©FAO EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO ENHANCE TECHNICAL CAPACITY FOR EARLY WARNING, MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMYWORM IN MYANMAR

October 2020

SDGs:

Countries: Myanmar

Project Code: TCP/MYA/3706

FAO Contribution: USD 250 000

Duration: 6 May 2019 – 5 August 2020

Contact Info: FAO Representation in Myanmar [email protected] EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO ENHANCE TECHNICAL CAPACITY TCP/MYA/3706 FOR EARLY WARNING, MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT OF FALL ARMYWORM IN MYANMAR

Implementing Partners The FAW infestation in Myanmar is primarily affecting Plant Protection Division, Department of Agriculture, smallholder maize farmers that have limited-to-no the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation. experience with the pest and few resources to manage its Beneficiaries spread. Moreover, FAW poses a threat to cropping systems and food security throughout Myanmar because Farmers, extension workers, plant protection officers and of its high potential to adapt to alternative crops, including agricultural stakeholders affected by the Fall Armyworm rice. As the adult moth can travel over 100 kilometres a infestation. night, the potential for largescale and widespread Country Programming Framework (CPF) Outputs infestation is an immediate concern. Given the prevailing Priority Area A: Enhanced food security, nutrition and food risk to national food and livelihood security, farmers safety. require urgent support in the sustainable management of Priority Area C: Enhanced resilience of local communities FAW through an integrated pest management (IPM) and farming households to natural and humanitarian approach. disasters, climate change and transboundary and IMPACT emerging infectious disease risks. The project was designed to protect the livelihoods and increase the food security of FAW-affected smallholder farmers in Myanmar.

ACHIEVEMENT OF RESULTS Under the project, the Fall Armyworm Monitoring and Early Warning System (FAMEWS) and IPM strategies were operationalized in 15 states/regions in Myanmar. Initially, baseline studies were conducted to determine the primary areas of FAW infestation, in addition to the major crops affected. Through the delivery of an inception workshop, the dissemination of communication materials in project target areas and the production of training manuals, awareness was raised on the FAW life cycle, the symptoms of FAW infestation and the importance of FAW monitoring and IPM interventions. Subsequently, an efficient FAW monitoring system was established through the delivery of training to 60 extension staff, representing 43 townships,

©FAO Myanmar on the use of the FAMEWS mobile application and pheromone traps for monitoring activities. Pheromone BACKGROUND traps, refill kits and mobile phones were procured and Fall Armyworm (FAW) is a transboundary pest that is distributed to relevant Government officials and farmers, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. while training was also delivered to 170 key farmers on It was first detected in Central and Western Africa in early FAW biology, IPM/biopesticide use, natural insecticide 2016 and now poses a threat to crop production around production and FAW monitoring and scouting. A FAW the world. The FAW larva (caterpillar) is known to feed on management plan was developed and implemented over 80 crop species, several of which are major crops in following the assessment of potential biological agents Myanmar, including maize, rice, sorghum, millet, sugar that act as “natural enemies” of FAW. A total of 1 300 cane, various vegetables and cotton. Moreover, litres of neem biopesticide was procured and distributed developing larvae target different areas of the host crop, to farmers, along with suitable personal protective depending both on their own developmental phase and equipment (PPE). Field experiments were also conducted the stage of crop development. Notably, young larvae feed in coordination with Yezin Agricultural University to on leaves, which results in “windowing.” This can evaluate FAW management options and both the efficacy ultimately lead to “dead heart” in maize, which prevents and potential for increased use of biopesticides, resulting cob formation. in the production of two scientific reports.

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IMPLEMENTATION OF WORK PLAN 5. Technological sustainability The methodologies introduced under the project are Project activities were carried out within the approved considered highly sustainably as they made use of local budget, with a no-cost extension and work plan revision materials and expertise to better address the challenges being approved to ensure their completion. In particular, presented by FAW infestation. This is exemplified by the the intercropping seeds for field experiments were not use of locally produced biopesticides. available in early 2020, resulting in the trials being conducted in April–July. The project accounted for the 6. Economic sustainability health and environmental risks of pesticide use by having The use of the FAMEWS is both highly effective and suitable technical staff available for related activities. In affordable for PPD staff. Within the ongoing FAW addition, an unforeseen health risk was presented by the management programme, IPM based on the FAMEWS is ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which was effectively also highly effective. Moreover, the availability of the FAW managed through the dissemination of equipment and IPM Manual and non-chemical insecticides help minimize information to farmers involved in the field experiments. the costs of FAW management for maize farmers. FOLLOW-UP FOR GOVERNMENT ATTENTION

Beyond the project, efforts should be undertaken to ensure that access is gained to the FAW global platform. This will support the ongoing monitoring and management of FAW on a global scale. On a national scale, efforts should focus on the continued implementation of IPM strategies and monitoring activities introduced under the project.

SUSTAINABILITY ©FAO Myanmar 1. Capacity development The project directly engaged the Ministry of Agriculture, DOCUMENTS AND OUTREACH PRODUCTS Livestock and Irrigation (MOALI), the Department of  Manual on Integrated Fall Armyworm Management. Agriculture (DOA) and the Plant Protection Division (PPD), Yangon, FAO. 48 pp. embedding FAW IPM and monitoring activities within http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA9688EN/ these Government structures. Beyond the project, (English Version). FAO and PPD. 2020. ongoing Government follow-up efforts are expected to  Manual on Integrated Fall Armyworm Management. contribute to the management of FAW. Yangon, FAO Myanmar. 56 pp. http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/CA9688MY 2. Gender equality (Burmese Version). FAO and PPD. 2020. There was a high involvement of women in all project  Efficacy of Different (Biological, Botanical, and Chemical) activities, enabling men and women to benefit in an Insecticides against Fall Armyworm (FAW) on Maize in equitable manner. Township, Nay Pyi Taw. Yezin Agricultural University. Khin, M.M., Zaw, L.M.T., Myo T.T. and 3. Environmental sustainability Myint, T. 2020. The use of biopesticides was promoted under the project,  Intercropping Maize with Legumes for Management which supports environmental sustainability in the of Fall Armyworm (FAW) on Maize in , Nay Pyi Taw. Yezin Agricultural University. Khin, M.M., management of pests. Zaw, L.M.T., Myo T.T. and Myint, T. 2020. 4. Human Rights-based Approach (HRBA) – in particular  Understanding Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda Right to Food and Decent Work (pamphlet). Produced in English and Burmese. The project did not directly address elements of the  Integrated Fall Armyworm Management (pamphlet). human rights-based approach. However, more generally, it Produced in English and Burmese. aimed to protect livelihoods and food security in  Integrated Fall Armyworm Management (vinyl poster). Myanmar. Produced in Burmese.

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ACHIEVEMENT OF RESULTS - LOGICAL FRAMEWORK Expected Protected livelihoods and food security of smallholder farmers in FAW-affected areas of Myanmar Impact Reduced infestation and spread of Fall Armyworm by strengthening the Fall Armyworm monitoring and integrated management capacities at all levels Number of states/regions with operational Fall Armyworm surveillance systems and integrated Indicator management mechanisms Baseline 0 End Target 10 affected regions and states At the time of project closure, the FAMWES and integrated management mechanisms were operational in 15 states/regions (listed below).  Ayeyarwaddy Region  Sagaing Region   Yangon Region  Bago Region  Magway Region Outcome  Tanintharyi Region  Naypyitaw Council Area Comments  Shan State and follow-up  action to be Kayah State taken  Kayin State  Kachin State  Rakhine State  Chin State  Mon State Overall, 60 extension staff from the PPD and DOA (representing 43 townships) received training on the use of (i) the FAMEWS mobile application, (ii) mobile phones and top-up billing and (iii) pheromone traps. Although the FAWEWS was made operational throughout Myanmar, the global platform was not accessible at the time of project closure. Follow-up efforts to resolve this need to be undertaken in coordination with the PPD and FAO headquarters.

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Conduct baseline assessment on FAW infestation in Myanmar

Output 1 Indicators Target Achieved 1. Area of Fall Armyworm infection. 1. 10 states and regions at township level. Yes 2. Affected crops. 2. Cereals and vegetables. Baseline 0 1. A desk assessment was carried out to measure the extent of FAW infestation in affected states/regions at the start of the project. The results of the assessment are indicated below for the (i) 2018–19 winter maize and (ii) 2019 monsoon maize seasons. Both the infested area and cultivated area (infested/cultivated acres) were determined. Nay Pyi Taw Council Area  Winter: 1 510.5/26 808  Monsoon: 5 150/18 632 Kachin State  Monsoon: 1 417/53 052 Kayah State  Monsoon: 5 618.39/60 905 Kayin State  Monsoon: 5 618.39/60 905 Chin State  Monsoon: 690.13/38 029 Sagaing Region  Monsoon: 3 539/265 699 Thanintharyi Region  Monsoon: 0/1 625 Bago Region  Winter: 1 708.3/59 325  Monsoon: 4 961.5/24 738 Comments Magway Region  Monsoon: 13 318/131 691 Mandalay Region  Winter: 1 118/115 908  Monsoon: 238/56 982 Mon State  Monsoon: 0/1 857 Rakhine State  Winter: 7.79/10 465 Yangon Region  Winter: 647/1 875 Shan State  Winter: 71 851.46/752 650 - Shan South: 11 501.63/318 723 - Shan North: 59 547.93/390 556 - Shan East: 801.9/43 371 Ayeyarwady Region  Winter: 139 561/178 087 2. The assessment revealed that maize was the main crop infested by FAW in Myanmar, both in the winter monsoon seasons. However, FAW was found on other crops, including rice, tomato, millet, green gram, sugar cane, grass varieties and other vegetables. The growing seasons for maize in the project target areas were also identified.

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Key project area identified Achieved Yes The key project areas (listed below) were selected during the inception workshop, in coordination with the PPD and DOA. The targeted areas selected included three different agro-ecological zones and the Nay Pyi Taw Council Area:  Zalun and Hinthada Townships, Ayeyarwady Region (Delta); Activity 1.1  Myingyan Township, Mandalay Region (Central Dry Zone); Comments  Lewe Township, Nay Pyi Taw Council Area; and  Naunghkio Township, Northern Shan State (Hills). A survey was conducted within the Nay Pyi Taw Council Area in the villages of Thegawlay, Lewe Township (20 farmers) and Sinthay, Township (17 farmers). For each participant, data was collected on education level, maize area, income from maize, yield losses due to FAW and pesticide use (type). Key infected crops identified Achieved Yes The project team surveyed host crops for FAW infestations through the implementation period. Activity 1.2 FAW egg masses and larvae were detected on some of the vegetation near maize fields. FAW Comments was also detected on other crops (sugar cane, sorghum, horse gram, goosefoot and paddy); however, no damage was observed. Data flow to the FAMEWS Achieved Yes During the project, the FAMEWS was an adequate support tool for monitoring the presence of FAW and early infestation. Several related follow-up activities were undertaken, including field scouting, the use of pheromone traps and determining the rate of infestation (percentage). Training was delivered on the use of the FAMEWS in November 2019 and January 2020. After the initial training, extension staff from 43 townships started to monitor FAW through the use of pheromone traps and the FAMEWS application. Monitoring activities were mainly carried out during the 2019 winter maize season and 2020 monsoon maize season. Data was entered into the global platform by the national FAW focal person at the Head Office of the PPD in Yangon. Field monitoring by extension staff was ongoing at project closure, requiring the use of the FAMEWS and pheromone traps. The global platform was inaccessible throughout the project. Access to the platform needs to be addressed because it is necessary for visualizing updated information/data. The scouting data extracted from the FAMEWS for each region is described below. Average Crop Damage Scores (ACDS) were determined based on the following criteria: Low=1, Moderate=2 and High=3. Ayeyarwaddy Region  338 scoutings, ACDS=1.59 Bago Region  12 scoutings, ACDS=1.30 Activity 1.3 Sagaing Region Comments  61 scoutings, ACDS=1.30 Mandalay Region  7 scoutings, ACDS=1.71 Naypyitaw Council Area  21 scoutings, ACDS=1.33 Shan State  15 scoutings, ACDS=1.36 Kachin State  5 scoutings, ACDS=1.43 Kayah State  17 scoutings, ACDS=2.06 Kayin State  8 scoutings, ACDS=1.63 Mon State  5 scoutings, ACDS=1.20 Rakhine State  17 scoutings, ACDS=1.12 Tanintharyi Region  2 scoutings, ACDS=2.00 Yangon Region  7 scoutings, ACDS=1.00

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Awareness among all stakeholders (farmers/extension workers/plant protection officers/NGOs, etc.) on Fall Armyworm infestation in Myanmar increased Indicators Target Achieved 1. 50 participants informed during inception workshop. Output 2 1. Number of inception workshop participants, 2. 3 000 communication materials produced disaggregated by gender. and disseminated (including FAO Fall 2. Number of communication material Yes Armyworm FFS guide in local languages disseminated. and on the systematic usage of pesticides). 3. Number of training manuals disseminated. 3. 3 000 training manuals translated into local languages and disseminated. Baseline 0 1. The inception workshop was held in Nay Pyi Taw on 14 June 2019. A total of 39 stakeholders participated (16 males and 23 females), including Government officials and representatives from NGOs and private organizations. A total of 62 participants (20 males and 42 females) attended the Stakeholders Training on Fall Armyworm Monitoring Early Warning System (FAMEWS) and Integrated Fall Armyworm Management on 8-9 January 2020 in Nay Pyi Taw. A high-level meeting was also attended by 31 participants (14 male and 17 female) on 10 January 2020 in the Nay Pyi Taw Council Area. 2. Communication materials were produced and disseminated, reaching an estimated 10 000 of the Comments 21 401 farming households (47% of farmers) in the project target areas. This included 10 000 Understanding Fall Armyworm pamphlets, 10 000 Integrated Fall Armyworm Management pamphlets and 600 Integrated Fall Armyworm Management posters. These materials cover the growth stages and morphology of FAW, as well as the symptoms of FAW damage. Additionally, they address (i) monitoring and scouting methods and (ii) integrated management options. 3. The FAW IPM manual serves a resource for experts and farmers in agriculture. It is an integral component of the efforts (i) to reduce FAW infestation and spread and (ii) to develop sustainable management strategies through the strengthening of relevant stakeholders’ capacities. A total of 10 000 manuals were produced. Key project partners in each state/region identified Achieved Yes The PPD Township Offices of the DOA were key project partners in each state/region. The project required coordination between PPD Head Offices and the National Focal Point, who worked under the supervision of directors in each state/region to implement activities. The PPD Activity 2.1 Township Offices ran the trainings sessions on FAW and integrated management for farmers Comments before the growing seasons began in their respective areas. Trained extension staff conducted the FAW monitoring and scouting activities in maize fields with the aid of pheromone traps and the FAMEWS mobile application in their respective areas. The provision of top-ups for mobile phones ended in May 2020 when the project was completed. Inception workshop conducted Achieved Yes The FAMEWS inception workshop took place on 10 January 2020 in the Nay Pyi Taw Council Activity 2.2 Area. The participants included House of Parliament Representatives, the Chairman of Comments Agriculture, Livestock and Rural Development Committee, the Director-General of the DOA, the Director of the PPD and township officers from the DOA.

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Communication materials on awareness raising prepared and disseminated Achieved Yes The following FAW communication materials were prepared and disseminated:  Understanding Fall Armyworm (pamphlet); Activity 2.3  Integrated Fall Armyworm Management (pamphlet); and Comments  Integrated Fall Armyworm Management (poster). A total of 9 980 pamphlets and 593 posters were distributed across target areas and to the Department of Agricultural Research and Yezin Agricultural University. FAO FAW FFS guide and communication material on the systematic usage of pesticides prepared and disseminated Achieved Partially The FAW IPM Manual serves as a resource for experts and farmers in maize cultivation. It is part of the ongoing effort to reduce the FAW infestation and develop sustainable management Activity 2.4 strategies by strengthening the capacities of relevant stakeholders. Although it was originally envisioned that both the FAW IPM Manual and FAW Field Farmer School (FFS) Guide would be Comments produced, the project team decided that only the IPM Manual, which covers the safe use of pesticides, would be produced under the project. This decision was made because FFS activities involve season-long training, while the project activities began in the middle of the season. One-day trainings were organized in place of the FFSs. FAO-FAW Training Manual translated and disseminated to the field extension staff Achieved Yes An agreement was reached among the project team, project consultants and national focal points from the PPD to combine Activities 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. The materials were combined into a single manual dedicated to the work of field extension staff and farmers. The manual consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 provides a history of FAW infestation and its spread to Myanmar, and outlines response measures of the PPD, the DOA, the General Activity 2.5 Administration Department and farmers in the management of FAW. Chapter 2 examines the Comments FAW identification processes, including signs and symptoms of FAW damage on maize. Chapter 3 highlights the importance of monitoring, surveillance and scouting for the successful implementation of an effective IPM programme. It also provides recommendations for monitoring and management processes for farmers. Chapter 4 explores the use of other organisms to manage the spread of FAW. Chapter 5 presents some low-cost cultural practices and landscape management options that can be implemented as part of an effective IPM strategy against FAW. Chapter 6 outlines the safe handling of pesticides.

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National FAW network, and efficient monitoring in Myanmar established

Indicators Target Achieved 1. 3 000 pheromone traps/and refill kits, 1. Number of pheromone traps/number of refill 300 smartphones (for data collection) kits, and number of smart phones procured procured and delivered. Output 3 and delivered 2. At least 3 000 (40% women) stakeholders 2. Number of people trained, disaggregated by trained on FAMEWS, monitoring tools, and Partially gender Fall Armyworm sustainable management 3. Number of TOTs trained to support options establishing and operationalizing farmer field 3. At least 50 Farmer Field Schools (30% of schools. whom are women) facilitators receive TOT training Baseline 0 1. To support the development of FAW monitoring systems in Myanmar, the project provided 3 000 sets of pheromone traps and refill kits, which were distributed throughout target project areas and to research institutes. In addition, the project provided 60 smart phones and paid for credit top-ups for PPD and DOA staff. Staff from the PPD and DOA were able to share updates on the spread of FAW in the global platform. 2. Two training sessions were conducted, a virtual training and an FAO-organized session attended by 60 staff Comments members from the PPD and DOA. A total of 170 farmers received FAW IPM training in Myingyan (50), Hinthada (50), Lewe (34) and Naung Hkio (36). The training covered: FAW biology and damage symptoms; FAW monitoring and scouting; FAW IPM and biopesticides; preparation and application of natural insecticides (neem and tobacco extracts); and safe pesticide use. 3. The training of trainers (TOT) activities were replaced by one-day training sessions. High-level meeting to obtain official Government and stakeholder commitment in the use of FAMEWS Achieved Yes Activity 3.1 International and national experts from the project team trained PPD staff on the use of the Comments FAMEWS mobile application. The first training for 10 PPD staff members was held via video conference on 26 September 2019. National focal extension officers for FAMEWS application and data generation for FAMEWS global platform trained Activity 3.2 Achieved Yes National focal persons were trained on the FAMEWS application and data generation from field Comments scouting for the global FAW platform. Necessary equipment procured and delivered Achieved Yes Activity 3.3 The project provided 60 smartphones and phone credit for PPD and DOA staff in order to Comments facilitate FAW monitoring activities. As a result, the project was able to share national FAW information on the FAW global platform. Stakeholder training workshops on the use of the FAMEWS application for data collection in the field conducted Achieved Yes International and national experts from the project team trained PPD staff on the use of the Activity 3.4 FAMEWS mobile application. Ten central-level staff from PPD headquarters and FAO Comments participated in the first training (video conference). In addition, 60 PPD and extension staff from the DOA attended the FAO-organized session in November 2019. This activity complemented efforts under Activity 1.3. TOT for FFS facilitators conducted Achieved No Activity 3.5 Following careful analysis by project experts, the FFS approach was not adopted because it Comments would have required at least one full year of activities for its effective implementation. One-day trainings were held in place of the FFSs.

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Action for FAW management in Myanmar developed and implemented

Indicators Target Achieved 1. Three-month survey to identify the potential biological agents and 1. Survey report on identifying the potential opportunities conducted and report biological agents and opportunities. produced. 2. Number of litres of biopesticides, spraying 2. 3 000 litres biopesticides, spraying tools, tools, PPE and other tools procured and PPE, materials for biopesticide production Output 4 delivered. and other equipment procured and 3. Number of individuals trained on the delivered. Partially production of biopesticides, disaggregated by 3. 3 000 farmers (20% of whom are women) gender. trained on the production of biopesticides 4. Reports on the evaluation of local FAW and/or natural enemies. management options and the efficiency of 4. Two evaluation reports on the local FAW biopesticides. management options and the efficiency of 5. Ability to increase natural enemies evaluated. biopesticides produced. 5. One evaluation report on the ability to increase natural enemies produced. Baseline 0 1. Natural enemies of FAW, especially parasitoids, were investigated. Records indicated that the parasitoid Telenomus remus was already present in Myanmar. Other biocontrol agents/entomopathic fungi found in maize fields included: Trichogramma, Telenomus, predatory bugs, earwigs, predatory ladybird beetles, Nomuraea rileyi, Ichneumonidae (Larvae parasitoid) and Eulophidae (Ectolarvae parasitoid). 2. In coordination with the PPD, 384 sets of PPE (jungle hats, eye protection goggles, long rubber gloves, N95 masks, plastic boots and waterproof coveralls) were distributed to farmers in the project areas to reduce the risks and health problems associated with pesticide exposure. Additionally, 1 300 litres of neem biopesticides were delivered to farmers to reduce the use of highly toxic chemical insecticides. As the price of biopesticides at the time of procurement planning was higher than anticipated, the budget allocation did not allow for the procurement of 3 000 litres (as originally envisioned). Comments 3. A total of 60 PPD and DOA staff and 170 farmers were trained (see Output 3). 4. The project supported the completion of field experiments to evaluate FAW management options and the efficacy of biopesticides. The experiments were conducted by a technical assistant from Yezin Agricultural University. The following reports were produced: (i) Efficacy of Different (Biological, Botanical, and Chemical) Insecticides against Fall Armyworm (FAW) on Maize in Lewe Township, Nay Pyi Taw and (ii) Intercropping Maize with Legumes for Management of Fall Armyworm (FAW) on Maize in Lewe Township, Nay Pyi Taw. 5. The advantages of utilizing natural enemies of FAW were disseminated through farmer training sessions. Additionally, the evaluation of natural enemies was assessed experimentally through the intercropping of maize with legumes and Napier grass. More information can be found in the reports on field experiments (see list of documents produced). Survey to identify possible biological agents conducted Achieved Yes The project team observed maize fields in project areas. The PPD collected potential biological Activity 4.1 agents from various regions in Myanmar. The entomopathogenic fungi Nomuraea rieyi was Comments particularly promising but is difficult for mass rearing. Additionally, the FAW egg parasitoid Trichogramma spp. was in the process of mass rearing. Necessary equipment is procured and delivered Achieved Yes Activity 4.2 Overall, (i) 3 000 pheromones traps and refill kits were provided to the PPD for FAW Comments monitoring, while (ii) 400 sets of PPE and (iii) 1 300 litres of biopesticides (neem: azadirachtin 0.3% EC) were provided to farmers.

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Training on low cost biopesticide production conducted Achieved Yes Activity 4.3 Overall, 170 farmers received FAW IPM training in Myingyan (50), Hinthada (50), Lewe (34) and Comments Naung Hkio (36) – see Output 3 for training details. Local FAW management options evaluated Achieved Yes An agreement was reached between the International Consultant, National Consultant, Activity 4.4 National Focal Point and Agronomist to combine Activities 4.4 and 4.5. Field experiments were Comments subsequently conducted to evaluate FAW management options and the efficacy of biopesticides. More information can be found in the reports on field experiments (see list of documents produced). Efficiency of biological pesticides evaluated Activity 4.5 Achieved Yes Comments Activities 4.4 and 4.5 were combined. Seed treatment Achieved No Activity 4.6 The seed treatment activity was cancelled because there were no registered seed treatment Comments products for FAW management in Myanmar. The costs were prohibitively expensive, and farmers were deemed unlikely to use this method of FAW management.

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