CLARKE COUNTY, GA
AND THE CITY OF ATHENS
CHARLES MORTfi^TRAHAN, C. M. E.
Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Georgia, and County Surveyor of Clarkc County.
CONTAINING MAPS OIMTHE CITY AND COUNTY
AMD I I_I_USTF? ATION©
FOR SALE BY THE AUTHOR AT $1.00.
COPYRIGHTED.
ATHENS, GEORGIA,
1893 CHAS. P. BYRD, PRINTER, ATLANTA, GA. 1893. PREFACE.
This hand-book of Clarke county, Georgia, and the city of Athens, is prepared with three distinct objects in view: First. To place on recorxi the main facts of the history, development, and pres ent status of the county and all its interests. Second. To direct the attention of visitors and settlers to the manifest advan tages which the county affords for capital and residence. Third. To indicate to other counties, by example, the means of making known in complete and permanent form their several advantages. The statements of the book have been verified from the best sources of information, and are made without exaggeration. The maps are reliable, based upon actual surveys made by J. W. Earnett, C. E., the present city engineer of Athens, Capt. W. W. Thomas, C. E., and by the author in his capacity as county surveyor. The publication is made under the sanction of the county and city authorities, ar.d with the valuable aid of the official records. The author acknowledges his indebtedness to the county and city officers for the courteous assistance rendered, and to Dr. H. C. White, Prof. David C. Barrow, Jr., and Dr. S. C. Benedict for special contributions published under their names. To the public, at large, the author offers his thanks for the kind words and encouragement with which they have greeted the undertaking. CHARLES MORTON STRAHAN. Engineering Department, University of Georgia, Athens, 1893. CONDENSED OUTLINE.
Clarke county lies in the northeastern section of the State, sixty miles east of Atlanta, the State capital. The county is situated in sight of the Blue Ridge mountains, along the ridges which lead downward to the sea, and at a general elevation of 800 feet above the sea level. Climate.—The climate is as fine for health and for agriculture as can be found anywhere. The average temperature in summer is 74 F., in winter 47 F., and the annual rainfall 54 inches. The county has never been visited by serious epidemics, and the general healthfulness is proverbial. - Farming.—The farming lands of the county are of strong red clay soil, arising from the disintegration of granitic and schistose rocks. Their natural fertility, coupled with open seasons and abundant rainfall, afford generous returns to the intelligent cultivator of cotton, corn, oats, barley, hay and truck garden products. Manufacturing.—The county is remarkably adapted to manufactures. The natural water system is very extensive, and the flow of its rivers and streams is abundant at #11 seasons. No less than seven large water powers on the two rivers, aggregating 6,000 H. P., are found, and a large number of smaller sites on the creeks furnish powers of from 5 to 50 H. P. each. The county map will show the positions of most of these powers and how utilized at present. Education.—The educational interests of this county are second to none in the State. In the city of Athens, the county seat, the State University, with a large faculty and extensive equipment, finds its home. The city public school, system, recognized as the most thoroughly organized and best managed system in the State, is also here. The Lucy Cobb Institute, for young ladies, the fore most seminary in the State, and the Home School, so admirably conducted by Miss Sosnowski, give every educational facility to young ladies. Throughout the county public schools are held at convenient points during five months of the year, and several private schools of good grade supplement their work. Religion.—The prevailing religious denominati6ns are the Baptist and Methodist, but the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Christian, and Roman Catholic Churches are represented. Eighteen church structures, nine of which are in the city, with periodic services, are an index of the religious work done. Commercial.—The business interests of the county largely,hang upon the items of cotton, manufactures, and heavy groceries. The receipts of cotton in Athens have reached 90,000 bales, representing a money value of $3,500,000. The aggregate business of the community is close to $13,000,000 per year. Strong houses in cotton, manufactures, groceries, dry goods, crockery, hardware, jewelry and clothing, give variety and vigor to the business life. Athens has the reputa tion of being a good market in which both to buy and sell. CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. 7 Railroads.—The concentration of four railroad lines at Athens affords ready transportation, both to and from all points in the country. These roads, by their connections, give through rates from the North and East by two competing lines, from the West by two also; from the South by one, and from the south eastern seaboard by three routes. Few points in the county are more than five miles from some railroad station. Government.—The county and city throughout their history have been favored with conservative management in the hands of the white people. The county has a bonded debt of $39,500, and the annual State and county taxes are .00775 cents on the dollar. City property is subject to an additional tax of .0110 cents on the dollar. The city bonded debt is $225,000. The property return for taxa tion amounts to $7,500,000, of which $6,500,000 is in the city of Athens. The county is governed by an ordinary and grand jury; the city, by mayor and coun cil of eight members. Population.—The population of the county, as given by the nth census, shows the following figures : White, 7,072; colored, 8,114; total, 15,186 These are believed to be too low by 10 per cent., particularly as to white population. The two races live in harmony and obey the law. The white population of the county is unusually intelligent, conservative, progressive, and generous of wel come to those who cast their lots in this county. The negroes are peaceable and well disposed, and form the larger portion of the labor to be had in this section. The county seat is the city of Athens, one of the best business points in the State, and with a population of 10,000 people. The city has electric lights, electric street cars, gas, brick sidewalks, public schools, a paid fire department with electric fire alarm, free postal delivery, and is now building a splendid system of waterworks to furnish power as well as domestic and sanitary supply. In the last ten years the city valuation has- increased from $3,400,000 to $6,400,000. Sewers have been built, and bonds are now on hand for paving the city streets with macadam and belgian blocks. An excellent telegraph and telephone service is supplied throughout the city. The city supports an excellent daily and weekly newspaper, The Athens Banner, by name. RESIDENCE OF J. R. WHITE, WHITEHALL. 10 CLARKE COUNTY, GJIORGIA, habitants, and much of the business volunteer military company in 1843; and portion of the city is built on lots sold the disastrous fire an Watkinsville in off from the original grant of Gov. Mil- 1864, by which the court house and ledge. many valuable records of the county When Athens became a town in 1806 were destroyed. it was the most northern settlement in In the course of time the town of the State, and nearest to the borders of Athens out-stripped in growth and im the Indian reservation. The first store portance its rival of Watkinsville. The was opened by Stevens Thomas, and presence of the University was a power the second by Elizur Newton. The ful factor, which not only brought a descendants of these men still occupy student population, but proved sufficient prominent positions in the county. to attract many of "the most cultured and In 1802 the county government was well-to-do people of the State. duly established and a court house built The political organization of the at a point seven miles southwest of University©s governing bpard annually Athens in the town of Watkinsville, now brought a large array of prominent the county seat of Oconee county. people to witness the closing exercises But few events of interest mark the of the college, and to hobnob over the early history of Clarke county beyond political slates for coming campaigns. the gradual displacement of the Indians, Ultimately a strong sentiment was the inflow of white settlers from adjoin developed to move the county seat from ing counties and states, and the con Watkinsville to Athens. The strength tinued growth of Franklin College. As of this sentiment and the equal strength steps in the county development maybe of the opposition at Watkinsville made noted, the acts for the better regulation it necessary to divide the county in order of the town of Athens in 1815 and 1831; that peace and amity might once more some attempt at general education under reign. the academy system and poor school This was done by act of Legislature, fund begun in 1821; the establishment in 1875, just three years after Athens\ of an asylum for the invalid poor by the had been granted a charter which trans Superior Court in 1834; the incorpora-. formed it from a town to city. The tion of the Presbyterian and Methodist southern half of the county was given a Churches in 1828, of Mars Hill Baptist separate government, under the name of Church in 1834, of Emanuel Episcopal Oconee county, and took away from Church in 1843, under the pastorate of Clarke county rather more than half of Rev. Wm. Stevens, afterwards the dis- its previous area. The division leaves tinguished Episcopal tJishop of Pennsyl- Clarke county one of the smallest coun .vania; the extension of the limits of ties in the State in point of size, with Athens in 1840, and the enlargement of an area of seventy-four thousand and its charter in 1847; the establishment twelve acres, equivalent to one hundred of the first volunteer fire company in and fifteen and six-tenths square miles. 1850 as the forerunner of a volunteer The boundaries of this territory are given system, whose efficiency and bravery was in subsequent pages. Titles to the land for many years a noted page in the cur run directly back to State grants made rent history of Athens ; the organization at the time when this section was wild of the Independent Blues as the first lands. It is a fact of some interest that AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 11 Count Destaing was the first holder of gia, and in the eastern borders of the three grants of 5,000 acres each in this first Indian reservation. One of the and adjoining counties. present corners is known as Cherokee , The part which Clarke county played corner, and was the southeastern corner in the war between the States is one of of the Indian reserves. which she may well be proud. The The county lies between latitude N. names of her sons were high in both 33 48© and N. 34 4©, and longitude west cabinet and field, and their unflinching of Greenwich 83 13© and 83 29©. courage is embalmed in the blood which The general water systems, as deter they so freely shed. It is the part of mined by the foot hills of the moun others to pay them the full tribute of tains, has a southeasterly trend. The their worth; these pages must be content two principal rivers are the forks of the to record them as true, honorable, con Oconee river, which meet in the South scientious and devoted patriots. Clarke ern part of the county. The Aneroid county was severely crushed by the war; barometer was used to obtain relative most of her best men dead, the negroes elevations above the sea levels, and these all made free, and little beside the bare readings are recorded in clear type on lands left. Notwithstanding these con the stream crossings and ridges. They ditions, the last twenty years have in show that the county is a succession of creased the population of the present high ridges with broad backs, and whose county from 7,641 to 16,000, and her tax sides descend rapidly as the streams are able property from two to seven and one- reached. The original forest is oak and half millidns. hickory mixed with pine ; the soil is of In the past Clarke county has fur strong red clay type, arising from the nished the State and nation with a long disentegration of metamorphic rocks, list of distinguished citizens, and to-day and the general appearance of the she yields to none a superiority in the county has all the characteristics of that intelligence, the integrity, the energy, belt of country lying forty miles from and the patriotism of her people. the Blue Ridge range in Virginia and Geographical. The geography the Carolinas. of Clarke county is shown in detail on Under the heading of Water System,. the map published herewith. It is nec Militia Districts and Geology, the reader essary simply to call attention to the may gather a detailed picture of the main features of that map. The sur topography and resources of this county. rounding counties, taken in order to the Boundaries. The boundaries of right from the north, are Jackson, Mad Clarke county, as shown on the present ison, Oglethorpe and Oconee. The map, are based upon the recognized various acts of the Legislature, by virtue limits in vogue amongst the residents of which certain farms have been along the county line. No official records- changed back and forth from Clarke to are extant defining the county lines with the adjacent counties, previous to the greater exactitude than the following Constitution of 1877, will account for the description : irregularity of outline at several points The northwest corner of the county of the northern boundary. is in a field, about three hundred yards The county is located in that section northeast of Thompson©s mill, on Little .of the State known as Northeast Geor Bear creek, being the point where the CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. three counties of Clarke, Oconee and planation of these irregularities is found Jackson run together. This corner is not in the former practice of the State Leg definitely marked by any monument. islature, which permitted a farmer whose The line between Jackson and Clarke land lay on the county lines to change, by runs from this corner in a straight line special act, the county in which he lived, to a point on the Middle Oconee river upon any caprice. The law now pre known in old descriptions as Easeley©s vents such vacillation. A striking result mill, and by the present generation as of the old practice is seen at the north the old Patman mill place. Thence up© east corner of the county, where the the west side of the Middle Oconee river triangle, just outside of Clarke, belong about one mile and a quarter to the ing to Madison county, is entirely dis Tallasee bridge. The line crosses the connected from Madison by territory of river on this bridge, and follows the Clarke and Oglethorpe counties. public road, leaving Fowler©s mill and The line between Clarke and Ogle Prospect church to the left, to a large thorpe leaves Edwards© land as shown, black gum tree on the eastern side of striking the Beaver dam road near the the road. From thence the line runs to residence of Henry Atkisson, thence fol an oak tree on the west side of the lowing along that road to a stone monu Nowhere road, and about one-fourth of a ment where the fork to Winterville leads mile north of the dwelling of B. J. Porter- off to the left. From this point the field, being the corner between Clarke, present county surveyor of Clarke and Jackson and Madison counties. This Prof. T. B. Moss, on the part of Ogle line crosses *the Jefferson road at a small thorpe county, have under due authority bridge one-half mile from Gum Spring, surveyed and marked with granite cor crosses the Cub creek road at an old ners, prop< rly lettered, the dividing line dead tree, about 200 yards south of - between Oglethorpe and Clarke to the George Walton©s dwelling, crosses the chestnut corner at Big Creek Church. Harmony Grove road at a large white The maps of the survey are placed in the oak tree near Black©s Station on the county court house in Athens, and show Northeastern Railroad, and when it the following bearings and distances: strikes the lands of T. F. Hudson, S. o 50© E., 7,100 feet, passing through follows around the land lines of said the town of Winterville to the west of property as shown on the county map, Pittard©s store to a stone corner on the and thence to the oak corner aforesaid. public road, thence S. io% E., 4,086 The line between Clarke and Madison feet to a stone corner at the foot of the runs in a straight line, as shown on the old black gum corner, thence S. 38 E. map, until it reaches the northeastern 17,300 feet to a stone corner in field corner of the county, on the lands of 1,500 feet north of Lexington road and Lemuel J. Edwards, where the county near the Thomas spring ; thence S- line is very irregular, bending first with 25^5 W. 23,170 feet to the old chestnut the public road and afterwards with the corner now marked by granite post and land lines of Edwards© farm. The author being the corner between Clarke, Ogle was unable to locate a similar irregularity thorpe and Oconee counties. The line said to exist on the property of Richard between Clarke and Oconee counties Saulter, where the Danielsville road from this point follows the public road crosses into Madison county. The ex to the middle of Barnett©s bridge; thence AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. up the Oconee river following the west the grand jury, which meets twice each ern fork to the mouth of Paper Mill year, during the sessions of the Superior creek; thence up said creek to the Court in April and October. bridge on the public road ; thence fol The Ordinary has supervision and con lowing McNutt©s creek to a large stone trol over all county property, over high on the east side of the Monroe public ways, bridges and ferries, over the coun road, a point formerly known as the site ty poor house and convicts, over county of Barnard©s mill, and thence in a health regulations, police, peddling and straight line to the beginning corner the like, and a judicial capacity over the near Thompson©s mill. The latter part legal procedure in winding up estates of the line crosses the Lawrenceville and in cases of insanity. The executive road about 300 feet east of Jackson©s acts of the Ordinary are all subject to store. This description gives the ac revision and endorsement by the grand cepted limits of the county. That many jury- of them should be more definitely marked The duties of the remaining office rs goes without saying. The information are well understood by all. It is proper here given will serve as a good basis to call attention to the fact that present upon which future surveys may be ments to the grand jury are in general equitably made. mandatory on all county officers, and Government. Clarke county, bills receiving such endorsement are under the general laws of the State, and paid by the County Treasurer without under the constitution of 18^7, is a dis further question. The county officers tinct political organization, having exclu are all required to take oath of office sive charge of its own local affairs. and to furnish bond in the following Its officers are chosen by popular vote amounts : and hold office for the term of two years Bond. except the Ordinary, whose term is four Ordinary...... $ i ooo years. The county elections take place Treasurer ...... 60 ooo in January, on the first Wednesday. It Clerk of Superior Court. ... 3 ooo is a well recognized practice in the Tax Receiver ...... 25 ooo county to nominate the candidates for Tax^ Collectorr n 4. ij t0, State, - 40 000 office by means of primary elections. (to county ... 50 ooo The nominees of these primaries expect Sheriff...... 10 ooo and usually receive the full support of County Surveyor ...... i ooo the county. From this practice it re Coroner...... 500 sults that the county government is uni The salaries of all county officers are formly stable and strong. The county paid either by fees or by percentage on officers regularly elected are eight in money handled. number, and with the titles of Ordinary, The grand jury numbers not more Treasurer, Tax Receiver, Tax Collector, than 23 or less than 18 men, drawn from Sheriff, Clerk of the Superior Court, fhe list of grand jurors. This list con County Surveyor, and Coroner. Of tains the names of the best men in the these the County Ordinary is the most county, whose mental and moral qualifi important officer, having in charge the cation and material interests are such as executive management of the county to make them wise and conservative affairs subject to the presentments of guardians of the public welfare. It is CLAEKE COUNTY, GEOKGIA, an unwritten law that any large expen Clarke county belongs to the Western ditures for the good of the county must Judicial Circuit, over which Judge N. first receive the sanction of the grand L. Hutchms, of Lawrenceville, has pre jury. The grand jury list in this coumy sided during the past ten years with dis is passed upon by six jury commissioners, tinguished ability and unquestioned and numbers one hundred and five fairness. names. The eight militia districts in the As is common throughout this coun county have each a Justice of the Peace, try, the grand jury has power to find before whom lawbreakers are brought criminal indictments against lawbreakers in criminal cases, and in civil cases where
PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, WASHINGTON STREET. of all grades, thereby bringing offenders the sum involved does not exceed one to trial before the Superior Court. hundred dollars. The Ordinary, Tax Receiver, Tax Col The city of Athens has instituted un lector and Treasurer, under the law, are der its charter a City Court, with certain constituted a board to fix the rate of county jurisdiction, before which a large county taxation. They meet early in class of offenders may be brought to trial. September and determine the percent age which will raise a sum sufficient to Property Valuation. Though defray the probable county expenditures. small in size, the total tax returns for AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. the county reach a large figure, and a speak for themselves. A careful perusal comparison reaching back for the past of them will show the solid financial decade shows rapid growth. The factors basis upon which the county stands, the which have been at work to produce profits which have accrued to investors, these results have been many. Notably, and the bright future in store for the the advent of two new lines of railroads, present inhabitants and those who may the presence and success of several large locate here. cotton mills, the progressive energy of The variations in the district returns the merchants and farmers of the county are largely due to the fact that the same and the splendid educational facilities property is often returned in different which are offered through the University districts from year to year. Much of of Georgia, the Lucy Cobb Institute, the land of the county is owned in the and the Athens Public School system. city and there returned. The actual figures in the table below
Table Showing Property Returns by Districts. WHITE.
Year -. i 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 © 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 Athens 3,402,795 3,578,90u 3.848,260 3,98i<900 3,940.250 4,094,895 1.S93.805 4,511,127 5,440,740 6,111,205 6,169,905 Georgia Factory . 315.680 318,445 320.085 322,145 270,965 287,510 276,955 312,775 315,105 268,250 258,645 Purgeai©s...... 79,625 96,375 102,615 111.525 I06,725i 101,895 101,905 103,930 113.145 125,400 111,015 Sandy Creek 74,905 74,790 80,630 94065 91,570 90,415 92,115 88,320 103,980 111,645 106,505 Buck Branch 131,380 145,535 134,640 136,825 134,070 132,000 147.210 166,885 176,360 178,405 189,770 117,920 121,804 129,740 90,640 85,900 81,855 62,475 79,265 90,450 76200 70,875 Kinney©s 581,645 569,035 632,480 602,790 659,260 610,080 5yl.,591 641,020 128.925 147,700 245,855 Princeton *Cut off in 189o 38,640 38,800 Total.. 4,707,950 4,904,854 5,248,375 5,346,890 5,288.740 5,198,650 5,685.155 5,903.322 6,366,915 7,057 445 7,191,480
Year.... 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 : 1890 1891 1892 Total by Colored . . 155,370 171,475 178,535 179,945 181,250 192,195 206,50 i 212645: 249,700 295,950 293,835 Grand Total for Co. 4,863,320 5,076,329 5,426,910 5,526,935 5,469,990 5,590,845 5,891,655 6,115,987 6,616,615 7,353,395 7,485,315 .0045 .0045 .0040 .0045 .00350 .00377 .00356 .00450 .00396 .00508 .00410 .0030 .0030 .0030 .0030 .00250 .00323 .00290 .00300 -00304 .00292 .00365 ) Whites . . 36,557.12 35,522.33 37,997.62 41,381.67 33,066.44 39,255.90 38,519.84 42,866.75 46.S41.11 58,223-68 57,468.32 Am©t raised \ Colored . 2,112.27 2,lb8.32 2,263.74 2,412.58i 2,063.50 2.405.76 2,f50.60 2,550.51 2.81890 3,576.60 3,283.24 ) Total.. 38,669.49 37,690.65 40,261.37 43,794.26 15,127.94 40*961.66 40,170.44 45,688.02 49,160.01 61.860.28 60,629.66
Table Showing Classification of the County Tax Returns, 1 892.
o Purgear©s. BuckBranc U Bradberry. Kenney. Princeton. C/3 rt
CLIMATE AND HEALTH.
BY SAMUEL C. BENEDICT, M.D.
That Clarke county, Ga., is a very humidity or air moisture, wind, rainfall healthy county it is hardly necessary to and amount of cloudiness. argue, for its altitude, average tempera The average temperature of Clarke ture, humidity, rainfall, amount of cloud county can best be determined by a iness, and its drainage, coupled with the division of the year into months or sea fact that it lies in the Piedmont escarp sons, and taking this method-of arriving ment and among the lesser foothills of at its statistics, the writer has availed the southern slope of the Blue Ridge himself in the following statements of mountains, is sufficient evidence to the the records kept at the Signal Service scientific inquirer that it must be a Station at the University of Georgia, at healthy district. Its climate compares Athens, the county seat. We find that favorably in respect to the above condi for the months of January, February tions with well recognized health resorts, and March the average daily tempera as tables herewith will show. ture to be 42 F. For April, May and The county is traversed by numerous June 72 ; for July, August and Septem- streams, all flowing in a southernly and be 74 , and for October, November and southeasterly directions streams suf December 52 F. The mean of the ficiently large to be called rivers. Its highest temperatures for the first three surface is rolling in almost its entire months of the year is 66 , for the suc extent, and in most portions very hilly, ceeding three months ending June 30, furnishing thereby one of the chief 86 ; for July, August and September, causes of its healthfulness natural 91 ; and for the three last months end drainage. These streams are not slug ing December 31, 71 F. The mean of gish, slowly moving waters, such as the minimum temperatures for the same would be found in level countries ; are months is respectively 9, 36, 51 and 22 not bordered by low, level banks which. degrees Fahrenheit. The observations in freshets, would allow of easy and far- were recorded for the seven years past, reaching overflows, but rapid, and with 1885-1892. sufficiently elevated banks to carry off The temperature of a place is proba quickly the surplus of water from heavy bly the most important of all the factors rains. As a result of this condition the in determining the value of a place as a county is remarkably free from swamps, health resort, or as a place for healthy lagoons or long standing water, and, habitation, and especially is this true in notwithstanding the statements of some respect to the utmost limits of heat and of the laity and a few physicians, mala cold, the sudden changes of temperature rial diseases, especially chills and fever, to which a place may be subject and the are almost unknown. relative temperature between day and © The, factors conducing to the health night. In Clarke county the maximum of any climate are those of temperature, summer temperature is seldom above 18 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 94 , the average maximum being about Athens, the months of greatest humidity 90 , while the average minimum tem are January, August and September, and perature is about 50 , this latter repre the lowest May, June and November, senting the night temperature approxi the difference, however, being very mately. With the exception of possibly slight, with 77 per cent, for maximum two weeks in July, the heat of the day and 61 per cent, for minimum. passes into cool nights, so that some The direction and velocity of its winds form of covering is necessary for com influence favorably or unfavorably the fortable sleeping. healthfulness of a climate. The prevail Next in importance to temperature is ing winds here for January, April and the degree of humidity of a climate, and October are westerly, with an average
COLLEGE AVENUE LOOKING NORTH. important. The greater the humidity velocity of 5 to lo miles per hour, and ac the less the evaporating power of the companied by clear, cool and crisp atmosphere and the more sultry and weather. For the months of February, close its feeling to the individual. March, June, July, September and No The amount of sunshine, and fre vember the prevailing winds are east- quency and velocity of winds determine ernly, with a velocity of 5 to 15 miles, the rapidity of evaporation. Taking, as bringing in February and March cool is the custom, 100 as the standard for rains, and in the other months refresh saturation of the amosphere by moisture, ing short rains. The prevailing winds it is found that for the vicinity of for August and December are southernly for a certain class of invalids it is more and the latter month, December, is often AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 19 its entire length balmy and clear, per 2 inches for May. February and March fect Indian summer weather, showing by are the only months in which, from rain, accurate tracings, taken for tne past the weather rs disagreeable, but usually seven years, an average of but nine in February the spring opens up, as cloudy and four rainy days. shown by early flowers and peach blos soms and the beginning of early gar Rainfall. The total amount of dening. rainfall is of less importance, in point of health,, than its distribution. As a Cloudiness. Lastly as to the general rule, it will be found that a place amount of cloudiness. showing a very slight rainfall will possess This condition is of importance not a dry atmosphere, but for the invalid the only as effecting the rapidity of evapora distribution is of much greater moment tion, but also directly having an influence than the amount. upon the health of its inhabitants by In Clarke county, owing to the nature determining the amount of sunshine and of its soil, its natural drainage, its steady, warmth and consequently the time which moderate and breezy winds and its aver can be spent out of doors. age temperature, even a long rain is soon Observations by automatic tracings followed by dryness of both soil and at show for Athens, average per month in mosphere, making it a climate where the days, as following : period of confinement indoors is very January, February and March, cloudy, short. 12; rainy, 7. The average rainfall for New York April, May and June, cloudy, 7; City is, in inches, for spring 10, summer rainy, 8. 12, autumn 10, and winter 9. For the July, August and September, cloudy, whole year 42 inches. This includes 9; rainy, 9. melted snow. October, November and December, Charleston, S. C, the fall is, for spring cloudy, 8 ; rainy, 3. 14, summer 20, autumn 15, and winter 11 A remarkably well distributed rainfall. inches. Total rainfall for the year 60 For New York City the average clear inches. days for the same divisions per month, For Athens, it is for spring 12, summer are 7, 8, 8.5 and 8 respectively, and for 16, autumn n, and winter 14 inches. Charleston, S, C., n, u, 10 and 12 clear Total for the year 53 inches. Monthly days respectively. The annexed tables average 4.41. will, by comparison, show the climatic The distribution for the past seven conditions of Aiken, S. C., Asheville, N. years shows for January, March, May, C., Augusta and Thomasville, Ga., and June, July and August 5 inches, 4.8 Athens, Ga. Atlanta and Marietta, Ga., inches for September, 3 inches each for have about the same climate as Athens. November, December and October, and The altitude of Athens is 750 feet.
Comparative Climates of Aiken, S. C., and Athens, Ga. m 1873 1884. 1885 1892. Av. TeTp. PerCt. of Mean 1 Av. Fair Days Av. Rainfall in Wind, Miles per Humidity. ; per Month. Inches. Hour. MONTHS. Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken | Athens Aiken Athens January ...... 70 42 65 75 i 19 23 3.64 5.53 3.60 5 . February ...... 64 46 54 74 20 23 3.26 4.92 3.70 4 March ...... 61 49 49 68 21 22 4.86 5.89 noobs 5 49 - 62 53 61 23 24 4.71 1.97 2.46 4 59 52 63 65 1 19 26 3.43 3.21 3.23 5 December ...... 72 44 61 70 20 25 3.28 3.57 3.49 5 Spring ...... 71 60 52 67 64 70 12.83 13.37 3.42 4 Winter ...... 78 44 63 73 59 70 10.35 14.02 3.09 5 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Comparative Climates of Thomasville, Ga,, and Athens, Ga. 1878 1884. 1885 1892.
Av- Temp. ! Mean Humidity Av. Fair Days. Av.Rainfall (in.) Velocity Winds MONTHS. Thosv. Athens Thosv. | Athens hosv. | Athens Thosv. | Athens Thosv. | Athens 64 42 63.73 75 23 23 3.41 5.53 5 5 54 46 62.86 74 22 23 3.36 4.92 5 5 56 49 62.29 68 24 22 3.92 5.89 9 5 April ...... 55 62 62.75 61 21 24 5.28 1 97 8 60 (J8 64.72 66 24 23 3.74 5.51 4 4 67 75 ; 64.72 71 21 21 4.37 5.07 q July...... 75 77 66.00 74 20 20 4.69 5.88 3 4 83 76 69.92 77 19 20 7.23 5.71 o 4 September ...... 81 71 67.75 75 22 24 3.83 4.80 6 3 October ...... 57 58 (18.22 70 24 26 5.19 2.96 )j 5 58 52 66.64 65 24 26 2.69 3.21 8 5 December ...... 69 44 64.75 70 24 25 3.85 3.57 4 Spring...... 62 59 62.44 65 69 69 12 94 13.37 7 5 38", 75 66, 8* 74 60 61 16.29 16.66 3 4 Autumn ...... 68 60 67.53 70 70 76 11.71 10.77 4. Winter...... 72 52 63.78 73 69 71 10.62 11.02 O 5 Year ...... 268 277 !51.56 51.82 5 4.5
Comparative Climates of Asheville, N. C., and Athens, Ga.
1869 1880. 1885 189ii.
», Av. Temperature, Mean Humidity. Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall. MONTHS. Asheville | Athens i Asheville | Athens : Asheville | Athens Asheville Athens 37.70 42.37 67.13 75 ! 17 23 2.62 5.53 39.40 46.86 64.97 74 16 23 3.69 4.92 45.50 49.73 59.51 68 25 22 4.30 5.89 April ...... 53.00 62.26 62.13 68 20 24 3.43 1.97 61.70 68.78 68.67 61 29 23 3.50 5.51 53 60 53.67 71.87 70 25 26 3.05 2.96 44.60 52.54 1 66.38 65 ! 23 26 2.90 3.21 December ...... 37.80 44 65 71.92 70 18 25 3.03 3.57
Comparative Climates of Augusta, Ga., and Athens, Ga.
1872—1883. 1886—1892.
Av. Temperature. Mean Humidity Average Fair Days. Average Rainfall. MONTHS. Augusta. | Athens. Augusta. | Athens. Augusta. (Athens. ©Augusta. (Athens. January...... i 64 42 74 75 20 22 4.64 5.53 60 46 68 74 19 23 3.88 4.92 67 49 65 68 22 22 5.86 ! 5.89 April ...... 69 62 64 til 22 24 4.64 1.97 May ...... 68 68 64 66 •lb 22 3.09 5 51 84 75 68 71 23 21 4.25 5.07 July...... 83 77 68 74 24 20 4.46 i 5.88 84 70 73 77 23 20 4.78 5.71 September ...... 79 71 72 75 22 24 3.97 4.80 63 58 71 70 24 26 2.23 2.96 60 52 72 65 20 26 4.29 3.21 December 70 44 73 70 21 25 4.06 | 3.57 AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. Clarke county has no diseases peculiar the kidneys are so rare that in many to itself there are no diseases endemic years© experience many physicians of here. It has a climate peculiarly suited the county have never seen a case. In to be beneficial and curative to those deed such is the healthfulness of the in suffering from diseases of the nose, habitants of Athens and its vicinity as . throat and lungs, as well as for rheu to diseases the result of climate, that matics. Diphtheria is practically un insurance companies find it a profitable known, never as an epidemic, a few iso field to work, a large proportion of its lated cases occasionally occurring, but people carrying first-class policies, and in some of those reported there is the mortality of said policy holders is probably an error in diagnosis. In the very low. city of Athens a half dozen cases have Statistics of its diseases are not gen not been known in twice as many years. erally kept by the physicians of the Chills and fever cases are almost as county, and therefore it is impossible to rarely found, never as affecting a whole furnish any. A good way to judge of neighborhood and usually then confined the healthfulness of a place is by the to some spot subject to rising and fall number of its resident practicing physi ing daily water, as a mill-pond, an artifi- cians. The proportion to population of qial rather than a natural cause. The physicians in the United States is I to disease is so rare in Athens that the 350. In Athens, with a population of statement that all cases of malarial dis 12,000, there are but 12 practicing phy turbance found here are from an infec sicians, a ratio of I to 1,000, and in the tion outside the city and county limits county the proportion is still less. would not be far from the truth. Pneu The writer has traveled or resided in monias are very rarely seen. Consump most of the states and territories of the tion, as developed from climatic condi United States, and it is his opinion, tions is almost never known, acquired formed after a residence of over ten consumption especially, and so unfavor years here, that for delightful climate able is the climate for its development and healthy inhabitants, and freedom that persons with this disease find here from endemic or epidemic diseases, not only relief from progressive changes Clarke county especially, of all the coun but an entire arrest of the disease. ties of Northeast Georgia noted for its Rheumatisms, especially acute inflam delightful climate, has no superior. It matory, are seldom met with, this disease would be a most excellent place for the being almost as great a rarity as diph establishment of a summer and winter theria or intermittent fever. Bright©s hotel for invalids and travelers, or for a disease, diabetes and other affections of sanitarium. CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,
GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTY.
CHARACTER OF THE SOIL AND ITS AGRICULTURAL VALUE.
H. C. WHITE, PH. D., F. R. C. S.
The geology of Clarke county is com true mountain counties to the north. paratively simple. The entire county For healthfulness and comfort, the cli lies within what is known as the "meta- mate is most excellent, and it is admira morphic" region, a formation which ex bly adapted to a great variety of agricul tends over a large part of the northern tural and horticultural products. portion of Georgia. In fact, if a line be The rocks of the metamorphic forma drawn approximately straight across the tion vary somewhat in different locali State in a southwesternly direction, ties, but they are generally hard, compact from Augusta, on the Savannah river, to and silicious, the great bulk of the rock Columbus on the Chattahoochee, all of being granite, or nearly approaching the State north of this line is within the granite in composition and character. "metamorphfc," excepting the ten coun The rock underlying Clarke county is ties comprising the extreme northwest quite uniformly a gneissoid granite. At ern corner. Clarke county is, therefore, occasional points the rock is very like somewhat east of the center of this great true granite, and is suitable for building formation. This metamorphic region is and road-bed purposes. No quarries, the mountainous or hilly portion of however, have as yet been opened in the Georgia; mountain-making and the county, although immediately beyond metamorphism of rocks being due to the county line, in Oglethorpe county, the same general causes. Clarke county, workable granite of the very finest qual however, lies rather upon the slopes and ity is somewhat extensively quarried. among the foot-hills of the true moun In common with the greater part of tain range than within the range itself. the metamorphic formation of this re The country is, therefore, broken and gion, the rock of the county is seamed hilly but not truly mountainous. Ranges with© occasional veins of gold-bearing of mountains of considerable altitude lie quartz. Gold in paying quantities has 50 or 60 miles to the northward, and are been washed from the bed of a small distinctly visible from any of the higher stream (Tanyard branch) flowing through hills of the county in clear weather. The a portion of the city of Athens, and climate of the county (see page 17) is, probably in other parts of the county. therefore, that of the great Piedmont No very rich veins or stream deposits ("foot of the mountain") region, being have been found in the county, however, neither enervating, like that of many of and it is most probable that none exist. the "lowland" counties to .the south, The rich veins and deposits found in the nor rigorous like that of some of the counties to the north occur generally AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. among the schistose and quartzose rocks part upon its chemical composition. and not among the granites. Both of these are determined by the Whilst the rock is comparatively uni nature of the rock from which the soil form in general character, and is all, was formed. comparatively speaking, hard and com The principal minerals of which the pact, it is not uniform in hardness and granitic rock of the county is composed compactness. As a consequence, eros are quartz, feldspar and mica. True ion has carved the surface of the county granite is a uniform, homogeneous mix into numberless water-worn hills and ture of these three minerals, each finely valleys, giving it a ©©rolling" character. grained, compacted into a hard, uniform As a further consequence, the streams, rock. Gneissoid granite contains the (of which there are a great number), same three minerals, but it is not homo have uneven and somewhat precipitous geneous in character, the minerals are channels and move with rapidly chang coarsely grained and the rock is not so ing velocities. These conditions give hard or compact as true granite. In true rise to valuable "water powers," many granite it is sometimes difficult to dis of which are already applied to indus tinguish the minerals from each other by trial uses. (See page 31.) Another con the unaided eye, but in the gneisses the sequence of the lack of uniformity in large, coarse masses of each are gener the hardness and compactness of the ally easily distinguishable. In addition rock is that it has been "weathered" to to quartz, feldspar and mica, other min a great and unusual depth. (The same erals in smaller quantities are sometimes is true of many contiguous counties.) among the components of the rock, such Excepting on the summits of the steeper as hornblende, tourmaline, small veins hills, from which the weathered rock has of iron pyrites, ("fool©s gold"), etc., some been washed away as rapidly as formed, of which are often prominently notice the effects of the weathering are notice able when the rock is freshly broken. able to depths of from 20 to 40 feet. Others, such as carbonate of lime, phos Wells in the county are generally sunk phate of lime, sulphate of lime, etc., to these depths before hard rock is en occur in much smaller quantities, espe countered. "Weathering" is the "break cially mixed through the soil formed of ing down, pulverization and decomposi the rock when weathered. It is this tion of rocks and minerals by natural heterogeneous character and coarse processes ; that is, by the action of water, structure of the gneissoid rock that per air, rain, wind, frost and such like natural mits it to be weathered to such great agencies in operation constantly on the depths. earth©s surface." The "weathering" of The first effect of weathering is to rocks results in the formation of soil. crumble the rock. The minerals are The soil of the county is, therefore, then separated and sorted by the action naturally very deep. Where it is .pro of water. The quartz crumbles into tected from washing the depth to which sand, and the mica into small, fine, glis it may be cultivated for farming pur tening plates or scales. These are fre poses is practically unlimited. quently noticeable in the dust by the The natural, inherent suitability of a roadside or in the beds and along the soil for farming purposes depends in sides of small streams. Quartz simply part upon the physical character and in forms sand ; it cannot be further decom- CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, posed. The feldspar and mica (and other Clarke county is, therefore, essentially a similar minerals) are, however, not only clay soil. As the quantity of iron in the crumbled into fine particles but are act- feldspar, etc., is considerable, the oxide tually decomposed. Thus, feldspar, of iron formed during weathering gives which is composed chiefly of silica the soil generally a decided red color. (silicic acid), alumina and potash, with The sorting action of rain water modi small quantities of lime, soda, iron and fies to some extent the natural character other ingredients, decomposes under the of the soil in many places. Clay is action of weathering and produces sand lighter and finer than sand and is, (silica), clay (silicate of alumina and therefore, more easily washed away.
THE GEORGIA NORMAL SCHOOL. water) and silicate of potash principally, The larger streams of the county are with small quantities of oxide of iron, therefor^ almost constantly more or less lime and soda compounds, etc. Mica, muddy from the quantity of fine clay which has a somewhat similar composi which they carry, and the smaller tion, produces, on weathering, similar streams are frequently so. This exces results. The principal ingredients of sive washing away of the clay as com the soil formed by the weathering of a pared with the sand results in the pro gneissoid granite are, therefore, sand duction of sandy soil. This is especially and clay ; and as the quantity of clay is the case upon the tops and sides of the large, such soils are usually clay soils. steeper hills and in "bottoms" where the What may be called the natural soil of velocity of a swiftly running stream is AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. first checked. With the clay there is sents the soil to a depth of 12 inches. removed a good portion of the oxide of and its composition is as follows iron, so, as the soils become sandy, they Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbonic lose their red color and become "grey" acid, etc ...... ^8025 soils. Organic matter the remains of Water ...... 4038 vegetation upon the soil also effects Organic matter ...... 4-593 the removal of the oxide of iron by solu Lime ...... 0.292 tion so that some of the soils are "grey" Magnesia ...... o 270 even when clayey. Potash ...... 0.781 The great bulk of the soils of the Soda...... 0.685 county are red clay lands, but sandy Phosphoric acid...... 0.036 lands and grey lands are not uncommon. Sulphuric acid ...... 0.076 The numerous streams furnish consid Oxide of iron ...... 1.204 erable acreages of bottom lands of great fertility. IOO.OOO Even in the case of the distinctly clay The composition of the soil per acre lands the proportion of sand mixed with calculated from this analysis is as fol the clay is so great that they are rarely lows : One cubic foot of the soil weighed heavy or stiff, or in condition unsuited 81 pounds, and one acre taken to a depth to easy and perfect tillage. The of 12 inches weighed, accordingly, ease of cultivation of clay lands depends 3,528,000 pounds, as follows : largely upon their freedom from exces Sand, clay, silicic acid, carbon sive moisture. The rolling character of ic acid, etc ...... 3,105.730 the lands of the county enables them to Water ...... 142,500 be properly drained without great diffi Organic matter ...... 161.750 culty. The hills, moreover, are not Lime ...... 10,320 generally so steep or abrupt but that Magnesia ...... 9>54 excessive washing may be prevented by Potash ...... 27.560 ordinary and simple methods. Terrac Soda ...... 24,150 ing for this purpose has found success Phosphoric acid ...... 1,260 ful application almost universally. Sulphuric acid ...... 22,690 Physically speaking, therefore, the Oxide of iron ...... 42,500 soils of the county generally are admira bly suited to farming operations, being 3,528,000 deep, composed of thoroughly disinte Careful investigations have shown that grated materials, capable of easy drain given crops take from the soil certain age and protection from washing and of quantities of certain mineral matters. a character adapted to easy and economic The following may be given as illustra culivation. tions. The chemical composition of the soil Amounts (in pounds) of different sub may be illustrated by an analysis of a stances used and required by plants in sample of the red clay land of the Uni producing certain crops, including the versity farm. This farm is situated on roots, stem, leaves, fruit, grain, seed, a ridge-top, and the soil is less fertile etc., and all parts of the plant, repre than the average soil of the county of senting the total demand made by the similar character. The sample repre crop upon the soil. 26 GLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 1. COTTON, 200 POUNDS LINT PER ACRE, is abundantly provided with the mineral p , Pounds, food necessary to produce luxuriant crops T ...... ^or many years without artificial fertili- ,, ...... 4 Zation. When it is remembered that Magnesia ...... 12 , , ., , , , . ., the sub-soil, down to the lowest depth Phosphoric acid ...... 17 ., . . . , that can possibly be reached by any Other mineral matter ...... 25 , ^ . J . •>_•<• plow, contains even larger quantities of 2. CORN, 50 BUSHELS, SHELLED GRAIN. piant food than are found in the surface Potash PounjSj soil, it is apparent that it is possible to T , - maintain the natural fertility of the soil Magnesia 20 practically indefinitely. It is true that Phosphoric acid ©. ©. ©. . ©. ©.©.©.© 31 the fertility of a soil is mainly depend- Other mineral matter.© .©!©.!©. 15 ent upon the solubility or "availability " of the mineral plant food which it con- 3. OATS, 20 BUSHELS. tamg j n no soils thig availability Pounds. n , 1 , . . Potash ...... v ... 20 be so readily or easily secured by judi- Lime ...... 7 cious care of the land, green manuring, Magnesia ...... 5 rotation of crops and other economic Phosphoric acid ...... 7 practices of good husbandry, as in soils Other mineral matter ...... 56 of the character found in this county, the physical characteristics of which 4. WHEAT, 10 BUSHELS. , , J , ., , , ,. , , , * Pounds._ , have been described,_ ' and which enable Potash ...... 10 them to retain heat, air, moisture and the Lime ...... 4 products of decay of organic matter, the Magnesia ...... 3 natural agencies by which such availa- Phosphoric acid ...... 8 bility is secured. Other mineral matter ...... 37 The general chemical character of the 5 TIMOTHY HAY I TON so^ anc* ^ts caPac^y to furnish mineral Pounds, plant food may also be estimated from Potash ...... 65 the composition of the minerals forming Lime ...... 30 the rocks from which the soil was pro- Magnesia ...... 13 duced. All the minerals (excepting Phosphoric acid ...... 16 quartz) of the gneissoid granite underly- Other mineral macter ...... 100 ing the soil of the county are rich in 6. RED CLOVER, I TON. potash, lime and magnesia, and contain Pounds. the other necessary ingredients of plant Potash ...... 80 food in good proportions- The soil Lime ...... 70 formed by the weathering of such min- Magnesia ...... 25 erais is> therefore, necessarily a strong Phosphoric acid ...... 20 soil . that is> it contains plant food in Other mineral matter ...... 25 abundance, its natural productive capac- Comparing the requirements of the ity is very great, and it responds readily crops with the actual capabilities of the to judicious tillage, soil, as indicated by the analysis, it is Another indication of the natural fer- evident that, taken only to the depth of tility of the soil is afforded by the char- 12 inches, the ordinary soil of the county acter of the native vegetable growth. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 27
The timber of the county is mainly hard of the natural waters is absolute. The woods oak, hickory, dogwood, etc. a extreme purity and the magnificent class of vegetation that demands from quality of the drinking waters of the the soil much the same kind and amounts region in which the county lies consti of mineral food as are required by ordi tute one of its chief claims to health- nary cultivated crops. fulness. It may be safely said, therefore, that It has been previously noted that the the general character of the soil of the oxide of iron which gives the red color county is such as to yield to the hus to the soil is sometimes washed out of bandman full and rich returns for the the soil (leaving " grey " land) by the labor of intelligent cultivation. As percolating water when the quantity of "proof of the pudding" attention is organic (vegetable) matter upon or in called to the agricultural statistics of the the soil is large. This oxide of iron re county given elsewhere, showing what mains in solution until the water issues the soil has actually been made to pro freely into the air. Iron, or " chalybe duce by careful culture. ate" springs are, therefore, not infre As indicated above, the mineral mat quent in the county. There are, in fact, ters of the soil and of the underlying quite a number of them of excellent rock of this region are mainly silicates quality and great medicinal value. compounds of potash, lime, etc., with As illustrating their character the silica. These compounds are but slightly analyses of two of the better known of soluble in water (though competent to such springs are here given : become sufficiently so for all purposes "HELICON" SPRINGS, CLARKE co., of plant growth). The water percolat 5 MILES FROM ATHENS. ing through the soil and rock and col lected in wells for drinking purposes Soiids Dissolved. IL. therefore contains but very small quan Carbonate of iron ...... 3.095 tities of mineral matter in solution. Carbonate of magnesia .... 0.462 Numerous analyses of the well waters of Carbonate of lithia ...... a trace the county show that the amount of Sulphate of lime ...... 3 217 mineral matter held in solution is, on Sulphate of potash ...... o 102 the average, not more than 2 grains per Sulphate of magnesia ..... o 065 U. S: gallon. They are, therefore, Sulphate of soda...... 0.167 "free-stone" waters of most excellent Sodium chloride ...... 0167 quality. The natural springs of the Silica ...... 0.310 county are of the same general character Alumina ...... 0053 and even the superficial streams, large Organic matter ...... 0112 and small, when freed from suspended Manganese ...... a trace sediment, are remarkably pure. The Phosphate of lime ...... a trace waters of the Oconee river, from which Total ...... 7.714 the city of Athens is about to take its water-supply, shows, when filtered, less Temperature of the water (air 81.4 ) than 2£ grains per gallon of solid mat 57-6 . ters dissolved. Except where subject to Spring near the N. E. R. R. depot, local contamination, the organic purity city of Athens. The so-called CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,
" FERRO-LITHIC SPRING. , A few " sulphur" springs are also Grains per Solids Dissolved. U.S. Gallon. known, the sulphur compounds being Carbonate of iron ...... 1.528 derived probably from the iron pyrites Carbonate of lime ...... 0.241 (sulphide of iron) occurring in small Carbonate of magnesia . . . . . 0.315 quantities quite generally through the Carbonate of lithia ...... o 007 rock and readily decomposing on weath Sulphate of lime ...... o 162 ering. Sulphate of potash ...... 0.132 This brief review of the geology of the Sulphate of soda ...... 0.115 county may serve, perhaps, to disclose Alkaline chlorides ...... 0.003 the natural and sufficient basis for the Silica ...... 0218 claim that its salubrious climate, pure Alumnium ...... ooio water and fertile soil fit it to be the Organic matter ...... 0.136 home of a prosperous, sturdy and Total ...... 2.766 thrifty people.
FARMING IN CLARKE COUNTY.
PROF. DAVID C. BARROW, JR., C. M. E.
Clarke county is situated about forty in this county who raise hay to the ex miles south of what is known as the clusion of cotton. Bermudagrass, which Chattahoochee ridge, which separates, was once regarded as the farmer©s curse, the cotton producing section of the is considered now as of great value on State from those portions where the account of the quantity of hay it pro summer season is too short to permit of duces and the excellent pasturage it its successful cultivation. affords. This grass, is killed only by We are very advantageously situated, intense cold, so that, when once a field agriculturally, being in a climate where is set in bermuda grass, very little ex cotton can be successfully grown, and pense is incurred in making hay from it. yet being sufficiently far north to make It is common to cut three crops of the cultivation of wheat profitable. hay during a summer, and at least two The climate of the more southern por are expected. tion of the State is as suitable for the As to fruit, we have an abundance of cultivation of cotton, corn and oats as is figs, from which may be inferred that we our own, but in that section wheat can have no very severe cold, and peaches, not be successfull raised. We cannot apples, pears and grapes thrive with us. grow sugar cane in Clarke, at least not There are many scuppernong vines in as a profitable crop, but we have as a and around Athens which are of great substitute sorghum from which much size and which produce bushels of fruit. syrup is made every year. From this brief statement of the crops Each year increased attention is paid which are grown here it will be seen that to hay making, and there are now farmers the statement of an eminent divine that, AND THE CITY OF ATHENS.
Our county produces everything else injured. The valleys are also injured and cotton besides," is almost literally by the washings. Hillside ditching and correct. terracing are practiced with good success During my boyhood it was the custom in checking the damage. n my father©s plantation, in the vicinity >f Athens, to feed the negroes with pro- Gray sandy lands, which form isions grown on the place, and to clothe a belt three miles wide in the middle of ;hem with cloth woven at home from the county, comprise nearly 30 per cent, :otton and wool raised there of its lands. The soil is gray and more The farmer who buys only sugar and or less sandy, 16 inches deep, and under Doffee of his food, and wears clothes of laid by a yellowish or reddish clay much manufactured in his own county, less tough than the red lands and much if not on his farm, is still to be found less retentive of moisture. It is not as with us. durable as the red lands, is generous in giving up its plant food, and is Extract From Tenth Census. more readily washed off by rains. It Clarke County. also decreases in productiveness more 1 The lands may be classed as red readily. The growth is white, red, lays, gray sandy, mulatto, and alluvial Spanish and post oak, hickory, pine and ottom soils. The red clay lands cover chestnut, this last being more abundant bout 65 per cent, of the county area, than on red lands. Whenever it is pos nd extend in two belts across the sible farmers use chestnut rails for fenc :ounty, each about 6 miles wide. The ing purposes, and gray lands are often ark red soil has a depth of about 18 marked by chestnut fences. These ches, with a tough red clay sub-soil. lands are best adapted to cotton and The soil is fine grained and compact, oats, 75 per cent, of the former being etaining moisture for a long time, hav. planted. The red land is better for corn, ng little sand in its composition. It is clover and wheat, though cotton forms ery durable, resisting both weathering 60 per cent. o"f the crops. The yield on .nfluence and the taking up of its riches "fresh gray land" is from 1,000 to 1,200 >y the plants, and produces crops for a pounds of seed cotton per acre. While umber of years with very little decrease the soil is not so durable as the red land, yield. it recuperates more readily and produces Its tree growth consists of red, black, very well for a few years after a rest. panish, and white oaks, chestnut, pine The bottom lands, comprising 5 per ickory, dogwood and some walnut. cent, of the land of the county, are vari he soil is cold and naturally well able in width, and are never very wide. rained, and is easy to till in wet sea- The growth is birch, hickory, pine, oak, ons. walnut, and frequently considerable Fresh lands produce from 900 to 1,000 white oak. The soil is a dark alluvial iounds of seed cotton, and this yield loam, sometimes underlaid by a tough xmtinues for a number of years without pipe clay, white or bluish in color. The y apparent diminution. The lands are land is best adapted to corn, roper cent, lot troubled so much by weeds or by only of cotton being planted. Cockle- irab-grass. They have a tendency to bur and rag-weed are the most trouble vash, and on steep hillsides are much some." CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA,
Since the census report was prepared of the successful farmers of Clarke one notable change has taken place in county, has given me a statement of the the farming in Clarke county, which is crops raised by himself and tenants dur the cultivation of Bermuda grass on ing 1892. His tenants are negroes, who many of the bottoms, which were then with their families and some help hired, planted in corn, a change which has been cultivated their farms. Mr. Comer is a of the greatest benefit to the farmer. very careful and skillful farmer, but the At my request Mr. Jos. F. Comer, one results show what can be accomplished.
RESIDENCE OF A. L. HULL, MILLEDGE AVENUE.
J.F.COMER. TENANTS. VALUE. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6
30 U 13 10 15 12 15 9 cts. per Ib. Bushels Cotton Seed. .... 810 297 351 270 405 324 405 22 cts. per bu. Galls Syrup (Sorghum). . 100 80 60 400 50 150 200 50 cts. per gal. Bus. Potatoes (Sweet) .... 120 60 150 70 100 75 125 50 cts. per bu. Stacks Fodder ...... 10 3 rt 4 5 3 5 75 cts. per 100. Loads Forage Corn...... 25 2 1 3 4 2 3 500 160 250 170 200 150 20i 75 cts. per bu. 600 600 150 500 400 500 200 8 cts. per Ib. T rmHc ^tinplfc 8 3 6 3 4 3 4 60 cts. per 100. 4 1 1 2 2 3 3 30 3 2 1 10 2 1 75 /cts. per 100. "Rn tli pic Pf»^ic 25 8 8 20 10 15 25 80\cts. per bu. N^r» A/Tiil PC \A/r»T*k©pH 4 2 2 2 2 2 3 Rent Cotton (in bales) .... 5 5 5 5 5 6 ..\...... cr: AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 31 The bales of cotton averaged 450 Ibs., higher than in more remote sections, and that being size of bales paid for rent. the quality of the land being, of course, The loads of shucks and hay may an important consideration. be counted at 500 Ibs. each. The stacks Sometimes a portion of the crop of fodder at the same. grown, usually one-fourth, is paid for The conclusion which naturally fol the use of land, but ordinarily the con lows from this brief statement seems to tract is for "standing rent." By "stand be that our county can hardly be equalled ing rent" is meant that a fixed amount for diversity of products and profitable of lint cotton, or occasionally of money, farming under proper management. is to be paid for the use of land. The NOTE. Several years ago an agricultural amount varies from 800 to 1,200 pounds club existed in Athens, which offered a premium of lint cotton for each one-horse farm. for the best acre of wheat. Several of the con testants raised over 50 bushels, and the prize Sometimes the landlord furnishes the was awarded to Dr. James S. Hamilton, who mule and includes his hire in the rent. grew, I think, 54 bushels on an acre. This is given as indicating what can be raised by proper Mr. Comer does this, but the tenant cultivation. feeds the mule. Another very . common contract is The Tenant System. what is called the " half and half con The table on page 30 illustrates one tract." The laborer furnishes the of the most common methods of farming human labor, usually himself and in this county and the surrounding coun family; and the landlord furnishes the try, so common, indeed, that it may be mule and land and feeds the mule. The called the method in which our lands are laborer furnishes his hoes, etc., and the farmed. landlord the plows. Fertilizers, black The land is owned in large bodies, smith bills and other expenses are paid either by those who inherited planta for half and half. The crop is equally tions, or by the accumulations of suc divided between the landlord and his cessful business men, and is rented out tenant. in small farms to tenants. Under this contract an industrious The rents vary in kinds and amount, laborer will greatly prosper and the land lands near cities and towns renting lord be well paid for the use of his land.
WATER SYSTEM.
The extent, distribution and commer The two forks of the Oconee river cial value of the water system of Clarke which run together on the county line county justify its discussion under a are the most important members of the special article. The article should be water system, but along the several read with the county map before the eye, creeks which run into the rivers a num and with a clear remembrance of the ber of valuable powers exist, some uti large and evenly distributed rainfall with lized and some not. It will be noted which this c action is favored. that secondary streams of the county are CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, supplied by a great number of branches entirely free from any large amounts of which take their rise in a still larger mineral ingredients, and the sparsely number of bold springs. The general settled character of the country secures trend of the streams is toward the immunity from hurtful organic contami south-east, and with scarcely an excep nation. Analyses are given below of tion the river and creek valleys are very the water of several typical streams, narrow and bordered on each side by springs and wells in this county, which high hills. The underlying rocks in show the marked purity and healthful- which these channels have been cut be ness of the waters of this section. To long to the earliest geological eras, tech interpret their analyses it should be nically called metamorphic rock, which said that the presence of chlorides and abounds in fissures into which a large ammonia indicate animal, or organic con per centage of the rainfall is gathered. tamination, while the amount of solid This underground supply not only sus matter shows the dissolved mineral in tains the springs and branches, but gredients. The recognized limits of makes it possible to secure good water safety for a drinking water are concerned at shallow depths. The surface wells of chiefly with the presence of chlorides the county range from 25 to 50 feet in and albumenoid ammonia. When chlo depth. The nature of the underlying rides exceed two grains per U. S. gallon, rock, of course, renders impossible the and when albumenoid ammonia exceeds boring of artesian wells, but, fortunate 10 parts in 100,000,000 a water should ly, the surface water is so pure that deep be regarded with suspicion from a health wells aie hot necessary. The insoluble standpoint. With these facts in mind nature of the rock leaves the supply the tables speak for themselves.
Ammonia, AmmoniaFree Albuminoid 75.
Oconee River, at New Water Works, } F^J^ """ Trace. 0 01 0.04 7.223 Trace. 0.03 0.00 2.854 1.82 Middle Oconee River, j gltered^ .. ;; Trace. 0 02 0.00 2.219 Trace. 0.00 0.02 4.672 i.6 Trail Creek, Unfiltered ...... Trace. 0 005 0.03 3.651 1.25 Von der Lieth©s Spring , ...... 0.002 0.005 2.10 1.25 Well on Milledge Avenue, Athens ...... 0.14 0 000 0.045 5.26 1 50
Water Powers. The question 2. On the velocity with which the as to whether a given water system may water is brought to the top of the fall. be utilized for power purposes depends 3. On the volume of water. upon the following facts : 4. On the constancy of water in the i. The occurrence of rocky shoals channel. over which the stream will descend a 5 The adaptability of the banks for number of feet in elevation within a the building of a suitable dam and race comparatively short distance, the power way by which to bring the wat£r to the being proportional to the fall. machinery. / AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 33 1. Throughout this county the beds 2 The nature of the drainage. of streams are marked at frequent inter 3. The absorption power of the un vals by the presence of transverse rocky derlying rock system. ledges of greater or less fall over which The drainage area of the two rivers the waters pass from one comparatively is very hilly, a fact which tends to make level stretch to another. a large per centage of the water from 2. The general slope of these quiet rainstorms run off rapidly. On the other stretches determines the velocity which hand, these water sheds are well wooded is effected in bringing the water to the and the underlying rock system is fis dam at a given speed. The streams of sured so that much of the rainfall is this county are swiftly flowing at all rapidly absorbed and given forth gradu points. The rivers between the shoals ally to the streams and branches Act maintain without much variation an ual observations on the waters of Trail average flow of one foot per second. creek, whose water shed is 12 square This estimate is a safe average based on miles give the following table for a point actual observations on Middle Oconee near the creek©s mouth. river at Tallasee Shoals where the veloc ity is 1.6 feet per second, and on the Trail Creek. same river above the Princeton Shoals, _ , t/3 o 1 o where the velocity is .852 feet per & 0 g OJ cu (j-^cS .S >- c »- second. 43 Q CJ "o ^ "^o & 3. The volume of water passing the 03 - > i ^ tn o top of a shoal will be the product of the Q £ < < > > area of a vertical cross section of the April 1891 25© 5.58 in 12.109ft 2.05ft 24.8 cu.ft stream by the velocity. Cross sections, Oct., 1891|23© 2.6 in 5.00 ft©2. 17 ft| 10.85 cu.ft of course, will vary with different stages Average grade of stream 4.25© in 1,000©. of the water, but estimates on the Mid dle Oconee river taken in the early fall The first observation was in the spring season when the water is lowest, show when the general flow was full; the lat at Tallasee Shoals an area of 152 square ter at a time when the water was lowest. feet, and at Princeton an area of 400 Taking the average between these two square feet, the respective velocities be we have 17.8 cubic feet per second as ing 1.6 feet and 832 feet per second. the average flow of the stream, which is The product of these factors give at Tal equivalent to 1,537,920 cubic feet per lasee 25 horse power for every foot of day. The annual rainfall for this section fall, and at Princeton 35 horse power for being 54 inches, the mean daily rainfall every foot of fall, the increase at the is .14 in., which, on an area of 12 square latter point being due to the waters of miles, gives a total volume of water several large creeks which empty into amounting to 4,183,010 cubic feet. Of this river between the two shoals. These this, the observations show that 2,645,090- are minimum figures. cubic feet are lost to the stream by 4. The constancy of the flow is of evaporation, by running off in storm vital importance, and will depend on water, and by absorption and evapora three main items. tion from vegetable growth and in deep I. The annual rainfall and its distri fissures. Calculated to per centage this bution. shows that an average of 37% of the CLABKE COVNTY, GEORGIA, rain fall is available for supplying the ment between his data and the observa stream. This calculation has been given tions on Trail creek lend further strength in detail in order to use the available °/0 to the figure as given. We, therefore, on other streams in the county. Fan may use 40% for the creeks of this ning in his excellent work on water sup county as a basis upon which to estimate ply shows that 40% of the total rainfall their average volume and the horsepower may be taken as available to maintain which they will give, as shown in the the flow of a stream. The close agree- table below.
Table of Water System Measurements.
h^ NAME. 5 413,0002.5 ft 0.3 McNutt©s Creek ...... 9 10 1,300,000 2 ft. 1.5 100 3 420.0002.3 ft. 0.31 115 Bear Creek ...... 7 12 1, 627,000 2 ft. 1.8 130 278,0002.5 ft. 0.2 60 164,0002.5 ft. 0.13 110 lVTr"T ptvw *2 I i*Pf* K 9 147,0002.5 ft 0.10 108 1 3/ 181,0002.5 ft. 0.14 96 Big Sandy Creek ...... 13 lo Wi 2,060,0002 ft. 1.54 126 Big- Sandy Creek at Colt©s Mill...... 6 4 4 1,000,000 2 ft. 0.75 (.0 Little Sandy Creek ...... 2% 555,000 2 ft. 0.40 71 T\F f\\s f* "fr* Vi f* ^ Pppplr Ql© 3X6 " 488,000,2 ft. 0.39 lOii Trail Creek (West Fork)...... 4 609,000 2.17 ft 0.40 86 Trail Creek...... 6 12 1,537,000 2.17 ft. 1.20 115 Shoal Creek...... \ 12 10 2 3,055,0002.4 ft. 2.00 230 Bi^ Creek B-!/ 1,300,0002.3 ft. 0.90 85 Cedar Creek ...... 4% 16 2 715,0002.5 ft. 0.58 120 McNutt©s Creek, at Epps© Gin ...... 8 2,000,000 2 ft. 1 ^0 90 McNutt©s Creek, at Sykes© Mill . . . 6 10 1,300,000 2 ft. 0.90 50 2 260,00012 3 ft. 0.20 75. Bobbin Mill Creek ...... 2 2 260,0002.5 ft. 0.20 110 320 4 156,0002.4 ft. 0.12 119 41,600,000 1 ft. 30.00 Oconee River ...... 40 280 30,000,000 1 tt. 20.00 In the foregoing table the lengths and WATER POWER SITES. drainage areas of the streams have been Middle Oconee River. taken as far as possible from the county map. Streams along the borders, and (a) Tallasee Shoals. iM miles long; particularly in the county, have been total fall 43©; H. P. per i© fall 25 Total estimated from general maps of the ad H. P. 1007.5; owned by a company of joining counties. [In the case of Mid Athens merchants; for sale on easy dle Oconee river the estimated average terms; not now utilized; formerly used flow from drainage area is 41,000,000 for grist mill; good topography on cubit feet per day, and from observa either bank for race way and mill build tions at the Bobbin mill, in October, ings ; 8 miles from Athens, 4 miles from 1892, 40,700,000 cubic feet per day.] McLeroy©s Station on G. C. & N. R. R. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 35 Dam can be easily constructed on con Whitehall. Now utilized by a cotton tinuous rock ledge ; will have to be 400© factory, with turbines yielding 300 H. P. long. Fine dam and race ^ mile long ; also a (b) McLeroys Mill. Shoal >^ mile grist mill run by power from same race, long; total fall, 12; H. P. per I ft., 30; (c) Bar/iet'f's Shoals. Located on Oco total H. P., 360; owned by J. L. McLe- nee river, below the junction point of the roy and others ; excellent grist mill now two forks, and lying just across the operated ; good dam and race; situated county line. The shoals are i ^ miles in 3% miles from Athens, and y2 mile from length, with a total fall of 54.7 feet. The McLeroy©s Station on G. C. & N. R. R. volume of water is 724.8 cubic feet per (c) Jennings1 Shoals. A mile and a second; velocity, i© per second ; H. P. half below McLeroy©s mill; total fall, 8©; per i ft. fall, 70; total H. P., 3,780. H. P. per i ft., 30; total H. P., 240. Located 12 miles from Athens and 4>^ Power partially decreased in high water, miles from railroad at Watkinsville. old dam still in place, needs repair; 3 Owned by the Athens Manufacturing miles from Athens, owned by Dr. J. A. Co, R. L. Bloomfield, Agent, and at Hunnicutt; not now utilized. present used to operate a large cotton (d) Princeton Factory. Fall 15©, H. P. mill, 7,500 spindles; wing dam and race, per i ft. 35 ; total, 525 H. P. Located controlling the flow of the river ; turbines 2^ miles from Athens on main road by now take up 400 H. P. One of the best that name; now used by cotton mill with powers in this whole section. Power turbine of 300 H. P.; owned by Prince- leased to manufacturers. ton M©f©g Co., J. S. Hamilton, agent. Dam can easily be raised 8© without any McNutt©s Greek. damage beyond $2,000 by back water. (a) Sykes Mill. Seven miles from Building in good condition, machinery Athens on the county line; total fall, put in 1875. 36©; H. P. per foot fall estimated at .9 H. P. ; total H. P., 32. Owned by Sykes Oconee River. , Bros., Athens, and utilized by a good (a) Athens Shoals. Total fall, 13 feet. saw and grist mill plant. H. P. per foot i ft fall. 26. Total H. P., (b) hpps' Gin. Two miles lower down 338. Located in the city of Athens, and on same creek; Total fall, 30 feet; es owned by the Athens Manufacturing timated H. P. by I foot fall i.i ; total, 33 Co, R. L. Bloomfield, Agent., a fine H. P. Owner, F. N. Epps and utilized masonry dam, and turbine of 300 H. P. for cotton ginning; located 3^ miles from The factory makes cotton yarns and dyes Athens and 4 miles from McLeroy©s them; 10,000 spindles. It is a good Station, on G., C. & N. R. R. paying investment; is lighted by electric (c) Paper M ill. Located at the junc lights run by the water power tion of McNutt©s and Barber©s creeks ; (b) Georgia Factory. The shoals are total fall, 18 feet ; estimated H. P. per i Y-Z mile in length. Total fall, about 30 foot fall, 5.00 H. P.; total, 90 H. P.; feet. 30 H. P. per i foot fall. Total located on Princeton road, 4 miles from H.P., 900. Located in the centre of the Athens, and 3^ miles from depot at Wat town of Whitehall, and owned by J. R. kinsville ; hitherto utilized by a large White and others ; five and one-half miles paper mill plant; recently bought by from Athens, and ^ mile from depot of prominent men of Athens, and now in CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. process of change to a fine cotton mill Little Sandy Creek. for the manufacture of cotton yarns,rope, Tottys Mill. On Nowhere road, 5 etc., under name of Alpha Mills, W. D. miles from Athens ; total fall, 15 ; H. P. Griffith, agent, Athens ; value of plant, per i foot fall, 0.4 ; total H. P., 6; owned with new improvements, $50,000 ; has a by Mr. Totty and used for grist and gin good dam, race, and power pit, and good ning purposes. brick building, two stories, with out houses. Noketchee Creek. Barretis Mill. On Nowhere road 4 Little Bear Creek. miles from Athens. Total fall, 16 feet; Fowlet's M ill. Located 10 miles from total H. P. 6. Dam needing repair, and Athens, 4 miles from Bogart Station on race way, for sale with 25 acres of land, YOUNG MEN©S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION BUILDING. G., C. & N. R. R.; total fall, 20 feet; H. $1,000. Formerly used for grist and 1©. per i foot, 0.31, estimated ; total H. P., gin; now not used ; no good building. 6.2; now utilized by excellent grist and Beaver Dam Creek. wheel; owned saw mill plants ; turbine William s Saw Mill. On old Jackson Fowler. by Hedge road 8 miles from Athens, just across Sandy Creek. the Madison county line. Total fall, 20 Coifs Mill. Just across Jackson feet; total H. P., 2. Used for sawing county line, 7 miles from Athens ; total lumber, owned by Benj. Williams. fall, 13©; H. P. per i foot fall, 75 H. P.; Shoal Creek. total H. P., 9.9 ; good dam and grist mill Giu on property of W. H. Morton, io£ and saw mill, utilizing all the power. miles from Athens. Total fall, 20 feet; AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 37 total H. P., 20 ; now used for ginning Newton, Major Lamar Cobb, Athens, cotton. executor. For sale. Cedar Creek. Trail Creek. Mill Site. On land of Wesley Puryear, (a) Check Factory. Shoals within the on Barnett©s Shoal road 61 miles from city limits. 18 foot fall; formerly used Athens, used for sawing and ginning. to run the machinery of the check fac 20 foot fall; total, 11 H. P.; good dam tory, which now uses steam. Dam was and saw mill plant. cut in December, 1890. Owned by Athens Mfg. Co. H. P., 21.6. Bobbin Mill Creek. (b) On west fork of Trail creek 2% Bobbin Mill. 2.}^ miles from Athens. miles from Athens a shoal with fall of 9 Total fall, 40 feet; total H. P., 8. Good feet occurs; has never been used, It dam, breast wheel, mill house in bad would furnish horsepower of 5.4 with repair; owned by the heirs of J. H. small expense for dam. COUNTY STATISTICS. The report of the school commissioner Geography was taught to 520 pupils. of Clarke county, 1892, shows the follow Arithmetic was taught to 1,047. ing statistics concerning the county The expenditures on the county schools : schools aggregated $4,730.75. The in Number of schools, 11 white. 20 col come is derived from the county poll ored; total 31. tax and from the State. Number of teachers, white, male 10, female II. Population. Number of teachers, colored, male 4, Census of 1890 gives in Clarke county, female 21. whites 7,072, colored 8,114; total, 15,186. Pupils admitted, white, male 260, In 1880 the census gave a total of 11,704. female 233; total ...... 498 Increase in ten years of 3,484, equiva Pupils admitted, colored, male 578, lent to 30 per cent. female 594; total ...... 1,172 Cotton. Aggregate total ...... 1,665 Planted in 1890, 13,333 acres, yielded Average monthly cost of tuition per 5,471 bales; average, 2.44 acres to the pupil $1.09, of which the State pays bale. $i 0794. The average attendance in all Cereals. schools was 774.25 each day. Acres. Bushels. Orthography was taught to 1,503 Barley ...... II 80 pupils. Rye ...... 26 212 Reading was taught to 1,394 pupils. Wheat ...... 668 3,824 Writing was taught to 1,185 pupils. Corn ...... 4,804 52,139 Grammar was taught to 326 pupils. Oats ...... i,937 18,981 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Farms. Taxes, 1 892. Owned by white ...... 232 Paid by whites . . $57,38634 9443% Owned by colored ...... 62 Paid by colored . . 3.283.32 5.57% Total ...... 294 Total . $60,669.66 100% GEORGIA FACTORY DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILILIA DISTRICT No. 217. Area. chains, s. 35^ w. 5 chains, s. lie. 4 5 932 acres 9.27 square miles. chains, s. 51^ w. 14 chains, s. 89^ w. 4 chains, s. 2 w. 10 chains, s. 453- w. 8 Population. chains to the point where said branch White voters, 74; colored, 55. empties into the North Oconee river; White population ...... 500 thence up said river, n. 32 w 16 chains, Colored population ...... 275 s. 81 w. 18 chains, s. 70 w. 26 chains, n. 4f w. 20 chains, n. 15^- e 10 chains, and Total ...... 775 n. 64 w. 16 chains to the city limits; Location. thence the district runs westerly with The district lies immediately south of the city limits to the beginning corner. the city of Athena, adjoining Puryear©s Whitehall. district on the east, Oconee county on the south and Princeton Factory on the Occupying the centre of the district west, and touches a portion of Buck and incorporated under a mayor and Branch district on the north. The sur council is the flourishing town of White vey by C. B. Daniell, C. S., in 1887, de hall. The town is essentially a factory fines the limits as follows : town, being peopled almost entirely by Beginning at the city limits on the the operatives of the Georgia factory. Macon & Northern R. R. and running The town lies principally on the east with said road to a sewer near the resi bank of the Oconee, but has a station dence of Dock Giles, thence across to and postoffice on the Macon and said Giles1 spring; thence down said Northern R. R. on the west side of the spring branch n. 78^ w. 14.50 chains; river. The town limits are circular and thence west to the line of John R. described with a radius ^ of a mile from White©s property, and thence with said the centre of the factory building. The line s. 6if w. 30 chains to the Oconee population of Whitehall is about 400. river. The district then follows down The town has two good church build the river to the mouth of Cedar creek, ings and supports two excellent schools. and turns up said creek, following same It contain likewise a fine grist mill, sev to the mouth of Ransom©s spring branch. eral stores selling general merchandise, The line from this point runs n. 65^ and a good blacksmith shop. w. 50 chains to the head of branch in The Georgia Manufacturing Co. Kinnebrew©s field; thence down said branch s. 65^ w. 8 chains, n, 71 w. 29 The chief interest of Whitehall centres chains, s. 83 w. 9 chains, s. 57^ w. 18 in the large cotton mill owned by Capt. chains, s. 81 w, 13 chains, n. 81^ w. 13 John R. White and others, and operated AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 39- ? under the name of the Georgia Manu financial success of the undertaking and facturing Company. This mill is one of the good feeling which exist between the .the oldest cotton mills in the South and management and operatives are largely has been in operation since 1829. It due to the good j udgment and tact which was originally built by James Johnson, the officials of the company display. Augustus Claiyton and others, passing Topography. into the hands of John White in 1836, and has since been largely expanded and As will be seen from an inspection of strengthened by him and his heirs, who the map, this district is divided into still own and control the property. In equal parts by the east fork of the Oco 1854 the first brick building was put up, nee river, and has the western fork of which was gradually enlarged until Oc the same river for much of its western tober, 1892, when it was destroyed by boundary. The river valley is deep and fire. At the time of the fire the factory narrow, and lies 200 feet below the table was running seventy-five hundred spin lands adjoining. That portion of the dles and one hundred and twenty looms land lying along the river is very pre for the manufacture of sheetings, shirt cipitous and rough. It is well timbered ings, drills and yarns. The company and has several large bodies of original are rebuilding the mill on the old site forest. While the district is essentially to cover a space fifty by three hundred a rough district, it contains large areas and twenty-five feet, and to be two of uplands which are easily cultivated stories high. The new mill will have and of marked agricultural value. Of ten thousand spindles for fine yarn, and the total 5,932 acres, probably as much later will probably put in looms for the as 4,500 acres are readily tillable. The manufacture of print cloths. The valu district abounds in freestone springs ation of the company©s property is one along the hillsides, and wells are reached hundred and fifty thousand dollars. One at easy depths. The soil is essentially hundred and fifty operatives are em of red clay, and is rich in potash and ployed. In addition to the buildings, phosphoric acid. they own a large amount of land and the Roads. magnificent water power on the Oconee The public roads from Athens, lead river, which is used to run the factory. ing southward on both sides of the river, The available horse power from the traverse this district. A bridge over river at this point is 900, of which the the river provides for a cross road east factory now uses 300 by means of two and west, which leads on one side into 32-J-inch turbines. The company is one Puryear©s district and Oglethorpe county, of the strongest and most reliable cotton and in the other direction to Watkins- mills in this state, and the business has ville, the county seat of Oconee county. always proven a good investment under Following the general line of the public a wise and conservative management. road, the Macon and Northern railroad Capttain John R. White, who is now runs through the district and has sta the president of the company, is re- tions at Whitehall and Watkinsville. ognized as an exceedingly able mill |nan, who not only knows how to Churches and Schools. iun the finances but is thoroughly The church facilities of the district posted on the practical details. The are supplied by the churches at White- 40 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, hall, Athens and Watkinsville, all of covering the farming lands and improve which points are readily reached from ments. This divided by the total acre the district. People living in the south age gives an average valuation of $11 east section sometimes attend Big Creek per acre for improved land. The pres and Corinth churches in Oconee county. ence of a considerable town, and the The two schools at Whitehall are the railroad, combined with nearness to chief district schools. Athens, are factors in this high valua Marketable Crops. tion. White people own $258,645 ; The main money bringing crop of the colored, $5,900. The price of land will district is cotton. Of this the average vary from $6 to $30 per acre. BIRTHPLACE OF HENRY W. GRADY, PRINCE AVENUE. yield is about 600 bales Oats, corn and Mills, Gins, Etc. hay are raised for home consumption, Outside of the large cotton mills with and to a limited extent for sale. a capacity of 10,000 spindles, and the grist mill at the same point, there is one Property Valuation. located on Cedar creek, owned by Wesley The property returned for taxation in Puryear,drawing its power from the creek this district, including the factory plant, and used for ginning and sawing lumber. reaches a figure of $264,545. Of this Many of the farmers of this district use at least $200,000 may be included in the the large steam gin of John Tuck, town of Whitehall, leaving $64,545 as located at the intersection of the Win- AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. terville and Lexington road, in the com by their owners, but some tenants are in munity of Tuckston. possession. Farms. Stores. A total of 17 farms are returned in The small area of the district and its this district, 12 owned by the whites and proximity to Whitehall and Athens offers 5 by negroes. The latter holdings are little support to storekeepers outside of small. The principal lands belong to those towns. Accordingly there is no John R. White, Willis Kettle, the Wm. store in the knowledge of the author Kittle estate, and the Wm. Brittain located in the district at other points. estate. The farms are, as a rule, worked PURYEAR©S DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRCT No. 218. Area. w 13 chains, n76 w 60 chains, n68 14,735 acres 23 square miles. w 8 chains, n54^ w 13 chains, n59^© w/j.8 chains, s38^- w2.50 chains, s9^ e 11 Population. chains, sl8^4 w 2.35 chains to the mouth White voters, 39; colored, 116. of Ransom©s branch, and thence down White population...... -30 the meanderings of the creek to its Colored population .....- 580 mouth. The line above given separates Puryear©s from Buck Branch District as Total ...... 810 far as Ransom©s branch. Location. Topography. The district occupies the southeast section of the county, adjoining Buck The district is divided by the waters Branch district on the north, Oglethorpe of Cedar, Shoal and Big creeks into county on the east, Oconee county on the three main ridges, with narrow valleys south and Georgia Factory district on the between them. Numerous branches, west. The official survey made by C. B. supplied by bold springs, course down Daniel, county surveyor, in 1887, calls the sides of the ridges with rapid fall. for the following limits : Between the heads of branches on either Beginning at the county line between side of the ridges a broad expanse of Oglethorpe and Clarke counties, where rolling upland is spread. The larger the Athens and Lexington road crosses portion of the land has been cleared of said line, and running along said road its original forest of oaks, hickories and to the head waters of Cedar creek, pines. Scarcely more than 10% of the thence down said creek to where it area is now covered with primitive tree empties into the Oconee river, with the growth. It is estimated that 35% of following bearings and distances : N52 the district will closely represent the w47 chains, n64^ w 29 chains, n50^ w total amount of woodland, three-fourths 81 chains, n63 w 22 chains, n53 w 30 of which is second growth pine and oak. chains, n59 w 13 chains, n59% w 22 The remainder is cleared and utilized chains, i?85 w 17 chains, s83 w 7 chains, for cultivation and pasturage. CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Roads. the area, it is seen that average value of The road system is composed of five improved land per acre is $7. The ex main roads, two of which run along the tremes of value run from $5 to $20, based ridges, and the other three directly across on quality of soil, amount of improve the same in a general westerly course. ments and distance from the city of These roads are connected with main Athens. thoroughfares in the adjoining counties. Mills, Gins, Etc, Churches. Gins are located on the farms of Wm. The Baptist and Methodist denomina Dean, W H. Morton, W. R. Tuck, and tions have three church structures in others. Also, wheelwright and black reach of the people. Two of these are smith shops, grist and saw mills are just at the Oconee line on the Oconee found in the district. side, ar.d are known as Big Creek and Corinth churches, the latter Methodist, Farms, and the former Baptist. A chapel known There are 25 farms owaed by white as Bethel chapel is located near the men and 3 o Aoied by negroes. The land centre of the district. is chiefly owned in large bodies, and is The negroes also have several places worked under the tenant system, else of worship within easy reach uf their where described. Where laborers are homes. employed the wages paid are on a basis ot $95 to $108 per year, with board, for Schools, % able bodied men. The principal land The public school for whites is located owners are W. H. Morton, Wm. Dean, on the plantation of Hon. W. H. Morton. W. R. Tuck, T. F. Tribble, Scott Martin, Under the state law this school is open the Puryear estate, W. B. Davis, James during five months of the year and is in Smith, Joel Dean and James Spinks. charge at present of an excellent teacher. Another is located at Bethel church. Stores. There are also three schools for colored Country stores, supplying food stuffs and general merchandise, are located children one near Shiloh church, one O on W. H. Morton©s farm, and one near along the public roads at short intervals. Jones© store. Remarks, Crops. This portion of the county offers ex The main crops of the district are cot cellent opportunity for settlers. Small ton, corn and oats. Of these the district holdings from 25 to 200 acres can be raises from 1,500 to 2,000 bales of cotton, readily bought from the large land from 5,000 to 10,Ov.O bushels of corn and owners. A large number of two-room 5,0(K> bushels of oats. Hay from native houses, built for the occupation of ten grasses and peavines are raised for mar ants, are distributed throughout the dis ket on a limited scale. trict, and usually a purchaser can secure Property Valuation. a small farm with such a structure ready The total property returns of the dis for use. The no; them portion of the trict, including farm improvements and district is 4 miles from the court house, equipment, aggregates $118,745; of and the southern extremity is 11^ miles. which the negroes own $7,730, a little The land is strong and fertile, and much less than 1 per cent. Calculated from of it lies exceptionally well for the plow. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 4S SANDY CREEK DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 219. Area. oak and large pines. The steep hillsides 10,157 acres 15.9 square miles. are usually found thus covered, and the Population. higher ground is placed under the plow. White voters, 43 ; colored, 96. Roads. White population...... 250 The district is traversed north and Colored population ...... 450 south by three important public roads leading into the counties of Madison and Total ...... 700 Jackson and a movement has been Location. started to open . a new thoroughfare Lies in the northern ha©f of the county, leading to Athens more directly and wedged in between Buck Branch dis with easier grades than at present. A trict on the east and Kinney©s district reference to the map will clearly show on the west, and extends northward from the positions of the present district roads. the city limits of Athens to the Madison Churches and Schoo©s. and Jackson county lines The Hull road At present there is no church in the is its eastern boundary and the Oconee district other than that at Barberville, river its western limit. in the Athens suburbs. The people Topography. attend services across the line in Madi The proximity to the river, and the son county, or at Nicholson, in Jackson presence of Sandy creek and its branch es, county. gives to the district a far more broken There is a county school located in and hilly character than Puryear©s or Barberville for the whites, and two for Buck Branch. Sandy creek is a consid colored children one at Johnstown, on erable stream, and has two important the Nowhere road, and the other at St. tributaries in Noketchee and Little Mary©s church. Sandy creeks. The minor streamlets Marketable Crops. running into the creeks are very plenti The cotton crop of this district yearly ful, and separate hills of great height and amounts to 800 bales. Corn is rarely steep ascent. The streams will average sold from this section, but 5,000 bushels from 100© to 150© in elevation below the are raised for home use. About 3,000 hilltops. Notwithstanding the uneven bushels of oats are also produced. surface, the land in this district is rich and fertile, and the backs of the ridges Property Valuation. are broad and reasonable in slope. The The tax books show a total $125,670 land has been under cultivation for a of property in this district. Of this the number of years, and in places where negroes own $19,165, being a little more terracing has been done is not only till than one-seventh of the total. The cal able but easily so. As nearly as can be culation per acre average price gives estimated, about 50 per cent, of this dis $10. This is for improved property. trict is now covered with woods, includ But lands at actual sales have averaged ing a fair proportion of original forest of $1 per acre. CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Mills, Gins, Etc raises the average farm owned by white Two excellent water powers are found men to 250 acres. The tenant system is along the creeks in this district, and a not very extensive in this district. third is located just above the county Stores. line in Jackson county. The first is Most of the trading of. the district is known as Barrett©s mill on Noketchee done at Barberville or Athens, and this creek. The stream at this place drops fact, combined with the small population, 15 feet, and the volume of water makes leaves little room for country stores. the fall represent 6 H. P. The second Two excellent stores at Barberville are is further north on Little Sandy creek, well sustained. and now utilized as Totty©s mill. This Remarks. water power may be relied on for 6 H. The opening of a P. The third is on the main stream of new road from Totty©s mill to the Sandy creek at Colt©s mill, and repre Sandy creek bridge is a strong need sents nearly 10 H. P. Several excellent of the district, and will steam gins are also used by this district. greatly facilitate the traffic throughout the region along the east side of Sandy Farms. creek, both by shortening the distance Of 61 farms in the district, 34 are held to Athens and by giving much lighter by white men, and 27 by negroes. The grades. The principal land owners of average farm of the district on this the district are J. R. Crawford, J. G. basis is 150 acres. Most of the holdings Gray, H. F. Comer, H. B. Mitchell, T. by negroes are small farms from 18 to F Hudson, the Wilson estate, the Yerby 60 acres, with a house on each. Placing estate, T. F. Mitchell, A. A. Saye, B. J. the average negro farm at 30 acres, it Porterfield and W. J. Woods. BUCK BRANCH DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 220. Area. Beginning at the county line on the 14,424 acres 22.5 square miles. Athens and Lexington road and follow Population. ing said road, with the bearing and dis White voters, 111 ; colored, 141. tances as given under Puryear©s district, White population ...... 555 to the mouth of Ransom©s branch; Colored population ...... 705 thence, dividing Buck Branch from Geor gia Factory district, the line runs: N65^ Total ...... 1,260 w 50 chains to the head of branch in Location. Kinnebrew©s field, thence following The district lies in the northeast corner down said branch s65£ w 5 chains, n7 w of the county, adjoining Madison county 29 chains,s83 w 9 chains, s57^ w 18 chains, on the north, Oglethorpe county on the s81 w 13 chains, n814; w 13 chains, s35^ w east, Puryear©s and Georgia Factory dis 5 chains, sll e4 chains, s51^ w!4 chains, tricts on the south, the city limits and s89^w 4 chains, s2wlO chains. s45^ w8 Sandy Creek district on the west. Official chains to where branch enters Oconee surveys made by C. B. Daniell, C. S., river, thence up said river n32 w 16 calls for the following limits : chains, s81 w 18 chains, s~0 w 26 chains, AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. n4^ w20 chains, n!5^e 10 chains, n64 w per cent., leaving 60 per cent, of the area 16 chains to the city limits. The district for the farmers present use. line follows the city limits to where it Roads. crosses the Hull road, and from thence A public road runs from Athens to runs with said road to the Madison the town of Winterville, just on the county line as follows: NGOj^ e 14 chains, Oglethorpe line. From this road a n78% e 10 chains, n69 e 6 chains, n57^ branch to the left leads off northward e 16 chains, n62^ e 6 chains, n©2©2^- e 4 into Madison county, and at Winterville chains, n29e54chains, n4^ w(3, n!9 e4, several other roads radiate into Ogle n45^ e 33 chains, n47 e 16 chains, n43^ thorpe, Madison and Clarke counties. e 75 chains, nl8£ e 12 chains, n38e 2 9 A number of cross roads run between chains, n29^ e 6 chains, n 12^ e7 chains, the main lines and open up the district n21£ w 10 chains, n46| e 7, nl4^ e 8.50 in excellent manner. chains, n23 w 14 chains, n46^ w 85 chains, n45^ w 18 chains, n50 w 7 chains, Winterville. n64^ e7 chains, n54^ e 8.20 chains to the On the county line of Ogethorpe and Madison line. Clarke, the thriving little town of Win The other boundaries of the district terville is situated, lying half in one follow the Clarke county lines with county and half in the other. A total Madison and Oglethorpe. population of about 500 people is cen tered there. Substantial merchants, Topography. good store houses, several churches and The great body of this district lies on schools, and the presence of the Geor the broad back of the plateau which gia railroad, make Winterville a very forms the dividing area at the point be thriving community. The town is very tween the watershed of the Oconee and young, and has had its growth since the South Broad rivers. The head waters Georgia road went through. It derived of Shoal creek, one branch of Big creek, its name from Diedrich Winter, a sturdy and the whole watershed of Trail creek German, who settled in Clarke county drains this district into the Oconee river. in 1850, and gained large property. The The headwaters of Beaver Dam creek town draws its patronage from three likewise take their rise in the extreme counties, whose soils .are fertile and northeastern part of the district and whose people are thrifty. No small flow into the South Broad river. Roll town in this section is more solidly built ing upland is present in great abund or more steadily prosperous. ance, and the creek valleys are not so Churches, deep, nor with sides so hilly as farther Outside of Winterville, where two south. Springs and branches are quite thriving churches are in operation, the numerous, running like rays from the Moore©s Grove Baptist church near the curving sides of the plateau into the Madison county line is the most import main water courses. This district, too, ant. The negro churches are several has felt the axe to a marked degree on in number and the services regular. its original forest, and claims but a small percentage now standing. Secondary Schools. growth has been vigorous, and the An excellent school flourishes in Win shaded land may be fairly placed at 40 terville, another at Mrs. Anthony©s, and 46 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, still another at Moore©s Grove church. of Winterville, and the. real estate valua All of them are public schools. The tion of so much of that town as lies in colored children have two schools in this the county. Deducting $60,000, there district. remains $153,000 as the valuation on the Crops. agricultural lands. This sum, divided As elsewhere throughout the county, by the acreage of the district, gives an the main marketable crops are cotton, average of $10 per acre for the district. corn, oats and hay. The presence of the Georgia railroad, The district raises annually from 1,000 which traverses the entire district, and to 2,000 bales of cotton, 5,000 bushels of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern of corn, 5,000 bushels of oats, and hay railroad, which runs along the north- UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA FRONT OF CAMPUS. and melons for market to the value of western side, have much to do with the $1,000 or more. increased average. Land remote from Property Valuation, these railroads sells as low as $5 per The tax digest for 1892 shows the fol acre, and near them, at $20 to $30. lowing totals for this district: Mills, Gins, Etc. Property of all kinds, owned by whites $193,170 William©s saw mill, on Beaver Dam Property of all kinds, owned by n-groes 20,360 creek, a number of cotton gins at various $213 530 points, several blacksmith shops and a This, of course, includes the merchan grist mill supply conveniences of their dise carried in stock by the merchants kind to the district. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. Farms- The district is well watered and contains Fifty-six farms owned by white men, many small powers admirably convenient and thirteen held by colored men, are for farm purposes. returned for taxes. The farms in this Tuckston. in size, none of them district vary greatly Is a thriving village community at the 800 acres. The tenant being more than junction of Buck Branch, Puryear and by the larger farm system is practiced Georgia Factory districts. It lies four a scale as in ers, but not on so large miles from Athens on the main Lexing- of the farmers Puryears district. None ton road, and at a point where the public More of the work the land in person. road from Whitehall to Winterville in person, and farmers work the land crosses that road. It takes its name in yearly contracts with hired labor under honor of John R. Tuck, who owns a store able bodied men. for $108 a year for and steam gin at this point, and who is of the dis The principal land owners a man of influence and public spirit in J. A. Pitner, trict are J. F. Anderson, the community. The presence of two estate, L. J. Ed G. T. Murrell, the Coile churches, two schools, two stores, a beef estate, G. T, Bright- wards, the Mathews market, a gin and saw mill, a shoe and well, and the Pittard estate. blacksmith shop, are evidences of its Stores. present prosperity. More than one There are no country stores in the hundred people are gathered near this district, owing to the proximity of Win- point. Through the community runs terville and Athens. Greer©s lane, once a noted race track, Remarks. and Ransom©s spring marks the spot This district has the advantage of ex near which lies buried, Reuben Ran cellent farming soil and ready markets som, said to be a great uncle of Senator at Winterville or Athens. The extreme Ransom, of North Carolina, and a brave farms are not more than nine miles from soldier of the Revolution. His home Athens and five miles from the railroad was the resort of many of the most prom at Winterville. Much of the cotton of inent families of the early days of the the district is handled at the latter place, county. Ransom©s spring is supposed and shipped to Athens to be compressed to have been excavated in the rock by and exported. The establishment of the Indians ; and it is stated that be stations on the new Ga., C. and N. R. neath the shade of the surrounding R. further opens up a fine part of this grove, much of the "Georgia Scenes" district. Land is still cheap at $8 per was written by its distinguished author, acre, and is yearly increasing in value. Judge Longstreet. BRADBERRYS DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 241. Area. Location. 8,896 acres 13.6 square miles. This district occupies the extreme western part of the county beyond the Population, Middle Oconee river, and north of the White voters, 45 ; colored, 61. Princeton district line. This line begins White population ...... 250 on McNutt©s Creek at the mouth of Colored population ...... 305 Malcolm©s branch, runs up said branch Total ...... 5.% 5 to the head waters of Chauncey©s branch, CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, thence down said branch to the Middle nine-mile post a right-hand fonc leads to Oconee river. The district line then Fowler©s mill on Little Bear creek. follows up the river to the Patman mill Churches and Schools. place, and thence runs with the county Near the 6-mile post lines of Jackson and Oconee counties on the Lawrence ville road the Baptists back to the beginning corner. have a strong church, known as Mt. Zion. Just across Topography. the Oconee county line there is another The district lies on the broad ridge flourishing church by the name of New dividing the waters of McNutt©s and Hope. The main white school is located Bear creeks. Most of its surface is ele near Dr. Burson, on the same public road. vated plateaus from which the branches The negroes have a good church and flow in quick descent to the river and two schools in this district. The church streams. The upland is about 230 feet is about nine miles from Athens, and above the river and about 125 feet above the building is also used for one of the the valley of McNutt©s creek. The schools. The other school is near the northern section, adjoining Little Bear Jennings place. and Bear Creeks is very rough and Mills, Gins, Etc. broken, the water ways cut out narrow Fowler©s grist fissures through the hills, whose sides and saw mill, on Little Bear creek; Sykes© are steep and even precipitous. At places mill and gin, on McNutts creek; the hills broaden out and surround small an excellent mill site at the old Patman patches of bottom lands. The ridge mill place at the lower end of Tallasee shoals tops are largely cleared of timber, but ; Thompson saw mill, on Little Bear bodies of forests along the river and creek just at the northwest corner creeks still supply saw mills in the dis of the county, and a site for a mill on McNutts trict. The wooded area is about 53% of creek where the public road which 20% maybe estimated as original crosses, once known as forests. the Barnard mill place, represent the milling facilities of Roads. this section. To reach the district from Athens it Property Valuation. is necessary to cross Mitchell©s bridge, The tax returns for the district during and the extension of this road from the 1892 amount to $70,875, owned by bridge along the top of the main ridge whites, and $8,480, owned by colored, in a westerly direction, constitutes the making a total of $79,355. The average main traffic way of the district. All other price of improved lands, based on these roads are branches from this. The main data, may be taken at $9 per acre, and road is known as the Lawrenceville road. the extremes at from $5 to $20 per acre. At the five-mile post a branch leads The principal landowners of the dis diagonally to the northwestern section trict are S. T. Benton, W. N Burson, of the county and stops at the Jackson Jesse Daniell estate, J. W. Fulcher, J. county line. Another branch at the L. McLeroy, John Sykes, J. N. Weir, Jennings place leads southerly to Sykes© the Jennings estate, Tolbert Lester, C. mill and into Oconee county. At the Hale, H. Fowler and B. J. Oldham. eight-mile post an important branch Farms. leads off to the left into Oconee county Forty-two farms are returned, thirty- and on to the town of Monroe. At the eight by whites and four by colored. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. The land is owned in large bodies and Stores. worked on the tenant system. The Oldham©s store and one on the Law- lands of the district are fertile and well renceville road are the only ones in the watered, and have been under cultiva district. tion many years. Remarks. Crops. The opening of the Georgia, Carolina and Northern R. R. through this district The principal cash bringing crop is has imparted new life and growth. It cotton, of which the district raised about has caused land values to take an up 700 bales. Of corn probably 3,000 ward movement, and, in fact, opens up bushels, and of oats 1,000 bushels belong much property which was hitherto un annually to this district. desirable. KINNEY©S DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 1347. Area. rivers. The top of this ridge is at a 9,086 acres 14.2 squares miles. general elevation of 225 feet above the Population. stream levels, and is undulating and White voters, 65 ; colored, 67. varied in outline. Along the rivers and White population ...... 325 branches steep hills are formed, while in Colored population ...... 335 the center large tracts of sloping upland are spread. The waters of Cub creek, Total. 660 Poss creek, and Turkey creek, and Location. Phinizy©s branch, are the principal trib utary streams. Kinney©s district takes its name from Upon them several small water powers, Jos. A. Kinney and lies in the northern varying from 2 to 7 H. P., are located. half of the county between the two The district has long been under cultivation, branches of the Oconee river. By and much of the land is cleared. recent surveys, a portion of this district The woodland will probably reach 50 per has been thrown into the Athens dis cent, of the total area of which 18 per trict, and the line of division runs from cent is in original forest. Outcroppings of a stone on the Mitchell©s bridge road in the underlying gniess occur at various a straight line to include the house of points along the streams. J. S. Williford on the Newton©s bridge The valleys of both rivers are very narrow, road. This survey cut off 1,497 acres. especially that of the west ern fork, and The two rivers are the eastern and west but little bottom land is found along ern boundaries, and the Jackson county the banks. line marks its northern limit. Roads. The Jefferson road is the main north Topography, ern tho -oughfare leading along the cen The district is traversed in a north tral ridge with easy grades for the most easterly course by the main ridge which part. The road to Newton©s bridge fol separates the two rivers, and from which lows the eastern side of the district par numerous spurs run each way to the alleling the N. E. R. R., and crosses the l_ 50 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEOEGIA, river by Newton©s bridge into Sandy ments. Valuable brick yards along the Creek district, and thence into Jackson Northeastern Railroad also swell the county. The Tallasee bridge road tra property returns for this district. Taking verses the district on a diagonal to the away these artificial factors, the land extreme northwest corner, crossing the values of the district will range at $10 Middle Oconee river at Tallasee shoals per acre. Within the city-affected area into Jackson county. A branch of the Jef property is held all the way from $20 to ferson road leads to the right, crossing $l,uOO per acre. Cub creek and the county line near the Mills, Gins, Etc. home of Marion Williams. The county The excellent grist mill, known as map clearly defines the public road McLeroy©s mill, is in this district, and system. near the railroad station of the same Churches and Schools. name. On the Jackson county line an Bogg©s chapel, near the Jefferson road, other excellent grist and saw mill is and Prospect church, in the north operated by the Fowlers. Several steam west corner of the district, near Tallasee gins are to be found at convenient points bridge, are the two church buildings for in the district. The magnificent water white worshippers of this district. Sev power of Tallasee Shoal, with a total eral negro churches are in the district. fall of 43 feet and a gross H. P. of 1,000, A Public school on the Jackson line near is at present not utilized. the residence of J. R. Nichols, and sev Farms. eral others at Convenient points in the Forty three farms over 18 acres each district, are kept open during five are returned for taxes; 39 owned by months of the year. white men, 4 by colored. Some of them Crops. are of large extent, and the principal Cotton, corn, hay, oats and so ghum land owners are Patman Lester, G. F. are raised. Of these cotton is the prin Hunnicutt, J. R. Nichols, Marion Wil cipal marketable staple. The district liams, Jackson & Vincent, Harvey raises about 800 bales per annum. Archer, W. A. Gilleland, estate, Phinzy estate and J. A. Hunnicutt. Property Valuation. Stores. According to the tax digest for 1892, Mr. T. J. Poss now runs a general the total property is placed at $253,860, merchandise store on the Tallasee road which includes the 1,497 acres recently and David E. Sims on the Mitchell cut off from the district. Of this amount the more valuable portion is located near Bridge road. the city of Athens, where a number of Remarks. fine suburban residences are located, and The G. C. & N. R. R. touches this where the value of land is high under the district and has a station at McLeroys. hope that it will soon be needed for build The extreme point of the district is at ing lots. That portion is in reality a part a distance of 9 1-2 miles from Athens. of Athens, and though not subject to The Tallassee Shoals are five miles from city taxes, is within th^ influence of the McLeroys Station. The land produces electric car line and other city improve well and is abundantly watered. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. PRINCETON DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 1467. Area. Topography. The general surface of the district is 4,178 acres 6.5 square miles. uneven and hilly, being broken by the Population. deep valleys of the Middle Oconee river White voters, 72; colored, 40. and McNutt©s creek, as well as by the White population 450 waters of Bobbin Mill creek and numer Colored population 200 ous small branches. Some of the farm ing lands lie well for cultivation, but the Total 650 larger proportion of the district may be Location. classed as hillside land. The district The district was laid out in February, has about 55 per cent, of its area in wood 1891, and touches the city limits on the land, the remainder being cleared and southwest and follows the Georgia Fac under cultivation. tory district on the east, the Oconee Towns. county line on the south and southwest, Two small towns are found in the dis adjoins Bradberry©s district on the west trict surrounding the mills at Princeton and Athens district on the north. Offi and on McNutt©s creek. cial surveys place the boundary as fol The town of Princeton is incorporated lows : Beginning at a point on the and has a population of 225. Most of it Oconee river at the mouth of Barber©s is built on the lands of the Princeton creek, and running up said creek to the mills. It takes its character from the mouth of McNutt©s creek, thence up presence of the cotton mill, in which McNutt©s creek to the mouth of Mal most of the inhabitants are employed. colm©s branch on the north side of Two stores, a school, a church and Sun McNutt©s creek, thence up said branch day school and a blacksmith shop are to the head waters of Chauncey©s branch, also found at this point. thence down said branch to the Middle Oconee river, thence down said river to Princeton Mills. Yerkin©s island, near the mouth of Bob The mill building is a large two-story bin Mill creek, and thence n39^ e 84.65 brick structure well lighted and afford chains to the city limits of Athens; ing ample room for the machinery. thence with the city limits to the Macon Thirty-five hundred spindles and one and Northern railroad, thence with said hundred looms are in operation. The railroad to a sewer near residence of motive power is drawn from the Middle Dock Giles, thence to said Giles© spring, Oconee River at this point where a large thence down the spring branch n78^ dam with 15 feet fall gives nearly 500 w 14.50 chains, thence west to the corner gross horse power. Of this the mills of John R. White©s property, thence now utilize 125 H. P. by means of tur s6i^ w3O chains with White©s line to bines. The possibility of enlarging the the Oconee river, and thence down said plant is easy in the light of the unused river to the beginning corner. power at hand. The company was cap- CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, italized at $60,000 in 1836 and later a It is not incorporated, but sixty or more re-organization took place in which the people are congregated in a small area in capital was made $65,000. It is entirely easy distance from the mill. For a owned by the heirs of Dr. J. S. Hamil number of years the mill has been used ton, and operated as a stock company to make the various grades of wrapping with J. S. Hamilton, one of the heirs, and news paper. The company did busi as president and general manager. ness in this line until 1890. For the past The mills now turn out ducks, osna- years the plant has been idle, but has burgs and a fine grade of cotton rope. been reorganized under the name of the One hundred and ten operatives are Alpha mills for the manufacture of cotton RESIDENCE OF BILLUPS PHINIZY MILLEDGE AVENUE. given employment, and the monthly pay yarns and rope. The factory will be en roll amounts to $1400. This excellent larged to accommodate 2,080 spindles, property can be purchased from the and new machinery will be put in. present owners, through J. S. Hamilton, Roads 116 acres of land being part of the prop erty. The district is at present traversed by the main road from Athens to Watkins- Paper Mill. ville, which passes directly by both Around the factory, at the junction of Princeton and the Paper mill. A new McNutt©s and Barber©s creeks, has grown road is now being opened, as shown on up a similar town, but of smaller size. the map, which crosses the river two AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. liles above Princeton, and opens up a Mills, Gins, &c. section of the district which hitherto has Outside of the two factories there are )een difficult of access. several mill sites in the district. Jen- nings Shoal on Middle Oconee River is Property Valuation. now unused but was formerly employed The tax returns for this district in to run a large grist mill. The Bobbin 1892 give : Mill is at present closed down, but has Total property owned by whites $105,300 a good power and is equipped for the Total property owned by colored 8,985 manufacture of bobbins. Epps Gin on McNutt©s creek is an excellent power, Total ...... $114,285 now applied for ginning purposes. Of this amount about $70,000 repre Stores. sents the property of the two large fac None outside of Princeton and the tories, leaving $54,285 as the value of Paper Mill. farming lands in the district. The aver Farms. age price of improved land per acre from The district comprises twenty-four these figures will be $9 per acre. That farms. Eighteen with white and six portion of the district xm the east of with colored owners. The farms are Middle Oconee river is valued at a much not very large, and much of the land is higher figure, ranging from $12 to $40 difficult of cultivation. Good returns, per acre ; while the western part shows however, are secured from the uplands by recent sales a value of from $4 to $6. and the soil is strong and fertile. The The principal land owners in the district tenant system is practised to some ex are G. E. Heard, Mrs. John Sansom, tent. Robert Connally, T. J. Epps, David Gann, Crops. J. A. Hunnicutt, John Couch and the The usual crops of corn, oats, and two factory companies. cotton are generally grown. Of these the district annually raises 500 to 700 Churches and Schools. bales of cotton, 3000 to 4000 bushels of Church and school buildings are loca corn, and 1200 to 1500 bushels of oats. ted at Princeton and the Paper Mill, and Remarks. Mars Hill Baptist church in Oconee The district lies very near to Athens county is in easy reach of many. The and will be greatly advanced by the churches in Athens are also frequented opening of the new road. This road by a number of the residents of this dis crosses the river by easy grades on each trict. Two colored schools are also in side, and will doubtless, become a favor this district. ite thoroughfare. CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, ATHEN©S DISTRICT, BEING THE STATE MILITIA DISTRICT No. 216, INCLUDING THE CITY OF ATHENS Area. several small streams that lead into that 6,603 acres, 10.4 square miles, includ river. The main ridgetop is gently undu ing the city of Athens, with an area of lating, and is outlined by the path of the 3,506 acres, and adjoining lands to the electric car line on the city map. The amount of 3,097 acres. The city limits gound siopes away from this ridge with are marked by stone posts on all the rapidity, and the city is quite hilly and roads leading out of Athens, and the uneven in consequence. Building of the jurisdiction of the city extends one and better class has in the main clung to the one-half miles in every direction from ridge and its numerous spurs, while the, the University chapel. hillsides are dotted with the home of the Population. colored people. The aspect which the city presents to strangers is a very White registered voters, 832 ; colored, pleasing one. Well built and imposing 535. structures mark the business portion of White population 5,400 the town, and many handsome resi Colored population 4,600 dences, with beautiful grounds, are found on the residence streets. The ante bellum Total 10,000 architecture of large porticos, with enor Location. mous pillars after Grecian types, stand The city is near the center of the in charming contrast to many handsome county on a parallel to the southwestern modern edifices. The city is almost a boundary. The northwest and south continuous grove of oaks, and the large east corners of the county, as measured grounds surrounding the houses are by the public roads, are each 11% miles beautiful with evergreens, exotics, and grassy from the center of the city. Latitude is swards. N 33 56© and longitude 83 21© west of The principal business streets of the Greenwich. Athens is 60 miles east of city are Broad, Clayton, College avenue, Atlanta, 107 miles north of Macon, and Oconee, Lumpkin, Foundry and Jackson 115 miles northwest of Augusta. The streets. Most of the important build main portion of the city is on the west ings are located on these streets, with bank of the Oconee river at an elevation in the fire limits, as shown on the map. of 180©above the river, and 750©above The principal residence streets are sea level. Prince avenue, Milledge avenue, Hill street, Cobb street, the Boulevard, re Topography. cently opened; Barber street, Hancock \ The city is built on the ridges which avenue, Thomas street, Hull street and rise up from the Oconee river, and from Bearing street. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 55 The First Methodist church, First noted. But other interesting facts re Presbyterian and First Baptist churches main appropriate to the object of this are located in the heart of the city. sketch. The early" government of the Emanuel Episcopal church is at the town was in the hands of a town council, junction of Hill street and Prince ave and the chief executive officer was nue, and the Roman Catholic and Chris knowri as h£_lnt£iidant. The charter tian churches are also on Prince avenue, at that time was very circumscribed and but nearer the business portion of the yet satisfactory to the people. In 1872 city. The grounds of the University the present charter was granted and the campus form an attractive feature of first mayor and council were elected the city at the head of College avenue. early in that year. The Lucy Cobb institute and chapel are The social life of Athens in antebel permanently situated on Milledge ave lum days had many marked peculiari nue, and the Home school on Prince ties. The town had attracted by virtue avenue. of its educational advantages a large That section of the city on the east number of wealthy and cultured people; of the Oconee river bears the name of the history of the State is dotted at East Athens. It covers a large area and very frequent intervals with the names is already thickly settled. The electric of Athens men. The University com lights have been extended to this section, mencements were occasions of most and the water mains of the works now lavish hospitality, and scarcely a home under construction, will extend through could be found at such times that did the main streets of East Athens. not hold a distingushed guest. /As there Property is comparatively cheap in East were no railroad facilities, for many Athens, and it is an inviting field for the years, everybody came in private car purchasers of homes. Its recent growth riages ; those from Savannah and the has been very rapid, and a large number lower portion of the State making of new houses are in process of erec Athens their stopping place on the way tion. Four bridges, at short distances to Madison Springs and the picturesque from each other, form a close connection summer resorts around Cla©rkesville and between it and the business portion of Tallulah Falls. \Those concerned in the the city. The people of East Athens affairs of State followed the Governor are energetic and thrifty, and they con and Senatus Academicus to Athens and stitute a sturdy and important part of all were accorded a generous welcome.^ the city©s industrial development. Many of the political slates in State and Historical. national politics were concocted at such Much of the history of Athens is else times in the handsome drawing rooms where told in connection with the arti that fringe the University campus. cles on the county and on the Univer Before an audience of this description, sity. Its foundation in 1806 and its made attractive by beauty as well as classical name, its complete identifica-i renown the young recipients of college tion with the educational interests of honors made their best bows and deliv the State for many years, and the rivalry ered their best speeches. which its growth engendered, with the At such times a curious spectacle town of Watkinsville, resulting in the was presented on the exterior of the division of the county, have ajl been college campus. The colored popula- CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. tion from far and near gathered to cele two cotton mills, two large foundries, brate a holiday. Dressed in their Sun two large planing mills, two ice facto day best and gorgeous in all the hues of ries, an oil and fertilizer mill, and other the rainbow, they surged around the smaller enterprises, are now in opera hundred booths in which the toothsome tion. Marking the city like acquisitions, delicacies of tarts, fried chicken and a gas company has ong been in opera gingerbread were dispensed for a mod tion, replaced in part by electric erate sum. lights furnished by the same company The political significance of the Uni since 1890; waterworks built in 1882, and versity©s commencement has been lost now being substituted by a more abund in the reorganization of its trustees ; and ant supply; electric cars in operation the homely custom of the negroes has since 1891, public schools begun ml886, gradually become a thing of the past. a paid fire department since 1891, sewers But the commencement of to-day is still a and paved sidewalks at the same notable intellectual and social event in date. Bonds have been issued for ^he State and attract* the attendance paving the streets with belgian of large numbers of the alumni and blocks and macadam, and before long friends of the University. this much needed improvement will be The growth of Athens, since it has consummated. been a city, has been rapid without In the last few years the city has being hollow. No gigantic booms have taken a very vigorous growth, and a large struck the town, and yet in ten years the amount of building is rapidly improving ;tax returns hav«, nearly doubled. The the place. interests of the city are no longer en CITY GOVERNMENT. tirely based on the University, but have attained a vigor and extent in the corn The city of Athens was constituted a ©s mercial and manufacturing lines which municipality in 1872, under a charter are influential over a large adjoining from the General Assembly, which is area. The advent of railroads has been liberal in its privileges and duly guarded frequent. In 1846 the Georgia railroad against the abuse of power. The gov was built from Augusta to Athens, in ernment is in the hands of a mayor and 1875 the Northeastern railroad was built council chosen by popular vote. to Lula to connect with the Piedmont City Officers Air-Line. In 1887 this same line was The mayor of Athens is the chief ex extended southward, under a different ecutive officer of the city. To be eligi company, to make connection with Ma- ble for this office a citizen must be at least con, and in 1891 the city welcomed the twenty-five years of age and a resident G. C. & N. R. R., which passes through of the city for the two years immediately on its way to Atlanta. So that now the preceding the election. The Mayor has city ranks as an important railroad cen genral supervision of the city affairs, pre ter, and [has excellent traffic arrange, sides over the meetings of the council, ments to the great east, to the equally enforces all city ordinances, and through great west, and to the southern seaboard the medium of the mayor©s court im at Brunswick, Savannah, Port Royal, poses fines, imprisonment or work on Charleston, Portsmouth and Norfolk. the city streets, for violation of these Marking the steps in manufacturing, ordinances. The salary of the mayor is AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 57 fixed by the council, and at present is ments of city taxes. He receives a sal £1,200 per year. The term of office is ary of $2,000 and is chosen annually. two years from the month of January suc (b) Police Force, consisting of a chief ceeding the election. The present in of police and ten policemen vested with cumbent was elected for the years 1892 the usual authority of such officers. and 1893. (c) Fire Department, the city is now Aldermen. provided with a paid fire department supported out of the general taxes. The The city council is composed of eight force consists of a chief officer and 10 aldermen, two of which are chosen from assistant firemen. They are provided > each of the four wards into which the with a splendid equipment, and an elec city is divided. The term of office is tric fire alarm communicates with the two years, but it is arranged that one Presbyterian church bell and the engine alderman from each ward goes out of houses. This department was installed office annually and the vacancy is filled in 1891 as successor to a volunteer fire by election. An alderman must be,,at department which was noted through least twenty-one years of age and a res out the State, both for efficiency in ident of the ward he represents for the times of need and for skill and quick ten days preceding his election. ness in the various competitive contests The Mayor and Council. in which .they took part. A large num Are charged with large power, nota ber of prizes have been brought proudly bly with the determination of the tax home from Augusta, Columbus, Rome, rate, with the collection and expendi and other cities in the State. But the tures of the same, with the choice of all city has grown and modern methods other city officers than themselves, with have come in to make the city even the fixing of all salaries and with the more secure from loss by fire. auditing and payment of all accounts (d) Board of Health, consisting of five against the city. They control the city members, is annually appointed to in affairs at present through the folMwing spect all portions of the city and report standing committees appointed by the nuisances. This work is also looked mayor from the members of the council: after by a special sanitary inspector, and On Public Property. On Streets. by the city physician. On Markets. On Railroads. (e) City Engineer. The care of the On Lights. On Public Schools. streets, the lay ing of sidewalks and pave On Police. On Water Works. ments, the construction of sewers and On Fire Department. On Sewers. waterworks, have made the office of City On Fire Alarm. On Ordinances. Engineer one of great importance. On Health. On Printing. (H City Attorney. Has charge of all On Petitions and Communications. legat business of the city. On Finance. Commissions. The city has recognized The city officers elected by the mayor the wisdom of dealing with special ques and council are: tions of city government through the (a) Clerk of Council, a most important medium of commissions, or boards officer, who has charge of the city re chosen by and acting under the authority cords and acts, and is treasurer of the of the Council, or under general laws city funds. He likewise receives all pay- endorsed by popular vote. 58 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, In this way it comes about that the Third. If none but pure liquors shall question of public education is duly in be sold, the damage to the consumers is charge ot the board of education, that greatly reduced. a sewer commission was charged with Fourth. If the price of sale be made the construction of the sewerage system, low, the violation of the law by illegal that three water commissioners are now sellers is largely precluded on the gen engaged in the erection of the city water eral business principle of competition. works plant, and that the vex, d question Accordingly, the city has established of the sale of intoxicants is regulated by its own dispensary, under the direction a body known as the Dispensary Com of three commissioners, who have sole mission. The latter commission deals power of regulating the sale of liquors with a question of so much general in in Athens and Clarke county. These terest that it will be proper to give in commissioners have elected a manager detail the plan under which its work is who is paid a fixed salary of $1,500. All done, and some account of the steps liquors sold are first analyzed by a leading to the adoption of this method. chemist and pronounced pure. The sale is made in quantities not less than a half The Dispensary. pint, put up in sealed packages, and not The city of Athens had licensed bar to be consumed on the premises. No rooms during the early part of its histo loitering on the premises is permitted. ry. In 188^ the prohibition movement The doors are opened from sunrise to took strong shape and carried the coun sunset. The manager can refuse sale to ty under the general local option law of an intoxicated person, or to one whom the state. This prohibition law stopped he has reason to suspect of purchasing the sale of all intoxicating beverages, for re-selling. No sale to liquor dealers save by duly licenced drug stores who can be made, and no individual can buy could make sales only on the pre at one time more than two gallons. The scription of a physicion. This price may not exceed 50 per cent, profit plan worked badly. A large amount on the original cost. The dispensary of liquors was sold illegally, and was started by funds from the city treas it was well nigh impossible to convict ury, which have since been paid back, offenders Such a state of facts brought and it is now run on the accrued profits. on another fight, and an election on the All profits over and above running ex question in 1891. The outcome of this penses and stock are annually divided, struggle was the present dispensary proportionally, between the city and plan carried by eleven votes, but which county. The manager furnishes bond has worked so well that to all appear in $2,000. ances the whole community is satisfied One of the three Commissioners goes with the decision. The matter stands out of office each year. His successor now where it will require a special legis is nominated by the two remaining Com lative enactment to bring the question missioners, and elected by the City to another vote. Council. The plan as it now stands recognizes Waterworks. The city up to this time several broad principles. has rented its supply of water for city First. That spirituous liquors are a use and fire protection from a private commodity, if for no other reason, on company. This has proven unsatisfac account of their medicinal value. There tory, and bonds have been floated for the fore the people are concerned simply in construction of a new plant, supplying regulating the sale, not in its prohibi 1,000,000 gallons per day, of pure, filtered, tion. freestone water. By the addion of extra Second. The sale of such liquors, if filters, the plant will readily furnish left in the hands of those who have a 2,000,000 gallons daily. Nearly sixteen pecuniary interest in the amount sold, miles of mains will be laid to distribute will be greater than in answer to the the supply throughout the city, being voluntary demand. double the length now used by the pri- AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 59 vate company. Work on the new system grading and surfacing has been done is rapidly progressing and will be com and bonds are voted for the pavement of pleted during the summer of 1893. the principal streets with Belgian block Electric Lighting. and Macadam. Already a large part of The city purchases its electric lights the city is furnished with brick side and gas lamps under contract from the walks built partly by the city and partly Athens Gas and Electric Light Compa at the expense of property owners. ny. The electric lights swung high in Usually the expense is divided, I ^ to the centre of the streets are placed the owner and i /z2 to the city, the work about eight hundred feet apart on the being done by the city street force. main streets to the number of 56, and Taxes. gas lamps at street corners to the num The city levied for 1892 ber of 42, are used on less a property important tax of 10 mills on the dollar, a street thoroughfares. Together the two tax kinds of $2.00 per poll, and special taxes of light make a very effective and on com business enterprises. The annual plete systen in all parts of the city. re port of the clerk of council will show in Street Improvement. detail below, the receipts and expendi The city streets are improved under tures of the city, the assets of the same the care of the city engineer. Much and the outstanding obligations: CITY TREASURER'S REPORT. To the Honorable Mayor and Council of Hie CHy of Alltens: I respectfully submit the following Annual Report as Treasurer of the City of Athens for the year 1892 : TOTAL RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES. Jan. 1. To cash on hand in all fuuds.$ 15,826 91 Jau.l. By cash paid on Fire Depart •' " from Dispensary ac- ment acc't . . $ 8,057 i4 " " ; count ... . . 53,985 00 '• " " ' " Dispensary " " ' Light account. 1 75 account ... 44,960 26 " " ' Magazine fees. 133 64 '• •' " '' Street acc't. 12,971 79 '' " ' Miscellaneous " " ' " Water acc't. 5,312 01 accounts ..... 728 19 " " ll " Salaries of " •'• ' Billiard and Assessors for '' '' ' Pool license 100 00 1892...... 300 00 " '• ' Fines. ... 1.753 10 " •' " " Printing and " " " Market fees 1083 10 S t a t ionery " " '• Street account, account . 920 22 paving etc . . . 1,905 96 " i4 '• •' Light acc't. 7,377 76 " " " Sewer account, " '• " " Officers sal including sale ary acc't .... 4,568 29 of bonds 14,853 08 '' " " " Pauper acc't, 864 68 " "• '• Vehicle license 515 00 •' " " " Purchase of '' " " Sewer rents. . . 815 00 City Hall lot 4.240 00 '• " '• Fire departm't " " •' " Police aec't. 8,837 86 sale of hose,etc 100 10 " " •' " Sewer acc't. r.34 54 " " " Sewer bond ac '' •' '• ''Mis cellane- count, accrued ous acc'nts, 1t interest, etc. . 256 20 school build- " " " Police account, ings,rents.etc 7,419 96 prison fees 14 00 >' " " " P i o n e e r " " " Specific taxes. . 6,785 50 •21 bonds and in- •' •• •' General taxes. 66,619 terest ..... 633 25 " " " " Sewer bond account . . . 879 12 " •' " '• School bond account .... 1,000 00 " " " '• College bond account .... 1,928 00 " " " •' Railr'd bond account .... 7,295 00 " " " " Public Sch'l account .... 12,667 98 Dec.31. '' " on hand in all funds 33,901 S9 3 65,475 75 * , $165,475 75 CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, DEBT. TAXABLE PROPERTY. 6 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to Railroads, due January 1,1893.$ 5,000 00 As Shown by the Tax Digest for 1892. 8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1873, to Railroads, due January 1,1893. 23,000 00 POPERTY OF WHITES. 8 per cent, bonds, issue of 1883, to College, due July 1st, 1898 24,500 00 5 per cent, bonds, issue of July, Real estate...... $3,584,216 00 1886, for Public Schools, due Household and kitchen furniture 211,299 00 July 1st, 1916 ...... 20,000-00 Live stock and vehicles...... 77,117 00 5 per cent, bonds, issue of July, Books, pictures, silverware, jew 1891, for Sewers, due July 1st, elry, watches, clocks, etc.... 83,741 00 1921 ...... 25,000 00 Merchandise...... 439,048 00 5 per cent bonds, issue of Novem Money and debts ...... 786,329 00 ber, 1st, 1892, for Waterworks, Bonds ...... 234,465 00 $1,000 00 due Nov. 1st each year Bank stock...... 605,000 00 for 29 years, and $96,000.00 due Loan Association stock...... 42,100 00 Nov. 1st, 1922 ...... 125,000 00 Gross receipts of Insurance, Tel 6 per cent, note, due Nov. 8th, 1893, egraph and Telephone Go's.. 248,296 00 to Pioneer Hook & Ladder Co., on purchase of building 2,134 16 Total ...... $6,311,611 00 6 per cent, note, due Nov. 1st, 1893, to Mrs. Mat-tie Herrington, last PROPERTY OF COLORED. payment for lot on College ave nue ...... 4,000 00 6 per cent, ndtej. due Mrs. E. A. Real estate...... $ 216,470 00 Talma ge, January 1st, 1894, last Household and kitchen furniture 13,003 00 payment for school lot onOco- Live stock and vehicles...... 2,521 00 nee street ...... ^ ...... 3,350 00 Merchandise ...... 1,125 00 6 per cent, note due Camewell Fire Money and debts...... 623 00 Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1893. 500 00 6 per cent, note due Gamewell Fire Total...... $ 233,642 00 Alarm Tel. Co., Feb. 21st, 1894. 500 00 Total taxable property of whites.$6,311,611 00 Total...... $232,984 16 Total taxable property of colored 233 642 00 ASSETS. Aggrgate am't taxable of prop'ty. $6,545,253 00 Washington and Baxter St. School Buildings ...... $ 27,500 00 Increase in property of whites City Hall Lot on College avenue.. 15,000 00 over 1891 ...... $ 188,168 00- Oconee Street School Building.... 4,000 00 Increase in property of colored Broad " '• " ... 3.000 00 over 1891...... 21,263 00 East " " " .... 3,000 00 Waterworks land ...... 3,000 00 Total increase ...... $ 309,431 00 Engine House JSTo. 1 and Pioneer Hall...... 5,000 00 Horses, hose reel, hose wagon, Outstanding tax executions for 1890.$1,314 96 hose, etc...... 3,00000 Outstanding tax executions for 1891. 1,529 60 Gamewell Fire Alarm Telegraph and supplies...... 2,100 00 Total outstanding tax executions for Steam fire engine, harness, furni 1890 and 1891...... $2,844 56 ture, etc...... 3,00000 Hook and Ladder truck...... 1,000 00 Two powder magazines ...... 800 00 Horses, mules, carts, wagons, rock crusher, engine, tools, etc..... 4,000 00 Iron Safes and office furniture.... 900 00 Gas posts, globes, lamps, etc...... 2.000 00 Respectfully, Waterworks plant in construction. 122,000 00 A. L. MITCHELL, Tresurer. Total...... $207,800 00 December 31st, 1892. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 61 Elections. tions are subject to the registration laws The city officers subject to popular of the city. vote are elected on the first Wednesday The use of primary elections by which in December, and enter upon the duties candidates are nominated avoids much of their offices in the January following. friction and unpleasant features in the All officers hold over until their succes conduct of the elections. sors are qualified. Voters in city elec EDUCATION. The educational facilities of the city of until the public schools were established Athens have always been the most dis by the State in 1877. As a factor in tinctive feature of the locality. The female education, the Lucy Cobb Insti county was born with the opening of the tute was founded here in 1858, and has University of Georgia, and the city was become the most noted school for young given its name under the same influence. ladies in the State. Subsequently, in They both have owed much of their 1865 Madame Sosnowski, a most accom growth and advancement to the presence plish lady, opened the Home school, of that institution. The city of Athens, affording an excellent training and home known as the classic city, had for many life for the young ladies in her charge. years no interest of large import outside The public schools of Athens took their of the University, and it still continues place in the work in 1886 and were to be profoundly influenced by the wisely planned and brilliantly carried numerous excellent educational institu out. The duty of educating the colored tions which have sprung up in the cul population has been well cared for since tured community around the University. 1870, and has comprised the mainte Athens is recognized as the most im nance of the Knox School, and various portant seat of learning in the state, and other private schools for the colored the claim is supported by the presence people. At present the city of Athens of the University, the Lucy Cobb Insti gives to this class of children equal ad tute, the Home School, the public vantages of instruction and equipment schools of the city, and several private with the whites. schools of much merit. The main outline of the history and The general progress of education in work of the principal educational insti this section began with the University's tutions are given in the following pages: establishment, and has kept pace with its growth. The Academy system had The University. its representative in Athens until 1884. The University of Georgia, which has The poor school fund, unfortunate in found its permanent home in Athens, name, accomplished some good in the comes down as an heritage from the days early years of the county. But the pri of the American Revolution. Wii mary education here, and in the State two years after that war, the Legislature never had a very vigorous organization of 1784 passed the act w-hich granted CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, 40,000 acres of the best public lands in he had almost the entire instruction of the counties of Washington and Frank the college, aided only by a tutor, or lin for the establishment of a public seat some member of the higher classes." of learning, and in the following year The first commencement was held in gave a charter to the institution under 1804 in a rustic arbor, amidst the gather the name of Franklin College. This ing of a few friends of the College, and charter was laid down on broad and witnessed the graduation of ten young- abiding principles, constituted the col men with the honors of the institu lege as the head of the educational sys tion. Other states have overcome tem, and gave its president and govern obstacles in building up their universi ing board general supervision over the ties, but none of them have ventured to entire system of academies and common send forth their young offspring with an schools aided by public funds. infested wilderness for a habitation, and Franklin College was located at without a roof for its head. Yet, for ten Athens in 1801, after much hesitation; years, Dr. Meigs braved these dangers, the final choice being determined by the and graduated more than fifty men with gift of 633 acres of land by Governor the regular A. B. degree. John Milledge, upon a portion of which But having thus secured a foothold, the college buildings now stand. The the University has continued to grow; site was a beautiful one, upon the high always surrounded by difficulties and hills overlooking the Oconee river, nearf antagonized by influential elements in a clear, cool spring, arid beneath the the state, but wisely managed by such shade of majestic oaks and hickories, men as Moses Waddell, Alonzo Church, which covered a favorite trysting place Andrew A. Lipscomb and Patrick H. of the Cherokee Indians, The same year Mell. The periods of most marked ex a contract had been authorized to build pansion in the University have the dates as a dormitory, the building still in use of 1859 and 1872. At the former radical and known as the Old College. Josiah changes in the curricula and disciplina Meigs, LL. D., at the time Professor of ry methods took place whereby a greater .Natural Philosophy in Yale College, was importance was given to scientific studies elected President, and for ten years la and tutorial espionage was abolished; bored under almost insuperable difficul at the latter date the addition to the ties to raise up an institution of learning. landscrip fund materially modified the Quoting one of his successors in office: organization of the college by the estab "The Israelites had not a harder task lishment of the State College of Agri when required to make brick without culture and Mechanic Arts. From the straw, than President Meigs, when, under latter date the University of Georgia such circumstances, he was required to became the legal title including under raise up, in a few years, an institution separate faculties the Old Franklin Col which would compare with those of New lege for classical training and the State England. President Meigs commenced College for scientific instruction. The the exercises of the University when head of the institution became known as no college building of any description Chancellor of the University of Georgia. had been erected. Recitations were often Various changes have taken place on the heard and lectures delivered under the governing board of the institution, start shade of the forest oak ; and for years ing with the Senatics Academicus (the AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. State Senate and a board of trustees),then as being thorough and substantial in a board of trustees of large number, until every department. Regular courses of the present board is reached, composed of four years each are arranged leading to one representative from each congress the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, ional district, four from the state at large, Bachelor of Letters, and Bachelor of two from the city of Athens, and ex-officio Science in the Franklin College; and to the Governor of the state, and the presi Bachelor of Science, (special), Bachelor dent of the local boards in charge of the of Engineering, and Bachelor of Agricul Georgia Technological School, the Girls ture in the State College. Masters de Industrial College, and the College for grees are likewise offered upon success Colored Youths, all branches of the ful completion of additional work. Each parent institution. Under the State year beginning the first of January, Constitution of 1887 the University is a special course adopted to the needs of the sole recipient of public moneys for farmer's sons is available. It is given higher education, and as such has a at a time when the farms can be left number of branch institutions. with greatest ease, and fills a need that The organization at present embraces has long existed in the State. Every Franklin College, The State College of opportunity is given to students in Agricultural and Mechanic Arts, Aca special subjects to pursue their stud demic and Professional Schools in Mathe ies at the University, certificates being matics, History, Physics, Chemistry, An given when honestly deserved. The cient and Modern Languages, Geology, admission requirements are made com Agriculture, Law, Medicine, and Engin paratively low, (embracing English, eering ; The Georgia Technological Mathematics, Latin and Qreek) but the School ; The Girl's Industrial School ; gates to higher classes and graduation The College for Colored Youth ; and are opened only by steady effort and branch colleges at Dahlonega, Thomas- intelligent progress on the part of the ville, Cuthbert, Hamilton and Milledge- student. The tuition in the academic ville. Of, these Franklin College and schools is free to all young men of Geor the State College, all the academic gia above the age of sixteen. schools and the professional schools of The institution is thoroughly equipped Law and Engineering are located in for all branches of its work—with a Athens. splendid library for general and literary The chancellor of the University has purposes, with special libraries for each supervision over the entire institution. department, with magnificent scientific The departments at Athens are arranged apparatus and laboratory facilities in the under the management of, The General schools of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Faculty for both colleges; the Academic and Engineering, and with an excellent Faculty for Franklin College; the Scien farm in charge of the professor of Agri tific Faculty for the State College; and culture, and for the use of students in the law Faculty for that school. The that subject. The buildings of the academic faculty is provided with a dean University are large and the rooms well as presiding officer, and the State col fitted with benches, desks, maps and lege has its separate president. blackboards. The instruction offered in the Univer The present force of professors and sity has won the recognition'of the State instructors numbers fourteen, and their CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, work is characterized by conscientious raised among the citizens of Athens was and intelligent effort. The relation expended in building the handsome and between professors and students is one permanent structure in which the insti of marked sympathy and friendship, and tute is still carried on. The original cases where severe discipline is needed projectors of the institute looked chiefly are practically unknown. The funda to home patronage for its support, and mental principle of the management of it was at first called the Athens Semi the students comprises the treatment of nary for Young Lad es. The death of one gentleman towards another, com Gen. Cobb's daughter during the erec bined with a firm policy of removing tion of the building determined the quickly those men wjip are disposed to present name as a fitting memorial to the idle. The faculty is in earnest and the efforts of its founder, and a touching men who attend the University must evidence of sympathy with him in his adopt the same spirit. distress. The college men are wide awake, gen The Lucy Cobb Institute, as it has erous and democratic in their ideas. ever since been called, was a success Athletics and military claim a fair share from the first. The opening session of their attention and conduce to health- showed 155 names enrolled as scholars, fulness of both mind and body. and subsequently the school has been The University campus covers 37 favored with a large patronage. The acres in the heart of the city, on which building contains boarding accommoda eight large buildings for college pur tions for sixty, and the boarding depart poses are now built. The property of the ment is limited to that number. institutions as represented by its build The work of the institute has long ings and splendid literary and scientific since been broadened beyond local pat equipment will aggregate at least four ronage. The alumnae of the school in hundred thousand dollars. Its annual clude many names from every section income is nearly forty-five thousand of the state, and every year witnesses dollars. a new list of applicants for admission The Lucy Cobb Institute. far in excess of the vacancies to be filled. This gratifying state of facts This well-known and admirably man speaks volumes for the wisdom, thor aged seminary for young ladies has been oughness and efficiency with which the a prominent institution in Athens and institution is now managed. in Georgia since 1858. It was founded The school was first opened under the in response to the demand that Athens, care of a gentleman of Northern birth, which was doing so much for the young Mr. B. M. Wright by name, who con men of the state, should not be behind ducted the school well, but whose in hand in its services to its own lovely tense views had little sympathy amongst daughters. The importance of the idea Athenians in the opening days of the impressed itself most strongly on Gen. war between the states. His resigna Thomas R. R. Cobb, and the success of tion took place in a few years, and the the movement is due to his strong efforts institute was for a short time in the in raising the funds necessary. The hands of Mr. Muller and Miss Lips- movement was begun in 1855, a charter comb as associate principals. To them obtained in 1859, and the sum of $25,000 succeeded Madame Sosnowski, a cul- AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. tured and refined Polish lady, who for view to the needs of the pupils. Elec ten years carried on the school with abil- tive courses and post-graduate work in ity and success. Upon the resignation literature, mathematics, and languages of Madame Sosnowski, Rev. Dr. Jacobs are also afforded. Was placed in charge, holding office The departments represented in the during one year, and followed by Mrs. general curriculum of the school, are A. R. Wright, who was for ten years the those of Science; Languages, including principal of the school. Upon the resig Latin, French and German; Music, vocal nation of Mrs. Wright, in 1880, the and instrumental; English, including present principal, Miss Mildred Ruther history, general and current literature, ford, was placed in charge. Her selec grammar, rhetoric and composition ; Elo tion has proven a very wise one, and for cution and Physical Culture. Special thirteen years her energetic conduct classes are provided with instruction in of the school has strengthened and drawing and painting, and in dress broadened its work in every department. making. Special lectures, with experi She has placea the institute on a foot ments on scientific subjects, are de ing where its merits attract more pat livered by prominent gentlemen from ronage than can be accommodated, and time to time. where its claims to distinction amongst In apportioning the time for study and seminaries for young ladies are second recitations in the several departments, to none in the South. care is taken to secure the mastery of This result has not been attained with each, and thereby to give the pupil a out the expenditure of much time and well-rounded and wholesome develop energy on the part of all the excellent ment. teachers connected with the institution. The attention which is given to well Nor could it have been done under a directed physical culture deserves special system of education less broad and pro commendation as being a most essential gressive in principle, and less strongly factor in a proper system of female edu carried out in practice. cation. The work in current literature, The present organization of the insti which is used to direct the attention of tute includes under its management a the pupils to the marked events and boarding department and day school for questions of the time, is a step in ad resident pupils. No such distinction is vance over most schools, and one which made in the class room, where the classi gives a zest and relish to general study. fication is based on the relative advance All the departments are in the hands of ment of each scholar. The school does cultured and experienced educators, and not adopt the principles of formal ex are conducted with great ability and aminations for entrance, but the regular success. class room work and the passage to The home life of the Institute is full higher grades is determined on written of brightness and variety, taking the examinations. The regular courses of form of private concerts, charades, and study lead to diplomas in the Latin and games amongst themselves, or an occa English Course, the French and English sional entertainment of a literary, musi Course, and the English Course alone. cal or social character at which the friends Thjs requirements for these courses are of the young ladies are present. prescribed and are well chosen with a The equipment of the school is now 66 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, very thorough. The rooms, parlors, due to the good health which is vouch library and school rooms are handsomely safed to all who make it their home. furnished, and the domestic arrange The Lucy Cobb Institute does excel ments are very complete. In addition lent educational work—keeping abreast to the main building, a handsome chapel, of the times, securing the best instruc the gift of George I. Seney, of New tors, and combining systematic and firm York, seating 600 people, .and with regulations with much gentleness and excellent stage arrangements, is of ser consideration. The diploma of the In vice in the public exercises of the insti stitute ranks high and is won only by tution. A fine organ is built in the honest and intelligent work. LUCY COBB INSTITUTE — MILLEDGE AVENUE. •chapel, thus affording the means of The Home School instruction on that instrument. The The Home School for young ladies, musical equipment in pianos is ample under the care of Madame Sosnowski enough to give every facility for prac and her accomplished daughter, Miss tice in that line. The Institute prop Caroline Sosnowski, has been doing erty covers four acres and is well shaded splendid educational work for many years by large trees. It is situated on Mil- and is one of the best schools in the &tate. Jedge avenue, the handsomest residence The ladies who are identified with its street of Athens, and is itself an orna control came to Georgia just after ment to the avenue. The location is the burning of Columbia, S. C., in which exceptionally healthy, and much of the their large establishment at that 'place fivor in which the Institute is held is was destroyed. In the time whiqh has AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 67 since elapsed, nearly one thousand young large size. Miss Sosnowski desires not ladies of this and the adjoining states more than twenty-five for the boarding have been educated under their care department, in the belief that a larger and are ready to testify to the charm number would be ill suited to the method and excellence of the training which of instruction which she believes to be they received, by the rare culture which best, viz., that of developing each pupil they possess as well as by their words as an individual rather than trying to of praise. The Home School, as its mould all to the same model; at the name would indicate, claims no showy same time throwing around each scholar characteristics. What Miss. Porter's an atmosphere of culture and common school, "The Elms," is to Massachusetts, interest in the pursuit of knowledge. THE HOME SCHOOL, PRINCE AVENUE. the Home School is to Georgia, a refined This, she believes, is best done through family circle where the young girls are the medium of a home school of moder constantly under the care of accomplish ate number, and where the classes shall ed and kindly instructors, and are daily never be so large as to allow the indi led to the fountains of knowledge and viduality of each scholar to become lost culture. There is no lack of system and in that of the class. order in the methods of instruction In carrying out her ideas of education practiced, and the results attained are Miss Sosnowski has associated with her very gratifying to all who become ac self a number of very talented and effi quainted with the pupils of this institu cient teachers in order to secure to each tion. The school does not aspire to a scholar thorough and wisely planned CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, instruction. The engraving given above Tardiness. shows the beautiful spot on Prince " A school into which a dozen or so avenue occupied by the school, what pupils every morning reluctantly saunter, broad piazzas and roomy grounds are at a few minutes, or a half hour late, is a hand for exercise and pleasure. The school too poorly managed to be tolerated picture does not show the well-furnished in an intelligent business community, interior, the handsome pictures, the where punctuality is a cardinal virtue." musical instruments, the well-filled libra Discipline. ry, which tell of the enthusiastic work " Methods of teaching subjects have which is done both by scholars and begun radically to change since the days teachers in the field of literature, art of Commenius. But methods of dis and music. The young lady is for cipline all the while and now, more than tunate who becomes an inmate of this methods of teaching, have demanded re excellent school, and every September forms of the most radical nature. Public witnesses the arrival of those whom for sentiment is always nearer right than the tune thus kindly favors. average autocrat of a teacher, who is or Public Schools. dinarily left alone in a school room to The public school system of Athens resort summarily to brute force whenever has been, since its foundation in 1886, a whim, or pleasure, or need happens to be source of constant pride to the city. the uppermost thing in the mood of him. Success has markfcd them for its own, The doors of school houses thrown open, and springs from the exceptional per- visitors let in, the public eye searching sonel of the school board, and the no every nook and cranny of the establish less excellent officers who have been ment, the true facts of the institution placed in charge of the school work. placarded upon public bulletin boards— Professor E. C. Branson, the organizer and at once the instincts of common and superintendent of these schools, humanity substitute fairness, and gentle laid them out upon broad lines of policy ness, and justice, and mercy for much and inspired the teaching force with a that before outraged them all." dealing with the prob zeal for intelligent Teaching Grammar. lems of school work. The result has "Teaching language instead of teach been a growing satisfaction amongst the ing grammar takes aliveness, ingenuity, taxpayers and an increasing interest and and originality, endlessly in contriving attendance by the children. Professor materials and occasions for picture story Branson resigned in 1891, and his mantle work, for number-story work, and for ob fallen on Professor G. G. Bond, a has servations of plants and animals and well fitted to continue the gentleman every day home occurrences, all to the work and thoroughly familiar with the end that in telling of these, habits and of modern school methods. To details not rules of grammar may be established some idea of the spirit in which give in the pupil. the schools are managed, the following quotations from the several reports of " The Gospel of Humanity to Children the Superintendent, covering the chief is a blessed gospel to organize into points of school government, will be of schools. The short daily sessions of our interest :— schools, the short annual session, the AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 69 Christmas and May intermissions, the (c) Grammar department with four frequent holidays are the part of wisdom, grades. I take it. The danger of making exces The grades run from one to nine in sive drafts upon immature nerve and the order of age. muscle are very evident to those that The whole range of instruction covers daily watch the development of the minds the progress of the little child from the and bodies of hundreds of children. I alphabet to a good preparation for enter believe it to be wise to let the work of ing the University at the age of 16. the schools be slow, if you please, and The grades in the colored schools are thorough, and at all times within reach similarly arranged. of the child's powers when reasonably The accommodations for the pupils put forth. Meanwhile, to contend that are ample and thoroughly comfortable education has to do with books and and healthful. Excellent desks, maps, schools alone, and to deny to children a blackboards and other necessary equip superabundance of sunshine, and air, ments are provided liberally. Four large and out-of-doors romping, the discipline buildings are now occupied by the of home duties, and contact with the whites, and two equally comfortable love of parents, is to rob the child of structures are given to the colored most of the things he will have actual pupils. The teachers are well and need for in life—a sound body, a healthily promptly paid. Tuition is free, except developed mind, and a strongly marked to non-resident pupils or those over 18 individuality, it may be. The play ground years of age. and the home develop strength of char The city has dealt with great liberality acter as the school never can. ' What we toward the public schools, and the ex do not call education is more precious penditure has been well repaid. than what we call so,' says Mr. Emerson, The income of the school for 1891-2 with great suspicion of truth.'" was as follows: These extracts present in strong relief From City Treasurer . . . $10,900.00 the principles which are successfully From State School Fund . 3,884 20 enforced in the system as it now exists. From County Poll Tax Fund 1,235.82 Visitors are always welcome and never From tuition fees . .... 119.35 fail to be favorably impressed by the methods and spirit of the teaching. Total ...... $16,139.37 Annual examinations are held for the teachers as well as pupils and proves a Enrollment. wise measure in preventing stagnation Whites, 861 ; colored, 537 ; total, 1,398. in the teaching force. The teachers of School population, white, 1,101; col the school are young, bright and devoted, ored, 1,225 ; total, 2,326. and their work is already telling upon School attendance, white, 78% : col the city life. ored, 43%. The schools are divided into— Tax rate for city schools .0016 on a (a) Primary department with three property valuation of $6,335,000. grades. There are at present employed in the (d} Intermediate department with two teaching force of these schools 19 white grades. teachers, of whom 2 are males and 17 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, are females ; and in colored schools, 3 Professional. males and 7 females, making a total of The profession of law, dentistry, med 29 in the whole system. icine, music and divinity are strongly Private Schools. represented in Athens, both as to On the list of private schools may be numbers and ability. There are 25 found several excellent ones. Mrs. E. lawyers, 5 dentists, 12 physicians and 7 A. Crawford has for a number of years ministers on the list. The professional taught with much success a school for practice of many of them is large and children and young ladies. A similar lucrative. A number of instructors in GEORGIA, CAROLINA & NORTHERN R. R. BRIDGE OVER THE OCONKE RIVER. school for children is in charge of Miss music find ready patronage and do ex Julia Moss, and has an excellent attend cellent work. ance. The Misses Mell have a flourish ing school in vocal and instrumental Newspaper. music. Miss Smith's classes in art are Athens supports an excellent daily largely patronized and do much for the and weekly newspaper, which has a cir art culture of the city. A business col culation through ten or twelve adjoining lege is kept open during the winter counties and reaches a population of which offers good advantages to those about 70,000. The paper is known as desirous of a business training. the Athens Banner, and is edited by Mr. GLABKE COVNTY, GEOBGIA, T. W. Reed, a bright and versatile Churches. writer. The Banner is the official organ Athens is well provided with Churches of the city and county, and has a large and Sunday-schools, and her pulpits local circulation. are ably filled. The Young Men's Entertainment. Chistian Association has a very vigor The city has one of the prettiest opera ous growth in the community, and owns houses in the South. Its seating capacity a magnificent building in which its par is about 900, and stage arrangements are lors, lecture hall, bowling alley, library large and commodious. During the win and gymnasium are found. The rooms ter season a number of excellent troupes are always open and strangers are wel occupy the boards and afford amusement comed. to the community. Many of the best The main items of the religious life companies on the road annually visit in a tabular form are given below, and Athens. The opera house is under local when taken in proportion to the popu management, and is run with good taste lation, will show the general moral tone and judgment. ot the community. Table Showing Church Statistics, a 1 SundaySchool NumberStrvices £ !> PH Scholars. en week.per as "o v '•^M-H M +J COLORED. 310 125 4 600 $ .i,000 61 75 4 250 2,500 741 200 4 1,500 7,000 Bethel Church, Methodist...... 34 56 4 500 2,500 St. Mark's Chapel...... 35 61 4 ir.O 250 60 50 3 600 1,000 57 75 3 700 750 Total ...... 1,288 642 26 4.300 $17,000 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Property Valuation. of the city are, Thomas Bailey, J. M. The present value of property, as Barry, R. L. Bloomfield, Mrs. M. Bishop, shown by the tax returns, reaches the the Carlton estate, A. K. Childs, the large sum of $6,385,145, on which a city Hamilton estate, Y. L. G. Harris, J. A. tax of $1.00 per $100 is levied. In 1882 Hunnicutt, Cobb Lampkin, E. S. Lyn- the city was valued at $3,402,000. For don, R. L. Moss, the F. Phinizy estate, details of the distribution of this prop R. K. Reaves, J. H. Rucker, the Athens erty, the reader is referred to the tables Park and Improvement Co., the Lilly on page *&. 3TJ -» (? O, Land Co., James White, and the Athens Among the principal real estate owners Manufacturing Co. COMMERCIAL LIFE OF ATHENS. The commercial life of Athens is char are ever eager to sell to the merchants acterized by great energy and marked of Athens in the assurance that the success. In proportion to its population goods will be paid for. It is a rare thing and to the legitimate territory supplied, to see a business house in Athens forced few cities can show «o large a volume of to close its doors. In all lines of trade business. It will not be far from accu the representative men are good busi rate to place the aggregate volume of ness men and make a success of their business in one year at twelve million work. Many firms do an unusually dollars or more, and to make the follow large business, and at least two houses ing subdivisions : may safely be placed at $1,000,000 of Cotton business...... $ 3,000,000 yearly business. Back of this volume Manufactures...... 300,000 of business stands a real property to the Stocks and bonds . .... 430,000 extent of $3,000,000 Hardware and farming implements 300,000 The strength and variety of business Banks and Loan Associations ..... 700,000 Foundries...... 150,000 life in Athens is best realized in reading Building...... 300,000 the following outlines of the personal Furniture...... 100,000 and business policy of a few representa Heavy groceries...... 2,000,000 tive firms doing business in various Dry goods...... 500,000 lines. Clothing...... 100,000 Jewelry and bric-a-brac...... 50,000 The Southern Mutual Insurance Co. Crockery ...... 20,000 Professional ...... 200,000 It is fitting that the special descrip Real estate...... 200,000 tion of the prominent business enter Insurance risks ...... 4,000,000 prises of Athens should begin with the Miscellaneous...... 100,000 above named company. Organized in 1848 by Athens men, it has prospered Total ...... 412,450,000 as few institutions have ever done and The substantial nature of the business now ranks as one of the best, if not the very best, fire insurance company in the done in this section and the integrity of world. This claim is not made on the the business community are well known volume of business done, but on the throughout the country. Drummers conservatism and careful selection of AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. risks which the company has always farmers of the South generally by meet shown and which is witnessed by the ing incurred obligations with the prompt fact that fifty-eight per cent, of the pre ness of bank paper. They have found miums was returned last year to the that their business runs more smoothly policy holders, making the insurance and that they save a large amount for cost only 42% of the premiums paid in. merly lost by exorbitant prices at which The company insures for three-fourths goods were sold in the spring to be paid of the value of the property, and has for in the following fall. The firm are reached the point where it commands proud of the promptness and reliability more business than it desires to under of their customers. That such a wise take. It has as reserved assets nearly business policy is actually in force con $900,000, which are well invested and stitutes the reason that when other firms the income of which is annually dis are handicapped and retarded by slow tributed among the policy holders in paying customers, J. S. King & Co. have the form of dividends. gone forward with easy and rapid strides. The wholesale business of this house is J. S. King & Co. very large, covering all the adjoining The firm of J. S. King & Co., occupy counties, while in city retail supplies a large three-story building on the north they give entire satisfaction to an in east corner of Broad and Thomas streets, creasing number of families every year. in which they carry on an immense bus The business is backed by large capital, iness in groceries and general supplies. and the firm carries a stock valued at The gentlemen who constitute the firm fifteen thousand dollars. The members are natives of Athens, and have estab of the firm are prominent and influential lished a strong hold on the confidence men, foremost in all movements for the of the city and adjoining territory. The good of the city, and possessed of marked partnership under which they are now popularity and progressive spirit. They •operating was formed in 1887, and in stand as the leaders of the grocery busi cludes J. S. King, E. R. Hodgson, A. ness in the city. H. Hodgson and J. M. Hodgson, all of whom are strong, conservative business R. C. Orr & Co. men Nothing more fully proves the wisdom of this firm than the methods The firm of R. C. Orr & Co. is on which they conduct that branch of located at an excellent point on Clayton the business by which farmers are sup street, No. 104, and two doors west of plied with groceries and merchandise. the postoffice. Unlike most of the drug They have discarded the old method of stores of the city, they demote themselves advancing supplies on long time prices, exclusively to a prescription business, and have adopted the plan of selling to and despite the cold water which greeted customers at cash prices and carrying their start some four years ago, they have the accounts on interest. The effect of shown their ability to make the business this plan is, in fact, to divide a portion pay. Dr. R. C. Orr, who is the active of the profits with the customer. To member of the firm, has an enviable make such a plan of business successful record as an accurate and skillf ul man in requires the patronage of none but thor filling prescriptions, and as such has the oughly reliable and prompt paying cus confidence of all the local physicians. In tomers. The firm is to be congratulated order to give the best satisfaction,, he on having just such a patronage from orders his drugs from the best known which slow payers have been eliminated. houses, and guaranteed as to the strength Mutual confidence between the firm and and purity of every medicine he uses. their customers is thus very strong, and In this way, he can make every one of both parties find that money is to be his customers sure of the full beneficial made by adopting strict business meth action of whatever medicine the physician ods. The customers of this firm are not may have prescribed. A good cigar may only the best class of men in this sec be purchased from him, too, as you are tion, but they set an example to the on your way to the postoffice. 74 CLAEKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, J. H. Rucker. Athens, and of the total Mr. Rucker No one business man in Athens is usually purchases 50 per cent. Outside quite so valuable a factor in the com of the cotton business, Mr. Rucker has mercial world as Jeptha H. Rucker, cot always been a valuable citizen to Athens, ton buyer and exporter. Mr. Rucker having held the Mayor's chair, and is has done business in Athens and the always ready to lend the strength of his adjoining section for twenty years past, good judgment and energy to all move buying large lots of cotton for the ments that promise a benefit to this city. strongest cotton firms of New York and for European markets. His business C. A. Scudder. has grown to such proportions that he Anyone in search of silverware, now handles, yearly, sixty thousand bales watches, or jewelry in Athens, is at of the fleecy staple and makes direct tracted at once in passing down Broad shipments to Bremen, Liverpool, Havre street by a handsome window fitted in Barcelona, Spain, and the conti nent generally. His business is conducted chiefly from Athens and Madison, at both of which points he owns commodious warehouses and hydraulic cot ton compresses. He is thus pre pared, by virtue of the size and choice location of his property along the railroad points, to handle cotton to best advantage and prepare it fof compact ship ment. As promoter and owner of the Belt Line railroad, he has securecfthe connection^ all the railroads in Athens, and cotton can be brought to his compress, unloaded,pressed, and forwarded with only a few hours delay. His plant in Athens is valued at $60,000, and that in Madison, Ga., at $25,000, while the volume of his business largely exceeds a million dollars. In order to control so much cotton, Mr. Rucker employs a large and C. A. SCUDDER JEWELRY HOUSE, BROAD STREET. experienced force of buyers located at various points in Georgia and dainty colored plush and displaying at Alabama, the more important agencies tractive pieces of silverware, diamonds being at Athens, Augusta, Washington and cut glass. The most striking thing is and Madison, in this State, with head the marked good taste of the window fit quarters in Athens. tings and the tempting manner in which Mr. Rucker avers that Athens is as a few beautiful things are displayed, and good a cotton market as can be found in the impulse created to enter the ad the South. Competition is lively among joining door and inspect the well-filled buyers and transportation companies, cases and shelves inside. Whenever you and the prices for 1892 have uniformly enter this store you are equally pleased ranged from y& to ^ cent per pound by the same display of good taste and higher than in Augusta, our neighbor handsome objects, and you are surprised ing competitor. The high market at to find such a striking array of beautiful tracts a large amount of cotton to things so faraway from New York, YOIL AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 75 are always welcomed, and even if you the shoe business, and the result has have no purchase in view, you will find been equally as successful. Together a chronometer there that is worth your with Mr. Lucas, who is thoroughly well inspection. It is a large clock, which known and valued by the business pub winds itself by electricity, and is con lic, the house ranks as a strong and reli nected by the Western Union wires with able business firm. In seven years they the observatory at Georgetown Heights, have established a reputation and pat in New York, from which every day the ronage in the retail line that easily en seventy-fifth meridian time is tele titles them to leadership throughout this graphed at noon and is recorded auto section of Georgia. They carry a large matically on the chronometer. Athens and well chosen stock, which is artistic time is just 30 minutes behind New York ally arranged and displayed in one of the and the black hand on the dial gives the handsomest stores in the city, located time in Athens while the red hand indi on the southwest corner of College ave cates that in New York. Everybody nue and Clayton street. They guaran goes there to set their watches, and tee every pair of shoes which they sell when the University professors are making any astronomical calculations, Hazelton & Dozier. this chronometer is invaluable. Well, this store is on Broad street, just above Athens shows its appreciation of music the University Bank, and everybody in by the handsome way in which it sup Athens will recognize it as Scudder's ports the excellent music house of Mr. C. A. Scudder, the proprietor, is Hazelton & Dozier. Their place of an Athens man, who was for several business is No. 112 E. Clayton street, years connected with Tiffany, and the next door to the postoffice, a handsome Gorham Silver Co , in New York, and he store with plate glass front. The firm brings to Athens the newest and prettiest carries a full line of musical instruments things in gold and silverware, jewelry, and musical supplies. Passing along that imported china, bric-a-brac, cut glass, way, the people find their steps and watches and rings. His business is large pulses quickened by the stirring music and increasing, and his establisment which issues from piano, violin, or would be a credit to any city. The ac cornet as played in that store. Often companying cut gives a faint idea of the you can locate the store by the crowd interior of this attractive store. gathered to hear one of these impromptu concerts. One can buy there almost E. I. Smith & Co, anything wanted in the musical line, The firm of E. I. Smith & Co., dealers from a banjo string to a fine piano or a in boots and shoes, was organized in cabinet organ. The firm are agents for 1885, and is composed of Mr. E. I. a number of prominent piano manufac Smith as senior partner, and Mr. George turers. They lay most stress on the Lucas as junior partner. Both of these Knabe, Behr Brothers, Ivers Si Pond, gentlemen are recognized as men of and Kimball makes of this instrument. ability and the highest business integ They have placed several pianos at the rity. Mr. Smith, the senior partner, young ladies schools in this city, which has proven himself one of the best citi have given entire satisfaction. The terms zens of Athens, both in public and pri on which they sell pianos are liberal, and vate life. His popularity has been at every family should make inquiries with tested by his flattering election as mem a view of purchasing an instrument ber of the city council during several which can give the home circle so much successive terms, and he has repaid pleasure. They carry a full supply of public confidence by a vigorous and wise artists' materials and picture frames. advocacy of many of the most benefi Major T. H. Dozier and Mr. D. P. Hazel- cial public movements of the past ten ton compose this energetic firm. They years. The same energy and good judg have been in the business for ten years ment which he has displayed in public past, and know how to please their cus affairs have characterized his efforts in tomers. 76 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, D. W, McGregor & Co. tion throughout the city In three A college town and a cultured com years he has built up a strong and grow munity cannot do without a good book ing business, besides proving himself a store. It is this need which the firm, valuable and public spirited citizen. whose name is given above, fills in the business and intellectual life of Athens. John Crawford & Co. The firm takes its name from Mr. D. W. Among the most successful firms of McGregor, the senior partner, a gentle Athens must be noted John Crawford & man well acquainted with the publishing Co., the wide-awake and energetic Col houses of this and the old country, and lege avenue druggists. The proprietor, thoroughly up with the times in sup Dr. Jno.Crawford, cast his lot in Athens plying the literature which the popular eight or nine years ago, and from a com taste demands. Mr. J. C. Hutchins, a paratively small beginning built up the gentleman well known in Athens and business that stands to-day a monument the adjoining towns, is an energetic to his business ability and energy. The associate in the firm. The house carries aggressive policy of the firm has, in ad a full stock of books, stationery and dition to their large retail business, artists' supplies. Books of general liter spread their jobbing trade over a more ature, Bibles, and commercial supplies, extended territory perhaps than any school and college text books, pens, other Athens firm, and has made them pencils, picture frames, and blank books successful competitors of the large firms of all description find a place on their of our larger cities. Besides being shelves. The firm does a large business, manufacturers of many pharmaceutical particularly in school supplies, through preparations, they control a line of use out this section. They keep on hand ful household remedies for which there the prominent monthlies and periodicals is a large and growing demand ; notably and are agents for subscriptions to many Crawford's Skin Cure or Eczema Wash, of the magazines. They are energetic which is sold throughout the Union. and progressive merchants, and are The policy of the firm to employ none backed by a capital which enables them but skilled labor has given the public to carry a varied and attractive stock. assurance that the work they do can be depended on, and F. the firm merits the S. Morton. patronage of those who wish pure drugs A more enterprising and wide awake and the best service. insurance man than Mr. Fred S. Mor ton would be difficult to find in any com T. Fleming & Sons. munity. Mr. Morton belongs to the Of the three strong firms dealing in progressive young men who are urging hardware and agricultural implements, in on the fortunes of this city with marked Athens, T. Fleming & Sons are recog success. That he is highly esteemed in nized as the leaders. They have been fire insurance circles is attested by the identified with this business for the past fact that he acts as agent for no less fifteen years, and from small beginnings than thirteen of the strongest fire com have established a strong and increasing panies now doing business, and repre patronage. In 1891 the company had senting aggregate assets to the amount of grown to such size that it was deemed $ 159,000,000 That he makes a popular best to transform it from a simple part and reliable agent is proven by the one nership to a regularly incorporated stock million dollars of risks which he annu company, with a capital of $125,000. ally places for the merchants and prop The company is now composed of erty owners of this city on cotton, stores, Messrs. J. H. Fleming, Herbert Flem warehouses, and private dwellings, and ing, and E. D. Sledge. A stronger busi on furniture and stocks of merchandise. ness firm cannot be found in Georgia. He now occupies handsome new offices They possess an amount of energy, clear at No. ii Jackson street in the center judgment and popularity which have won of business and with telephone connec a merited reward. In addition to the AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. partners in the firm, the business livery business. The outfit in landaus, demands the employment of seven other buggies and carriages of all kinds is men, and two drummers are kept on the very complete, and the stable contains road almost constantly. Wherever this an excellent stock of fine roadsters. Mr. firm once gets a hold on trade it is an Cooper, as successor to J. Z. Cooper & abiding one. They are wellknown as Son, has been identified with this line men of sterling integrity and make every of business during 24 years, and is effort to furnish their customers with thoroughly well known throughout the first-class goods. That they are well country. He yearly visits Kentucky^ able to do this and meet competition in and other noted markets, and brings out prices, needs no better proof than fine roadsters and carriage horses, both the fact that the stock which they for sale and for use in his general livery carry is usually $35,000 to $40,000 in business. His business is a large one> value. This stock embraces a full line and he endeavors to give the best ser of cutlery, rifles, fire arms, farming im vice at the lowest prices. The present plements, bar, sheet, and other forms of year has been marked by a large addi iron and steel, castings of various kinds, tion of new buggies and landaus to the belting, rope, nails, and ginning ma outfit of his stable, and constitutes a chinery. They are the special agents strong and efficient appeal to the pat for the Pratt gins, of which they sell a ronage of the riding public who value large number; and they handle a popular stylish turnouts and handsome horses. buggy known as the Classic City buggy. Athens Park and Improvement They take under contract the entire out Co. put of the Princeton mills in cotton rope, Conspicuous upon the maps of the and have no trouble in disposing of it to county and city are the lands of the their large trade. They likewise sell Athens Park and Improvement Co., a large quantities of sash, doors and blinds. corporation organized some three years Marking the prosperity of the firm is ago under a very liberal charter for the the fact that a new building is in process purpose of developing a beautiful section of erection to accommodate their en of Athens. This company, realizing that larged stock. This building is located the city was outgrowing its bounds, pur on Clayton street, about midway the chased the only unimproved parcel of land block between Jackson and Thomas near the heart of the city, three hundred streets, and is owned by the firm. It acres in all, removed all objectionable extends through the block from Clayton features, negro cabins and the like and to Washington street, with a frontage of began the work of opening up the prop thirty-six feet, and a depth of two hun erty. At an immense expense a magni dred and twenty feet. When complete, ficent boulevard 76 feet wide and a mile the Clayton street end will be three and a half long was graded through the stories in height, and the Washington entire property, cross and parallel street end two stories. The building is streets and avenues were surveyed and faced with pressed brick and trimmed laid off and the blocks thus formed with Lexington granite around the win divided into lots of one-half acre. dows, doors, etc. The Boulevard terminates within The territory which the firm supplies three hundred yards of the county court extends as far north as Toccoa, on the house, but to bring all parts of the prop Richmond and Danville Railroad, to erty in easy access to the balance of the Abbeville, S. C., and Augusta on the city, the directors of the company in east, to Madison and Monticello on the duced the street railroad to adopt elec south, and to Gainesville and Jug Tavern tricity as its motive power, and then on the west and northwest. closed a contract with it to operate an electric line with convenient C- W. Cooper. and rapid schedules along the full length of the C. W. Cooper's livery and sales stables Boulevard and to and from the heart of are located at No. 410 Thomas street, the city. With this great convenience and are thoroughly equipped for the added to the natural advantages of the 78 CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, property, the magnificent air, the easily The company has been and will con accessible water of the purest sort, and tinue to be very liberal with those who the fact that every house is new and of buy with the intention of building. It the most tasty design, the lots are the has undertaken the work of development most desirable in Athens for handsome on a grand scale, and has advertised the homes. city of Athens more liberally than any Some of the city ch arches are seeking other agency—the upward strides of the up town locations, and the Episcopal city dating from its incorporation. As church has already purchased a lot near the outcome of its work, so far, the city the Barber street entrance to the Im and county have reaped a harvest in the provement Co.'s property, and will build increased valuations, and numbers of upon it a handsome granite church. young men have been enabled to build The company has also donated a lot in cosy and comfortable homes for their the centre of its property for a church families under the liberal policy of its which will be erected at once. directors. To all good works looking to To the street railroad company the the advancement of Athens and Clarke Improvement Co. conveyed twenty-one county, the company has given a help acres of land lying between the Boule ing hand. Its policy has ever been lib vard and Prince avenue to be used as a eral, its advertising of the city in con park. This tract has been improved nection with its own enterprise has been and beautified and will always be a pleas generous, and its reward has been a suc ant resort for those living in the neigh cess that is gratifying to every good cit borhood. Negroes are excluded and fine izen. The directors of the company are order is always maintained. noted as active, energetic business men Before the work of grading was com who have succeeded m all their under pleted the company determined to test takings ; they have given the company the market with a sale, about one- the benefit of their sound judgment and seventh of the property being offered. commercial sagacity, and have watched Buyers were eager for the lots and over its affairs with careful and pains very satisfactory prices were real taking forethought. ized. Since the sale and through The officers are W. S. Holman, presi the stringency that has been felt dent; J. N. Booth, vice-president; C. throughout the South, the company has W. Baldwin, treasurer, and C. D. Flani- vigorously prosecuted its work of grad gen secretary and manager, and these ing and developing. Private sales have officers, with E. T. Brown, J. T. Voss, been made to a number of home builders, E. K. Lumpkin and Geo. M. Booth con and pretty cottages and residences now stitute the board of directors. With dot the landscape, completely changing the return of good times, the Athens the appearance of the property. The Park and Improvement Co. promises to building of the G. C. & N. railway through be a greater factor than ever in the up the northern portion has opened up a building and prosperity of the city of number of valuable manufacturing sites, Athens and the county of Clarke. some of which have already been utilized by the Electric Plant, the Brown Plan Vess, Vonderau & Co. ing Mill, and the D. M. Kinney Variety This firm began business in September Works. Water for manufacturing is of '90 in the elegant building, known as plentiful and easily obtained. the Carlton building, on the corner of From Barber street to the Park, the Clayton and Thomas streets. lots are within the city limits, owners Close attention to business, honest, having the advantages of the city's ex reliable goods, and close prices, have cellent system of graded school, its lights made this, the third year of their busi and waterworks. Beyond the Park the ness, nearly double that of the first. high, airy lots of Buena Vista Heights They keep always a full stock of first- have all the benefits of the electric line class dry goods and notions, never allow and nearness to the city, but enjoy a old stock to accummulate on their hands, freedom from city taxes. but put a price on it that moves it off. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 79 The buyer of the firm, Mr. A. W. Vess, heart of the city of Atlanta, and are ar after a thorough training, is specially ranging for the erection of a brick and well equipped in his line of business, granite fire-proof depot 900 feet long and is generally conceded to be one of and 75 feet in width. the best dry goods men in the city. With its many rail and water connec Mr. W. P. Vonderau has general charge tions at Norfolk, their deep water termi of the business, and the success of the nus, this building is necessary in order firm is an evidence of his good judgment to handle the traffic, which is daily in and energy. creasing. Mr. A. S. Parker, who is associated Such steps demonstrate that the S. with the firm, is one of the best account A. L. has come among us to stay, and ants in the State, and his ability is be we bespeak for them a bright and pros yond dispute. They are all young and perous future. energetic men, and are pressing their business with a determination that is Henderson Warehouse Company. winning an ever increasing success. The Henderson Warehouse Com Seaboard Air Line. pany runs one of the largest cotton warehouses in Athens, and is owned by This great system has just come Hodgson Brothers & Griffith. The ware among us by the completion of the G., house is a large brick building, covering C. & N. division from Monroe to Atlan one acre of ground and occupying half ta, thus placing Athens on a through the block between Clayton and Broad trunk line between the North and South. streets, adjoining Hull street. It is This means a great deal for the Classic built in four compartments with fire City and her citizens. The passenger appliances throughout, and is the safest rate has been reduced one-half between storage for cotton in the city. The Athens and Atlanta. In order to reach capacity is 5,000 bales. The owners Athens the Oconee river was spanned have for many years conducted an im by a magnificent iron bridge, and a cut mense storage and commission business 28 feet deep and 650 feet long was in cotton, handling from twelve to fifteen opened through a prominence of solid thousand bales each season. The expe rock at the mouth of which stands the rience gained in this line of business passenger depot. commands for them a steady patronage As this line passes through and opens and enables them to control cotton from up a new territory, which means lower a large section of country. Keeping rates and quicker despatch for our pro abreast of the trend of the cotton busi ducts, it will be hailed with delight by ness, they place experienced buyers at our farmers, planters and the traveling various other points and ship directly to public at large. the Southern and Northern ports. They The officers of the Seaboard Air Line carry cotton for their customers, mak are active and piogressive men, which is ing advances on the same, and giving fully demonstrated by the construction the benefit of standard insurance to those of this Southern division of 272 miles in who deal with them. The firm likewise order to reach Atlanta, the great rail conducts a regular banking business, road centre of the South. Finding op although they do not advertise as position to their entering her portals at bankers. The members of the firm are the desired point, they at once con thoroughly reliable men. Mr. E. R. structed a belt line around the city, tap Hodgson is the senior partner, and a ping all the roads centering there, and man honored by commissions of trust now running their passenger trains into from his city and the State. The same and out of the Union Depot, where con is true of Mr. A. H. Hodgson, who has nections are made with all trains to and recently relinquished the office of mayor from the South and West. of Athens, which he filled with great The management have recently pur distinction. Mr. C. B. Griffith, the chased five acres of ground almost in the junior partner of the firm, has established 80 CLAEKE COUNTY, GM EGIA. a strong hold on the business public by has a large acquaintanceship who, know his energy and ability. Mr. J. M. Hodg- ing him in active practice, have stuck to son is a member of the company but not him in the business of selling drugs. actively engaged in this department. The firm does both a wholesale and re The combination of talent and capital tail drug business and find lucrative which these gentlemen represent makes sales for their goods in the country and this company a power in the business smaller towns around Athens. They world of Athens. A long list of the cover a territory embracing Oglethorpe, best class of customers testifies to the Jackson, Madison, Oconee and Walton satisfaction and confidence that rewards counties, and reaching sometimes into the honest and reliable methods for Elbert and Greene counties. The firm which the firm is distinguished. is fast winning its way forward and de A. J. Mirick. serve the patronage which they have won by vigorous and enterprising meth The presence of large numbers of ods. They occupy an excellent stand handsome young men and fair young just opposite the postoffice, at No. 105 maidens in attendance on the educational E. Clayton street. institutions of Athens, gives a marked stimulus to the work of a good photo The Lyndon Manufacturing Co. grapher, such as Mr. A. J. Mirick has proven himself to be. It needs but a In a city whose population is so rap glance at the specimens of work that fill idly increasing, and where nearly three his studio to appreciate the fine taste and hundred buildings are erected each year, excellent finish that characterize his pic a well equipped planing mill is a very tures. He is found in well appointed profitable necessity. The Lyndon Man quarters at No. £15 E. Broad street, and ufacturing Company is the leading enter is prepared to take photographs in all prise of that type in this section. In sizes, and to guarantee satisfaction to his 1887, Dr. E. S. Lyndon, a gentleman patrons. For out door work he is splen noted for his broad views and clear judg didly equipped, and many of the hand ment, saw the financial success and value some residences of Athens are repro to Athens which awaited just such an en duced in artistic pictures under his skill- terprise. Associating with him his ful hand. In addition to photography, brother, Mr. A. J. Lyndon, they invested Mr. Mirick does excellent work in crayon $35,000 in a large plant, fully equipped and in portrait enlargement. He is a with the best modern machinery needed conscientious and skillful artist, and for dressing lumber and for the manu spares no pains on the small details which facture of sash, doors, and blinds. Since make the difference between first-class the mill was opened, it has not known a and botched picture making. The en day of idleness, and a large force of gravings in this book are all reproduced men are kept busy with the various from photographs made by him. branches which the firm carries on. The plant consists of a large brick building, Palmer & Kinnebrew. used as a shop, two stories high, with This firm has within the last two years dimensions 50x125 feet, with several established a strong business in the drug acres of ground occupied by lumber and prescription lines. The firm is com yards and storage sheds for coal and fire posed of Mr. H. R. Palmer, who was for wood. A side track makes convenient twenty-five years connected with Dr. shipping connection with the Macon and Lyndon's drug store; and Dr. E. R. Northern railroad. The company carries Kinnebrew, who gave up active practice a splendid assortment of pine lumber to lend his strength to the business. which is worked up into dimension stuff Mr. Palmer's skill as a prescription clerk for house building, and manufactured has been known in this section for many into door and window frames, doors, years, and has brought the new firm no sash, and blinds. The large demand for small portion of its business. Dr. Kin these products in local markets makes nebrew is a native of this county and it easy to dispose of the output with AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 81 good margins of profit. The firm deals dence and ranks as one of the best largely in wood and coal for the city institutions in the city. trade and handles a good share of the business done in that line. They have Athens Manufacturing Co. excellent arrangements with the mines The Athens Manufacturing Company, of Tennessee and Alabama, and supply which owns and operates a large cotton the best grades of anthracite and bitu mill plant in this city, was one of the first minous coal at low prices. The majority cotton mills opened in the South. The of people in Athens still use wood for company was organized in 1832, and fuel, and find in Lyndon's large wood built the first mills in that year. The yard the most convenient and best place successful and continuous operation of to buy seasoned hickory and oak by the cord as well as pine wood and kindlings. The aggregate of these business activi ties constitutes a very valuable total of business, which the company conducts with dispatch and reliability. As the business grows, the owners propose to enlarge the plant and make it one of the largest and best planing mills in North Georgia. The Athens Savings Bank. This excellent banking institution was organized under a state charter in 1885, and has grown vigorously ever since. Its success has not only been a gratify ing fact to the citizens at large, but rep resents a very substantial improvement in finances to a large number of small depositors who take this means of saving money from small incomes. The char ter of the bank is wisely drawn and pro vides for the payment of interest on small deposits. Four per cent, is the rate on deposits subject to withdrawal, and 5 per cent, on money deposited for THE ATHENS SAVINGS BANK, BROAD STREET. a year's time without withdrawal. The charter provision which makes each that enterprise has been accompanied by stockholder responsible in proportion to a large expansion of the plant, which the stock he holds is one that gives the represents an invested capital of $200,- best possible guarantee to depositors. ooo. The mills have a total floor space The original stock of $40,000 has been of 69,000 square feet, of which 34,000 largely increased, and the bank now car are used in the spinning department, ries nearly 250 accounts in its savings and 35,coo for weaving purposes. Ten department. The bank has built and thousand spindles and three hundred now occupies the handsome three story and twenty looms are kept in constant building shown in the accompanying cut, movement to fill the large orders with located on the north side of Broad street which the company is favored. in the heart of the business part of the The buildings are lighted by electricity city. The president of the bank is Dr. and are furnished with automatic J. A. Hunnicutt, the cashier, Mr. G. A. sprinklers and other ample fire protec Mell, both of these gentlemen of high tion. The company employs 375 opera business standing and ability. The Sav tors, and provides nice 2 and 3-room ings Bank i§ accorded the fullest confi cottages for their comfortable living. CLABKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, The spinning mills are run by water been a secure and profitable investment power from the Oconee river, furnished is emphasized by his long and intimate by a thirteen-foot dam, and yielding 338 experience with the land sales of this gross horse power; of this turbines now section. He says that Athens property utilize 300 H. P. The weaving plant is has always shown a steady increase of driven by steam. The company owns a value, and in the absence of booms, has large amont of real estate in the city, on never suffered from the reactions which which the mills and operatives' houses follow inflated values. The firm handles are built. In addition, they own the the best real estate of all kinds in the magnificent water power at Barnett city and county, and has the largest rent Shoals, twelve miles lower down on the list of any agents in the city. Just at same river with 4,000 gross horse power. present they have on hand and are ad They lease this power to manufacturers vertising fine bargains in improved city putting up such buildings as the lessees lots, in farming lands, and in mineral may desire. At present 400 H. P. is lands lying in the counties of Habersham, thus rented, and a factory building fur Fannin, Union and Towns. The latter nished, which runs 7,500 spindles in the properties contain gold, copper and cor manufacture of yarns. undum, and abound in fine hard wood The Athens factories turn out cotton forests, and can be bought at prices from yarns, and colored goods, such as checks, one dollar per acre and upwards. They ginghams, jeans, etc. have good homes for sale from $1,000 The growth of the enterprise is largely upwards, and small houses and lots, due to the energy of Mr. R. L. Bloom- suited for working men, as low as $500. field, who took charge as agent in 1862. They conduct auction sales as. well as At that time 1,800 spindles and 40 looms private sales and do a large annual busi were in operation. Mr. Bloomfield is still ness. in charge and hcilds the confidence, not Mr. L. H. Charbonnier, Jr., the other only of the company, but of the entire member of the firm, is an enterprising community, in which he has lived so business man and has more especial long, and for which he has done so much. charge of the insurance business done The company is a striking example of by the firm. Representing strong com the success which is possible for cotton panies in fire, life and accident insur milling in this section. ance, they place risks to best advantage Griffith & Charbonnier, for their customers in large or small amounts. The fire companies for which A city without a first-class real estate they hold agencies represent an aggre agency scarcely deserves the name. gate of 75 millions of assets. In life Judged by this criterion, Athens would assurance they represent the ^Etna Life stand very high, for a better and more Insurance Company, the oldest and one reliable firm handling city real estate of the best life companies in America. cannot be found than that of Messrs. In accident insurance they place con Griffith & Charbonnier, who occupy tracts as agents for the United States offices on College avenue, number 14, in Mutual Accident Company of New the heart of the city, and in easy reach York, the strongest company doing busi of investors and land owners. Mr. W. ness in that line. The promptness and D. Griffith has been identified with Ath energy which characterizes this firm and ens real estate for many years, and is, their high integrity have won for them without doubt, the best posted man on a large business and a host of patrons. matters of this kind in the city. His ability has been put to the test by the The Lilly Land Company. delicate and arduous work of the city That Athens is a growing 1 own is well tax assessor's office, in which he has attested by the formation of the Lilly served for a number of years to the en Land Company, who own a valuable tire satisfaction of all. The words of landed property of more than one hun such a man carry weight, and his state dred acres in the southwestern part of ment that Athens real estate has always the city. A reference to the city map AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. will indicate the location of the property in Athens, organized in 1870 and deal and the ease with which it can be reached ing in a large assortment of stoves, tin from both the business and residence ware and similar goods. Mr Jones was portions of the city. The property is a sole proprietor until 1891, at which time very beautiful tract of upland lying ex he associated Mr. T. S. Methvin as part ceptionally well for building purposes, ner in the firm. Both of these gentle and covered with the grateful shade of men are well known throughout this sec pine and hard wood trees. The com tion and rank as fine men of business. pany is holding the property as an in They sell by far the largest amount of vestment. They are gradually proceed goods of any house in this line and prac ing with the work of laying out broad tically control the retail stove trade of avenues, winding in graceful curves, and the city. For many years they have ap destined to be lined with fine suburban pealed to the domestic comfort of house villas. The main avenue, running north keepers, by selling the splendid stove and south, curves with the gentle hill known as the Iron King brand, and have •slope until it reaches the center of the placed no less than fifty carloads of these property, when it branches into the two stoves in the hands of local household arms of a handsome oval 800 feet long ers. They carry a large stock of kitchen and 200 feet broad. From the south utensils and tinware, and give employ end of the oval the avenue runs in gentle ment to two expert tin workers in the curve into the Georgia Factory road. manufacture of standard tin goods. When this avenue is opened it will at Their patronage extends throughout the once become one of the most fashionable adjoining counties and towns for which drives in the city. Already the Georgia Athens is the recognized distributing Factory road is very popular with those point in this class of merchandise. They who love horses, and the new avenue sell on small margins and liberal terms, will offer a broader way and easier grades and are agreeable and efficient men with than the present excellent road. The whom to have dealings. natural advantages of this property are Galloway, Lambert & Co, many. It is located on the top of the main ridge on which Milledge avenue is No city need wish for a better house found ; it is well drained, and yet smooth than the one whose name is written and gentle in slope. It is very healthy, above to supply the delicacies and sub- and the odor of the pine imparts a spici- stantials that fill the pantry shelves of ness to the air that is very refreshing. every good housekeeper. Fine groceries, Well shaded, within a short distance fresh Jersey butter, and choice poultry from the post office, the men who own can always be found with them. Devot this property are secure in their excel ing themselves largely to the retail lent investment. The property was domestic supply of the city, the firm bought cheap,and the company can afford leaves nothing undone to give a large to sell at low figures. An investor desir line of customers complete satisfaction. ous of buying a home would be wise to In the three years since this store was consult with the agent of this company. opened, they have won and kept as cus The owners are organized as a stock com tomers, many of the best families of this pany, and are as follows : Billups Phin- city. The active business management izy, president; Arthur E. Griffith, W. is in the hands of Mr. W. E. Eppes, to D. Griffith, W. J. Morton, R. K. Reaves whose good judgment and obliging and R. B. Russell. spirit the success of the firm is due. To those who know the community, The names of Mr. James Galloway and the names in this company is assurance J. H. Lambert appear in the firm as that the best men in this city have con largely interested in the business. Mr. fidence in local real estate. Galloway is known from his long con nection with the railroads of this sec E. E. Jones & Company. tion, and his many friends are glad to deal The firm of E. E. Jones & Co rank as with him in commercial lines, now that one of the oldest business enterprises he has given up the engine throttle. CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Mr. Lambert is also esteemed highly in $43,000, can be obtained for less than the community as an official in the 143, with none on the market. The National Bank. Few enterprises in present plant can make heavy castings Athens have had a more satisfactory up to 5,000 pounds, and the output in growth than the business of this firm, cludes the iron work for stationary en and none more thoroughly satisfies its gines, cotton presses, saw and corn patrons. mills, plow stocks and cotton planters. The company make a specialty of plow M. Myers & Co. stocks, furnishing both the wood and A company which has done business iron work of the same. The sale of in a city for thirty-five years and has their products is general throughout shown a steady growth throughout its this section, and the plow stocks have a history is entitled to the confidence of deserved reputation as far south as its patrons and reflects great credit on Florida. The company is managed un the community in which it is found. der a board of three directors, with Mr. Just such a firm is that of Moses William Fleming as secretary and gen Myers & Co., who occupy a hand eral manager. The company is a success some new building on College avenue, in the full sense of that word and is and who have always done a large busi ably managed. It is not only the lead ness in general dry goods and furnishing ing foundry in this locality, but may lines. During the past year they have challenge that claim for the State. built an elegant store 35x70 feet and three stories high, to accommodate an Parr Brothers. immense stock of dry goods, shoes, car The Parr Brothers' business sign is pets and clothing for the retail and hung over their store at 17 N. Jackson wholesale trade. Possessing the confi street, and also over their paint mill on dence of the trade and selling at close West Broad street. While only three prices, this firm employs eight men to names appear in the firm, there are in wait upon the customers that throng fact seven brothers pursuing the busi their popular store. The ground floor ness of house, sign and decorative paint is devoted to dry goods, notions and ing in Athens. They are following in shoes, and the upper stories, reached by the footsteps of their father before them, an elevator, contain their attractive dis who was a painter, and do the large bulk play of carpetings, rugs and clothing. of that business in the city and the ad Mr. Myers, the senior partner, is held in joining section. The senior partner of high esteem by the community which the firm is C. W. Parr, and with him C. has honored him with a seat in the city A. and V. J. Parr are associated. Their council. Mr. Philip Stern as junior work is done well and they use the best partner is a business man of fine judg grades of paints. Besides exterior work, ment and address. As public spirited they have executed large contracts for citizens and as good merchants, these interior wall decorations, and are pre gentlemen rank among the best in pared to do decorative tinting and similar Athens. work. They have recently finished the contract for the large First Methodist Athens Foundry and Machine Co. Church of this city in a satisfactry and This excellent company is one of the tasteful manner. They are equally skillful oldest and strongest companies of in wall papering, for which purpose they Athens. It was incorporated in 1850 carry a large stock of wall paper in hand with a capital of $10,000 to do a general some patterns. A majority of the signs founding and casting business. The which adorn the business part of the growth of the business, due to careful city is the result of their handiwork. At management and superior workmanship the paint mill they grind and mix paints has made the enterprise one of the best to order for outside parties, and prepare paying investments in the city, and none the paints used in their own contracts of the present stock, amounting to freshly mixed. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. 85 Athens Brick Co.— John Crawford, are provided with new and improved Proprietor. machinery for both common and oil pressed brick. The product has given The company owns large tracts of entire satisfaction to buyers, and the fine brick clay and makes an excellent company is prepared to fill orders on grade of brick at the rate of 30,000 per short notice for any who anticipate build day. The yards are under the experi ing. Orders are taken at John Craw- enced care of Mr. H. C. McGinty, and ford's drug store. ATHENS CITY DIRECTORY. COUNTY OFFICERS. Chief of Police—H. Cobb Davis. Chief of Fire Department— W. A. Ordinary—S. M. Herrington. McDormant. Tax Collector—H. H. Linton. Sanitary Inspector—J. C. Orr. Tax Receiver—J. C. Carter. City Physician—H. M. Edwards. Treasurer—C. J. O'Farrell. The city headquarters are on College Clerk of Superior Court—J. K. Kin- avenue, between Washington street and ney. Hancock avenue. Sheriff—J. W. Weir. County Surveyor—C. M. Strahan. The directory of business houses in ' Coroner—J. A. Pitner. Athens is designed to show the names Judge of City Court—Howell Cobb. of Athens merchants and the various Offices in the county court house on lines of business followed. It will serve Prince avenue, at Barber street. to present the business life of the city JUSTICES OF THE PEACE. in compact form and to establish the claim that Athens is one of the best Athens District—J. F, Foster. business centers in the south. Georgia Factory District—W. J. Bates. Blacksmiths. Puryears District—T. F. Tribble. E. H. Brown, Prince ave. Sandy Creek District—J. W. Collins. John W. McKennon, Washington st. Buck Branch District—J. F. O'Kelley. KLEIN & MARTIN SHOP, Oconee st. Bradberrys District—J. R. Nunnally. F. G. Umboch, — Clayton st. Kinneys District—T. J. Poss. Princeton District—L. J. Hemrick. Banks. CITY OFFICERS. Athens Exchange Bank, cor Clayton and Lumpkin sts. Mayor—H. C. Tuck. ATHENS SAVING BANK, 125 E. Broad st Aldermen: National Bank, 129 E. Broad st. 1st Ward—John~-McKinnon, BANK OF THE UNIVERSITY, 123 E. Broad —W. D. O'Farrell. st. 2nd Ward—F. W. Lucas, Barber Shops. —John Gerdine. 3rd Ward—W. P. Welch, Dick Harris, 117 E. Broad st. —Julius Cohen. McQueen, 229 E. Clayton st. •"•3** 4th Ward—E. I. Smith, Boarding Houses. —J. P. Vincent. Clerk of Council—A. L. Mitchell. F. S. MORTON, Hancock ave. City Attorney—T. W. Rucker. Hubbard House, Hancock ave. City Engineer—J. W. Barnett. Kidd's Boarding House, Clayton st. CLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA. Book Stores. Dentists. D. W. MCGREGOR & Co,, 2 College ave. DR. B. B. DAVIS, 119 E.Clayton st. Jackson & Burke Co., 107 E. Broad st. DR. R. I. HAMPTON, Southern Mutual Brokers. Building. DR. H. A. LOWRANCE, 19 E. Broad st. GRIFFITH & CANARBONHIER, 15 College Dr. Quillian, 107 E. Clayton st. ave. G. T. HODGSON, cor. College ave. and Drug Stores. Clayton st. R. T. Brumby & Co., 8 College ave. F. S. MORTON, 1 1 Jackson st. COBBHAM PHARMACY, 499 Prince ave. Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. JOHN CRAWFORD & Co., 12 College ave. F. B. Lucas, 21 Clayton st. CITY DRUG STORE, 104 E. Clayton st. E. S. LYNDON, 249 E. Broad st. Butchers. PALMER & KINNEBREW, 105 E. Clayton G. M. BOOTH, 5 Jackson st. st. L. Bertling, 19 Jackson st. Dry Goods. Clothiers. G. Blumenthal, 37 E. Clayton st. F. Farbstine, 207 E. Broad st. Julius Cohen, 15 College ave. J. J. C. MCMAHAN, 117 E. Clayton st. A Coleman, 225 E. Broad .st. Chas. Morris, 218 E. Broad st. DAVIDSON & LOWE, 109 E. Clayton st. S. RAPHAEL, 3 College ave. Max Joseph, 223 E. Broad st. C. Stern & Co., 229 E. Broad st. Abe Joel & Co., 210 E. Broad st. E. G. Walthall, 127 E. Clayton st. MICHAEL BROS., 202 E. Broad st. M. MYERS & Co., 13 College ave. Mendel Morris, 208 E. Broad st. Morris Bros., 228 E. Broad st. ATHENAEUM, 10 E. Broad st. M. Morris, 230 E. Broad st. Germania, 119 Clayton. E. L. Michael, 234 E. Broad st. Compresses. J. Silverman, 205 E. Broad st. VESS, VONDERAU & Co., 127 E. Clayton Orr & Hunter, Jackson st. st. J. H. RUCKER, Oconee st. Fancy Groceries. Confectionaries. McDowell & Son, 8 College ave. C. BODE, 1 20 E. Clayton st. W. A JESTER, 241 E. Broad st. McDowell & Son, 8 College ave, Wm. Pittman, 21 E. Clayton st. Miss ROSA VONDERLIETH, 16 College ave J. P. Wilson, 7 Jackson st. Crockery. Furniture. J. H. Huggins, 222 E. Broad st. DORSEY & STERN, 240 Broad st. Turner & Woods, 33 E. Clayton st. O'Farrell & Funkenstein, 41 Clayton st. Cotton Buyers. General Merchandise. J. S. Cowles, Oconee st. A. J. ANGLAND, 601 Prince ave. J. F. McGowan, 209 E. Clayton st. Henry Beussee & Co, 101 Thomas st. Orr & Hunter, 18 Thomas st. H. R. BERNARD, 201 Broad st J. H. RUCKER, Oconee st. CARITHERS & WHITEHEAD, 9 Clayton st. HENDERSON WAREHOUSE Co., 10 W. D. J. Crom, 201 Hull st. Clayton st. R. G. DANIELS, 104 Hancock ave. Cotton Factories. S. C. Dobbs, 313 E. Broad st. A. G. ELDER, 39 E. Clayton st Alpha Mills, Paper Mill. J, P. Fears & Son, 29 E. Clayton st. ATHENS MFG. Co , Baldwin st. GALLOWAY, LAMBERT & Co., 243 Broad. GEORGIA MFG. Co., Whitehall. Griffith Bros. & West, 5 Clayton st. PRINCETON MFG. Co., Princeton. I. HADDOCK, 101 Hancock .ave. AND THE CITY OF ATHENS. Wm. Haddock, 301 Prince ave. R. P. HOWARD, 3 E. Clayton st. Jas Harbin, 595 Prince ave. T. F. GREEN, 222 E. Broad st. D. Hemrick, cor Clayton and Wall sts. Lumpkin & Burnett, Franklin Bldg., J. H. Hulme, 20 Thomas st. Broad st. JACKSON & VINCENT, i Clayton st. John D. Mell, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. J. S. KING & Co., cor Broad and Thomas. T. S. MELL, Franklin Bldg., Broad st. sts. Thomas & Strickland, 310 Oconee st. LATIMER & JOHNSON, in Broad st. S. J. Tribble, 107 Jackson st. Lampkin Bros., 15 Clayton st. FRANK L. UPSON, Franklin Bldg., Broad O'Farrell & Ash, 302 E. Broad st. st. T. C. Oliver, 61$ Prince ave. SYLVANUS MORRIS, cor. Jackson and Pittard & Sikes, 7 E. Clayton st. Broad st. W. B. Rice, 205 Hull st. Talmadge Bros., 23 E. Clayton st. Millinery. W. M. Vickers, 31 W. Washington st. MRS. T. A. ADAMS, 122 E. Clayton st. WEBB & CRAWFORD, 25 E.. Clayton st. Misses Bradberry, 124 E. Clayton st. Hardware. Mills and Manufactories. ATHENS HARDWARE Co., 250 E. Broad st. G. HAUSER, cigars, I College ave. T. FLEMING & SONS, 10 Thomas st. Athens Broom Factory, Prince ave. E. E. JONES, 209 E. Broad st. Brown Planing Mill, Chattanooga ave. TALMADGE & BRIGHTWELL, n Clayton McGinty's Planing Mill, Pulaski st. st. Cotton Seed Oil Mill, Pulaski st. Kinney's Variety Shops, Chattanooga av. Harness and Leather. Talmadge's Corn Mill, E. Brojad st. T. G. Hadaway, 126 E. Clayton st. Mu$ic Stores. Hotels. HAZELTON & DOZIER, 112 E. Clayton. Central Hotel, cor Lumpkin and Broad. Hale & Conaway, 115 E. Clayton. Commercial Hotel, cor College & Broad. Hotel Toomer, cor Clayton & Jackson. Painters. Jewelers. PARR BROS., 17 Jackson st. John Potts, Washington st. A. S. Mandeville, 105 Clayton st. Arnold Bros, Broad st. C. A. SCUDDER, 113 Broad st. V. W. Skiff, 233 Broad st. Photographs. Livery, Feed, and Sales Stables. MADDOX BROS., 109 E. Broad st. A. J. MIRICK, 115 E. Broad st. ]. N. Booth, 18 Washington st. J. F. O'Kelley, 203 E. Broad st. C. W. COOPER, 410 Thomas st. Cheney & Young, 107 Thomas st. Physicians and Surgeons. ECLIPSE LIVERY STABLE, no W. Clay- ton st. DR. S. C. BENEDICT, 106 E. Clayton st W. S. HOLMAN, 212 Washington st. DR. JAS. C. BLOOMFIELD, 120 E. Clayton. Laundry. Dr. W. A. Carlton, 107 Jackson st. Dr. W. B. Conway, Barber st. ATHENS STEAM LAUNDRY, 253 W. Broad. Dr. H. M. Edwards, City Physician. st. DR. JNO. GERDINE, cor Lumpkin and Chinese Laundry, iiG'E. Clayton st. Hancock ave. Dr. Jacobson, 119 E. Claytan st. La\vyers. Dr. T. R. Kendall, 119 E. Clayton st. GEORGE D. THOMAS, I29E. Broad st. Dr. J. E. Pope, 15 E. Broad. E. T. BROWN, 107 Jackson st. Dr. Dan D. Quillian, 107 E*. Clayton st, Lamar Cc-bb, 220 Washington st. Pr. W- S. Whaley, Prince ave. GLARKE COUNTY, GEORGIA, Plumbers. Warehouses. J. H. Hull, 17 Thomas st. ALLIANCE Warehouse & Com'n Co., J. W. WIGGINS & Co., 312 Broad st. Oconee st. P. J. Voss, 222 Washington st. HENDERSON WAREHOUSE Co., 21 Clayton R L. Moss & Co., 213 Clayton st. Real Estate. REAVES WAREHOUSE Co., Broad st. ATHENS PARK AND IMPROVEMENT Co., S. F. Storey, 13 Clayton st. 218 Washington st. Anderson & Johnson, in E Broad st. Misc ellan eons. C. C. Chandler, 209 E. Clayton st. Athens Restaurant, 36 E. Clayton st. GRIFFITH & CHARBONNIER, 14 College av. Western Union Telegraph, 125 E .Clay- LILLY LAND Co., 123 E 3road st. ton st. Mell & Linton, 115 E. Broad st. Athens Fire Dept, 118 Jackson st. Geo. T. Hodgson, cor College ave and Athens Daily Banner, 15 Jackson st. Clayton st. Y. M. C. A., cor. Lumpkin and Clayton sts. Shoe Stores. Postoffice, 108 E. Clayton st. C. W. BALDWIN & Co., 102 Clayton st. OPERA HOUSE, 114 Washington st. J. G. M. EDWARDS, 233 Broad st. High .School, 113 Washington st. E. L. Johnson, 127 Clayton st. SOUTHERN MUTUAL LIFE INS. Co., cor. E. I. SMITH & Co., 17 College ave. College ave. and Clayton st. ERRATA. In the haste incident to rushing this book through the press in two weeks time, the sprites, which are always busy with playing pranks on authors, have done the following mischief: — On page 16, col. 2, line 12, " 1846 " for 1839. On page 33, col. i, line 9, " effected" for effective. On page 34, col. i, line 13, "particularly in" tor passing out of. On page 54, col. 2, line 10, *' home " for homes. On page 56. col. 2, line 7 from bottom, "genral" for general. On page 58, col. 2, line 6 from bottom, " addion " for addition. On page 59, col. 2, lines 8 and 9, " i% and i% " for % and % respectively. On page 62, eol. 2, line 32, " to " for of. On page 63, col. i, line 38, a disastrous comma after "of." And a general tendency to ommision of commas elsewhere, which may shock those who do not endorse that practice in modern typography. The author trembles lest graver damage has elsewhere occurred; but would fain promise that if an indulgent public shall make a second edition necessary, these unwelcome sprites shall be forced to seek other play grounds. .., .-i ' -.-. ;.;.%;• ' «.k '."fife:'