DOCSLIB.ORG

Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts and Phytochemicals of Syzygium Antisepticum Leaves

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts and Phytochemicals of Syzygium Antisepticum Leaves molecules Article Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Extracts and Phytochemicals of Syzygium antisepticum Leaves Supachoke Mangmool 1 , Issaree Kunpukpong 2, Worawan Kitphati 3 and Natthinee Anantachoke 2,4,* 1 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; [email protected] 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; [email protected] 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; [email protected] 4 Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Bioassay-guided separation of young leaves extracts of Syzygium antisepticum (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry led to the isolation of four triterpenoids (betulinic acid, ursolic acid, jacoumaric acid, corosolic acid) and one sterol glucoside (daucosterol) from the ethyl acetate extract, and three polyphenols (gallic acid, myricitrin, and quercitrin) from the methanol (MeOH) extract. The MeOH extract of S. antisepticum and some isolated compounds, ursolic acid and gallic acid potentially exhibited acetylcholinesterase activity evaluated by Ellman’s method. The MeOH extract and its isolated compounds, gallic acid, myricitrin, and quercitrin, also strongly elicited DPPH radical scavenging activity. In HEK-293 cells, the MeOH extract possessed cellular antioxidant effects by Citation: Mangmool, S.; attenuating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced ROS production and increasing catalase, glutathione Kunpukpong, I.; Kitphati, W.; peroxidase-1 (GPx-1), and glutathione reductase (GRe). Furthermore, myricitrin and quercitrin Anantachoke, N. Antioxidant and also suppressed ROS production induced by H2O2 and induced GPx-1 and catalase production Anticholinesterase Activities of in HEK-293 cells. These results indicated that the young leaves of S. antisepticum are the potential Extracts and Phytochemicals of sources of antioxidant and anticholinesterase agents. Consequently, S. antisepticum leaves are one Syzygium antisepticum Leaves. Molecules 2021, 26, 3295. https:// of indigenous vegetables which advantage to promote the health and prevent diseases related to doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113295 oxidative stress. Academic Editor: Claudio Ferrante Keywords: Syzygium antisepticum; antioxidant; antioxidant enzyme; anticholinesterase; flavonoids; triterpenoids Received: 7 May 2021 Accepted: 28 May 2021 Published: 30 May 2021 1. Introduction Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral An aging society is a global trend in the 21st century. Many countries are increasing in with regard to jurisdictional claims in their aging population. The advances in medical knowledge and technology together with published maps and institutional affil- the improvements in sanitation and education of people result in a decrease in early- and iations. mid-life mortality [1]. Therefore, the challenge now lies in continuous decline in late-life mortality and increasing longevity. Physiological function impairments and homeostatic imbalance naturally take place in the period of old age and cause an increased risk of aging-associated diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. atherosclerosis, cancer, and metabolic disorders [2,3]. One of the important causes of aging Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and many chronic diseases is oxidative stress, an imbalance between reactive oxygen and This article is an open access article nitrogen species (RONS) accumulation and anti-oxidation defense in cells and tissues [2,3]. distributed under the terms and Intrinsic RONS are generated by various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, and conditions of the Creative Commons exogenous sources of RONS are mainly produced from pollution, radiation, and some Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// chemicals [2]. The excess of cellular RONS levels can induce carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ DNA, cells, and tissue damages [2,4]. In addition to the biological aging process, various 4.0/). Molecules 2021, 26, 3295. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113295 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/molecules Molecules 2021, 26, 3295 2 of 14 factors are associated with functional decline such as genetic variation, lifestyle, nutritional, and living environment [3]. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease causing progressive cog- nitive and memory loss, behavior changes, daily activity impairment, and various neu- ropsychiatric symptoms [5]. The pathophysiology of AD has been described in many hypotheses related to amyloid beta (β-amyloid) aggregation, tau protein hyperphospho- rylation, oxidative stress, mitochondria dysfunction, cholinergic dysfunction, and metal dyshomeostasis [6,7]. Up to now, AD cannot be cured and there are only a few drugs used for symptomatic treatments in order to delay the severity of AD [6]. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs), including donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine play an important role in treatment of mild to severe dementia [6]. Moreover, memantine, an N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, has been used for treatment of moderate to severe AD and other neurodegenerative diseases via inhibition of glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity [8]. In addition to the pharmacotherapeutics, many non-pharmacological treatments have been used for improving the quality of life, cognitive function, mental, and physical health. Many edible plants play an important role in the prevention and delay of aging and neurodegenerative diseases [6]. Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. [9], Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. [10], and Curcuma longa L. [11] are considered to have beneficial health effects, especially for memory and cognitive function. They have attracted considerable attention for AD treatment because of their multi-target pharmacological mechanisms, such as an- tioxidant, anti-inflammation, anticholinesterase, β-amyloid aggregation inhibition, and neuroprotective properties [9–11]. Consequently, this study investigated for antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities, and bioactive compounds from Syzygium antisep- ticum (Blume) Merr. & L.M. Perry, synonym S. gratum (Wight) S.N. Mitra. S. antisepticum is an evergreen tree in the family Myrtaceae and widely distributed in Southeast Asia [12]. Its young leaves are reddish and consumed as a local vegetable in Thailand with a slightly astringent and sour taste [12,13]. The leaves of S. antisepticum are high in phenolic and flavonoid contents that possess antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. [14,15]. The biological studies of S. antisepticum leaves have attracted growing interest because of the significant role in inhibiting oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that the S. anti- septicum leaf extracts possess free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities evaluated in vitro by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ABTS free radical-scavenging activities, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ferrous ion-chelating (FIC) as- says [13,15,16], and the intracellular antioxidant activity due to the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in rat peritoneal macrophages RAW 264.7 cells [13]. The leaf aqueous extract could induce cytoprotective enzyme, the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) enzymatic activ- ity in C57BL/6J mice [12]. Moreover, the administration of leaf aqueous extract at dose of 0.1 g/kg body weigh/day for 7 days in blood transfusion-dependent thalassemia patients could enhances plasma antioxidant capacity evaluated by FRAP assay [17]. The plant extracts have ability in vascular protective effect by improving blood reduced glutathione and decreasing in plasma malondialdehyde, NO metabolites, and blood superoxide anion formations in phenylhydrazine induced rats [13]. Apart from S. antisepticum, various plants in the genus Syzygium have been reported on their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammation, antimicrobial, antidiabetic [18], and hepatoprotective [19] activities. Moreover, some plants in this genus have been revealed to contain a variety of phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids from S. aqueum (Burm.f.) Alston, S. aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry, S. cumini (L.) Skeels, S. guineense (Willd.) DC. [18], S. samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry [18,20], S. jambos (L.) Alston [19], and S. malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry [21]; phenols from S. aqueum, S. aromaticum, S. samarangense [18], S. jambos [19], and S. leucoxylon Korth. [22]; chromones from S. aromaticum; terpenoids from S. aromaticum, S. cumini, S. guineense, and S. samarangense; sterols from S. aromaticum and S. cumini [18]. Although antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo of S. antisepticum leaf ex- tracts have been demonstrated, various antioxidant mechanisms in the cellular system, Molecules 2021, 26, 3295 3 of 14 anticholinesterase properties, and active constituents of the S. antisepticum young leaves have not been fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of S. antisepticum young leaf extracts on anticholinesterase and antioxidant activities and investigate their active phytochemical constituents. In addition, we also investigated the effects of the MeOH extract and its chemical constituents on inhibition of cellular oxida- tive stress induced by H2O2 and on the synthesis of antioxidant
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ACTIVITIES, HABITAT USE and DIET of WILD DUSKY LANGURS, Trachypithecus Obscurus in DIFFERENT HABITAT TYPES in PENANG, MALAYSIA
    Journal of Sustainability Science and Management eISSN: 2672-7226 Volume 14 Number 4, August 2019: 58-72 © Penerbit UMT ACTIVITIES, HABITAT USE AND DIET OF WILD DUSKY LANGURS, Trachypithecus obscurus IN DIFFERENT HABITAT TYPES IN PENANG, MALAYSIA YAP JO LEEN, NADINE RUPPERT* AND NIK FADZLY NIK ROSELY Primate Research and Conservation Lab, School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Most primates are threatened but studies that address their use of degraded habitats are scarce. Here, we report on activities, habitat use and diet of Trachypithecus obscurus in a human-impacted landscape in Penang Island. We studied the relationship of these primates with their habitat to facilitate conservation management plans. We used group scan sampling to assess activity budgets and recorded home range size, stratum use and food plant species and parts. The home range of the study group was 12.9 hectares, including secondary forest (61.2%), a nature park (23.9%) and beach (14.9%). Langurs mainly rested (43.5%) and fed (24.8%) and spent significantly more time resting and foraging in the secondary forest than elsewhere. They mainly fed on leaves (60.3%) and consumed 56 identified plant species from 32 families of wild and cultivated plants. Langurs behaved differently and ate different plant species in different habitat types and the group had to cross a busy motorway to reach the beach, thus, we also report on road crossing behaviour. These langurs have seemingly adapted well to disturbed habitat however, more comparative studies are needed to predict long-term effects of habitat degradation on the population of this species and to develop feasible conservation plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Sephadex® LH-20, Isolation, and Purification of Flavonoids from Plant
    molecules Review Sephadex® LH-20, Isolation, and Purification of Flavonoids from Plant Species: A Comprehensive Review Javad Mottaghipisheh 1,* and Marcello Iriti 2,* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary 2 Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Milan State University, via G. Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.M.); [email protected] (M.I.); Tel.: +36-60702756066 (J.M.); +39-0250316766 (M.I.) Academic Editor: Francesco Cacciola Received: 20 August 2020; Accepted: 8 September 2020; Published: 10 September 2020 Abstract: Flavonoids are considered one of the most diverse phenolic compounds possessing several valuable health benefits. The present study aimed at gathering all correlated reports, in which Sephadex® LH-20 (SLH) has been utilized as the final step to isolate or purify of flavonoid derivatives among all plant families. Overall, 189 flavonoids have been documented, while the majority were identified from the Asteraceae, Moraceae, and Poaceae families. Application of SLH has led to isolate 79 flavonols, 63 flavones, and 18 flavanones. Homoisoflavanoids, and proanthocyanidins have only been isolated from the Asparagaceae and Lauraceae families, respectively, while the Asteraceae was the richest in flavones possessing 22 derivatives. Six flavones, four flavonols, three homoisoflavonoids, one flavanone, a flavanol, and an isoflavanol have been isolated as the new secondary metabolites. This technique has been able to isolate quercetin from 19 plant species, along with its 31 derivatives. Pure methanol and in combination with water, chloroform, and dichloromethane have generally been used as eluents. This comprehensive review provides significant information regarding to remarkably use of SLH in isolation and purification of flavonoids from all the plant families; thus, it might be considered an appreciable guideline for further phytochemical investigation of these compounds.
    [Show full text]
  • A Revision of Syzygium Gaertn. (Myrtaceae) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) Author(S): Wuu-Kuang Soh and John Parnell Source: Adansonia, 37(1):179-275
    A revision of Syzygium Gaertn. (Myrtaceae) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) Author(s): Wuu-Kuang Soh and John Parnell Source: Adansonia, 37(1):179-275. Published By: Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/a2015n2a1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.5252/a2015n2a1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. A revision of Syzygium Gaertn. (Myrtaceae) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam) Wuu-Kuang SOH John PARNELL Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin (Republic of Ireland) [email protected] [email protected] Published on 31 December 2015 Soh W.-K. & Parnell J. 2015. — A revision of Syzygium Gaertn. (Myrtaceae) in Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam). Adansonia, sér. 3, 37 (2): 179-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.5252/a2015n2a1 ABSTRACT The genusSyzygium (Myrtaceae) is revised for Indochina (Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam).
    [Show full text]
  • Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Acetone Leaf Extracts of Nine Under
    Famuyide et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2019) 19:141 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2547-z RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acetone leaf extracts of nine under- investigated south African Eugenia and Syzygium (Myrtaceae) species and their selectivity indices Ibukun M. Famuyide1, Abimbola O. Aro1, Folorunso O. Fasina2,3, Jacobus N. Eloff1* and Lyndy J. McGaw1 Abstract Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains an important global health issue but the gap between AMR and development of new antimicrobials is increasing. Plant extracts may have good activity per se or may be sources of effective antimicrobial compounds which can act against planktonic and/or biofilms of pathogens. We determined the antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of some under-investigated plants from the Myrtaceae family endemic to South Africa. The ability of the plant extracts to inhibit or destroy pre-formed bacterial biofilms was also determined. Methods: Based on previous preliminary in vitro screening and on chemotaxonomy, nine species from the Myrtaceae family were selected. The antimicrobial activity of the crude acetone leaf extracts was determined against six common nosocomial pathogens, namely: Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), Gram- negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella Typhimurium) using a two-fold serial microdilution assay with p-iodonitrotetrazolium violet as growth indicator. The number of antimicrobial compounds present in extracts was determined by bioautography. Cytotoxicity of extracts was determined against Vero kidney cells using a colorimetric tetrazolium-based assay. The total antibacterial activity (TAA) in ml/g and selectivity index (LC50/MIC)oftheplantextracts were calculated.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Tree Communities in Mount Patuha Region, West Java
    BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X (printed edition) Volume 11, Number 2, April 2010 ISSN: 2085-4722 (electronic) Pages: 75-81 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d110205 Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java DECKY INDRAWAN JUNAEDI♥, ZAENAL MUTAQIEN♥♥ Bureau for Plant Conservation, Cibodas Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institutes of Sciences (LIPI), Sindanglaya, Cianjur 43253, West Java, Indonesia, Tel./Fax.: +62-263-51223, email: [email protected]; [email protected] Manuscript received: 21 March 2009. Revision accepted: 30 June 2009. ABSTRACT Junaedi DI, Mutaqien Z (2010) Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java. Biodiversitas 11: 75-81. Tree vegetation analysis was conducted in three locations of Mount Patuha region, i.e. Cimanggu Recreational Park, Mount Masigit Protected Forest, and Patengan Natural Reserve. Similarity of tree communities in those three areas was analyzed. Quadrant method was used to collect vegetation data. Morisita Similarity index was applied to measure the similarity of tree communities within three areas. The three areas were dominated by Castanopsis javanica A. DC., Lithocarpus pallidus (Blume) Rehder and Schima wallichii Choisy. The similarity tree communities were concluded from relatively high value of Similarity Index between three areas. Cimanggu RP, Mount Masigit and Patengan NR had high diversity of tree species. The existence of the forest in those three areas was needed to be sustained. The tree communities data was useful for further considerations of conservation area management around Mount Patuha. Key words: Mount Patuha, tree communities, plant ecology, remnant forest. INTRODUCTION stated that the conservation status of tropical mountain rainforests of West Java has reached threatened conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Binding and Interaction Patterns of 100 Flavonoids with the Pneumococcal Virulent Protein Pneumolysin: an in Silico Virtual Screening Approach
    Available online a t www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com Scholars Research Library Der Pharmacia Lettre, 2016, 8 (16):40-51 (http://scholarsresearchlibrary.com/archive.html) ISSN 0975-5071 USA CODEN: DPLEB4 Analysis of the binding and interaction patterns of 100 flavonoids with the Pneumococcal virulent protein pneumolysin: An in silico virtual screening approach Udhaya Lavinya B., Manisha P., Sangeetha N., Premkumar N., Asha Devi S., Gunaseelan D. and Sabina E. P.* 1School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore - 632014, Tamilnadu, India 2Department of Computer Science, College of Computer Science & Information Systems, JAZAN University, JAZAN-82822-6694, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Pneumococcal infection is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality among children below 2 years of age in under-developed countries. Current study involves the screening and identification of potent inhibitors of the pneumococcal virulence factor pneumolysin. About 100 flavonoids were chosen from scientific literature and docked with pnuemolysin (PDB Id.: 4QQA) using Patch Dockprogram for molecular docking. The results obtained were analysed and the docked structures visualized using LigPlus software. It was found that flavonoids amurensin, diosmin, robinin, rutin, sophoroflavonoloside, spiraeoside and icariin had hydrogen bond interactions with the receptor protein pneumolysin (4QQA). Among others, robinin had the highest score (7710) revealing that it had the best geometrical fit to the receptor molecule forming 12 hydrogen bonds ranging from 0.8-3.3 Å. Keywords : Pneumococci, pneumolysin, flavonoids, antimicrobial, virtual screening _____________________________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Streptococcus pneumoniae is a gram positive pathogenic bacterium causing opportunistic infections that may be life-threating[1]. Pneumococcus is the causative agent of pneumonia and is the most common agent causing meningitis.
    [Show full text]
  • Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Epilobium Angustifolium (Fireweed)
    Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Epilobium Angustifolium (Fireweed) Authors: Igor A. Schepetkin, Andrew G. Ramstead, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Jovanka M. Voyich, Mark A. Jutila, and Mark T. Quinn This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: [Schepetkin, IA, AG Ramstead, LN Kirpotina, JM Voyich, MA Jutila, and MT Quinn. "Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Epilobium Angustifolium (Fireweed)." Phytotherapy Research 30, no. 8 (May 2016): 1287-1297.], which has been published in final form at https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5648. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. Made available through Montana State University’s ScholarWorks scholarworks.montana.edu Therapeutic Potential of Polyphenols from Epilobium Angustifolium (Fireweed) Igor A. Schepetkin, Andrew G. Ramstead, Liliya N. Kirpotina, Jovanka M. Voyich, Mark A. Jutila and Mark T. Quinn* Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA Epilobium angustifolium is a medicinal plant used around the world in traditional medicine for the treatment of many disorders and ailments. Experimental studies have demonstrated that Epilobium extracts possess a broad range of pharmacological and therapeutic effects, including antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, an- tibacterial, and anti-aging properties. Flavonoids and ellagitannins, such as oenothein B, are among the com- pounds considered to be the primary biologically active components in Epilobium extracts. In this review, we focus on the biological properties and the potential clinical usefulness of oenothein B, flavonoids, and other poly- phenols derived from E. angustifolium. Understanding the biochemical properties and therapeutic effects of polyphenols present in E.
    [Show full text]
  • App 10-CHA V13-16Jan'18.1.1
    Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report (ESIA) – Appendix 10 Project Number: 50330-001 February 2018 INO: Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Project (Phase 2) Prepared by PT Supreme Energy Rantau Dedap (PT SERD) for Asian Development Bank The environmental and social impact assessment is a document of the project sponsor. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of or any territory or area. Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Plant, Lahat Regency, Muara Enim Regency, Pagar Alam City, South Sumatra Province Critical Habitat Assessment Version 13 January 2018 The business of sustainability FINAL REPORT Supreme Energy Rantau Dedap Geothermal Power Plant, Lahat Regency, Muara Enim Regency, Pagar Alam City, South Sumatra Province Critical Habitat Assessment January 2018 Reference: 0383026 CH Assessment SERD Environmental Resources Management Siam Co. Ltd 179 Bangkok City Tower 24th Floor, South Sathorn Road Thungmahamek, Sathorn Bangkok 10120 Thailand www.erm.com This page left intentionally blank (Remove after printing to PDF) TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT 1 1.2 QUALIFICATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Myricetin Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Protein Expression and Enzyme Activity in Colorectal Carcinoma Cells
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 281 Myricetin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 2 protein expression and enzyme activity in colorectal carcinoma cells Ching-Huai Ko,1 Shing-Chuan Shen,3,4 sion, with reduced ERK phosphorylation and c-Jun protein Tony J.F. Lee,5,6 and Yen-Chou Chen2 expression. Addition of myricetin but not myricitrin sup- pressed TPA-induced MMP-2 protein expression in COLO Graduate Institutes of 1Pharmaceutical Sciences and 2 3 205 cells by blocking the TPA-induced events, including Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Department of A Dermatology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, translocation of PKC from cytosol to membrane, phos- Taipei, Taiwan; 4Department of Dermatology, Taipei Municipal phorylation of ERK1/2 protein, and induction of c-Jun Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; 5Neuro-Medical Scientific protein expression. Addition of PD98059 or GF-109203X Center, Tzu Chi Hospital, College of Life Sciences, significantly enhanced the inhibitory effect of myricetin on Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan; and 6Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, MMP-2 enzyme activity induced by TPA. Furthermore, Springfield, Illinois myricetin, but not myricitrin, suppressed TPA-induced invasion of COLO 205 cells in an in vitro invasion assay using Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma tumor extract Abstract Matrigel–coated Transwells. Results of the present study Colorectal carcinoma is a leading cause of human mortality indicate that myricetin significantly blocked both endoge- due to its high metastatic ability. Because the activation of nous and TPA-induced MMP-2 enzyme activity by inhibit- matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) is a key factor in the ing its protein expression and enzyme activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Quercetin Gregory S
    amr Monograph Quercetin Gregory S. Kelly, ND Description and Chemical Composition 5, 7, 3’, and 4’ (Figure 2). The difference between quercetin and kaempferol is that the latter lacks Quercetin is categorized as a flavonol, one of the the OH group at position 3’. The difference six subclasses of flavonoid compounds (Table 1). between quercetin and myricetin is that the latter Flavonoids are a family of plant compounds that has an extra OH group at position 5’. share a similar flavone backbone (a three-ringed By definition quercetin is an aglycone, lacking an molecule with hydroxyl [OH] groups attached). A attached sugar. It is a brilliant citron yellow color multitude of other substitutions can occur, giving and is entirely insoluble in cold water, poorly rise to the subclasses of flavonoids and the soluble in hot water, but quite soluble in alcohol different compounds found within these subclasses. Flavonoids also occur as either glycosides (with attached sugars [glycosyl groups]) or as aglycones (without attached sugars).1 Figure 1. 3-Hydroxyflavone Backbone with Flavonols are present in a wide variety of fruits Locations Numbered for Possible Attachment and vegetables. In Western populations, estimated of Hydroxyl (OH) and Glycosyl Groups daily intake of flavonols is in the range of 20-50 mg/day.2 Most of the dietary intake is as 3’ flavonol glycosides of quercetin, kaempferol, and 2’ 4’ myricetin rather than their aglycone forms (Table 8 1 2). Of this, about 13.82 mg/day is in the form of O 1’ 2 7 5’ quercetin-type flavonols. 2 The variety of dietary flavonols is created by the 6’ 6 differential placement of phenolic-OH groups and 3 OH attached sugars.
    [Show full text]
  • Trees in Singapore in 2017 GRAHAM BAKER Visited Singapore; the Following Are His Notes on Some of the Trees He Admired There
    Trees in Singapore In 2017 GRAHAM BAKER visited Singapore; the following are his notes on some of the trees he admired there. A city in a garden In June 1963, Lee Quan Yew planted a Mempat tree (Cratoxylum formosum), a pink flowering, medium-sized, native tree, marking the start of his initiative to transform Singapore into a garden city. Since then, so many trees have been planted that his dream has become a reality. High rise condominiums, hotels and offices are enveloped in a green forest comprised principally of two species: the magnificent Angsana Pterocarpus( indicus) a tall, awe inspiring tower of green, billowing elm-like at the top, a southeast Asia species; and the spreading South American rain tree (Samanea saman) festooned in a clothing of epiphytes. A variety of other species complete the ‘forest’ including Singapore’s native favourite, the Tembusu (Fagraea fragrans). This tall, neat tree flowers in spring and late autumn (although there are no seasons in Singapore!) with small- ish, cream, highly scented flowers. Yellow flame (Peltophorum pterocarpum) is here too: a tall, spreading, southeast Asian tree, with pinnate leaves and yellow flowers. Tropical trees, to flower spectacularly, need a spell of dry weather which 210 Singapore doesn’t have. So flowering is sporadic, a branch here, a tree there, at random times. So flowering was sparse when I visited: some yellow flame trees had a partly yellow crown, whilst tropical shrubs coloured the pavements, particularly the lovely red Caesalpinia pulcherrima (from tropical America) and yellow Cassia species. To see avenues of rain trees arching over the highway is a magnificent sight.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 CV: Snow 2018
    1 NEIL SNOW, PH.D. Curriculum Vitae CURRENT POSITION Associate Professor of Botany Curator, T.M. Sperry Herbarium Department of Biology, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg, KS 66762 620-235-4424 (phone); 620-235-4194 (fax) http://www.pittstate.edu/department/biology/faculty/neil-snow.dot ADJUNCT APPOINTMENTS Missouri Botanical Garden (Associate Researcher; 1999-present) University of Hawaii-Manoa (Affiliate Graduate Faculty; 2010-2011) Au Sable Institute of Environmental Studies (2006) EDUCATION Ph.D., 1997 (Population and Evolutionary Biology); Washington University in St. Louis Dissertation: “Phylogeny and Systematics of Leptochloa P. Beauv. sensu lato (Poaceae: Chloridoideae)”. Advisor: Dr. Peter H. Raven. M.S., 1988 (Botany); University of Wyoming. Thesis: “Floristics of the Headwaters Region of the Yellowstone River, Wyoming”. Advisor: Dr. Ronald L. Hartman B.S., 1985 (Botany); Colorado State University. Advisor: Dr. Dieter H. Wilken PREVIOUS POSITIONS 2011-2013: Director and Botanist, Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana 2007-2011: Research Botanist, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 1998-2007: Assistant then Associate Professor of Biology and Botany, School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado 2005 (sabbatical). Project Manager and Senior Ecologist, H. T. Harvey & Associates, Fresno, CA 1997-1999: Senior Botanist, Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane, Australia 1990-1997: Doctoral student, Washington University in St. Louis; Missouri Botanical Garden HERBARIUM CURATORIAL EXPERIENCE 2013-current: Director
    [Show full text]