. The Russians prepare to attack; Army Group Linsingen's countermeasures, 4-7 August...............................136 2. The last days of the Battle, 8-12 August...............138 a. Letsch's and Bezobrazov's Armies attack Armeegruppe Bernhardi................................................138 F. Continuation of Russian Attacks toward Lemberg and Stanislau ............................................................144 1. The Battle of Zalosce, 4-8 August......................144 2. Actions of Pflanzer-Baltin's Army in the Carpathians, 5-8 August....................................................148 iii Austria-Hungary’s Last War, 1914-1918 Vol 5 3. The Battle of Stanislau, 7-10 August...................149 a. The Russians break through at Tlumacz and on the Dniester .........................................................149 b. A subsidiary thrust by Shcherbachev's Army............153 4. New Russian attacks over the upper Sereth, 9-13 August. 154 5. Consequences of the Battle of Stanislau (9-13 August)..155 a. 3rd Army retreats behind the Bystrzyca Solotwinska....155 b. The Armies of Bothmer and Böhm-Ermolli retreat........156 6. A new relief offensive by Pflanzer-Baltin's Army (8-13 August)...................................................157 G. The Tsar's Armies prepare for a new offensive in the area south of the Pripyat........................................159 1. The Stavka assigns goals for the offensive.............159 2. The Russian advance in east Galicia, and changeable fighting in the Carpathians, 13-17 August.................161 3. Stalemate in Volhynia..................................163 4. Measures of the opposing commanders....................164 5. The Eastern front up to Romania's declaration of war (18- 27 August)................................................166 a. Events by Army Group Linsingen........................166 b. Actions in east Galicia and the Carpathians (August 18- 27)......................................................170 6. Analysis of the August fighting in the East............174 IV. The Campaign in Transylvania...........................178 A. Romania enters the World War.............................178 1. Romania's policies through the end of August 1916......178 2. Alliance treaty and military convention between Romania and the Entente...........................................183 3. The Romanian Army......................................185 4. The Romanian operational plan..........................190 5. Counter-measures of the allied Central Powers..........195 a. The operational plan and its modifications............195 b. Austria-Hungary's military preparations against Romania .........................................................198 c. Provision of Aus-Hung. units and military equipment for Bulgaria.................................................201 B. The Romanian invasion of Transylvania....................202 1. The Romanian advance on the eastern front (27 August-4 September)................................................202 2. Initial actions on the southern border of Transylvania, 27 August-4 September........................................206 a. The invasion by Romanian 2nd Army.....................206 b. The fighting south of Hermannstadt....................208 c. Actions at Petroseny and Orsova.......................210 3. Counter-measures of the Central Powers.................213 a. Decisions and orders of the commanders through 5 iv Austria-Hungary’s Last War, 1914-1918 Vol 5 September................................................213 b. Falkenhayn's dismissal and the establishment of an inter- allied command...........................................218 4. First actions in Dobruja, 1-9 September................226 a. Bulgaria declares war.................................226 b. The conquest of Turtukai and its consequences, 1-6 September................................................232 5. Events in Transylvania from 5 to 13 September..........235 a. Advance of 11 Romanian ID toward the Hatszeg basin, 5-11 September................................................235 b. Developments at Hermannstadt and northwest of Kronstadt, 5-13 September...........................................236 c. The Romanian North Army
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