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Colonisation Et Organisation Sociale: Les Chefs Colonisation et organisation sociale : les chefs traditionnels du Sud-Cameroun pendant la période coloniale allemande (1884-1914) Joseph Gomsu To cite this version: Joseph Gomsu. Colonisation et organisation sociale : les chefs traditionnels du Sud-Cameroun pen- dant la période coloniale allemande (1884-1914). Sociologie. Université Paul Verlaine - Metz, 1982. Français. NNT : 1982METZ003L. tel-01775635 HAL Id: tel-01775635 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01775635 Submitted on 24 Apr 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm ONUNTZ UNIYERSITÂT DES SAARLANDES UNIVERSITÉ des Llttres PhilosophischeFakultât Faculté et Frchrlchtung t.1. SciencesHumaines GermanistischesInstitut (FranzôsischeAbteilung) As|Loo{ L COLONISATION ET ORGANISATION SOCIALE. LES CHEFS TRADITIONNELS DU SUD.CAMEROUN PENDANT LA PERIODE COLONIALE ALLEMANDE (1EE4-1914). THESE DE DOCTORAT DE 3E CYCLE ' Qà' Sous ls direction du Préscntéeel soutenuePar JosephGOMSU ProfesseurPierre GRAPPIN Saarbriicken l9t2 à Rachel, â Ia famllle TEFoKoU. TABLEDES IIATIERES AVANT-PR0P0S...........................a.............. 5 ABREV IAT I0 NS .... ... ... o. .. .. ... .. o.... .. o........... INTROOUCTION o. o.. o........ .............. o.. ........ PREMIEREPARTIE : Le commandementdans lâ sociêtÉ tradi- tlonnelle pr6colonialê oroooo............. 16 1.1 . Les soclÊtËs segmentaires ou acêphales de la rêglon forestiêre et côtiêre ....o........ 22 1.1.1. Le groupe Fang ........................... 22 1.1 .2. Les Eantu de Ia c8te ........r............. 27 1.1.3. Les ethnies du Cross-FIuss ooo.......o..... 32 1.1.4. Le groupe lYlakaet Kozime ..............o... 35 1.1.5. LEs sociÊt'es sgcrètes ....o............... 37 'l .2. Les chefferles et royaumes du Grasland ..or 42 1 .2.',| c Les BaliNlYong .......................... 42 1.2.2. Lg royaumg Bamum ....................o.... 46 1.2.3 . Lgs ljutg ............o.................... 50 1.3. Lgs0uala ......o..................o...o. 55 1.3.1 . Les donnÉes soclo-politiques ............. 55 1.3.2. Les traitËs anglo-duala .............o..o. 5? 'l .3.2.1 . L r esclavage ........... o.. o. .... .... ...... 58 1o3 .2.2. Lgs coutumes or o.. .... ... ... ... ... 59 1.3.2.3. La Cour drEquit'a: trlbunal international. de COmmgrCe ........a.......o..............a.. 61 1.3.3 . Les requêtes des souverains dual.a ou le dÊbut du transfert de souverainetê .............. 65 OEUXIEIIEPARTIE : La nlse en placa de lrordre colonialo ?1 2.1. Quelques donn'eesprÉlimtnaires .......... ?2 2.1o1 . La sltuatlon sur plac6 ............o..... ?2 2.1.2. La situation en Al!96g969 ............oo. ?4 2.2. Le traitÉ de protectorat du 12 JullleÈ iBg4. ?6 2.3. Ll implantation du pouvolr colonial ....... gg 2.3.1. Le soulêvement de dÉcembre 1gg4 : la part des chef s .. ... a a. a a o.. e.. a. o...... a.... a a gg 2.3.2. De 1884 â iB91 : lroccupation progressive de I, arrière-pays oo o....... o.......... o....... g? 2.3.2.1. De Ilutilisation des misslonnair€s ooooeooo g? 2.3.2.2. La consolidation du pouvolr colonial chez les Duala ............r........o........... l0Z 2.3.2.3 . Les expêdltions rrrecherches,r de ......... l0g 2.3.3. Le gouvelnement, puttkamer dE v. ou la conauê- te systêmatique de IrarDière-pays .o..... 115 2.3.3.1 . Les expéditions militaires ......o......o 115 2.3.3.2. Ltintervention du colonisateu[ dans ltorgani- sation des systèmes politiques oorooooroo 124 TROIS IE ME PARTIE ! Chefs : Instruments du rêgime colo_ nial a...... o...... a. o...... a a... o. a.. o o I JS 3.1. L I admlnistration ........ o............... iJ? 3.1.1o Lfobjectif premier de Bisnarck .......... 15? 3o1.2. I De I int'egration des autorltÊe3 traditionnelles à lradmlnistratlon coloniale 141 3.1.3. La part directe des chefs dans Iradmlnistration: le proJet de gestion autonome .o......... i50 5.1.4. Chefs : rrtraits drunionr entre Ie pouvolr colo_ nial et Ia population colonisreE ooooooooo 15g 3.2. La Juridlction .o..o.......o.o.......o.... i65 3.2.1. Les trl,bunaux de chefs ................,.. i6? 3.2 .2. Les tribunaux drarbitrage .............o.. .1g0 3.2.3. Lrorganisation Judiciaire pour le reste du Sud- Cameroun. .a.............a.......aa....o..o 190 3.3. La perceptlon de ltimp6t .............. 1S8 3 .3.1 . Les objectifs de IrimposiÈion ......... 198 3 .3 .2. Les différentes formes dr impâts ....... 2t2 3 .3.3. Le r6le des chefs dans 1a perception ... 206 S.rr. Le rôle des chefs dans lrêconomie de mar- ch'e ..................................o. 212 3.4.1r Lfapprovisionnement. en main-droeuvre ... 21h 3 .4.2. Les autres fonctions'economiques des chefs 222 3 .4.2.1 . Les chefs des villages traversés par 1es ca- favanes de potteurs ............ .. .... ... 222 rtcash 3 .4 .2.2. La production de cropsll ........... 224 3.4.2o3. La mise en place de Ilinfrastructure .... 226 3.5. Les chefs et llaccultulation r............ 230 3 .5.1 . Les chefs dans 1e processus de scolarisation et dl'evangÉlisation ...........o......... 230 3.5.1.1. Les demandes de mattres ooo.............. 231 3.5.1.2. La contribution matêrieLle des chefs ..... 235 3 .5.1 .3 . Llautorit'e des chefs au service de La scolari- sation et, de ItêvangËlisation ........... 23? 3.5o1.4. Les chefs chrÊtiens ....... ........241 11Lf'educationrt 3.5.2. des f ils de chefs ......... Z4S 3.5.2.1. Le problème de la relève .................245 3 .5 .2 .2. tfLrêducationrt des fils de chefs en Allema- gng .. .. a.. ... .. o. .. .. .. o. ... .....248 3.6. Le trait,ement des chefs .............o... 264 3.6.1 Les mauvais traitements ..................264 3.6o1o1o La p'etition des Duala au gouverneur Zimmerer (29.10.1892) : une illustration des mauvais traitements ............................ 264 3.6.1.2. La volontê du pouvoir de prêserver l.rlnstru- ment de sa politiqu€ oooooo............. 26? 3.6.2. Lloctroi de privitèges comme moyens de corrup- t ion 272 5.7. Entre collaboration et opposition ... .. 276 3.?.1 . Lrobstruction aux mesures prises par lrauto_ ritÊ coloniâl€ oo................... ..c... 2?? 3 pêtltions .?.2. Les : dêbut drune opposltion orga_ nisêê ..... a................. a....... a. .. Z7g 3 I .?.3. Duala lvlangaet I expropriation des terres â 0ouala ooa.....oo.......a...oaa.a...a..a ZgJ C0NCLUSI0N .................................o..o.o. 2gJ, ANNEXES ........ ..... ........ o... ................ J00 INDEX a a aaa a a a a a a a aa aa a o a....a o a a aaa a aa a aa a a a a a a J0? BIBLI0GRAPHIE ...................o...........o....o JIJ -5- AVANT-PROPOS La collaboration entre les autoritês traditlonnelles et Iladministration coloniale allemande au Camerounnla pas en- core Êt'e, â ra connaissance, IrobJet dfune recherche systêma- tique. Le but du prêsent travail est de suivre lrËvolution des chefs dès lraube et tout au 1on9 de la domination alle- mandeet de dËt,erminer les rapports qui furent Établis entre eux et lrautoritË européenne. Je nrai nullement Ia prêtention dravoir Ëpuisê Ie sujet. Il est possible.que Irun ou lrautre des chapitres du travail paraisse bref et que lrun ou lrautre aspect de la question ressorte plus ou moins clairement, ce- ci est peut,-être inêvitable. Jrai tentê drapporter Oes êlê- ments drapprêciation sur la problêmatique de la collaboration et Jrespère que des travaux futurs comblenont mes lacunes. Un entretien et une correspondance suivie.avec le profes- seur Helmuth Stoecker de lrUniverslt'e Humboldt (Berlin-Est), éminent spËcialiste de la pËriode coloniale allemande au Ca- merounrnlont permis de donner une orientation dËfinitlve à rnon travail. Le professeur Stoecker srest montr'e disponible â tout momentet je lui en suis profond'ementreconnaissant. Le professeur Klaus Bade de ftUnlversitê de Erlangen.Erpar ses suggestions, contribué â lrélaboration de ce travail; qut il en soit remerciÉ. Le 0r. Gotthilf Italz de Freiburg/l.8r. mra êgalement êclai- rÉ par sa connaissance juridique de Ia question coLoniale au Cameroun; je lui en sais grÊ. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma gratltude au professeur Pier- re Grappin qul a bien voulu prendre ce travail sous sa direc- tion et qui mra ainsi permis drêvlter bien drécueils. Je remercie particulièrement mon ami Jean-CIaude Naba pour son aide â la frappe et pour la lecture critique de plusieurs chapitres du travail. Je ne puis exprimer toute la reconnaissance que je dols â ma femmeRachel Gomsusans Itaide de laquelle la frappe aurait const,ituÉ une difficultê considêrôbIeo 5a comprÉhensiona s1- '-6- gnlfi'e pour moi un grand soutten moral. Que tous ceux que Je ntal pas pu clter trouvent lci le tÉ_ Bolgnage de ma gratltude. Pour le côtÉ matÉrlel, Je suis redevable au DAAOdont une bourse a permis lrËlaboratlon du prÊsent travall. Saarbrûcken, avrll 1982o ABREVIATIONS ANC : Archives Nationales du Cameroun(Vaoundê). EF1A: BasIer ltlissionsarchiv ( Bâte ) . OKB : Oeutsches Kolonial.blatt. DKZ : Deutsche KoLonlalzeitung. ttlDS: ltlittellungen aus den deutschen Schut,zgebieten. RKA : Reichskolonlalamt (Potsdam). INTRODUC T ION La problÊmatlque . Notre travail ne se pr'eoccupeque drun aspect bien d'eter- mlné du phênomènecomplexe que fut la colonisation allemande au Cameroun.
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