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SKY Journal of Linguistics Is Published by the Linguistic Association of Finland (One Issue Per Year) SKY Journal of Linguistics is published by the Linguistic Association of Finland (one issue per year). Notes for Contributors Policy: SKY Journal of Linguistics welcomes unpublished original works from authors of all nationalities and theoretical persuasions. Every manuscript is reviewed by at least two anonymous referees. In addition to full-length articles, the journal also accepts short (3–5 pages) ‘squibs’ as well as book reviews. Language of Publication: Contributions should be written in English, French, or German. If the article is not written in the native language of the author, the language should be checked by a qualified native speaker. Style Sheet: A detailed style sheet is available from the editors, as well as via WWW at http://www.linguistics.fi/skystyle.shtml. Abstracts: Abstracts of the published papers are included in Linguistics Abstracts and Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. The published papers are included in EBSCO Communication & Mass Media Complete. SKY JoL is also indexed in the MLA Bibliography. Editors’ Addresses (2010): Mark Kaunisto, Åbo Akademi University, English Language and Linguistics, Fabriksgatan 2, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland Rea Peltola, INALCO, Section d’études finnoises, 104-106 quai de Clichy, F-92110 Clichy, France Erika Sandman, Department of World Cultures, East Asian Studies, P.O. Box 59, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Heli Tissari, Research Unit for Variation, Contacts and Change in English, P.O. Box 24, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Katja Västi, Faculty of Humanities, Finnish Language, P.O. Box 1000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland Editors’ E-mail: sky-journal(at)helsinki(dot)fi Publisher: The Linguistic Association of Finland c/o General Linguistics P.O. Box 24 (Unioninkatu 40) FI-00014 University of Helsinki Finland http://www.linguistics.fi, http://www.linguistics.fi/skyjol.shtml The Linguistic Association of Finland was founded in 1977 to promote linguistic research in Finland by offering a forum for the discussion and dissemination of research in linguistics, both in Finland and abroad. Membership is open to anyone interested in linguistics. The membership fee in 2010 was EUR 25 (EUR 15 for students and unemployed members). Members receive SKY Journal of Linguistics gratis. Cover design: Timo Hämäläinen 1999 SKY Journal of Linguistics 23 Suomen kielitieteellisen yhdistyksen aikakauskirja Tidskrift för den Språkvetenskapliga föreningen i Finland Journal of the Linguistic Association of Finland Editors: Mark Kaunisto Rea Peltola Erika Sandman Heli Tissari Katja Västi Advisory editorial board: Werner Abraham Kimmo Granqvist Auli Hakulinen University of Vienna Research Institute for the University of Helsinki Languages of Finland Martin Haspelmath Marja-Liisa Helasvuo Anders Holmberg Max Planck Institute of University of Turku Newcastle University Evolutionary Anthropology Tuomas Huumo Jaakko Hämeen-Anttila Juhani Härmä University of Tartu University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Fred Karlsson Seppo Kittilä Meri Larjavaara University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Åbo Akademi University Jaakko Leino Marja Leinonen Matti Miestamo University of Helsinki University of Helsinki Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies Jussi Niemi Urpo Nikanne Martti Nyman University of Joensuu Åbo Akademi University University of Helsinki Krista Ojutkangas Mirja Saari Helena Sulkala University of Turku University of Helsinki University of Oulu Kari Suomi Ulla Tuomarla Maria Vilkuna University of Oulu University of Helsinki Research Institute for the Languages of Finland Jussi Ylikoski Jan-Ola Östman University of Helsinki University of Helsinki 2010 ISSN 1456-8438 Tampere University Print - Juvenes Print Tampere 2010 Contents External Reviewers of SKY JoL 23 (2010)....................................................5 Mahmoud A. Al-Khatib & Mohammed N. Al-Ali Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan............................7 Mohammed Rida Bernouss Paradigmatic Contrast and Moroccan Arabic Verb Inflection................…37 Rania Habib Rural Migration and Language Variation in Hims, Syria...........................61 Natividad Hernández Muñoz Social Aspects of Oral and Written Lexical Production in Spanish..........101 Marja Kaurila Complex Predicates and Clause Linking in Chinese and Tibetan.............125 Alireza Khanjan & Batool Alinezhad A Morphological Doubling Approach to Full Reduplication in Persian...169 Minna Laakso, Marja-Liisa Helasvuo & Tuula Savinainen-Makkonen Children’s Early Actions in Learning Language: A Study of Proto-words and Pointing Gestures in Interaction between One-year-old Child and Parent.........................................................................................................199 Maarit Niemelä & Mirka Rauniomaa Mobilizing (Re)tellings of a Story to Accomplish Multiple Social Actions.......................................................................................................227 Susan Schlotthauer Kontaktinduzierter Sprachwandel im Bereich der estnischen Verbrektion? Teil I: Verbkomplemente in Form kasusmarkierter Nominalphrasen.......265 Reeli Torn-Leesik & Virve-Anneli Vihman The Uses of Impersonals in Spoken Estonian...........................................301 Book reviews: Balteiro, Isabel (2007a): A Contribution to the Study of Conversion in English. Balteiro, Isabel (2007b): The Directionality of Conversion in English: A Dia-Synchronic Study. Reviewed by Félix Rodríguez González...................................................345 Idström, Anna & Sosa, Sachiko (eds.) (2009): Kielissä kulttuurien ääni. Reviewed by Kalle Korhonen....................................................................351 Korhonen, Jarmo; Mieder, Wolfgang; Piirainen, Elisabeth & Piñel, Rosa (Hrsg./eds.) (2010): Phraseologie global – areal – regional: Akten der Konferenz EUROPHRAS 2008 vom 13.–16.8.2008 in Helsinki. Rezensiert von Anna Urban.......................................................................357 Ojutkangas, Krista; Larjavaara, Meri; Miestamo, Matti & Ylikoski, Jussi (2009): Johdatus kielitieteeseen. Reviewed by Leena Maria Heikkola.........................................................365 External Reviewers of SKY JoL 23 (2010) In addition to members of the current advisory editorial board, the following scholars, among a few others wishing to remain anonymous, have acted as external reviewers for SKY Journal of Linguistics in 2010: Hee-Don Ahn (Konkuk University), Lev Blumenfeld (Carleton University), Pauli Brattico (University of Jyväskylä), Denis Creissels (University Lumière Lyon 2), Jonathan Culpeper (Lancaster University), Nicole Delbecque (Catholic University of Leuven), Axel Fleisch (University of Helsinki), Jila Ghomeshi (University of Manitoba), Susan Goldin-Meadow (University of Chicago), Maria Gouskova (New York University), Markku Haakana (University of Helsinki), Pentti Haddington (University of Helsinki), Cornelius Hasselblatt (University of Groningen), David Håkansson (Uppsala University), Sharon Inkelas (University of California, Berkeley), Guillaume Jacques (CNRS, INALCO), Michael Kenstowicz (MIT), Sung-Woong Kim (Kwangwoon University), Yuni Kim (University of Manchester), Kendall A. King (University of Minnesota), Andrew Koontz-Garboden (University of Manchester), Heidi Koskela (University of Jyväskylä), Paul de Lacy (Rutgers University), Yuri Lander (Moscow State University), Anya Lunden (University of Georgia), Harri Mantila (University of Oulu), Helle Metslang (University of Tartu), Catherine Miller (CNRS, University of Aix-en-Provence), Maarten Mous (Leiden University), Dirk-Bart den Ouden (University of South Carolina), Michael Putnam (The Pennsylvania State University), Malka Rappaport Hovav (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem), Marc Richards (Universität Leipzig), Marina Santini (University of Glasgow), Kaius Sinnemäki (University of Helsinki), Efstathios Stamatatos (University of the Aegean), Tanya Stivers (University of California, Los Angeles), Peter Svenonius (University of Tromsø), Veronika Szelid (Eötvös Loránd University), Anne Tamm (Central European University), Mirja Tarnanen (University of Jyväskylä), Javier Valenzuela (University of Murcia), Ralf Vollmann (Karl-Franzens- Universität Graz), Mark de Vos (Rhodes University) SKY Journal of Linguistics 23 (2010), 5 Mahmoud A. Al-Khatib and Mohammed N. Al-Ali Language and Cultural Shift Among the Kurds of Jordan Abstract This paper investigates the level of language and cultural shift among the Kurds of Jordan, a large minority group inhabiting the country for 100 years. The Kurds of Jordan are assumed to be experiencing a kind of shift in their language and culture. The main aim of this study is to gauge the shift and to highlight the sociodemographic factors enhancing it. The data were collected by means of questionnaires and interviews. The results of the study have shown that Arabic is used mainly in most social domains. However, the Kurdish language is found to be used in very restricted situations and by a very small number of people, particularly the elderly. The paper proves that the Kurds of Jordan are experiencing a gradual shift toward Arabic that may lead on their part to language loss. By calibrating the results of this study against those of previous works on other minority groups inhabiting the country for the same period of time, it has been shown that patterns of language and cultural maintenance within these communities are not the same. The distinction between them is accounted for in terms of the
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