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Forecasting the Vitality of the Fur Language: a Study in Language Use Patterns and Attitudes in Darfur

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Forecasting the Vitality of the Fur Language: a Study in Language Use Patterns and Attitudes in Darfur View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by UND Scholarly Commons (University of North Dakota) University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2012 Forecasting The itV ality Of The urF Language: A Study In Language Use Patterns And Attitudes In Darfur Kerry Corbett Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Corbett, Kerry, "Forecasting The itV ality Of The urF Language: A Study In Language Use Patterns And Attitudes In Darfur" (2012). Theses and Dissertations. 1280. https://commons.und.edu/theses/1280 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FORECASTING THE VITALITY OF THE FUR LANGUAGE: A STUDY IN LANGUAGE USE PATTERNS AND ATTITUDES IN DARFUR by Kerry Mae Corbett Bachelor of Arts, Northland International University, 2004 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2012 This thesis, submitted by Kerry Corbett in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. __________________________________________ Dr. Mark E. Karan, Chair __________________________________________ Dr. John M. Clifton __________________________________________ Dr. Douglas M. Fraiser This thesis meets the standards for appearance, conforms to the style and format requirements of the Graduate School of the University of North Dakota, and is hereby approved. _______________________________________________ Wayne Swisher Dean of the Graduate School _______________________________________________ July 17, 2012 ii Title Forecasting the Vitality of the Fur Language: A Study in Language Use Patterns and Attitudes in Darfur Department Linguistics Degree Master of Arts In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the chairperson of the department or the dean of the Graduate School. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Kerry Corbett July 17, 2012 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES VIII LIST OF TABLES XIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII ABBREVIATIONS XIII ABSTRACT XV CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Aims of the Research 2 1.2 Scope of the Research 2 1.3 Significance of the Research 2 1.4 Objectives of the Research 6 1.5 Assumptions of the Researcher 6 1.6 Limitations of the Research 7 1.7 Summary of the Chapters 8 2. A SOCIOLINGUISTIC CONTEXT OF THE FUR COMMUNITY 10 2.1 Classification of the Fur Language 10 2.2 Number and Location of Speakers 11 2.3 Culture and Lifestyle of the Fur 13 2.4 The Historical and Sociolinguistic Context of Darfur 15 iv 2.4.1 Pre-colonial Era 15 2.4.2 Colonial Era 15 2.4.3 Post-colonial Era 16 2.4.4 Darfur Conflict 18 2.5 Language Policies of Sudan 18 2.6 Language Shift in Previous Research 21 3. A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTING ETHNOLINGUISTIC VITALITY 24 3.1 Definitions of Sociolinguistic Terminology 24 3.1.1 Language Choice 24 3.1.2 Language Shift and Maintenance 25 3.1.3 Domains of Use 25 3.1.4 Language Attitude 26 3.1.5 Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory 27 3.2 Predicting Ethnolinguistic Vitality 31 4. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS 33 4.1 Research Design 33 4.2 Research permission 34 4.3 Research ethics 34 4.4 Research Instruments 35 4.4.1 Questionnaire (See Appendix A) 35 4.4.2 Semi-Structured Interviews (See Appendix B) 40 4.5 Selection of Subjects 41 4.6 Target Population 42 v 4.6.1 Sampling 43 4.7 Research Process 44 4.8 Research Dates 45 4.9 Process of Analysis 45 5. RESULTS OF THE DATA ANALYSIS 46 5.1 Entering and Coding Data 46 5.2 Demographic Characteristics of Respondents 47 5.2.1 Respondents according to Current Residence 49 5.2.2 Respondents according to Place of Origin 50 5.2.3 Respondents according to Gender and Place of Origin 51 5.2.4 Respondents according to Age 53 5.2.5 Respondents according to Age and Gender 54 5.2.6 Respondents according to Homogeneity of Parents 55 5.2.7 Respondents according to Homogeneity of Marriage 55 5.2.8 Respondents according to Education Level 55 5.2.9 Respondents according to Profession 58 5.2.10 Respondents according to Date of Migration 58 5.2.11 Respondents according to Reason for Migration 59 5.2.12 Respondents according to Location 59 5.2.13 Summary of Respondent Demographics 62 5.3 Analysis of the Data 62 5.4 Language Function 64 5.4.1 Language Acquisition 65 vi 5.4.2 Language Fluency 73 5.4.3 Language Use in Domains 80 5.5 Language Attitude – Quantitative Data 95 5.5.1 Language of Preference 95 5.5.2 Language of Pride 98 5.5.3 Language of Mother to Child 100 5.5.4 Perceived Language Vitality 101 5.5.5 Change in Feeling Towards the Fur Language 102 5.5.6 Ideas for Language Preservation 103 5.6 Language Attitude - Qualitative Data 103 5.6.1 Perceived Language Vitality 104 5.6.2 Change in Feeling Towards the Fur Language 105 5.6.3 Feelings Towards Arabic 107 5.6.4 Attitudes Towards Language Preservation 107 5.6.5 Summary of Language Attitudes 109 5.7 A Comparison of Analysis with Previous Research 110 6. FORECASTING THE VITALITY OF THE FUR LANGUAGE 114 6.1 A Description of Patterns of Language Acquisition, Fluency, and Use 114 6.2 A Description of Language Attitudes 116 6.3 Forecasting Future Vitality 116 6.4 Recommendations for Further Research 119 APPENDICES 121 REFERENCES 136 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of Darfur 12 2. Map of Darfur with IDP camp locations 13 3. Respondents according to Current Residence 50 4. Respondents according to Place of Origin 51 5. Respondents according to Gender and Place of Origin 52 6. Respondents according to Age 54 7. Respondents according to Age and Gender 55 8. Respondents according to Gender and Level of Education 56 9. Respondents according to Level of Education and Age 57 10. Respondents according to Reason for Migration and Displacement 59 11. Language Use at Home with Children 81 12. Language Use at Home with Spouse 83 13. Language Use with Older Relatives 86 14. Language Use with Younger Relatives 86 15. Language Use at School/Work with Teacher/Employer 88 16. Language Use at School/Work with Colleagues 89 17. Language Use at Fur Occasions 90 18. Language Use with Fur Friends 92 19. Language Use when Singing 93 viii 20. Language Use when Thinking to Oneself 93 21. Language Use when Dreaming 94 22. Language Fur Mothers Should Speak to Their Children 101 23. The Questionnaire in English 122 24. The Questionnaire in Arabic 124 25. Fur Alphabet Book 135 ix LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Expanded GIDS adapted from Fishman 1991 29 2. Respondents according to Gender, Age, and Place of Origin 48 3. Date of Migration 58 4. Timing of Arabic Acquisition by Rural Origin Respondents in El Fasher and Nyala 60 5. Timing of Language Acquisition: Arabic and Fur 65 6. Multiple Regression for Timing of Fur Acquisition 66 7. Timing of Fur Acquisition according to Gender and Place of Origin 67 8. Timing of Fur Acquisition according to Age 68 9. Multiple Regression for Timing of Arabic Acquisition 68 10. Timing of Arabic Acquisition according to Place of Origin and Gender 69 11. Timing of Arabic Acquisition according to Age 70 12. Timing of Arabic Acquisition according to Age and Gender 71 13. Fluency Levels in Fur and Arabic 73 14. Multiple Regression for Fur Fluency 75 15. Fluency in Fur according to Gender 75 16. Multiple Regression for Fluency in Arabic 76 17. Fluency in Arabic according to Gender and Place of Origin 76 18. Fluency in Arabic according to Level of Education 77 19. Fluency in Arabic according to Gender and Age 78 20. Fluency in Arabic among University Attendees according to Age and Gender 79 21. Fur spoken with children in the home according to Gender, Age, and Origin 82 x 22. Fur spoken with spouse in the home according to Gender, Age, and Origin 84 23. Arabic spoken with spouse in the home according to Gender, Age, and Origin 85 24. Fur spoken with younger relatives according to Gender, Age, and Origin 87 25. Fur spoken at Fur occasions according to Gender, Age, and Origin 91 26. Language of Preference 97 27. Language of Preference according to Gender and Age 98 28. What language(s) are you most proud of? 99 29.
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