A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath – German colonies

III Deutsch-Südwestafrika (SWA)

Ton Dietz

ASC Working Paper 118 / 2015

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Prof. Ton Dietz Director African Studies Centre Leiden [email protected]

African Studies Centre P.O. Box 9555 2300 RB Leiden The Netherlands

Telephone +31-71-5273372 Fax +31-71-5273344 E-mail [email protected] Website http://www.ascleiden.nl Facebook www.facebook.nl/ascleiden Twitter www.twitter.com/ascleiden

 Ton Dietz, 2015

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A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its aftermath

Ton Dietz, African Studies Centre Leiden; [email protected]

WORK IN PROGRESS, SUGGESTIONS WELCOME German Colonies III

Deutsch-Südwestafrika (SWA)

Version February 2015

Table of contents

Introduction 2

German postal services in SWA, Vorläufer, (1849-) 1888-1897 (-1901) 7

Stamps of SWA, 1897-1914 13

Post offices with their own cancellations, 1897-1914 18

The military campaigns before 1914 (1903-1907 during the Bondelzwarts,

Herero and Nama Wars 72

SWA during the First World War, 1914-1919 80

After the War 94

References 102

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Introduction

Wikipedia, English version (22/2/2015)

“German South-West Africa campaign, 1914–1915

German South-West Africa, 1915

An invasion of German South-West Africa from the south failed at the Battle of Sandfontein (25 September 1914), close to the border with the Cape Colony. German fusiliers inflicted a serious defeat on the British troops and the survivors returned to British territory. The Germans began an invasion of South Africa to forestall another invasion attempt and the Battle of Kakamas took place on 4 February 1915, between South African and German forces, a skirmish for control of two river fords over the Orange River. The South Africans prevented the Germans from gaining control of the fords and crossing the river. By February 1915, the South Africans were ready to occupy German territory. Botha put Smuts in command of the southern forces while he commanded the northern forces. Botha arrived at Swakopmund on 11 February and continued to build up his invasion force at Walfish Bay (or Walvis Bay), a South African enclave about halfway along the coast of . In March Botha began an advance from Swakopmund along the Swakop valley with its railway line and captured Otjimbingwe, Karibib, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and Okahandja and then entered Windhuk on 5 May 1915.

The Germans offered surrender terms, which were rejected by Botha and the war continued. On 12 May Botha declared martial law and divided his forces into four contingents, which cut off German forces in the interior from the coastal regions of Kunene and Kaokoveld and fanned out into the north-east. Lukin went along the railway line from Swakopmund to Tsumeb. The other two columns rapidly advanced on the right flank, Myburgh to Otavi junction and Manie Botha to Tsumeb and the terminus of the railway.

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German forces in the north-west fought the Battle of Otavi on 1 July but were defeated and surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915. In the south, Smuts landed at the South West African naval base atLuderitzbucht, then advanced inland and captured Keetmanshoop on 20 May. The South Africans linked with two columns which had advanced over the border from South Africa. Smuts advanced north along the railway line to Berseba and on 26 May, after two day's fighting captured Gibeon. The Germans in the south were forced to retreat northwards towards Windhuk and Botha's force. On 9 July the German forces in the south surrendered

(Maritz Rebellion, 1914–1915)

General Koos de la Rey, under the influence of Siener van Rensburg a "crazed seer", believed that the outbreak of war foreshadowed the return of the republic but was persuaded by Botha and Smuts on 13 August not to rebel and on 15 August told his supporters to disperse. At a congress on 26 August De la Rey claimed loyalty to South Africa, not Britain or Germany. The Commandant-General of the Union Defence Force, Brigadier-General Christiaan Frederick Beyers opposed the war and with the other rebels, resigned his commission on 15 September. General Koos de la Rey joined Beyers and on 15 September they visited Major JCG (Jan) Kemp in Potchefstroom, who had a large armoury and a force of 2,000 men, many of whom were thought to be sympathetic. The South African government believed it to be an attempt to instigate a rebellion, Beyers claimed that it was to discuss plans for a simultaneous resignation of leading army officers, similar to the Curragh incident in Britain.

During the afternoon De la Rey was mistakenly shot and killed by a policeman, at a road block set up to look for the Foster gang and many Afrikaners believed that De la Rey had been assassinated. After the funeral the rebels condemned the war but when Botha asked them to volunteer for military service in South-West Africa they accepted. Maritz, at the head of a commando of Union forces on the border of German South-West Africa, allied with the Germans on 7 October and issued a proclamation on behalf of a provisional government and declared war on the British on 9 October. Generals Beyers, De Wet, Maritz, Kemp and Bezuidenhout were to be the first leaders of a new South African Republic. Maritz occupied Keimoes in the Upington area. The Lydenburg commando under General De Wet took possession of the town of Heilbron, held up a train and captured government stores and ammunition.

By the end of the week De Wet had a force of 3,000 men and Beyers had gathered c. 7,000 more in the Magaliesberg. General Louis Botha had c. 30,000 pro-government troops. The government declared martial law on 12 October and loyalists under General Louis Botha and Jan Smuts repressed the uprising. Maritz was defeated on 24 October and took refuge with the Germans, the Beyers commando was dispersed at Commissioners Drift on 28 October, after which Beyers joined forces with Kemp and then was drowned in the Vaal River on 8 December. De Wet was captured in Bechuanaland on 2 December and Kemp, having crossed the Kalahari desert and lost 300 of 800 men and most of their horses on the 1,100-kilometre (680 mi) journey, joined Maritz in German South-West Africa and attacked across the Orange river on 22 December. Maritz advanced south again on 13 January 1915 and attacked Upington on 24 January and most of the rebels surrendered on 30 January.

(German invasion of Angola, 1914–1915) The campaign in southern Portuguese West Africa (modern- day Angola) took place from October 1914 – July 1915. Portuguese forces in southern Angola were

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reinforced by a military expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel Alves Roçadas, which arrived at Moçâmedes on 1 October 1914. After the loss of the wireless transmitter at Kamina in Togoland, German forces in South-West Africa could not communicate easily and until July 1915 the Germans did not know if Germany and Portugal were at war (war was declared by Germany on 9 March 1916.). On 19 October 1914, an incident occurred in which fifteen Germans entered Angola without permission and were arrested at fort Naulila and in a mêlée three Germans were killed by Portuguese troops. On 31 October, German troops armed with machine-guns launched a surprise attack, which became known as the Cuangar Massacre on the small Portuguese outpost at Cuangar and killed eight soldiers and a civilian.

On 18 December a German force of 500 men under the command of Major attacked Portuguese forces at Naulila. A German shell detonated the munitions magazine at Forte Roçadas and the Portuguese were forced to withdraw from the Ovambo region to Humbe, with 69 dead, 76 wounded, and 79 troops taken prisoner. The Germans lost 12 soldiers killed and 30 wounded. Local civilians collected Portuguese weapons and rose against the colonial regime. On 7 July 1915, Portuguese forces under the command of General Pereira d'Eça reoccupied the Humbe region and conducted a reign of terror against the population. The Germans retired to the south with the northern border secure during the uprising in Ovambo, which distracted Portuguese forces from operations further south. Two days later German forces in South West Africa surrendered, ending the South-West Africa Campaign.”

According to http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm:

8. April 1884 Adolf Lüderitz reicht dem Auswärtigen Amt ein Gesuch um Schutzgewährung für seine Erwerbungen in Südwestafrika ein.

24. April 1884 Die Besitzungen des Kaufmanns Lüderitz nördlich vom Oranjefluss in Südwestafrika "werden unter deutschen Schutz gestellt". Bismarck teilt dieses telegrafisch dem deutschen Konsul in Kapstadt und brieflich dem deutschen Botschafter in London mit.

7. August 1884 Von dem Kapitän zur See Herbig wird in Anwesenheit von Offizieren und Mannschaften der Korvette S.M.S. Elisabeth in Angra Pequena, das zunächst nur aus drei der Firma Lüderitz gehörenden Blockhäusern besteht, die deutsche Flagge gehisst. Das Gebiet erstreckt sich von dem Nordufer des Oranjeflusses bis zu 26 Grad rechte auf und beschränkt die Tätigkeit der Gesellschaft auf ihren eigenen Farmbetrieb. Die Geschichte dieser ersten kolonialen Siedlungsgesellschaft ist bezeichnend für das geringe Interesse der Deutschen; um 200 000 Mark Kapital zusammenzubringen, brauchte es zwei Jahre Zeit.

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In Angra Peguena, der späteren Lüderitzbucht, wird die deutsche Flagge gehisst.” http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm

http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm

Amtszeit Name Lebensdaten Dr. Heinrich Ernst Göring, 5/1885 - 8/1890 , späterer 1839 - 1913 Landeshauptmann 8/1890 - 3/1891 (stellvertretend) 1855 - 1910 3/1891 - Hauptmann Curt von François, 1852 - 1931 15.03.1894 späterer Landeshauptmann Major Theodor von Leutwein, 15.03.1894 - Landeshauptmann, ab 1898 1849 - 1921 19.08.1905 Gouverneur

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19.08.1905 - (stellvertretend) 1848 - 1920 11/1905 11/1905 - , 1862 - 1945 20.05.1907 Gouverneur 20.05.1907 - , 1857 - 1919 20.06.1910 Gouverneur 28.08.1910 - Dr. , Gouverneur 1863 - 1949 09.07.1915 Kommandeure der Schutztruppe Dienstzeit Name Lebensdaten 01.06.1894 - 06.01.1895 Major Curt von Francois 1852 - 1931 10.11.1897 - 16.05.1904 Oberst Theodor Gotthilf Leutwein 1849 - 1921 17.05.1904 - 21.05.1906 Generalleutnant Lothar von Trotha 1858 - 1910 22.05.1906 - 31.03.1907 Generalmajor von Deimling 1853 - 1944 01.04.1907 - 19.03.1911 Oberst Ludwig von Estorff 1859 - 1943 19.11.1912 - 1914 Oberstleutnant Joachim von Heydebreck 1861 - 1914 1914 - 1915 Hauptmann Victor Franke 1866 - 1936

http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm

Since 1888 German post offices existed in Southwest Africa, and they used local cancellations on German stamps (see SWA-1). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_German_South- West_Africa writes:

“German South-West Africa was a German colony in Africa, established in 1884 with the protection of the area around Lüderitz and abandoned during World War I, when the area was taken over by the British.

The postal history of the colony started on 7 July 1888 at Otjimbingwe, when the regular postal service began using German postage stamps and postmarks reading OTYIMBINGUE. The service continued in this fashion for a number of years, eventually expanding to additional post offices in (1891) and Swakopmund (1895)”. http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html writes:

“German South-West Africa (German: Deutsch-Südwest-Afrika) was the largest of all the German colonies. The colony existed from 1884-1915. In area, South-West Africa was one and one half times the size of the in Europe. This was the only one of the colonies that the imperial government actually made a profit in supporting!

The area was first settled in the 1840's by missionaries. In 1882, a German merchant, Adolf Lüderitz, established a city at Angra Pequena, which was renamed to Lüderitz. Fearing British encroachment from the South, Lüderitz requested German military support. The colony of South West Africa was permanently established in August, 1884.

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German bankers, industrialists, and government officials then later came to South West Africa to support the growing infrastructure. This was the only German colony that Germans migrated to in large numbers, due to opportunities in diamond mining, copper mining, and in farming. The native population never fully accepted the German colonists, and towards the end of the 19th Century, there were many conflicts between them and the German military. (…)

From 1888 to 1897, regular German postage stamps were used in the post offices at Otyimbingue, Keetmanshoop, Windhoek, and Swakopmund”.

We also found cancellations on German stamps from a post office in Cape Cross, Gibeon, Okombahe and Omaruru.

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German postal services in SWA, Vorläufer, (1849)- 1888-1897 (-1901)

SWA-1: Post offices using German stamps

Cape Cross:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4046&lang=1

Gibeon:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

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Keetmanshoop:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4107

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4108

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Otyimbingue

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/f10868.cfm

“The first German postal agency in German South West Africa had been opened in Otyimbingue, the seat of the German Colonial Society, on 7 July 1888. By November, it was forced to move to Walfish Bay on account of attacks from the Herero, temporarily returning from 8 July to September 1889 and then again between mid-March and November 1891, before the postal agency was transferred on 7 December to Windhoek. The dates of the permanent post office in Otjimbingue were 30 May 1895 to 30 April 1914.” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4033&lang=1

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Okombahe:

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/f10869.cfm

Omaruru:

“1896 (11 Mar.) envelope from Omupanda to the Rhenish Missionary Society in Barmen (11.5), endorsed "Abs. A. Wulfhorst Omupanda", below which in red ink is "Ovamboland. Portugiesischem Gebiet", and bearing Eagle 20pf ultramarine (Michel 48d), cancelled by "Omaruru" c.d.s., further Missionary Society endorsement on front "Omaruru Hereroland D.S.W. Afrika, Verbindungsstation mit Ovamboland" http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4041&lang=1

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Swakopmund: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

Windhoek:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Finally, one of the first letters ever sent from the area that would later become GWA is the one sent in , of which Bennett Stamps writes: “1849 (28 May) folded letter from New Barmen written by Emma Hahn, wife of the missionary Hugo Hahn, to her mother in London (7.12), showing "General Post Office/Capetown" oval Crown and straight-line "Ship Letter" handstamps, rated "4" for postage within the Cape and "8" for British ship letter, Very Fine and early missionary letter. (…) In 1842, the Nama leader Jonker Afrikaner invited the first missionaries to settle among his people. The Rhenish Missionary Society sent Hugo Hahn and Heinrich Kleinschmidt to Okahandja to further its work. The Latvian born Hahn, who remained in South West Africa for 30 years, was the most influential missionary. He left Klein Windhoek in October, 1843 and eventually settled in New Barmen. Amongst other things, the above letter describes the feud between Jonker Afrikaner and the Ovahereros: "… we heard that two cattle posts of Jonker Afrikaner had been robbed by the Ovambautiru (East Damras), he was on his way to Walvich bay and was called back and although unable to find the guilty parties pursued

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& attacked others and returned with much booty. Previously, while on the road to the Bay he had wantonly without the slightest cause, fallen upon a large village of Overherero (West Damras) and killed 30 Kaitjine, brother of the Captain Kamu-Kamu Captain of the above- mentioned tribe, rose with a large party of his people and fell upon Jonkers and his people in the night, he was however obliged to retreat after losing 5 or 6 men, the Namaquas long accustomed to guns know their use better than the Ovaherero among whom they have been introduced during the last five years. Kaitjine is one of the most powerful and richest of the Ovaherero Chiefs and had till this last depredation on Jonker's side been on friendly terms with him, but now fearful lest Jonker should attack him he has removed now northward where he still remains about two days ride on oxback from this. Last week my dear husband rode thither and met with a most cordial reception".

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4001&lang=1

In 1850 this was followed by a letter from "New Barmen, Ovaherero Land" written by Emma Hahn to her sister in London (2.4.52) via Walvis Bay, showing "Ship Letter" straight-line handstamp in red, rated "8", Very Fine and interesting missionary letter. (…) “Emma Hahn writes about the visit of Francis and Anderson, and extending their mission northward. Francis Galton explored South West Africa between 1850-52. A cousin of Charles Darwin, he later founded the eugenics movement. "Mr. Galton has returned from the Obampo country and is now gone more eastward, we hear that a missionary was likely to arrive at a Namaqua station a fortnight's journey eastward from this, who has made his way through a country hitherto considered impossible by the natives. - i.e., From the Lake Guami (Ngami) of the discovery of which you have doubtless heard… The Missionary we suppose to be Mr. Livingston who had already penetrated to the Lake with Mr. Oswell - and who was formerly at the Kuruman - but has been for some time settled among the Batlapi 200 miles north of the Kuruman. It is just now a very interesting period for poor benighted Africa".

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http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4003&lang=1

Stamps of SWA, 1897-1914

”Der verwegene Hottentottenhäuptling Hendrik Witbooi" (zeitgenössische Postkarte). Kapitän der Witbooihottentotten Hendrik Witbooi ( um 1835 - 1905)”

http://www.deutsche- schutzgebiete.de/deutsche- kolonien.htm

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"Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Kriegsgefangene Hottentotten" (zeitgenössische Postkarte)

http://www.deutsche- schutzgebiete.de/deutsch

e-kolonien.htm In 1897 the postal authorities issued their first stamps, ‘Deutsch Südwest-Afrika’ overprints on German stamps (six stamps; Michel Nrs 1-4 and I-II, see SWA 2a), followed by six stamps with ‘Deutsch Südwestafrika’ as overprint (Michel Nrs 5-10; see SWA 2b). In November 1900 the Colonial Yacht stamps were issued for Deutsch Südwestafrika (see SWA-3): thirteen stamps (Michel Nrs 11-23, without and Nrs 24-32 with watermark).

SWA-2a: Overprint on Germany; ‘Deutsch Südwest Afrika’

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

http://www.stampworld.com/nl/stamps/German-South-West-Africa/

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SWA-2b: Overprint on Germany; ‘Deutsch Südwestafrika’

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

SWA 3: Colonial Yacht stamps for ‘Deutsch Südwestafrika’ (1900)

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

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http://www.klassische-briefmarken.de/philosophie.htm

In booklets:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

The 1906-1912 series, with 3M and 5M only issued in 1919, in Berlin, and never used in SWA:

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http://www.allstamp.net/mm5/merchant.mvc?Screen=CTGY&Store_Code=A&Categor y_Code=GEColSWA

Vignette: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Post offices with their own cancellations, 1897-1914

In SWA the following local post offices existed, using their own cancellations:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_colonialism#mediaviewer/File:Deutsch- Sudwestafrika.png

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Ababis:

Arrival stamp: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

With so-called ‘wanderstempel’, http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&search String=&page=6&useAsDefault=

Albrechtshöhe:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4057&lang=1

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Arahoab:

Manuscript cancellation, 1909, via Rehoboth; http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 7&useAsDefault=

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Aris:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4059&lang=1

Aroab:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4063&lang=1

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Aus: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

Barby:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4065&lang=1

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Bethanien: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

Bra(c)kwater:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Brackwasser:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4232

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4068&lang=1

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Cap Cross: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 7&useAsDefault=

Chairos: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Ekuja:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4072&lang=1

Empfängnisbucht:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4073&lang=1

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Epukiro:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4211

during the Herero War, Cancellation: 4/8/1906

Fahlgras Brazer Windhuk:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4074&lang=1

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Ghan (Khan):

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

(currently Khan, Erongo area. Central )

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 7&useAsDefault=

Gibeon:

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

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http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D =2679

Gobabis: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

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‘mischfrankatur’: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&search String=&page=6&useAsDefault=

“HERERO WAR. 1904 picture post card to Germany, stampless and endorsed 'Feldpostkarte' with a good strike of the GOBABIS negative seal and a GOBABIS 16.10 04 datestamp. A Wurzbach arrival c.d.s. is also on the card. The Gobabis negative seals were mainly used on 'Feldpost' mail.”

http://www.forpostalhistory.com/results.php?s=114&st=&srch= &curr=&PHPSESSID=3fiem2107eih4akd7knjrh7h07

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Gochaganas:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4078&lang=1

Gochas:

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/f10868.cfm

(cancellation in manuscript)

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http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Grootfontein:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

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Gross Barmen:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4083&lang=1

Haris:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4084&lang=1

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Hasis: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Hasur: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Hasuur:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4086&lang=1

Hatsamas/Hatzamas:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Hoachanas:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4090&lang=1

Hohewarte:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4184

Feldpostkarte during the Herero War, 9/3/1904

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Jakalswater: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 3&useAsDefault=

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4095&lang=1

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http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Kalkfelt: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

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Kalkfontein: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 8&useAsDefault=

Kalkfontein (Süd):

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString= &page=6&useAsDefault=

Kanandi:

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

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Kanus:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Kapenousseu: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

Karibib:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

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Keetmanshoop:

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/f10868.cfm

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http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 3&useAsDefault=

"Deutsch-Südwestafrika, Bahnhof von Keetmanshoop" (zeitgenössische Postkarte)

http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm

Khan, also see Ghan

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http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4111&lang=1

Klein-Nauas

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4114

46

Koes

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4117&lang=1

Kolmanskuppe:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679 http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 4&useAsDefault=

47

Kub:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4222

Kubas:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

Kubub:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

48

Kuibis:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

Kuis:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Lüderitzbucht:

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

49

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4127&lang=1

Idem, Hesselmann

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4260

“1908 "Deutsche Colonial-Gesellschaft für Südwest-Afrika, Swakopmund" corner card envelope to the Imperial Railroad Commissioner in Aus, bearing 10pf rose (Michel 13) singles (2), cancelled by two-line "Georg J. Hesselmann/Houston Line Agent" handstamp in violet and "Lüderitzbucht/Deutsch-/Südwestafrika" segmented transit c.d.s., The German Government entered into a contract with the Houston Line in January, 1907 guaranteeing the fresh water supply from Lüderitzbuch, which only lasted for six months. The Houston Line ship "Hippomenes" operated along the coast between Cape Town and Swakopmund.”

50

Maltahöhe: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 4&useAsDefault=

Marienthal: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 3&useAsDefault=

Nauchas:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

51

Neuheusis: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Okahandja:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

So-called ‘Wanderstempel’ [3/3/1904]; http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4182

52

Okasise: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

Okatjomboa:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4132&lang=1

Okaukwejo: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 7&useAsDefault=

53

Okowakuatjiwi

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4212

(during the Herero War, cancellation 1/7/1907)

Okombahe:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 7&useAsDefault=

54

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D =2679

Olukonda

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4134&lang=1

Omaruru:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679 http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

55

Omitara:

“Established on 20 June 1914, shortly before the outbreak of the War, as a station between Windhoek and Gobabis, Omitara was the last post office opened in German South West Africa”.

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4137&lang=1

Onguati: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

56

Otavi: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Otavi Eisenbahn:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4245

57

Otjimbingwe: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Otjiwarongo:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

“Otjiwarongo was the intermediate station between Waterberg and the Otavi Railway”, according to http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4209

58

Otjosazu:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4140&lang=1

Otjosondu:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4141&lang=1

59

Otjoso(n)jati:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4142&lang=1

Otjunjaura:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4143&lang=1

60

Outjo:

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/108/1357.jpg

Owikokorero:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4206

During the Herero War; 13/12/1905

61

Pomona(hügel)

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4147&lang=1

Prinzenbucht:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4148&lang=1

62

Ramansdrift :

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/f/108/1357.jpg

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

63

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

Rehoboth: http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

64

Richthofen:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4151&lang=1

Rössing:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4152&lang=1

Schiffspost: During the Herero war, 1904, from Station Oas via Deutsche Seepost

Hamburg-Westafrika Linie

65

http://www.germanpostalhistory.com/php/viewitem.php?itemid=69043&germany%2 0cover=search&#littlepic0

Seeheim:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4154&lang=1

Swakopmund:

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

66

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString= &page=5&useAsDefault=

Swakopmund-Windhoek Zug:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

67

Swakopmund railway

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4237

“The construction of a railway line from Swakopmund to Windhoek began in 1897. While the 382 kilometer line was under construction, a mobile postal agency was installed at the advancing railhead, and official instructions were issued in 1898 for the handling of mail. Train drivers were obliged to accept mail at any stop where there was no post office. The stamps were to be cancelled by hand and the date and name of the station to be written below.”

Tsumeb:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

68

Uhabis:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4158&lang=1

Waldau:

31/1/1906 Feldpostkarte, http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 2&useAsDefault=

69

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4195

Walfishbay (belongs to Great Britain)

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4160&lang=1

70

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4159&lang=1

Warmbad:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

71

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

Waterberg:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

72

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4192;

it adds: “THE WATERBERG "WANDERSTEMPEL" WAS USED FROM 7-26 NOVEMBER (1904)”

Wilhelmsthal:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4161&lang=1

Windhoek:

Also with a German stamp with Windhoek cancellation http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

73

http://www.stamp-collecting-world.com/germansouthwestafrica_stamps.html

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D =2679

or Windhuk:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

74

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 6&useAsDefault=

The military campaigns before 1914 (1903-1907, during the Bondelzwarts, Herero and Nama Wars)

Feldpostkarte Keetmanshoop 5/12/1903, so-called Bondelzwarts rebellion:

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4170&lang=1

75

Idem, 19/4/1904

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4175

Feldpostkarte from Okahandja, during the Herero uprising, 29/1/1904

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4176&lang=1

They add: “THE EARLIEST RECORDED PIECE OF MAIL FROM LIBERATED OKAHANDJA (MAJOR FRANKE'S TROOPS HAD QUASHED THE REBELLION THERE ON THE 28TH WITH THE DEFEAT OF THE HERERO) AND THE ONLY KNOWN EXAMPLE FROM THIS DATE.”

Feldpostkarte Abbabis Cancellation 30/11/-1904 during the Herero War (1904-1907)

76

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4194

it adds: “1904 (30 Nov.) "Feld-Postkarte" from a lance-corporal on von Trotha's staff to Erfurt, showing "Abbabis/Deutsch-/Südwestafrika" Wanderstempel IV, town name handstamped in sans-serif letters in black (rare color), with "Genesungscheim Abbabis/Deutsch/Südwest-Africa" circular cachet”

Feldpostexped(ition).

28.3.(1904)

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

77

Feldpoststation Nr 3: 14/5/1904? http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page= 5&useAsDefault=

Feldpostbrief: Okahandja 17/6/1904

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page=7&useA sDefault=

Feldpostexpedition (2x) 17/6/1904? and Feldpoststation Nr 1, 9/5/1904?

78

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679&searchString=&page=9&useA sDefault=

K. D. Feldpost station nr. 1 Cancellation , 17. 11. 04, “Reich official matter with eagle stamp field government I / II to Okaumongongua and at the 17. 11. again used to Okahandja”

“K.D. FELDPOSTSTATION Nr. 1 , 13.11.04, Reichsdienstsache mit Adlerstempel Feld-Reg. I/II nach Okaumongongua und am 17.11. erneut verwendet nach Okahandja”, http://www.delcampe.net/page/item/id,301250651,var,DSWA-KD- FELDPOSTSTATION-Nr-1-131104-Reichsdienstsache-mit-Adlerstempel- Fe,language,E.html

Feldpostkarte 9/1/1905 from Lüderitzbucht, during the so-called Nama Rebellion

79

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4216

Feldpostbrief during the Nama Rebellion, cancellation Ramansdrift, 21/1/1905

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4217

“On 27-28 November, Warmbad was attacked several times by the Namas under Morenga. It appears that the canceller was lost during the fighting. Until the arrival of the new cancellation device on 18 February 1905, a provisional typeset canceller was utilized.“

Deutsche Seepost Ostafrikanische Hauptlinie Expedition von Roten Kreuz, Feldpostkarte (manuscript), 8/5/1905

“DSWA OST-AFRIKANISCHE HAUPTLINIE, 13.4.05, Feldpostkarte “ http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

80

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4213

“The Dietz-Lichtenberg Correspondence, 1905 (8 May-18 Nov.), comprising an envelope and three postcards (one registered) from Georg Dietz in Windhoek to Germany, three with "Depot- Verwalt/vom roten Kreuz" handstamp in violet, three with Windhuk origin c.d.s. (one franked with 5pf and 20pf) and the other with 5pf pair cancelled by "Deutsche Seepost/Linie/Hamburg- /Westafrika/XXXXI" c.d.s. of the "Professor Woermann II"

Feldpostkarte during the Herero War, manuscript: “Owikokorero”, 19/7/1905

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4200

it adds: “Owikorkoero served an important function in the war as the base for connection to Okahandja. With the withdrawal of troops and the end of the pursuit of the Herero nearby, its importance diminished. After the closing of F.P.O. No. 4, a postal agency was opened. It used a Petschaft between 13 July and September, 1906. The Petschaft was originally with a manuscript Owikokorero, with four different handwritings. From 4 August, an additional handstamped Owikokorero was introduced in violet and black.”

81

Feldpostkarte 25/4/1906 Keetmanshoop Cancellation:

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679& searchString=&page=4&useAsDefault=

Postcard showing a military patrol, during the Nama Rebellion, 30/1/1907

“1907 (30 Jan.) picture postcard to Niagara Falls, New York (3.3), bearing 1900 3pf brown singles (2) and 1906 5pf green (Michel 11, 25), cancelled by "Brackwasser/Südwest-Afrika" Wanderstempel I, town name http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4233 handstamped in black”

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4233

82

Feldpostbrief Hasuur cancellation on German Germania post stamp, 18/6/1907

http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists[0]=2679& searchString=&page=8&useAsDefault=

SWA during the First World War, 1914-1919

“On 13 September (1914), the German police station in Ramansdrift on the Orange River was raided by Union troops. On the 14th, the British Steamer "Armada Castle" bombarded Swakopmund. On the 18th, British warships laid anchor in the harbor of Lüderitzbucht. The German local authority and most of the population fled the city by rail. Enemy troops landed on the 19th and quickly took over the post office and signal station. The post office officials left Lüderitzbucht on the 14th and returned 2 days later, but forgot to bring the date slugs for the cancellers from Aus. From the 17th to lunch time on the 18th the dates were inserted by hand or left out” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4299

“Towards lunch time on 18 September, part of the post office staff left with the postal devices on the last train to Aus. Between lunch time and 16.00hrs., a few postal officials, who were on horseback, stayed behind and processed the remaining few pieces of mail. These were cancelled in manuscript. The remaining officials then left Lüderitzbucht at 16.00hrs.” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4300

83

1914 (21 Sept.) "Feld-Postkarte" from Oblt Pöppl, head of the 7th Camel Cavalry Company (Eastern border defense) to Garib-East, Post Hatsamas, showing "Aroab/(Deutsch- /Südwestafrika)"

http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4301

On 9/7/1915 the German army was defeated by soldiers from the South African Union. Between 1915 and 1923 South African Stamps were used, with local SWA cancellations (see SWA-4b). In some places German colonial stamps were still in us, see SWA-4a

SWA-4a: Use of German colonial stamps for SWA during the War

84

13/2/1915 Omaruru cancellation to Kuribib Feld-Postkarte http://www.delcampe.net/items?language=E&catLists%5B0%5D=2679

“1915 (9 Apr.) "von Gehren, Rechtsanwalt und Notar, Omaruru, Deutsch-Südwestafrika" local corner card envelope, bearing 5pf green (Michel 25), cancelled by "Tsumeb/Deutsch/Südwestafrika" c.d.s., endorsed on reverse "Befindet sich in engl. Gefangenschaft" and handstamped "Eingegangen/16 Apr. 1916/Rechtsanweit v. Gehren" in violet, and returned to owner” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4304

85

“1915 (23 Apr.) "2/Deutsch-/Südwestafrika" Wanderstempel V (23.4.), "2" inserted by hand in purple, on 5pf green (Michel 25) Field Post Station 2 at Gibeon Train Station.“ http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4306

“1915 (27 Apr.) Liebesgaben "Feld-Postkarte" from Sergeant Kröning to Otjiwarongo, showing "Otavifontein/1/Deutsch-/Südwestafrika" Wanderstempel IV, town name handstamped” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4307

86

“1914 (12 Dec.) envelope to Johannesburg, bearing German South West Africa 5pf green pair used as censor label, cancelled by provisional "Postage (Free) Passed (By Censor)" unframed date stamp in violet and showing "Army Base P.O./4/South Africa" double-ring date stamp (12.12) of Lüderitzbucht adjacent” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4314

SWA-4b: South African stamps and cancellations used in SWA

“1914 (18 Sept.) picture postcard to Pietermaritzburg, bearing South Africa ½d, cancelled by "Army Base Post Office/Force C/South Africa" oval date stamp in violet and showing matching "Commdg. C/Natal Field Artillery" oval date stamp adjacent” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4313

87

“1915, picture card with deleted name cds 15.7.15 and blue boxed "PASSED BY CENSOR DOGELATEN DOOR CENSOR" from the very small detachement of the R.N.A.S. sent to SW-Africa. They arrived after hostilies had ceased and were then sent to German east africa, written from pilot officer W. Lappin (Tax Method: Margin System)”

http://cat.auktionen-gaertner.de/GPKATAUK/1D/4C/1D4C5A/s378028.jpg?PIC and http://stampauctionnetwork.com/cg/cg30200.cfm

“1915 (9 Aug.) censored, Prisoner of War stampless envelope from Gibeon to a POW at Aus (30.8), redirected to Swakopmund, via Windhoek (3.9), showing rare violet Gibeon "curved bar" c.d.s. (Putzel No. 2) and boxed three-line blue Aus date stamp (Putzel Aus Rail No. 1, which he does not note in blue), and "6" (Army Base P.O. at Windhoek) c.d.s.” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4340

88

89

1916 examples of Swakopmund cancellations on South African Stamps (and one on Orange Free State). http://stampauctionnetwork.com/cg/cg30200.cfm

90

“Tses: 1916 (31 May) registered envelope to Keetmanshoop, bearing 1913 1d red and 6d black and violet, cancelled by dated "Tses" manuscript cancellation (1st Type: Putzel No. 1), with registration mark and number drawn in blue crayon alongside” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4358

“Tses: KGV ½d postal stationery used 1916 (1 Aug.) and censored to Keetmanshoop (2.8), cancelled by extremely rare two-line dated Tses handstamp cancel” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4362

91

“Leutwein: 1916 (22 June) registered envelope to Windhoek, bearing 1913 2d dull purple and 3d black and orange-red (faults), cancelled by green dated "Leutwein" manuscript cancellation, showing registration mark and number in blue crayon alongside” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4353

“Rehoboth Rail: KGV ½d postal stationery card used 1916 (18 Sept.) to Keetmanshoop (20.9), cancelled by very fine violet "Rehoboth Rail" rubber date stamp (Putzel No. 1), with "Rehoboth/S.W. Africa" double-ring c.d.s. on reverse.” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4397

92

“1917 censored ½d post card to Keetmanshoop with a good strike of the violet rubber NARUBIS 13 OCT 1917 datestamp. Narubis was a postal agency on Farm 57 in the Keetmanshoop district, that opened in 1916 and closed on 27 May 1919. It reopened again in 1922, but no postmarks are known between the end of 1917 and 1931.” http://www.forpostalhistory.com/results.php?s=114&st=&srch=&curr=&PHPSESSID=3f iem2107eih4akd7knjrh7h07

Maltahöhe cancellation 13/2/1917; http://stampauctionnetwork.com/zg/zg7234124.cfm

93

German Prisoner of War envelopes, from Aus to Lüderitzbucht, 1917, http://www.sandafayre.com/stockimages/06350687.jpg

“1917 (28 June) registered envelope to Keetmanshoop (4.7), bearing 1910 2½d deep blue, and 1913 2d dull purple and Transvaal KE ½d black and bluish green, cancelled by very fine "/S.W. Africa" converted German canceller c.d.s., with Outjo registry handstamp alongside (number inserted in manuscript), endorsed "Posted out of course", showing South Africa 1914 2d Due and Transvaal ½d block of four, applied and cancelled on arrival” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4332

94

“1917 cover to Keetmanshoop bearing two ½d’s each cancelled BERGLANDS 01. 7. 17. (Inverted day date, should read 10. 7. not 01. 7.) This canceller is the converted German Berseba datestamp. On the reverse are Rehoboth 11 JUL and Keetmanshoop 14 JUL 17 transit and arrival cancels.” http://www.forpostalhistory.com/results.php?s=114&st=&srch=&curr=&PHPSESSID=3f iem2107eih4akd7knjrh7h07

“Ham River: KGV 1d postal stationery card used 1917 (11 Dec.) to Karibib (17.12), via Windhoek (16.12),cancelled by superb very rare "Ham River Rail" rubber date stamp; also included is 1918 (8 Feb.) telegram from Keetmanshoop to Director of Posts and Telegraphs, Windhoek, announcing closing of Ham River station post office” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4391

95

“Bethany: KGV 4d registered postal stationery envelope used 1918 and censored from Bethany to Windhoek, via Keetmanshoop (20.4), bearing 1913 2d dull purple, cancelled by violet "Bethany" manuscript cancellation” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4349

So far, the following postal services have been shown, with their cancellations, used by the South African authorities in occupied South West Africa: Aus, Berglands, Bethany, Gibeon, Ham River Rail, Leutwein, Mariahöhe, Narubis, Outjo, Rehoboth Rail, Swakopmund, Tses. Others are: Aroab (BS 4410, 1917), Chamis (BS 4413, 1916), Hatsamas (BS 4415, 1917), Klein Windhoek (BS 4417, 1917), Okasise (BS 4408, 1916), Okaukueyo (BS 4422, 1917), Seeis (4426, 1916), Waldau (4429, 1917).

96

BS = Bennett Stamps: http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/chap_auc.php?site=1&lang=1&sale=298&chapter=321&page=1

After the war

Okasisi Rail Cancellation January 1919, sent to the Irrigation Department in Windhuk (with dates given as 3 April 1916 (?), and cancelled German Colonial seal.

“1919 preprinted German Government rainfall report, sent unfranked to Windhoek and endorsed O.H.M.S. with a good strike of the scarce violet OKASISE RAIL 1 JAN 1919 rubber handstamp, with the "1" in the year slug being a broken "0". It would appear as though they

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were short of "1"s at the beginning of the year. Interestingly the boxed "Irrigation Department Windhuk" is dated 3 APR 1916. It would appear as though these reports were sent out in bulk to villages and towns and were then used over the next few years.” http://www.forpostalhistory.com/results.php?s=114&st=&srch=&curr=&PHPSESSID=3f iem2107eih4akd7knjrh7h07

1919: German colonial stamp not accepted, taxed with a South African tax stamp. Sent from Swakopmund www.delcampe,net

“Nakob Rail: 1919 (12 Apr.) registered, censored envelope to Windhoek, bearing 1913 1d red (2) and 3d black and orange-red, cancelled by extremely fine violet "Nakob Rail" rubber date stamps (Putzel No. 1a), with registry "R" mark (and number) inserted in manuscript alongside” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4396

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Kalkfeld 15/10/1920 on Union stamp http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4330

“1920 (20 Jan.) piece from registered diamond parcel from Lüderitzbucht to National Bank, Capetown, where it was forwarded for Customs inspection and clearance to the Diamond Detective Branch in Johannesburg, bearing 1913 1s orange pair, 5s purple and blue "block" of three and 10s deep blue and olive green block of six, cancelled by "Luderitzbucht/S.W. Africa" double-ring c.d.s., togther with 1913 1s orange vertical pair, 5s purple and blue and 10s deep blue and olive green and 1916 £1 green and red vertical strip of three, cancelled by "Capetown/14" bi-lingual double-ring c.d.s. (for the redirection)” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4334

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“Okasewa: c. 1921 envelope to Windhoek, bearing 1913 ½d green and 1920 1½d chestnut coil, cancelled by complete "Okasewa P.O." negative-seal cancels in black (Goetze had reported it only in violet) “ http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4407

“KGV 1½d postal stationery envelope used 1922 (30.11) and registered from Kalkfeld to Berlin, Germany (27.12), uprated with 1922 3d ultramarine and 1913 ½d green and 2d dull purple, cancelled by "Kalkfeld/S.W. Africa" converted German canceller” http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4336

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1923 (3 Jan.) registered envelope from Windhoek to Pretoria, South Africa, bearing 1920 1½d chestnut block (tête-bêche pairs), cancelled by Windhoek c.d.s. http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi-bin/lot_auc.php?site=1&sale=298&lot=4337

So far the following postal services have been shown with their cancellations, during the 1919- 1923 period: Kalkfeld (2x), Nakob Rail, Okasewa, Swakopmund and Windhuk (2x), others are: Berseba (BS 4411), Blumfelde (BS 4412), Gaidib (BS 4414), Kais (BS 4416, 1923), Kupferberg (BS 4419, 1919), Maltahöhe (BS 4405, 1920), Okahandja (BS 4406, 1920), Otjivero (BS 4423, 1921).

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http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/chap_auc.php?site=1&lang=1&sale=298&chapter=320&page=1

SWA-5: South West Africa stamps, 1923, 1924 and 1926 versions of overprints.

Tax stamps Zuid-West Afrika/South West Africa on Transvaal and on the Union of South Africa, 1923 (examples) http://www.stampworld.com/cz/stamps/South-West- Africa/Postage%20due%20stamps/?year=1923

http://www.stampworld.com/de/stamps/South-West- Africa/Postage%20stamps/?year=1923

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http://stampauctionnetwork.com/cg/I5033.cfm

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http://cat.auktionen-gaertner.de/GPKATAUK/1C/3E/1C3E96/s143518.jpg?PIC

http://stampauctionnetwork.com/cg/I5035.cfm

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“Vignette zum Verlust der Kolonie Deutsch-Südwestafrika”

http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm

References:

Michel Deutschland Katalog 2004-2005, Schwaneberger Verlag, p. 213-214 (Deutsch- Südwestafrika) and Michel Süd- und Zentralafrika, 2007, pp. 1104-1133 (Südwestafrika)

Special thanks to: http://www.bennettstamps.com/cgi- bin/toc_auc.php?site=1&lang=1&sale=298

Website with the Auction 298, Dec. 2005.

Suggested references:

F. Steuer & R. Steuer, Handbuch und Katalog der deutschen Kolonial-Vorläufer. Michel Schwanebeger Verlag. 1e Aufl: 1973; 2e: 1985; 3e: 2006 (with R. Steuer).

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ASC Working Papers

ASC Working Papers are only online available on the ASC website: www.ascleiden.nl > Publications > ASC Series > ASC Working papers or: http://www.ascleiden.nl/?q=content/asc-working-papers

Vol. 1 Laurens van der Laan Modern inland transport and the European trading 1980 firms in colonial West Africa

Vol. 2 Klaas de Jonge Relations paysans, pêcheurs, capitalisme, état. 1980 Une étude d'une lutte de classe en Casamance (Sud Sénégal)

Vol. 3 Gerti Hesseling Etat et langue en Afrique. Esquisse d'une étude 1981 juridique comparative

Vol. 4 Els van Rouveroy van Conciliation et la qualité des relations sociales Nieuwaal-Baerends & chez les Anufïm du Nord Togo en Afrique de l'Ouest Emile van Rouveroy van Nieuwaal 1981

Vol. 5 Piet Konings Peasantry and state in Ghana. The example of the Vea 1981 Irrigation Project in the Upper Region of Ghana

Vol. 6 C.A. Muntjewerff The producers' price system and the coffee and 1982 cocoa trade at village level in West Africa

Vol. 7 C.A. Muntjewerff Produce marketing cooperatives in West Africa 1982

Vol. 8 Emile van Rouveroy La Parcelle du Gendre comploteur. Manières van Nieuwaal & coutumières et modernes d'acquérir des droits Els van Rouveroy van sur la terre, à N'zara (Nord Togo) Nieuwaal-Baerends 1982

Vol. 9 B. Merx Zonder bloed geen vliegen 1985

Vol. 10 Laurens van der Laan Cameroon's main marketing board: History and scope 1987 of the ONCPB

Vol. 11 Laurens van der Laan Cocoa and coffee buying in Cameroon: The role of the 1988 marketing board in the South-West and North-West Provinces, 1978-1987

Vol. 12 Cyprian F. Fisiy Palm tree justice in the Bertoua Court of Appeal: 1990 The witchcraft cases

Vol. 13 Laurens van der Laan African marketing boards under structural adjustment: & Wim van Haaren The experience of Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1980s

Vol. 14 Rob Buijtenhuijs The revolutionary potential of African peasantries: 1991 Some tentative remarks

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Vol. 15 Deborah F. Bryceson Rural household transport in Africa: Reducing the burden & John Howe on women? 1993

Vol. 16 Deborah F. Bryceson Easing rural women's working day in Sub-Saharan Africa 1993

Vol. 17 Rob Buijtenhuijs & Demokratisering in Afrika ten zuiden van de Sahara Elly Rijnierse (1989-1992). Deel 1: Een bekommentarieerd overzicht 1993 van de literatuur. Deel 2: Onderzoekscapaciteiten in Afrika en in het Westen.

Vol. 18 Nina Tellegen Rural employment in Sub-Saharan Africa. A bibliography. 1993

Vol. 19 Deborah F. Bryceson De-Agrarianization and rural employment generation 1993 in Sub-Saharan Africa: Process and prospects.

Vol. 20 Deborah F. Bryceson De-agrarianization in Africa. & Corina van der Laan Proceedings of the "De-agrarianization and Rural 1994 Employment" workshop held at the Afrika-Studiecentrum, Leiden, May 1994

Vol. 21 Deborah F. Bryceson Lightening the load: Women's labour and appropriate & M. McCall rural techology in Sub-Saharan Africa 1994

Vol. 22 Tjalling Dijkstra Food trade and urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa: From 1995 the early Stone Age to the structural adjustment era

Vol. 23 Patricia Paravano Working for the future: Elite women's strategies in 1997 Brazzaville

Vol. 24 R.J.A. Berkvens Backing two horses: Interaction of agricultural and 1997 non-agricultural household activities in a Zimbabwean communal area

Vol. 25 M. Demeke Rural non-farm activities in impoverished agricultural 1997 communities: The case of North Shoa, Ethiopia

Vol. 26 C.G. Mung'ong'o Coming full circle: Agriculture, non-farm activities and the 1998 resurgence of out-migration in Njombe District, Tanzania

Vol. 27 Ndalahwa F. Madulu Changing lifestyles in farming societies of Sukumaland: 1998 Kwimba District, Tanzania

Vol. 28 George Jambiya The dynamics of population, land scarcity, agriculture and 1998 non-agricultural activities: West Usambara Mountains, Lushoto District, Tanzania

Vol. 29 Davis Mwamfupe Changing village land, labour and livelihoods: Rungwe 1998 and Kyela Districts, Tanzania

Vol. 30 Dick Foeken & Alice Farming in the City of Nairobi M. Mwangi 1998

Vol. 31 Wijnand Klaver & Food consumption and nutrition in the Kenya Coast Robert K.N. Mwadime 1998

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Vol. 32 C. Manona De-agrarianisation and the urbanisation of a rural 1999 economy: Agrarian patterns in Melani village in the Eastern Cape

Vol. 33 P. McAllister Agriculture an co-operative labour in Shixini, Transkei, 1999 South Africa

Vol. 34 L. Bank & L. Qambata No visible means of subsistence: Rural livelihoods, 1999 gender and social change in Mooiplaas, Eastern Cape, 1950-1998

Vol. 35 Deborah F. Bryceson African rural labour, income diversification and livelihood 1999 approaches: A long-term development perspective

Vol. 36 Elly Rijnierse The politics of survival. Towards a global, long-term 1999 and reflexive interpretation of the African contemporary experience

Vol. 37 Barth Chukwuezi De-agrarianisation and rural employment in Igboland, 1999 South-eastern Nigeria

Vol. 38 Mohammed-Bello Yunusa Not farms alone: A study of rural livelihoods in the 1999 Middle Belt of Nigeria

Vol. 39 Mohammed A. Iliya Income diversification in the semi-arid zone of Nigeria: 1999 A study of Gigane, Sokoto, North-west Nigeria

Vol. 40 Kate Meagher If the drumming changes, the dance also changes: 1999 De-agrarianisation and rural non-farm employment in the Nigerian Savanna

Vol. 41 Jon Abbink The total Somali clan genealogy: A preliminary sketch 1999

Vol. 42 Abdul R. Mustapha Cocoa farming and income diversification in South- 1999 western Nigeria

Vol. 43 Deborah F. Bryceson Sub-Saharan Africa betwixt and between. Rural livelihood 1999 practices and policies

Vol. 44 A. van Vuuren Female-headed households: Their survival strategies in 2000 Tanzania

Vol. 45 Dick Foeken & Urban farmers in Nakuru, Kenya Samuel O. Owuor 2000

Vol. 46 Poul Ove Pedersen Busy work or real business: Revaluing the role of 2001 non-agricultural activities in African rural development

Vol. 47 Tjalling Dijkstra Export diversification in Uganda: Developments in 2001 non-traditional agricultural exports

Vol. 48 Boureima Alpha Gado Variations climatiques, insecurité alimentaire et stratégies 2001 paysannes

Vol. 49 Rijk van Dijk Localising anxieties: Ghanaian and Malawian immigrants, 2002 rising xenophobia, and social capital in Botswana

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Vol. 50 Dick Foeken, Samuel O. Crop cultivation in Nakuru town, Kenya: Owuor & Wijnand Klaver Practice and potential 2002

Vol. 51 Samuel O. Owuor Rural livelihood sources for urban households A study of 2003 Nakuru town, Kenya

Vol. 52 Jan Abbink A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia 2003

Vol. 53 Henk Meilink Structural Adjustment Programmes on the African 2003 continent. The theoretical foundations of IMF/World Bank reform policies

Vol. 54 Chibuike C. Uche & Oil and the Politics of Revenue Allocation in Nigeria Ogbonnaya C. Uche 2004

Vol. 55 Jan Abbink Reconstructing Southern Sudan in the post-war era: 2004 Challenges and prospects of 'Quick Impact Programmes’

Vol. 56 Samuel M. Kariuki Creating the black commercial farmers in South Africa 2004

Vol. 57 Marcel M.E.M. Rutten Partnerships in community-based ecotourism projects: 2004 Experiences from the Maasai region, Kenya

Vol. 58 Samuel M. Kariuki Failing to learn from failed programmes? South Africa’s 2004 Communal Land Rights Act (CLRA 2004)

Vol. 59 Samuel M. Kariuki Can negotiated land reforms deliver? A case of Kenya’s, 2004 South Africa’s and Zimbabwe’s land reform policy Debates

Vol. 60 Jan-Bart Gewald Learning to wage and win wars in Africa: A provisional 2005 history of German military activity in Congo, Tanzania, China and Namibia

Vol. 61 Jan-Bart Gewald The impact of motor-vehicles in Africa in the twentieth 2005 century: Towards a socio-historical case study

Vol. 62 John Sender, Christopher Unequal prospects: Disparities in the quantity and quality Cramer & Carlos Oya of labour supply in sub-Saharan Africa 2005

Vol. 63 Jan-Bart Gewald Colonial warfare: Hehe and World War One, the wars 2005 besides Maji Maji in south-western Tanzania

Vol. 64 Abel Ezeoha & South Africa, NEPAD and the African Renaissance Chibuike Uche 2005

Vol. 65 Dick Foeken Urban agriculture in East Africa as a tool for poverty 2005 reduction: A legal and policy dilemma?

Vol. 66 Marcel Rutten Shallow wells: A sustainable and inexpensive alternative 2005 to boreholes in Kenya

Vol. 67 Judith van de Looy Africa and China: A strategic partnership? 2006

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Vol. 68 Tabona Shoko “My bones shall rise again”: War veterans, spirits and 2006 land reform in Zimbabwe

Vol. 69 Lwazi Siyabonga Lushaba Development as modernity, modernity as development 2006

Vol. 70 John Sender & Carlos Oya Divorced, separated and widowed female workers in 2006 rural Mozambique

Vol. 71 Wale Adebanwi Necrophilia and elite politics: The case of Nigeria 2007

Vol. 72 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni Tracking the historical roots of post-apartheid 2007 citizenship problems: The native club, restless natives, panicking settlers and the politics of nativism in South Africa

Vol. 73 Sabelo J. Ndlovu-Gatsheni Giving Africa voice within global governance: Oral 2007 history, human rights and the United Nations (UN) Human Rights Council

Vol. 74 Jan-Bart Gewald Transport transforming society: Towards a history of 2007 transport in Zambia, 1890-1930

Vol. 75 Jan-Bart Gewald Researching and writing in the twilight of an imagined 2007 anthropology in Northern Rhodesia 1930-1960

Vol. 76 Dick Foeken, Samuel O. School farming and school feeding in Nakuru town, Owuor & Alice M. Mwangi Kenya 2007

Vol. 77 Jan-Bart Gewald Spanish influenza in Africa: Some comments regarding 2007 source material and future research

Vol. 78 Zekeria Ould Ahmed Salem Le partenariat Union Européenne – Afrique dans 2008 l’impasse ? Le cas des accords de pêche

Vol. 79 Jeremiah O. Arowosegbe Decolonising the social sciences in the global South: 2008 Claude Ake and the praxis of knowledge production in Africa

Vol. 80 Abigail Barr, Marleen Who shares risk with whom under different enforcement Dekker & Marcel mechanisms? Fafchamps 2008, updated in 2010

Vol. 81 Basile Ndjio Cameroonian feyman and Nigerian ‘419’ scammers: 2008 Two examples of Africa’s ‘reinvention’ of the global Capitalism

Vol. 82 Khalil Alio Conflict, mobility and language: the case of migrant 2008 Hadjaraye of Guéra to neighboring regions of Chari- Baguirmi and Salamat (Chad)

Vol. 83 Samuel O. Owuor & Water Reforms and Interventions in Urban Kenya: Dick Foeken International set-up, emerging impact and challenges 2009

Vol. 84 Jan Abbink The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition) 2009

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Vol. 85 Etanislas Ngodi Mouvement Nsilulu: Rupture ou continuité historique 2009 des messianismes congolais (1998 – 2003)

Vol. 86 Fatimata Diallo Espace public et technologies numériques en Afrique: 2009 Emergence, dynamique et gouvernance du cyberspace sénégalais

Vol. 87 Abigail Barr, Marleen Bridging the gender divide: An experimental analysis of Dekker & Marcel group formation in African villages Fafchamps 2009, updated in 2010

Vol. 88 Michiel Stapper Tax regimes in emerging Africa: Can corporate tax rates 2010 boost FDI in sub-Sahara Africa?

Vol. 89 David U. Enweremadu La société civile et la lutte contre la corruption au 2010 Nigeria : Le cas des ONG anti-corruption

Vol. 90 Abigail Barr, Marleen The formation of community based organizations in Dekker & Marcel sub-Saharan Africa : An analysis of a quasi-experiment Fafchamps 2010

Vol. 91 Obiamaka Egbo, Ifeoma Legitimizing corruption in government: Security votes Nwakoby, Josaphat in Nigeria Onwumere & Chibuike Uche 2010

Vol. 92 Wijnand Klaver Underweight or stunting as an indicator of the MDG on 2010 poverty and hunger

Vol. 93 Marleen Dekker & Bill Coping with Zimbabwe’s economic crisis: Small-scale Kinsey farmers and livelihoods under stress 2011

Vol. 94 Saïbou Issa La SNV au Cameroun: 1963-2005 2011

Vol. 95 Marja Hinfelaar A history of SNV from a Zambian perspective 2011 1965-2005

Vol. 96 Kiky van Oostrum e.a. New mobilities and insecurities in Fulbe nomadic 2011 societies: a multi-country study in west-central Africa (Niger-Nigeria)

Vol. 97 Kiky van Oostrum e.a. Mobilités nouvelles et insécurités dans les sociétés 2011 nomades Fulbé (peules) : études de plusieurs pays en Afrique centrale de l’Ouest (Niger-Nigeria)

Vol. 98 Gary Baines A virtual community ? SADF veterans’ digital memories 2012 and dissenting discourses

Vol. 99 Inge Brinkman & Mirjam The Nile Connection. Effects and meaning of the mobile de Bruijn, with Hisham phone in a (post-)war economy in Karima, Khartoum and Bilal & Peter Taban Wani Juba, Sudan 2012

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Vol. 100 Solani Ngobeni Scholarly publishing: The challenges facing the African 2012 university press

Vol. 101 Daan Beekers & From patronage to neopatrimonialism. Postcolonial Bas van Gool governance in Sub-Sahara Africa and beyond 2012

Vol. 102 Adalbertus Kamanzi Can we construct differently from an experience of the 2012 degrading environment as function of the discourse of modernity? The answer is yes!

Vol. 103 Adalbertus Kamanzi Enriching ethnographic studies with anchoring vignette 2012 methodology

Vol. 104 Adalbertus Kamanzi “They needed an ethnographer: That is why they missed 2012 it!” Exploring the value of bananas among the Haya people of Bukoba, Northwestern Tanzania

Vol. 105 Paul Rabé & Adalbertus Power analysis: A study of participation at the local Kamanzi level in Tanzania 2012

Vol. 106 Raphael O. Babatunde Assessing the effect of off-farm income diversification on 2012 agricultural production in rural Nigeria

Vol. 107 Samuel O. Owuor & Water interventions for the urban poor: The case of Dick Foeken Homa Bay, Kenya 2012

Vol. 108 Gesesse Dessie Is khat a social ill? Ethical argument about a stimulant 2013 among the learned Ethiopians

Vol. 109 Sofiane Bouhdiba Will Sub-Saharan Africa follow North Africa? 2013 Backgrounds and preconditions of popular revolt in the Light of the ‘Arab spring’

Vol. 110 Zelalem Debebe et al. Coping with shocks in rural Ethiopia 2013

Vol. 111 Marleen Dekker Promoting gender equality and female empowerment: 2013 a systematic review of the evidence on property rights, labour markets, political participation and violence against women

Vol. 112 Dick Foeken, Howard Urban water interventions and livelihoods in low-income Ching Chung, Terry N. neighbourhoods in Kisumu, Kenya Mutune & Samuel Owuor 2013

Vol. 113 Nwanneka Modebe, The (ab)use of import duty waivers in Nigeria Okoro Okoro, Chinwe Okoyeuzu & Chibuike Uche 2014

Vol. 114 Samuel Aniegye Ntewusu The road to development: The construction and use 2014 of ‘the Great North Road’ in Gold Coast Ghana

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Vol. 115 Merel van ‘t Wout & Navigating through times of scarcity: The intensification Marleen Dekker of a gift-giving economy after Dollarization in rural 2014 Zimbabwe

Vol. 116 Ton Dietz A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its 2015 aftermath. German colonies. I German Togo

Vol. 117 Ton Dietz A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its 2015 aftermath. German colonies. II

Vol. 118 Ton Dietz A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its 2015 aftermath. German colonies. III Deutsch-Südwestafrika (SWA)

Vol. 119 Ton Dietz A postal history of the First World War in Africa and its 2015 aftermath. German colonies. IV Deutsch-Ostafrika/ German East Africa (GEA)

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