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Spesies Pohon Di Pesisir Pantai Tabanio, Kalimantan Selatan

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Spesies Pohon Di Pesisir Pantai Tabanio, Kalimantan Selatan Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 164-169 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 SPESIES POHON DI PESISIR PANTAI TABANIO, KALIMANTAN SELATAN Tree Species in Tabanio Coastal Area, South Kalimantan Hairiani *, Supramono, Atiek Winarti 1 Program Studi Magister Pendidikan Biologi, Program Pascasarjana, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Jl. Brigjend. H. Hasan Basry. 70123. Banjarmasin, Indonesia *Surel: [email protected] Abstract There are potential tree species growing on the coast of South Borneo Province. Most of the local people working as fishermens take advantage of the potential trees. The objective of the study was to identify the trees, especially having more than 20 cm diameter on the breast high growing on the coastal area of Tabanio. The samples were collected through survey in a 1000 m x 300 m plot. There were 10 species of coastal trees, namely Mangifera indica, Syzygium antisepticum, Nauclea orientalis, Guettarda speciosa, Urophyllum arboreum, Sandoricum koetjape, Eriglossum rubiginisom, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ficus benjamina, and Terminalia catappa. Keywords: coast, diameter on the breast high, Tabonio, tree 1. PENDAHULUAN Secara umum, hutan ini terletak di tepi pantai, tumbuh pada tanah kering berpasir dan berbatu dan Kalimantan Selatan dengan luas wilayah 37.530,52 tidak terpengaruh oleh iklim serta berada di atas km2 memiliki luas laut sekitar 120.000 km2 dengan garis pasang tertinggi. Daerah penyebaran utama garis pantai sekitar 141 km memiliki potensi hutan pantai terdapat di Kalimantan Sumatera, sumberdaya alam yang cukup besar dan perlu Jawa, Bali dan Sulawesi. Dilaporkan pada tahun dikembangkan, salah satunya kawasan hutan 1990 luas hutan pantai tersisa ±1 juta hektar pantainya (BPS Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan, 2015). (Fakuara, 1990) dan pada tahun 1996 tersisa 0,55 Adanya keberadaan kawasan hutan pantai yang juta ha (Sugiarto dan Ekariyono, 1996). luas itu sehingga dapat dijadikan potensi dalam Istilah hutan pantai pertama kali disebutkan proses pembelajaran yang berbasis lingkungan, oleh Whitford (2011) sebagai salah satu tipe hutan. khususnya di pesisir timur Provinsi Kalimantan Kondisi hutan pantai umumnya berbentuk substrat Selatan. pasir serta ditemukan beberapa jenis Ekosistem hutan pantai terdapat di daerah tumbuhan pionir. Umumnya lebar hutan pantai tidak kering di tepi pantai. Ekosistem tersebut tidak lebih dari 50 meter dan tidak jelas batas zonasinya terpengaruh oleh iklim, pada daerah dengan kondisi dengan tipe hutan lainnya serta memiliki tinggi tanah berpasir dan berbatu-batu, serta terletak pohon mencapai 25 meter (Goltenboth et al, 2006). diatas garis pasang tertinggi (Direktorat Jenderal Soerianegara dan Indrawan (2005) menyebutkan Kehutanan, 1976). Daerah pantai merupakan beberapa ciri khas hutan pantai, antara lain tidak daerah perbatasan antara ekosistem laut dan terpengaruh iklim, tanah kering (tanah pasir, berbatu ekosistem darat. Hutan pantai biasanya tidak karang, atau lempung, tumbuh di pantai (tanah lebar dan terdapat di pantai yang agak tinggi dan rendah pantai), pohon-pohon kadang penuh dengan kering. Daerah tersebut jarang digenangi air laut. epifit, antara lain paku-pakuan dan anggrek di Akan tetapi, sering terjadi angin kencang dengan Indonesia banyak ditemukan di pantai selatan Pulau hembusan garam. Karena hempasan gelombang Jawa, pantai barat daya Pulau Sumatera, dan dan hembusan angin maka pasir dari pantai Pantai Sulawesi. membentuk gundukan ke arah darat. Setelah Hutan pantai memiliki banyak manfaat yaitu gundukan pasir itu, terdapat tegakan hutan yang dapat meredam hempasan gelombang tsunami, dinamakan hutan pantai (Arief, 1994). Jenis pohon mencegah terjadinya abrasi pantai, melindungi lainnya diantaranya Terminalia cattapa, Hibiscus ekosistem darat dari terpaan angin dan badai, tiliaceus, Casuarina equisetifolia dan Pisonia pengendali erosi, habitat flora dan fauna, tempat grandis. berkembangbiak, pengendali pemanasan global, penghasil bahan baku industry kosmetik, biodisel © Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 164 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 164-169 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 dan obat-obatan serta sebagai penghasil bioenergi (Tuheteru dan Mahfudz, 2012). Desa Tabanio terletak di Kecamatan Takisung Kabupaten Tanah Laut Kalimantan Selatan. Desa Tabanio memiliki potensi alam yang luas berupa kawasan pesisir pantai dan kawasan hutan pantainya. Kawasan pesisirnya memiliki potensi sumberdaya alam yang melimpah khususnya tumbuhan. Kondisi lingkungan peralihan yang khas akan menghasilkan suatu komunitas yang juga khas. Kawasan pesisir menjadi habitat bagi komunitas yang mampu beradaptasi dengan kondisi Foto: Google Earth lingkungannya. Faktor-faktor yang diperlukan untuk Gambar 1. Peta Pantai Tabanio keberlangsungan hidup individu organisme dan Keterangan: populasinya disediakan dalam habitat. = Tempat pengambilan sampel Seiring berkembangnya aktifitas pembangunan terhadap hutan pantai dikawasan Tabanio, akan 1. Menentukan lokasi penelitian yaitu hutan pantai berdampak kepada hilangnya tumbuhan yang Tabanio di Kecamatan Takisung dari arah semula hidup dikawasan tersebut. Dahuri, Rais, selatan seluas 1000 m x 300 m. Ginting dan Sitepu, (2001) menyatakan bahwa 2. Membagi tim peneliti di masing-masing daerah adanya aktifitas kegiatan di daerah pariwisata atau sebanyak 2 orang kemudian masing-masing tim rekreasi dapat menimbulkan masalah ekologis yang menjelajahi daerah penelitian yang ditentukan. khusus dibandingkan dengan kegiatan ekonomi lain 3. Mengambil sampel tumbuhan yang berdiameter mengingat bahwa keindahan dan keaslian alam lebih dari 20 cm yang terdiri dari daun, bunga merupakan modal utama, bila suatu wilayah pesisir dan buah bila ditemukan. dibangun sebagai tempat rekreasi masyarakat, 4. Mengidentifikasi ditempat yang tidak bisa biasanya fasilitas pendukung lain juga berkembang dibawa, memberi label sampel yang telah pesat. Pemanfaatan yang tinggi terhadap sumber diambil sesuai identifikasinya. daya alam untuk kepentingan akan mengakibatkan 5. Memasukkan perwakilan setiap jenis tumbuhan kegagalan penerapan kebijakan pengelolaan yang ditemukan ke dalam plastik sampel sesuai sumber daya alam dan merusak lingkungan (Fauzi titik pengambilan sampel. 2005). Dengan adanya kegiatan pembangunan 6. Membawa tumbuhan kembali ke basecamp diikuti dengan terbatasnya jalur penghijauan di untuk keperluan identifikasi spesies. kawasan pantai Tabanio akan berdampak terhadap 7. Spesimen yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian hilangnya tumbuhan pantai yang dapat memberikan diidentifikasi menggunakan panduan identifikasi banyak manfaat salah satunya memberikan Tumbuhan, tujuannya untuk menentukan perlindungan terhadap bahaya tsunami. Oleh klasifikasi dari masing-masing tumbuhan. karena itu penelitian tentang jenis-jenis tumbuhan pantai khususnya pohon ini perlu dilakukan dengan 3. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN tujuan untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis pohon yang terdapat pada kawasan wisata Pantai Tabanio. Pada penelitian di pesisir Pantai Tabanio ini ditemukan 10 spesies pohon yang terdiri atas 1 2. METODE kelas dan 8 famili. Pohon atau tumbuhan tersebut secara lengkap dijelaskan berikut ini. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di pesisir Pantai Tabanio Kecamatan Takisung (Gambar 1) pada bulan Juli 3.1 Mangifera indica 2017. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi ke lapangan dengan penjelajahan pada garis pantai Menurut Van Steenis (2008) klasifikasi tumbuhan seluas 1.000 m x 300 m. berkeping dua yang lebih dikenal dengan nama Sampel penelitian ini adalah semua pohon mangga ini sebagai berikut. yang berdiameter lebih dari 20 cm yang ditemukan Kingdom : Plantae di lokasi penelitian. Sedangkan pengambilan sampel Divisio : Magnoliophyta dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan langkah- Classis : Magnoliopsida langkah sebagai berikut: Ordo : Sapindales Familia : Anacardiaceae © Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat 165 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Lingkungan Lahan Basah p-ISSN 2623-1611 Volume 3 Nomor 1 Halaman 164-169 April 2018 e-ISSN 2623-1980 Genus : Mangifera Bunganya merupakan bunga majemuk tak Spesies : Mangifera indica Linn. terbatas dengan bentuk malai rata. Bunganya Batang mangga tegak, bercabang agak kuat; bewarna putih kekuningan yang terletak pada ujung dengan daun-daun lebat membentuk tajuk yang tangkai. Kelopaknya ada 4 helai berlekatan indah berbentuk kubah oval atau memanjang, membentuk tangkai. Mahkotanya berjumlah 6 helai dengan diameter batangnya 20 cm. Kulit batangnya berlekatan dengan membentuk corong. Benang tebal dan kasar. Warna pepagan (kulit batang) yang sarinya berjumlah 30 yang menjulang ke luar sudah tua biasanya coklat kelabu tua sampai hampir berwarna putih. Putiknya berjumlah 1 yang terletak hitam. batang berbentuk silindris, percabangan di tengah. simpodial, arah tumbuh batang tegak lurus dan arah tumbuh cabang ada yang condong ke atas dan ada 3.3 Nauclea orientalis pula yang mendatar. Daun tunggal dengan letak tersebar, Menurut Van Steenis (2008) klasifikasi tumbuhan tanpa daun penumpu. Panjang tangkai daun yang pada kalangan masyarakat disebut bangkal ini bervariasi dari 1,25-12,5 cm, bagian pangkalnya sebagai berikut. runcing. Daun berbentuk memanjang, ujung daun Kingdom : Plantae dan pangkal daun runcing, daging daun seperti Divisio : Magnoliophyta perkamen, tepi daun rata. Buahnya merupakan Classis : Magnoliopsida buah drupa (batu) yang berdaging
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