q1 n n15{qq 3JU N tAA 3lSAO.: n1f Od il n5tNfl O.: 464tt yluyr'] 0l lJ15n1 [tFl Uyt 0l lto 5 d.u n1f ulJ 531 FIld Ft5 n15e n5-6d?da n1?O{n q1{ h. Fl. oc{dd-lsoo o* A Review of the British Welfare History, 1948-2013, after the Cheerful Gatherings Celebrating Margaret Thatcher's Death

{'tnf,n tr.t,)0}t1.lu x *

Cha krit Choomwattana

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Abstract The British welfare state was mainly established after the end of

WW.ll. lts principles were based on a report witten by Sir Wlliam Beveridge

who inlended to deal with five social evils. A new feature that the state

provided was rree medical care for all, which was carried out according to the National Health Service Act of 1946. ApAd from rendering wellare benefits during unemployment, sickness, widowhood and retkement, the

government also granted benefits in housing, education, child raising, etc.

From the beginning of the 1970s the British economy was weaker

when compared with other European countries, which was mainly due to

her outmoded industries. The number of unemployed people reached one

milljon. During this decade, a world oil crises took place, and the number of weliare benefits claimants increased. Apa( from fraudulent cases, quite

a large number oi people were satisfied with being on the dole. Therefore,

the Thatcher government beg3n 10 privatise industries and curtail welrare

tienefits to decrease public spending and encourage people to depend less

on the state. Thus, many people did not have good memories of her. Nevertheless, succeeding prime ministers, whether from the

Conservative oI the Labour Party, irtended to cut certain benefits. encourage

the unemployed lo work, and persuade the publlc to have additional personal

insurance rn case of unemployment. sickness, retirement or death. lt can be concluded that the wellare state ol the 2010s is differenl from that

which began at the end of the '1940s because ils definition and bounderies

have never been fixed, but varied according 10 the circumstances. Whenever

the government c1]ts or curtails some benefits, a certain number of people

protest, and this can lead to violent riots like the ones that took place in

London in 2011. l,w1?dnaffilolti Nu fin 1fra olJ:t.it flfi *e peecl aiufi o dcl,l

Due to her we fare po cies, the rmage of lvlargaret Thatcher, a

former Prime Minister, is stll vvrd in the minds of people who lost benefits.

As a consequence, news of celebratons over her death was made known

10 the world in April 2013.

Keywords : British Welfare State, l\,largaret Thatcher, William Beveridge,

National Health Service (NHS)

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itr 3 . - tr d 2 nl rnxfl lfin0 no.iurU ll,l Ll1nLc']l-l,tu:lr311n?fl rlt ]Jflu n1flflnfllunu!!'rnflultaY ) - i2i , i n'l?ylt1nln1n?o,1t1r[[nnnlnnut].lFr'rl]JlxJnln g { u.r on1l rn n.iluun v6t l utnfl1 lrr.lrfleini1.:Nlnlu nran?noiaorqaaufi r- rir'l#finrra':nflrvdloanucuri.:n.: ;- o^rTa1ufrr{ntoloruriol:Jlfi- " lriqnrir6u};dolr{r1 virmuu}ori" n'lu:irua*nrui !rav'[u n.Fl. sc 6ro vrorid 6atifn ffrromas Gilbert] 6 1Andn16rfr-rd.:rfiu1e1u n?lr.JIndrolAueu rrc{:i n,r'ur dl L5clun r a1#a n r air unnrarrulfii n r rn ir rler rio u 1fi{4.rorq rinvnurlvrvrarryrfinol6'fl uav{ourlrur,r6o'lfin11}.rlixur 66m!uan , i- 4, 0 ''t n 1? ttn Auvl u.:1J f 1n n 1fl ]lt:no1] - , )a^ n0v,]1s o'.in6i1xfr r?fl n niu.i1n,u 1flfia ri forrir'[rln r rr eflvrlI n dr]rr mvr nlfluonolnl?(home relief ulo ouldoor reliefl undr,|artrrn:1dr,[ruurg{rvuniu uglutouri lspeenhamland System) driqs rir o ao.:in uri{fi aralfiriou InuG qrn nlryr rq'rrun.i'ru lu!r]o.r6rluLrar.lLlnuri ruflarifnrAflf (Berkshirei 6eryri6fiqy rirflrirnro{dflnueulugrJ riuan Io atiri u urin u.: rufilfiir nir uel orrr n'j r:v nrili tT.:6n , ri 3.,"-- !?1nfl,1''rLlFlou'l fl 0.: o.i n q 19 tun 1a ln Lro YJ] 1Fl Ery,t u0 o n La ul trlJ lJ u l! ln o,t u rir}inmnrrnrrvr.irltlrloqluonolo'rrLfludnuuvfi:Jfrri6lnsr'rtr..ld'ruoi:lorsnriar[ ) . - . i , h.d ll )- fltl'lttlJvl o6 suflt-lnfdtlfltllrl]Jtl o6d OU1.i ltno ll JULoo ".[1,Eu1tlc1.lvll1rUtlfl " rlrylamfnuarslonrdirurirurlnu.rrurirrfi ofi rril6'r-rhinumut tonmNd.lrru6o - : - . i , " ), - ql nr6rfl rJ rfi 9.11t?1r'ttFr1!au61u?1ur0{q{dlutl.ltuL!un1e1.t1m11q1{ttr'1.11u . - Yn.t1u Lu tfl!0.inunr1!?v tBnuqln,t6ununu--i

n0 u ri1fr6l.l rnfl srinuq uau-ulu ri (New Poor Law n.fl. odod-oe(dd) -,. j lurir.rienrlndfiu{n'u u ajnr ul:lrduu (Napoleonic Wars) :.luninfru -,",i- ) - i c..".- me Utr! LnO AlgA?60lFltvltrlJyl o6 eU&lunrdDlFlFllrrEfl" " oGd tnfl1t1r0.:nq1* t iu.or.i'',,i.i..r'',u'',qnclnuon,vrrA fl n1i'rufirLrdvrruu1ft6 :4ldu'r,ruvfi rir4rr ) - rr.r{luFioui'r.rn{fr nu{'rulu1ru1A{qnnri'niir(r.reflnirnrrNfllncl-j" ". Lfie6{n?1r.J qfi flgrrnvrarnroi (Tory) firjrln r6{nuvi.rhrcofqa (Earl of Liverpool) nd'lloon blo mnia luiwuz nSurrairr (Corn Law) 'h n.6. ocoa 6rfirirttv{.tnrflinriutrcqrnuan rvuvrpt r:1unrrnqrarnrirrlurJr:rvrnt4'1ri1#qnfi nnrnd'uifl unrrin:cua rylutfao.i , . .j- .i - n{ru11uurr rdrfr 6uirfi rvurvro{luigonr rfi oRrrynnoirr{rlunnrn:gnana:r*n: qndlunrrt.l nr,:vnu1rifirurir4rduornnrafi v,urrqn na r;airnreud'rarnrrru - .id - - J trl ran Ltn v $Jotu n 1rd.! Ln n,t'r.i!1l ry}] i rugo.irj tl\0 nl16.l LAfltg1, Auqu! Ltgr4{ tn}.Jrr-l ).-i" Goa 1 ruiiSevfirs'loirrniu*frrqrnnrdfr6fiqnarunerr.L (industriat Revotution) fiolru igrr nor n qu6 {au'lc rur 6 oro.r nrjrrin rarugnran{cjelnarriufi #anr'r tll.lxnardAnod'].i od'r nfir (adam Smirh) firfiuo,ir !tr.:.:runeauadoulycodrlrni

Lolo ,n^tLo^i (Davrd B.caroo) yrtauoYlqullloxUnl [uan lLu.:n1s.].:a1n.tr 6i0U l, t" rfl uhJorrrl1.ie:nreiunrlore a.rriun;qlmru lrirrrrniuurlLlo'tu uayuorid fnri'n fihomas N/atrhus) fn;rBsFlranfnrLio.rfirL,uunr.rruriaurial Principtes j4 i 4 - J .""- - ot PopLlatron l11O [FlOUh nUX '']nlUXunl.tS1tyln.i?SNlnlUqy l tlr..rOTflnntntu lll:i'r ua rc:rio1firfi o acr ursuyoiodrurorllfia n rnrrynrarfi'larnrdnoryrr J-r - "-- ,r [3.J lrldPl('2UnL ryn1nfltllNtLtl1]0qn3]J[rlJ']nfun'lrl.lu\t1l0{n1?qtnl!n:JqlUQU rJevtrnetd6donrronnrerirsru6orruslncrlud{n}l Rrrrrniusirr 1 i&rulfiu rirtrJ{nrr:Jfrg:.Jr;rlnra1{nXuuranrlnrvr.inuuTnquni'irird'ryrfiobJhi'fiuar c tr ! , ! *- 1.9 tctflN6 1{n luaro:in?1 tvno.:raflI 'ta rflfl\tYlo{Iuon" '[u n.6. ocq'b trnd tnrti rafarnrtifi iq (Charles Grey, 2'd Eart crey) -.1""- u1fln5q:ruFE [6 uor.i ril n uy n:rl rE n r ar{r rc c n r eoir tfil.irulo.:nXulra6,:mrr;rf Fruglncu {Boya'Co.nrrission into tl^e Operaton o{ the Poo' raws) iu ua'.:e^nnt: tfiotu4nrtninmeorcan6.i () 6rrflunrerianer lri6.rr"lurlnrnunenar nrnldto.rd'rnque;u'irr a.n. )- o66no-o<6no durfiourqrnaranrr6:lrfi acnnoir frnrrrrurrirnrurnTosnhrurorirr t]rorr ua vno,:r,'h.sro{trcurfrd re rir ur.r lir yr-.i drdqnarr16rnrin.:'rurr1rlnrur.Jlad.!nryrinuqufiril.:qoua;frfir,rrnar1uriolfiu i , - ,"i.. {Justices of rhe Peace - .ipr 6rn'ofiun6nuaouri'n{ldmd arnarllfildnoonda.: rYuuucEarin rnaugaranfn{rnarnfi nIofl d'.ir:y:l:lar rner gdnuarnqufi oh rfl u oqjfurauncrr.uir6'rto.::la:m n rnersl ur en u,tl n5qrJal riqrly ru ua;ifrto.r nraricEnuqudr'Ifi'ura(r.iaculonr6nnrir*ar aruynrrr16nr16.rrf, uouurrr'r rnal?dnaffiMn{ trr'tinlrtd)t alhnr flfi cna laaeQ alfufi o bo nlraonnrv''rfl fi .rrnfl vfAucuo].i!'[xrjloafi orrinnrroio':1fi ,.". {arnlirtrordulu :jrun.:nrs rvir{uunvfiord'a'lri anrvrnelurfluoqifru:ludn'j1 {) n r:o'r r{6i nla{ ur{lru6 6 avtr.ruo n nnurr ulurjn vrirt n n rirldi r ttor i5 *a: ) -l .i vrl t r:lrlrLPlr1'tnqolruuttl0'tN6rrNtlm LL?.:':'tlttnaou "lEl ""Lot6llju unuau?r.l I Ftu to.t 3.t 1 n1u 11.l n.6. o<,< rryrlnfruqlG lrfitrnnulJ1crfi.:rArlvri'nuqu (Poor Law 1 ).- Amendmenr Act of I834) raiofrf{nri'u'irn1ulJ'rufl.tm?1stiFrucusrir"lrar] (t'tew Poor Law) tdrirunmrniutorro.riJdR'r r*ir'6oriuvrr.:ntdlvlrtrlnfrgr-G * ..,i - - J i. Jr t1 [[nfler':d]UnlrLnLrlto.lrv:.lU.lllfinLrnflvUAUqUn'l''l Lrl nflUN'flUflU nnnT 5 4 , !, fr .irnx1!uinsuta{nu{ruyl?1{n1fl fl }.J ?vna!rnaclnnrr doueifl i:ruttnv nm rfi crcnirusol urinvau lri'[d.illonranraldlrufi fao nSurrat,lri6rlri . :.,, l::n'rrisvdqfl ru6o nundririotl uqiq v{o fr r{n vr o:l rzri'.16n un;ro rurrstrufi:.ir rriouilrativirlu:irunrrn:rvrfviolr':rirrru rfionav{u}Xvrrnnnd'nfiu1qoonbl i , 4 q:3anaan ')' u1.r1ulr1.:uon:.rlnn.l1 1rn2 fl t1tn0 flYlt1l'11.1'l1o FII'll]!1u llrfloql nrS i, 6s'jrfinnrwoirn'jr{1{u:tlru6aar-- ua;qvdorldrra?t.:uuuto{firud{!aflvriliu "l - - - i Y" llayNd n']uyl1lury0u']nT l{cy t].J 6vr60onLdfl{lnonFl{ to ''l oefl otir.:1afi 6 nrutrrlurrrfisrfi ti.rn{ldi!nmurirfl rvdolnahifiorrdrhlnn ord'fl trrirua{mm;rf rnrvncu un6oulucfirurqurorarlun?oai'rtorceasfi oo<, drfl :iarrfl tnrrrrdrlrotornrrl{nglrralurllurrluli.: uaz ernnnrtnito.r nrr.jr.r.rrulunroqnarunrallua?noinnraeufi o"., i'hirfiu.ir ncrrt,r nqulrild lfinqrn nc r r d o u rio ulun r arJ arn q firJ5 rifr orull?o n r rn:or6r,ro tirr rn'uq niru airrl;rnrvmruSonrlhjfA'nonoortor{1{ualrrurarol orqrfr oqrnTanrie nrr f, - l" L''ro [cr.r u?0n1rvl lpl?t*{nqnnnr lu!1.:cio.!ao{i rgu.ir{ n.a. o 6a]cr-o 6do Frruyn?fli16nlrnlx ru6.i mtr .inuqunu.har ntqudnrornelNcu6olrnnislii6L i':tooiu utain (Edwin Chadwick) LAlrlUnl?flo{nruvnttlr6nrrr lduduurru':'lu ) Lio.: Repon on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population ol Great Britain

1u a.Ft. o<@'re rrq4161[uqd16'ryo{n1rr6udlt] 6o nttradrourfu

n r r rJ'r ir ct.! !n r 1vv n uq ua!:i 1u i {d'or n r rq"n tsL u n r flic g rv6olrir:l u bd %1AtA fiNlnJUv

xJrnrjlul6u,rri'uvii:JrvrvrodqflL3l1{1irri'r1u n.a. r-,.J lpru{Fr[L.idufi1unre q ua {urnlirian.jr'dlrnlyr rlr xr nr!r}J'rudr rnrt:fnuqu ()' J" laynordrun'rrnojr.: fr rrtLqunnuurnqu'lunnsowuodrrrflutonma snrdn ).- 1 no r rrir s ru n'o ur ufr {5o.lt o n r ea.: rn r;rftirrftinlufio qjrd r aor mu un:{od'rriru arnrvfnrournrtornunrnr'lurirualnnhrayflr Inruenrfl ufirua'ruirrlXu

eirui:lnni uavrirufir 6 n uavnutrr firu o' ud.:ro.:nunrrrfl oqj drroirra fi'u i nrrnreq6o! Lrasfln6o116Jr1fl nelr.rBlnliror {rdrr raoulrfi.r iglo a 6'o.raorir nltLrsn6'uoliiio.idrrinnearnirmrr mnttnv{fl rn vnr aLrd o r nu'jrlffirvrivrri6u r" t p) - 3 .j . t m 'l 15!1n [n !M].i Fl.: Ynrt]]1f n''lrflu o lFltY'loA,LnnrrqnF idyn'lY'{1 a'1.: 'l luraotdlnquunvnorf urinzaranryrfinru:{4un iuoaro of guardians) 6': r;nar.rfiru prirn {fi nrnur n1d1]1s1rti1]ry6l'1 (parish minister) urnv{uruurir:La rir.r 1 fi {rfi u "- ,'," , j. fl11 {ratepayers) tA0 n n.l tlll tllVlllru.tlUrlrl rLLnA vfiUn1Y{ uo''ngruaowrr nraua;r mrunaru do:r al-adclavri'ou'lri'uiu.i r nuqu rn6so.i'{ uurm.:ntrira ru6omrrnnurrtLorirlurirrn ufiqvfi nr:uilan6ua.:ru

,r.:na1't0nua''rfln?{rY.to L1fl1ru1t63J tun1flr'tFr! Lln!!'].:yto.:vt rlu turlnqn6''run?flJ r1{rufio6.irfluLrm!-fi0.:1:,lr!fiffL{u:.:.:rurrnrnfiugrurir.: 1 u6ordonorauarrio - i- - i. flryurfr rfr nc r nnrr: mr:rgfinm noir6'uoqjuon wflanrrrnurentol{'[iuallrulu nl?ltn lfl cofq [nuaL']t (ceorge Lansbury) findrnritLrfild'fu r6onrflu{4un avnrnr lunm6aoinorlnou (East Londonr dlrflua ruord'u1orfi1i'lr:rr ru ldrd"

fi r avnrnreninrrnrcqrdsrf runr r,rrrfnrrnSul'raorit.rlr lu r-*. ^.rt. m'r u ??r'r fl 6 n 1r a11rL duo rjd.:riru orj n o ur,rfi.r.j r

My first visit to the was a memorable one. Going down the narrow lane, ringing the bell, waiting while an official which

with a not too pleasant jace looked through a grating to see who was there, and hearing his unpleasant voice - of course, he did not know me - made it easy for me to understand why the poor dreaded and hated these places, and made me in a Jlash realize how all these prisoner bastille sort of surroundings were organized for the purpose e'ttinfdnrlffilnni Nulin!)1{ Aallnt flfi cna paeas) oiufr o ba

oI making self-respecting, decenl people endure any suffering rather

than enter.

It was not necessary to write up the words'abandon hope all ye who enter here.'Officials, receiving ward, hard forms, whitewashed

walls, keys dangling at the waist of lhose who spok6 to you. huge

books for name, history, etc., searching, and then being stripped and

bathed in a communal tub, and the rinal crowning indignity of being dressed in clothes which had been worn by lots of other people, hideous to look at, ill-filting and coarse - eveMhing possible was done to inflict mental and moral obligation.

The place was clean: brass knobs and floors were polished, bul

of goodwill, kindliness, there was none.*

.-..I(D l..r l .Z

a

lJt?fJ1n1flffi lUlJ'},.lfr0mi1zu tLl.l ltrunnlunnuul auu luu lwww2.rgu ac.uk) ' George Lansbury. My Life. cted ln Pau Thompson The Edwardians. 1975:3 bb rnia luiatuz vYrtua fioia nruslnsu alaaedoinnerm*fi oot - .J nuntdn6n'l€tt ho i -,.i - -f, n?no'r'nnrtaBfr o"., rfl u:irlfr rulnrrrL6oraSfisrnrrrn:ugfi crfl o.rr{urr luri'rnqu uur6niniunrr'lfinnuiorfi 6nr:lunr:o'r[fiufi snatlvrrml*qiq uav ," - . , ; , -' - a ." rJoioa'[rinaln rn:ugfinrir rfiu}Jlorigr{r{r rfirorioafr 4 o igfi.rrint hirJet tllu rudo.:oondrAnrnrlr rrr;nrraoa{rXtiruru6orYundrnrrirlfi:Jerlrruuqor ) fi ntjrufiqvrlr;norortvr vin ur ujufilu u.l'v fl{ ?ir1#d{ n }.r ri'l n q u rio urix c: udr \. a ;d rlqrioauflrnquuSonufirfiarFalrrrrr':r56n rwi6e uir (rirr:.1n t n?a rin Emear* ,*rdn6ru'',n*o,r,rvr,iouquorirtrri:irA'r1'iloqjrlu fin{r{rJr;nornmfiigrur fiornredrfru:rnruirlo.rnor Brnsuludrrrr uriu rlar[ !M (chartes Booth) (1891-1903) {rroi.r fife and Labour of the People in London llav Ihe Aged Poor in and Wates (1894) dr{1in?fl1n?:qntcrd {Webos) 6.rfirnlruranladu tdu Cooperative Movement in Great Bntain (1891) The Break-Up of the Poor Law

(1909) rfludu rro; ifufu rrcfn? (Seebonm Rowntree) {uoi'r Poverly, a Study ol Town Lile t1901) 1..11rrJntolLncnBlh.lLlrrnrlvn.l[6]fl1nu',t1]]FrUq,lU'tU',rn"-"''. nCl3J rfluo{16'rduur,i.rnrrs-{6r uavalrugrnquiurfi ertdqrnr.raru:lq{u lri'ltirvrr; qrJidulool nna rnrahJ"'*"- d'lriu rinft nriorn{r n'fuiuu (Fabians) 6.r riun{rrin i- a. d{n uuNarArU Luo.rnrlBvr{oufltlnrL!Ervrfl! r'2]rd [!u6[.J'r{n0qn']us.rLrfinto': tl, . 4,d it uir auafrqnrefr 16 fl,r{a.: !6fl6 rvtatfto.lna uiordrulur! toatonrvnrr arnmr4rJhnriu hrrmrJriootXotllufi oron.ru igerlfi {rnraraa:Jarlatftor(fr , 4 -)- - douuer,rTo6fr doslanlndes" d.:osrd'{nqrs'lu:lorfl a?arianrmufr ocr 6rrilnvfi.s ririBHnrrfi.!oruro.: v?o uul6o:Jcrentuiarfiriuuriun:rd'rgto'rfifirJannoLiuu (Victorian)

crnnr 9Ja lrr t t t a.i'r ufl 1?d1re q Ltnvnrerfirioqa in'acri'rdi ornunulu ,.j . -. i J Ll^',tflFrtdnfi&te?tBlt o6d - 0tuFr?6nFlm'ttfl9yr reo mYslnnlrmvrauJo.i5'lfl4nnu lddvrs-oonrdsrrdonor*rnrrinnn"arrirynrrnSurrurJfrg:Jr.:urnr16onfr'r".^ n.n. o<6@. r?rnr63iBr] (Liberal Pady) frrint6'6r6

1 966 : 85) nrur.rlr]nhrir!fi rfl u n{,lulo.:r,{rrnLdif,arun:fl oriunSurraarir j r?nfr U1{4n11fl uiga{aFnmaold.rnqB"lrnorrios.r'r 6o nevertrirlr!6'jrfrot: rdatir6n{4rorq n.n. ocrod (old Age Pensions Acr of t9o8) 6rrflunmfift}X - ,.ia *:,, riua n uri{fr fi orq .v" i6u1:J1 n nuloa {riulrioioroonrtunrvuln I !1riou (non- . -1, .: coltriburorv)' kmsluluNuvr- [ofLlctoo",- nu "tU0rlu?1fl ".)tr'l,rv]nnu lFrrljotJ . ;- lurru:fiiSuraoonnSuururJXqr.Jdlnrfi 16 o rl r:tat ri1# urin r r r\"'r r{ Aa rr J ., aa.rfl6ux.rrurrniu firl rvq cr ri'r rfludn r rc a r fr fi'n uo fis o.r nr rfi.r fir ig n rr . ,; {dor nnurrg6rm:rv nuarnquld'ul6au}ldrrudr". "," 6unrnn rn-o'irnrrroo.rm:rvli ,"- ) - ^ ^)av.- ^. t1lUdvl6ylyl.: Ln?! LLrl&l':llnLnlflAr6rl6rl'l??lrYl ocC fl ln !lr.t.:1UruUl1nlvtu^tl 6.liArlyr{nusuoritl'[llrirflunrar.lryriumrd.:nNd'u rnyola (sociat stigma) 'lfiuri r,J i flxnnu d'{{u6.:6nudnLdBtfrsyqoFr,rllrriesuufio-"-1- tasrorrsuior{r(a3ariamraau ;-/! fr u" rrn:liutliud i t:IundclnfitlrFr rfiot.rrfio0a (Friendly Socretres) 0i1.1 'l ), fidcflnrli nflrrorn.ilr-r rqL xu qfiArqE iun?r r.6ordsiin untclnul:r!'ru avriurordvnrvr ur{.r1u (trade un ons) fi orud.:finoqj tioernnrrriutjotrru

Q?1unrr6urlo rflr:?,rnljrurun tu Francs Herbe( Sread, How Old Age Pensions Began Ta Be (1909) : 303-310 un;qrrra:r6anrfrarfiinrroonn5vrralu-)- Paul Johnson 1995 : 82-86 tz n0vxlun-3 flnrdnlu^" n.fi. o6,r'd fiolnrtoon Widows, Orphans and Old Age Contrlbutory Pensions Act 6.:rvirri'u,irriuudriu r:rrsuf;'oiiroriua!nrL riou4 rrvldiu riuriorndrru clnn''ttYr1.!'tu bd ,t'tnin lxiwuz

:lnnao':rio.:iu{'artnr'!nrflr1.l1u'lfifl1Nfi0'naT nre'jrl.:ruq.: pi.:niu1u n.fi. o<

1966 : 18)

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(William Beveridge) firifln6lurrt.rrur6 flt Social lnsurance and Allied Seyices {1942) Ll'rLflwinMflrjnldnfunt{ti1llxun1, London School of Economics (LSE t- n.fl. o6do6c-a6{6n6J) i{mgN9.ra{rut6o \ lJnemployment 1u 4.6. oocoot 1u

rxofi ad[ri.ieil1fi riu{tiruoanraorrinlr{ov'r.rlunurrrn [.rL?03n{6urr{1 8 .rru:lryfi'ud.rnurolrfl oariualiuuurfr orx:l*nr:rr rdrolueralrufrru n:rn - - .i- - "-:,", lt?.1.:''lUn0 !O1r'r fl.1'lULLl ['lOrnnl,tLllUl] LfllJ'ltiYitrF tun''] tra0 n n':v11 l'! a.Fl. acdc'& )-3 -1) 6l{n6lviufr fr nrnrruluql:rJqfr lrrrr'orfl udruvflr'[ur, unmrru:.rriurrds.irfi o ,- - " id:i nl rln 0 n n i1o.lll trn ttr.l.:1u t1J AA qctde vll]t0e1 'Let Us Face the Future'

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(Lowe 1999 : 358)* , . -4 * :', rrs.lrurr no?odrvq.jrfr l nlr;n.rrirad'nfr s;rsio nel dails'hd{^ A & rl*nrr 6'uldud nmrrfrBqniru (ldleness) ail finttanu (Want) trnri'u1{r61l (Disease) nrlNdogntaf,nvt {lgnorance) uova,trtJdn tn (Squalor) IngAlnur]lu

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,jr vr nrirzl'r r5q viaufio{'[ur]evrrofisvrirarinodrrfinmr4t iolnuoto'ltltoo?od dr"lfinrrn ttarrruoonnturl'rtr nn oriln'o v,irv?lxrioJaUG tvfiud'.: nu rrvi.r"lrd (Natona nsurance Act of 1946) A?vt',lt].Jru d!-n1r61n1flLtu'in1Fl (National

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Act of r94B) #rur or i3r14'rir l{'r1u{ufi a' i, n3'atrr ao Tlll] \rfrar 20 lrnfl^A$J Fl.n. oor." 6.S tYtr$UfO'[ arr r a n"HR n6 r..lrvter x{Io fl toa'rvfirun 1, tXl3nmfiru4tnrrlL1.i.rn1fr lNational Health J*4 i ,,, , 5 Se.vrce - NPSI vlFltoL AqsJl,lreu [ 110q t{AXts $roRy lugruv"[n 6rrilut]snrfi uonffi :.levnra'jr tnls DtY tr& ei.,roc. !o r* r .l .t. .t r1l 1.tn 1f 6 t'l.r 1 lf vl r 614 m 50'l1lu11ru"-"i i90.: -d i. .i .16 , &., r o* r!{t lr.tt Gdc fa .&-,6c & ra. I..l ,4-r. a rnfi -.r.r +Y{natc r.!E rdra ri Ln i.d.a iL bt 0u^.$ t?n n^ fl oulru'lvl'l{l1rrI'ltl ilb ra ., a. .ld? qr,dl!*ql.F'&rlc$ u^n 1 flo{rq6'r60n1t8Jt a m!{Fri..l ttl.Jsv !dn'd,!*r,gislrd. rflurrarfr arnarrn u4a udr ornqufitr-s ll*r$rttlrae! ri,tt!+ i.-l*tu!'&yn 9dL{diry{ fro{"ldult!reonoor.Joqi (Arnsteln 1992 : r&-!!db,kr&e'dB 348-349) '[u F].P1. occ6b frlrilfinrrfludnu i6i{.laeb'!rt'.4,.* ..i Y d,&{.rrb&1i,d 1u3J! itr.t t i0fquamL r90?flaarlrLtuu"* il&kli'&!l{r&dr.rd 6nld*dillr$tl'e*d,!( narg ul u ridt]1fl 6r un rir c o d r.: tfrautiu Itol.E IND xoi[ PioDUcTloN "-a^ 1a'lLr,1:.r 6.t o rt N.flta.t1, A I La fl{'l1t ln iLt aha tr! raiafiai r."k 3". . ,J1Fiq1?L61Lre [uqeulilX F].4. 616rd c{- oGdd< 6{,1'lv{o1n1fi filuairfl rnutnvfl-.l Ftl ro'eflL]vrlL luq4 tL [NLA"n{n0Fr']^L rd uu r u#r rio qr a a 6 orr 1.: fl 1? tn tgor , tra vn 1, rl4dnd rvr,l'jr.l 4.6. ocfdcJ-o6dd6 iJ a -.2 sr 60 rs FrnlrljufleucLod aq u^Ft''16 Lrl i3 u n ua a dd tJ x n m iurh drg ua vhi'Ifiurirl avt r tu nr:i:.L rvmruorure 1u *ifrataaidtnryt r,t,irurlu r.lr n{"[ad'raurrl': rfiarSln n lPaul Jahnson 1995 : 485) xlraqdnaffifin{ Nufintnd Aall'tnt ilfi ma pca>) aiufr a s/6r riLorur:fisvulrnfrflid.:ro.ruqru u6n 1 fr0.:lSlanrunrorruvrueJotti xredtnqu nn}irrimhirShnrhrrndu raaorrw'riru6'orrir6cirnra:Judruodt.:tiou o .:. . 6rfurrisdu lnufu f,fr'u,irrotlSlnnd 1 fiordroonuon:..lrvrvrfitluun fl lrlrlnraau A d - frrfiqurra.rfiu qufr{rl'Lr rvt(1sofsfr" "A s (George Vl n.6. o6l6nb-o6i&tq) rri m?R - <"i qroiai frr rua e n ia:JuflSrlo.r nr rsrr a rin aurir oi'olvr;n tqrl ollrv?1xe{ d luna r{fr

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' orr 11:'F urirl^ uri'.: n qw fr'r e'[i'a r nfludourn6orq:Jbn$Innodr.ldur4rlu n.6. od&d ua lsanno.! l"itlllnn! I 6& !i sld mnia duiatuy rioqr n uo n oia'"[u a.A. o6c&o 6ru{e u fl fi1ri16'r:la'fluuila rulflLrfl{Fr&i.r "'] isiaryfrsBo'i ean uawrunreryrfiu.irtririoncrr rdsurs'[riurinrenn'.:go.: ryuna ttn v ii g-s n.: y ri'n n r rn r rh.ia i'a F n r a uri ayt rt us o.i u aan uar r r u q y t' uri n t e nl6suurlatrirrluulfl:lfllh;fluasnr rgiu nrrFnrirmarrflar16nfiotLoionra d "J tfl Eru tLld 1tt 110n Ltfl vru J rNoLl'r6yrf11?319",, o6c6lJo r1.{nn1enilnnfi tonayylrionrtnd'*lold'lnnu otix:.lrn tfroinqnnranirjreiulnn r" af{'[u n.e. oGccJcn-o6core- ttny o.6. i" o6csJ6c-qcc6o slnnr?fr0{rin1?$.ir arrvrn{riraonriT.t-uySotor:..1n (Organrzation of Petroleum Expofting Countries - OPEC) fLrlFrlfrl.eltravlrr su4{n,jlfln1iA ,J - - - , id n{ c. tTtFtl $]0[At:9anq10 31ltt Ll] F1,.10r LFr0.i r.at Lnofl'tlvr.t1]w'.lo rfflnnual u dl.i 'stagftarion' 6nr{rfi:lryurnra,lrrmu4l6cr oufifir?anvrnoeru oceerro,jrrflu riorro.t'stormy seventies'FrQ'rl.Jnnrirvrr.:uarugfrorir"hXrleyrvrodu 1 fitd'tltlot dtnqu'irrfluaurJnrrwitqla:J lttre sick man of Europe (Tharcher 1993:7)] nolr.rAo -i ,! fr qyr dsuu ar46nt'triai'adnraurinu'[urrfr6rr?rurflurmyrarpinu rfl rrynrafr fls fi ur nanra"hi'n rear uraryfrn rfior dr'[#lrauiorualsnunnorjlu 'fiin-nurvi.rncrl su (poverty trap)' hi6'o.onrarirtrutvrarvnrefiara'lfrq;drhiarn4ruaru:i616furiu ,ia rirflsrniE urinrqyfr yia 6o.:kjyri.rrurflu.l'ru.ruslnriutialria ardfl'[firuriis

nourul lrnlrrpr rrr n gofqydurfluurernfe uurrilu argrficars{u lonlafn Ar (Edward Heath) {rjrnaenror-4inuf,u:r nunoud'.r rfluurfl nflgrumS avu'jr.s n.fi . o6d6{o-@cdarc-'16'najr,r'ir 6.rnqun.rnt'harrrenr}ioa1firairiolArr f,-- udn r nroafi rfi ti3 r: mr nn r rGrydr ulorlfiriu na 6o.:qy6'o.wi.{ru d'{riu itner rir rfr uularraSrlelfinuvir.gru rfl orllfi uoyrU'!ufi firoufirnrrra:ugnoocir.r r1rfr ur3ti16'fi rvrtrvnreoirrfrumurournrontu'lrihisrnnra aynornralo.tnrn i -i ?E t1,]a a uur{ tll't n a 1n n{u

... it was in freedom, not in rcliance upon the State, that Britain achieved greatness. lt was the acceptance of personal responsibility, not dependence upon the central government. that made this small island so dominant in the world. (Arnstein 1992 : 405-406) x:rial?{n1fifl'tdn{ Nu'tAllr.t1d Aallmr flfr caa (aeas) a'fufr 6, stld .9,. Nourormof{urirrsoiruuricinuririgrra'[u"i n.fl . ooror^, riu o''.rnqurira''r fiflruur#trrgsfisrll rirodxr.nin. L rlrna'[nn1mJAn6'rafiiuio rfisrii'rr]evllrn

. ,ej , , , s rrlrout er luooralun:erruamnrurir flru llavnrrrioair{ oirururiirrrrun.r o , :3,./', 6lUnU Lrnvrv\}.JlrU[rOfl '1 CUn{ * drUnU'[Unfe nr:rSuraro.r roo uanqrn rrmn nofevll-ur*n ro{'[uurisa'oo''or6']r..lr;r-m'jr rfio trirqvraor?19 o Gdsrlo d.:nqt* --.i i nn.u.iluFrulhfl,L1r 1g[fl] t!ri61 tr.33J1ru.ia0m{-. is Brtaln Dyr'lo7 vlFl'rnFrq^ffl [orr{a rrrr:lfia (tsaac Kramnick) tflrr..ltrrulinrafrrdoonlrv6'ln'rtfrtttlulartnltlu Fr.a. x- a erci6Jo UOnqln1rr{l11Ofl LtAl" 1}.l1nn!fr4'l6Un1}'tlt?'1.11UnrlOUrU$e{:.llAA0f) ki.iria:.lra :eprouin:gfreuu3ov'lerpr[rr.:.:ru roorifrr 6vrro.rfrfr rf,l.lfiolaroon"lu i .4 --.1 , a.-) . -Y- a4n tlr11[for]]nx't L14ut5utftfl'tnLflvllx''rYlnFrua{esnfliFlutoioafl o.i1.Ju?5!1n loi Lnoqrrfiut[6 vd{ 163s.Jr]r1 riufls rsnlo.1i.r FraA nrthi'toifs rvird'L tflunra rfrrblurvrrnur.:vioneoririfi 6iorrorr.levtrtu ulunrrfl nfiulonrafr qvrirrru urn:lrvtrrufilonr6tt60{ni1r.]f, 1a.r'mn fi qvdrhXf,t16'r.Jni.rfi mrrndu svnnof lrirfirrd'rtrir-ua'rlrenevsran'r"r-si.x,i'.rn,Jo"hi'evtrtu,vrrrn'gr.riuuSonr:16 ulsrrrrfirnrfiviiodunrfirfiolr"[dq'rudrunra'hia4'aFma tnodr'] 6 to{ d! ar #r.l 6roodu (Abraham Lncotn) o6n esorurirdavilo urBnr rnrire'jr nra?irli ouaqasuo.lliuurlfivirhiouqumfl6ul (Arnsrein 1992 : 418) uonslnfl rrofi uurnorlrlJourtror,ruanu no:taarunuitvnl61udeirrus.ipiurrdtL{t6onff.a1u--j n.Fl. .i -u,^, E u,? o6i&o drflr?no!f,nufiu nio fiufrlnti'v;nnrufiIonra rvir lfisr'lunra ln lu a 4 ,"-- rruvfrr,rmnurrrufruridrA,:r"f1un,rfio1#4nnu16'nir6rrio'l' riu (Arnstein 1992: , ^: - -ai - 36'1) LltU A't r110f0 n1??nB1$lU1:t1A Fte [1\A10 [.iU6.i Ln?',',t vvU']rJ nfl{1U LlvrF[105 f,, da,:11fi uynoLsu tu.:'tuoan1 ?r1mnouuule1

Welfare benefits, distributed with little or no consideratlon oJ their effects on behaviour, encouraged ilegitimacy, facilltated the

breakdown of famiiles. and replaced incentives favoring work and self-

rellance with perverse encouragement for idleness and cheating. The

- "lu o Ldr Lfr r Lirrrfir nnrunrrnirro.:o-lnnvluyraer?:g 6 dcJo Bedartda 1 994 298-342 sJb i1n?n '1 1@1uv

Iinal illusion - that state intervention would promote social harmony and solidarity, or, in Tory language, 'one Nation'- collapsed in the 'winter of discontent'when the dead went unburied, critically ill patients

were turned away from hospitals by pickets, and the prevailing social

mood was one of sn€rling envy and motiveless hostility. To cure the Brilish disease with socialism was like trying to cure leukemia with

leeches. (Thatcher 1993 : 8)

r.lrylu na nvir fl1uto nc''r tu{r{ fiuun o.r nctrh r,rl uoir a o tir.: d lfifrq:r,[rh] ruvran unri 66i n:ror r:trru rno4rr itLr uJroodr.rqn"u.jrnrrinurlrn (n1rrl urnli-{rfi uut dru uuefl r{{':arriu, orrdnrro urooruoio.:nreair.:ncrunlu rear}Xurirnnudranranrrqru:ruldlo.rnurruldnucu uluoiuriu fr ruiouri'r nraror dlqnrdonllfnrrlrndr6ria $rnnof6ifl srurrlao,nreil.:u:..layrrru tr a. druniadnrrd'lnrufr- r mrLn-rdrunrrinut unynrtmuzrfi oeydrr.rr:nnonrffi .r roorfiu,jrqvrflunrrrir.:ue.:1.:lntiurirrrnl{!rynounlrFi'x nrrfiulurralrj .t.- 1 rfr rrlsoisyrou.rll:l::ureurirunr*aonrrvrhtirooqnlnrln' odrlnju nrroorlu d < '- "." ., ) ,- .j d,tfi o n ''trLyi o n'r tFlnlJluuyl'r LlrrJlr''tcYtfr l nuoond'y'{o ?nytL60" ra 1r?uulJ11l! tfi 6yq: {.e ' - - - - IJO:J L ry E-X 1E rJllJ rU,l n fl 9rnr] FIn O lu ' nrturir}xr,lrrrtru5finlu rl rvrn un;n r; {uQ orr{rfi nlorrn ur'o.:riu uyrmnofnonr:hia,j'afrnrrrr':otirr ln u n r t1fifl o n o:i rr,: r rl.ir ufl ulun r:1o nq r , a i ... t - .curudot.:d'r'Lfin"rcruuiunrT6dnrrEir.: 1 rdr':roiu unyaf:i6l{u'lfi rynTn! uae*yrud'nr..lasflu'ludionfludculnnaqrnuyrir6utr]d'rs uyrrr noflrilouficnr: d d -- -t, vlsllufl0.lf{ H, t0ntUrl l [l]un'l?Ln:dlJlld1-{U l1rflUn.:''lUnOUL n-l!tAvlYlvl,,].:'lUOtJ nlfl 1u n. Fl. o6c6cJ ns ni ?dh A'ry 1 fi i5rrn rm m nofloulfi ranruirbl nh riunrr 16'uri readr rfiudrnqu fifiturofnud :i36tfr'rt 13frtrurnnor qnalunr?rl n6nenq1fi,rf rfi u6'u uonsrnd lunrauri'rlrpurmrugfi qroliryryra utn nof d .j N, .i tunrlu1lsv U.ltlOrJ "tOU0OUgl'ltllJ0 t U n r0.l1lO.:d1rr111rlr.: i''1Urs'l6'lu n q n1.: I vl Jqrp ao.inl," ""*ilurllun']t[t.: [[ntBJo [u Lrln1].l1ot?gnro{ nuouqn.:1u ,r.: lu @ 6. o6ccJo oltd.f/dn*?fr''tfrtti Nl)'tan 1{tiaalhnr d at @tar) aiufr o slcl rrinuulrJn*nitiuqrr.rluriavkiiiatlannifl Jiruri c.'r iu nurruu?fvrfi fi t ylofn rororof uqofiu orfinti uovlufiu n.n. oci6{h Ru.llurxiolrirufiuur.i.r ^, trfiuqo'rrunudo.:lnirunryuab,lfl rlucrn{rr ua:fior:lannu.:ruoonn.ir o.a .J a lunu Lutoountnnln:J L to ulnu nu.:1unlrfl 1 tronuurqn.!1u0 n!,4:Lx o aunrn uarmu'fomr.rlrltiarn6nilri niudcs rirt druunr :lni oirrecfi lrindr nrsrirnra,ii'u1n nrafnuqnmuro.rua.nruriujrrirbiavnqn rlrr'rvrvu.jr.iriu ( i1 errn:vvirnr:druranrdti.rt-nqrnulurinanorrzruigni'n6nrr uroinrruqo.lrufi nihiormr.rmulor{:Jrvnornr:hirflutlnT rLritluo {r{loon 6udrao.ro'.r nq:r6.1 , J 4 o.sqnnnnrr rr6o6olfi'.. lur:rnrnre:]tvfrqrsoln nruu:rlrurirr'l f,un1fl ) - ,a ,tt.l.:1un1uru!f YYte.luluvtdftqujil !n{LLmmouu,llJ',]flu-Y Fl Fl. o6d6d 0.:to0u fiurnr., n.n. 6,6i6r utiirdo{florrrfludrfl16nrnr?:lrvfrrr1ufiqnrio551{u^ortnrr ,,"""-", nr1fi 16nnl,UJ t vl.:{U?vYll.!lrnvnl0Ln3c ) . a -" n1?r [vrnrno?n.:uuua o ruulflLralnfl ranr;fi rfi trr dar rir a r.tn'] vr tlr.r { 1u .i4 ) a a- 6rrranrvirfrrri.rnir,: uis'urntnriou 1 lJlnnooFr.rvrronrq?o^. au n.:n!Lnuliru oonrrotjr.:rv6ooo'jr 'Who governs Brirain?- o'ulflunr:d'.lriroru'jrg{rrRryiua{.iru < i- - . uiannrfr r ud''t rmurlrvtrturiuruifr u?u1r ?tLfl 60ii arndnt*niro.l urn tto fi .t Ja .:.,,, rflulnnnfifinruudlmi- r].iliu lrjdourlruira 'l unv!fiorrod'urlrooqf[uniuurl.r l3rarr16rfror ci 11rr[6l acrufrolflurcnr rr flrtr frrirhitrc6'rnqufinml v?{qrraNnuel urfl n?q:Jlt0r?lr.u{:Gllraludnr*ruvfr hir.ro douioil g 1 icrxrt.l navutlriui'ulr,rn oion rrqn Gunriruo.r tdu Mrs. Scrooge (Arnstein tggz : +35) d.l I - d i< d . ,.J1q1n{ o neavcl?ronr qev un ru gr'Lutttrunaeeuo.:trod 6 n tnud (cna,-les Dickens) l.rioaorqnlc:rn'odr.iarnrdur rdflurn roo i6o'jrtflulaunrlfiqnfio.ouSo nr en r;rir'[us r:.r fir u uio.: i nn r vr rfl ausfis rdutiu . :,, ,J ,, atir.:1rfi 6 urinuvirl:lc:rSr1qri'u,irrruiSaia6nrrr:l6t u}hrnluricr ariflfrirvrnno6o'rr.:oirullri.:urunigluor3:-ir.:fi.:rir.lrisn'irLiuntrJfr{6r;rrtao--l ntrnoqinrfi r:.r rarfr 6ur {ease 2ooi . 7 2t uri urifi qir udr rdoulrild[ldcuuilar o:1:rrnrin nurligrrn6fimnd'rnvuuurda.:rsr:lrrtln!dxufi crqnn?yvr! , i- , tr w:Javrrrufi i5irurfi orrirar4untfi nur .tru avriu4lnrn [a:liu r: uB']rl ald rtnin $uto*tut , "" , -l- ) , el.i.:l1-tnn1]t-;2" Nturl']8tr1 (Arnstein 1992 :435) llnlnan- flUn UFl.lLlUllO{Uanl10? , - i- lrarn''rro1Luun1r1r1.rofl 1.urumn.!rnn[Ayqnq:1ld.ilf.] rrri!r.rni{s;1'ldrlo.1 rirri'ryrin uoin,lrrznrfi qvui!unuljrneirrlq:rd uiu nrraqrXrorlfirlrlcu.rru --i nnao'tdrufio.:fruorqadnrr.rqnurylS'l{rdnrinriflL rirlfirnaloiorar.ir'mrti snatcher' (nuflhflu rin1 6gfr16lix1grrnqoriu srrcof (John [,4ajor n.6. o6r6io - o 6dcr,sJ) {A! ooriruuri{riosrnroo ultrrratori5lunrr'[fi4{a6 nrrfiti.: n.r rvfiouGr urnurinrndnuniroln rqo fiir uc n n,i r uvrorn o fei rn s rir i r: rvrn r{rri arnrlrirorfrqufiurlu n.a. o^,

:lrylatririu r,r": urmnofua:n rqoi t*loinurur fiqydrra-n uoiodr.r'[o (Derrici Murphy 2000 : 347) tlay6Ldudali'rjuyrnnof ilrJln urreofro{fiariLauulriuriny lnaaur uuei.r{ornrr r;ri'u4r.rrnrordoo niu r;rJr taupat 6.:60rfluy rfl.:ru )- . ,. I . r0'rtufl qon1?!3inu4InT 1rt^E iuryvr4c n1?10fl ?tl6trlJqJrl lrn'trroFlotun., - -:- -, L "- iir:rfrtiJuTl 1 uTounru6or"drro.: *nynllinur:nqo.:r6a.:nu'[d*lufisaon.:riro.l tpay beot ldruiero{lulxnarrrnr:o.:igfi mrr tr .{ .ji., 4 ,- ,..j fi .:1ru{fln tu[vuQ1" ululJlunonnurolltL ngunlfl r]n1rd.tFtNlo,1rrytnrnot rr,.l -i-. t ln6.ir[:.]an tur.rsuulr.l?: n1o "[q $'rrlvdurqt:a6oonno!i:t uul noso.lmreoro,i fifio'rnrelrinuiufinto:loruro{ficfl tlrmtLnairo,jr 'the State in organizing sociat security should not stiie incentive, opportunity, responsibilty; ln establishing a national minimum, it should leave room and encouragement for voluntary action by each individual to provlde more than the minimum for himself and his family' '1995 (Brown : 7) 'LuafuiSrrnhf, rtra f {Tony Blair n. pl. o 6t6ccJ-leo o sJ) u'lun Ssuunicl n )"- TmrFrrrr.i.r'rulrLfl rruqrutuurngqrnqofu" Ntcofliu tgr6'o{nrrt a'gununrru rflu'vrranfirs' tXrflu'yrrrnnar.:{rfl ' 6.i rvnrfi ncrr.riflureanux.lru'[uri (New Labour) d.lr,lurflFrcrll,jr rflun:rnfikj16'rdoirrlotririo{tt*rr.:rurflufi rarg #.rd .1 4 a "- rfrod{nyttuurfr B{erntui'unorl ncrrfiornrrnrnrnd'nuninrrrfl uahut're y6o ')lilltdn*tnlsn{ u1a14u')d AalJ-tnr flfi a* @aas1 a:fLtfr a 616C

e.lrsd.in!fifl!fi n uo'.r n q r*ir un uhirio B 1r.:1o ?s Lle { d1liy{ s, n [r.i.i 1!oi'u n? n ,i ; ,,," PlDrlfrByl leo tr.l lAml{s1nfl ?ra0urn1Jufl tJ rr!arq{tilulfuLr]uxn!ulfrnrj,]unl nuriou 1 fi riu6ornoufirf, arordcuq n nn uravfia.:nrenrv{u}Xnurirlru d'rriu 6r{orirtarrnre'wetfare to *ork' rdortirsuxylc'[fifllturQquunvr]ufi nn{1u ururu'[uunasnranirorreanlunrarrurrr{16on#l n.fl . raoo& tu]ann6i19'j'r ... lndividuals should be expected to take more responsibility for their own welfare and to take an active part in their local community.

ln terms of the former, New Labour lays great stress on the need to match righls wilh responsibilities. Citizens are to be encouraged to

adopt a more 'reciprocal' mindset in which state support ,is seen /ess

as an unconditional right, but more like a 'gift' exchange. ...Our vision is clear: a country more equal in its opportunlties,

more secure in its communities, more confident in the luture. /t is our social contract: we help you, you help yourself; you benefit and the '109-110) country benefits. (Page 2007 :

uonqrnqlnrirduu}inuvir.:rr" urnftirndrarlutitrro-.rnq#o rlriu ,-) q1 n!flJr r0 nnutnunu[n 0q, Loao!1.itln1 n1??on1??n]9',]11fl 1x'1ff t[! rs!'l0cv - z. nurarrnn'lu!5o.:flrirsudr" d'.rlunrriqrii *.r4r6oqn r6un vlri}im rfi u . 6'rtu ynr i. run efrIa n rird'.:q rrir{ nr adud'r n:r {qrorq tflorerndnarnr rifi ofiosnltru;fr orqrielaruo6aaolvrarfi aldnsmiu ig6rfiornrrlinuoqjlu{svihmuurun'jr 6r i- t or5av lo [].Ja0.:tllrlry un lun1fq18 tgufl1Ntntgfl[uttqun f5L']afl,er]ur.i.lau 6tcrrlna.rnra'[finrai:.rriu:jrurrxernulerrrsr.lrvd'uffinrto.ri5dooonhl lnl nro'irq;ioorurnrifltuqln ba fliflu uu ilt-ldr.: a.fl. roorec-bobb LlaiLflu u- i riou ,.^. ao-" 1u a.6. uooo n:rnorlfntfitrnd'uuduru?llre :zrrn6nni.r lnu .". rrufron''rnr:n rn3:lrvtr6rJlnu{crd'ri5lr'rnaldlr tnan a1! ?ou (David cameron) u1fl niJl.rurlild'flo-n n'unraoonnrvartrirg eg fiiligilr;uufl{6 4 n1? (wetfare do ,nnin tluintut

Reform Act) orirllyridoiufi * fiurnr uooto uasritnro"Lfifi.:dl}.r n.fi. t"oo6n d.! fr'o.rnrrn:v6'utinurir':rulnunr:'Lfi& 6r.lr:Ifl t{!r.:odr r r,nv.irrjprnrr'[ririu 6.:mtr:rifl rrnn{ru4l4nrfluicar rr" rdourviriu 6nfrirdurou?0fi otoufivri ." .) rlrglutildrlrfii{ftJfrrnnnrailn.rruviohLdufin{nqt- nslutrLfiu.lvrointt 'r'lruri'r nrHeourrcuon.il{,ir evr:ri5o,i'n6nmnxrrfl urdul, rmaorlinufiuri ,i . -.j, L[Ulvr1{qrr nfluL[ a,:0ytflJ1.: rYi ?'r; Ll.r 0] to o.rvlLlr.nfl tur'1u'r1r0{ron61? i -) 'Responsibilty Agenda' 10.:Yi??401{rnUUgtJ $.lOQUvl 6 Uflrlnrl A.A. looo6 nauru{e1 The World in the 21'r century oflers amazing opportunities for individuals to exercise ireedom and to improve life for themselves,

their families and their communities... It is not acceptable that nearly five million of our fellow citizens are languishing on out of work benefits. Mass welfare dependency is a waste of the country's human resources and a huge drain on the taxpayer - benefits cost the country over 100 billion a year, by far the biggest item in public spending...... We need a through overhaul of the way that benefits are administered. Our plans for welfare reform will help those who

want 10 work into sustained employment, and cut benefits for those

who ref use to work. (www.conservatives.com/-/med a/f iles.../we[are policy paper. ashx?dl=true : 1-2) qrn pir unntro.r nr w eoun-rjrnrvir}i{audoun ofirfios rirtor urn nodldrir.: .Z rrar vfi rflo a.r rr.r1 'lufiau'r.ifiaqfiq ors rfldfi,irvrn rain nrsrourirxoriur,ni,r tluru 1 *nvrirnr ulutlrflfi:lrynraotjr.:q3.:{'q rrrorqeyldi!ncr rn6un{'.: lrlj.l t60 n $-lu Ln Lrnll{1.Jn0{n1u{0':f,nlrlArtf{ncr non0u10.:0.: nn]Jdtg uYrnti,o, -J Y J, O1fl n1? iiU'llululrt{OlqL ULro.lcl LllUrlo.lll l'lnC{ Ll Al lvlluu tlJOtl'l{Llal flln .,rdlr{n!,r1ldn{ tll|lantnd?)Aathnt f)i nt @taa) aiui o do

)'.- --^t" -)^ dnlunlr Ax'r}J0dn1o,tAulr tot!u1o1cs; u.rnfi.JoununL utn ouvrcr.: ,31rll?s J; 64'6dni?fr rirll.in{u$onri6ilri1,irfl". - unlrhitori3rrnMrn-rlurrnrqio rrfl trz {1urn1?na-.:1o.: ?rrrflrir.!xd{6.tnr1r.rri.:r.roudurn ltririunoruluritolrzlu A "."" fr naoraqrqnnuvr:rti{nufi lvroln 1uarwfr :1e1iu{nudruruhirjaafi oui.iflir :leyfi vrGnrn:rsrnrr'lrfu?nrmtnrnrM.:trfr a0.rfS- uoyrroltfr") cr6anrrrun'n- ?tflu fi'tu Ftuto.il.Jl nnl1

fl1AUvr

n 1tE r q:rlil io.r o''[s rYu n r aq r nl ro.r uvrn Lno fri nsl ndl rl.r ErJxnr rrir n'rp no nlv{rrn?6nn1, tuallr.Jnnlo.lrla e:trtutt9lnrir{fi'!?t!!fi i'fi anlrinln , ,i ir{nvirfr--.) rur.l:lr.ln-su}Joruflq{uurndorluurinttcnr triu gruvnrandlto.l rlrvr a ririsulJo{d{n fi n1l&1olvt?rnlunleda{aa{:lrsrvra :lc(fl fifi an:zvru fi'{qrnRrfl1u[ovnrulon rvr fl luafsrtmnrtof uons']nfirurfi clo{ rvrvrfi i ,, q;mnoirn,jrtjo,:riou n.6. o6,cro ur{r n{r armaqlrrJfi:rr6'odurflun{r:Jrzrvrnr rJrnrarqlerJ (European Community - Ec) iulu!1 n'ulunvrrlvrrluou inre onsrrol avtrnrslnrrrlulre5ncfi rirn'jr{raeugfi nfi qrn'jr ftrrno'rnqu6.: i- t - J oio.rrirrn r.rr:levrrruvr- rfr riuurnfi tmoirl :zru6tdrlLrdrfinorduurnru lflornrnr'nr rvq unn.J n rdodtlttro1nr1in {ry!1no''.rn qr*fiouon rduroi'.r l,nnu n{oqnautto1 unlnlfl 'trslulut.Ju0fl Llr1Jnr{nu1't ufl '']llunYlourlrnla.i ,; a1c1 'rs6e6on1t' ",trttJu.iLLavtt1.lr aflulfrrrofl""; 'l 101tr1nn [Nr]'rfrnl n1?tuomrr lu i4 ! .j . - " - u81Nvll.rtoutfl 0]cv.tr1u Llr r11 tq l11 r1r1' u0nslnu nau r 4fl o{:lnn nrnrll Ltfl r .- ) , iro.:rlvrFrLloto.:Tnn''r?!''r luFr,r'rNunFroflo.inlx0.inqB s.io1se6n11t5616an1? - .,i ,, J" firr-euyrplmoir 6flul rrnn4rfrIaarairrrer:yluldr:l6rutrl"ift 1 (Page 2007 : 89) L?!r,rlo{ nlr{aisnia 6 n r erlq q riuriyi rld r:l duul:le r na}iEr n rro3o,i6.: --J-. L6uo Lnr.in'lroo n!rur rrr nLru$io{nid'.lri'rQoonqrnnlrv6.:A?'rtJ (warfare)

- rfiflcri'uficr dhln.rfitorrir.ir 'i5aiadnT' qncl:uiuldnrn Friedrich von Hayek 2oo7 : 94 -95; Helen Fawcett 1999: 5; John Brown 1995: 12-23; Bodney Lowe 1999:9-16. dla mn?n tuiwuy

.1 ,,, ,i , -i Lfl 0 l!4nlrr]6.loNdedonlfl (welfare) $e]$]ot1l141r{Lla1fl",, AFlemByl Ero T!14 ..*"j u-arq1nlrr:Frournuuflrllrrol,rr:FrLtr.t.lru qir.l n'rtiurio I fi'ur rnrrrtl un r nrvr na ulorrirlruu3ofi .i'ru?i'r (workf are) rvmr v 16o,ir'r ru' M rriufr sv uflhfl rurr rJrnfrorunvnraoqjdfi 4rlor:Jrvtrtulfi uonsrnfl frinuo''rnqr*afrruno?ndriu ffirmnoirtqrnd'.rorl"luavevrio r *Lrtoa rqflrvflsqfu rsiu asigrlunrafir.lrsunir i3 1rt0tllfltlEl tnfl l411.l Elf O!l tlltl toUe (lone parent) 1rr0t1'!8{4lfl.l NqlUCllUOfl}.J1n i- , ririernflqs:iufiarr.rrvir inru fr iq d'ar iLnraveir"H.ire rfio n r arfrrtsn#o rirerivr lt0,i[fl1lnu

fl'lrnn1't11[.J1tn1[t0t t[r Fl tnotv'l a lflvroll'l l1r?t].lt-lr{6't6nn1r10.i :lrvrvadouuoa':rlu firxnvl-riqnfro.r rvrr;igaia6nrafin.:ovoqjriol:Jnrrrlrrfi tlrv.n'lruu.r[vu1^ [1]un 6urorLura nl^rihirleylrrrir,imu.rar naornfr a".:frlfr ruiuridc.i r n r:,1-'o a,j'a 6 n rrro.rfs6rs.J'r:na'rtiounnirtr.ll6'uru#r un vrxnrr'[d' "[r.n]a ngururr d.r mer vlinusu sr n6fr Ayl!,j i rs n3a oionn atufr u o fiu rytrru 6rioany .:trfifi is{nlfiunyrrurrr:' ^,,'[dr]eylatrisrn.iruLSnradru6rnrnu , --l- , i , !?n1?61r^r'{,[1r.rt1nnt!unn[r: vl,t]uEli l.i: n.{:'ru lurUfl 6 nt0.fi.lrt.mF (O' Driscoll 1995 ; 171; Johnson 1995 ; 478) fi{ndrtjr lotrJnfr (frtfifuilavlunrifi sy'lrioons.]r6ur1]tulr6o.in'rr6ri1r6u1l (Butter'[u G]adstone 1995 : 247) Fj1{san ,,-i , . .)- grylLarilrrlrsnu- nsyu6n.{FlqnoLqu d'r#u 6ttrirlrlanfr nrfl dntEnisotu nrqof '1", frlria r o r ar.r nio u.ir un ukirio e ?Y{ 6o{avl.Lrld{6 fi nr ?ra vn1rfr rnolriaordou{o1#

y 6vr;lri{ rrr.i.r'luq rJ d rrlu nl f,u rrnynnTururdurrdnoi{yfl.rqt-tLflu ernnnran; n':drqrn?urnarr'luuriryri':dofi:lrflLudu16oufl:srflu Eroaen 1rd'{n1rodo-.lnrr}.,1 10.:Lf0 otirstefi 6 urnfr sr:rur"[uur.ifi ,iravuLisa{ahnrlfr n{urrqrnnrafi 6'ornre },inuodrnuriuodrrkifr nnrt.Lru6orriurn rufi ousudrn:rNfr acr.lrfl udc mrBn-u rlsqfu erl]llr: ldnau rrnrn{nq ru6{niriu*frr lconnely 2012 : 216) nrttvd.:Rrtr dr n qur-nmrlri rvir rfr au uravn,:uf 6nlrifurxlullql:Jrvtrturndu 6w'ruario nrui6nr:lurirraflrlqrdaori'uuosrlavr6u16ornnrru6o:er"lufr{orl d'iniul6'srn nra ayfrc{utlLranreaououersdrrLno.rigllaranirlu A.Ft. Lcro@o r{rqrnf,unrl,r o nalrinamtnlt{ tlu'finfnfrEr dlJmt fli q,e @taa) aiud o dsr I t r: il 6\ LI t \137-Tf, ) l o IltffiT At1p l_ux f !l ['l iMlr:1 ('t tw)rzfrNuknnrfrnnourtuittnas{3u'ta7u6,aufiu'tntt n.h baoa [4,^/w.cnn.com)

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!!r.r{Tu finanm Luar ?vn1xlrfi'et ra?"ryf5rirnr.r6lrfin1wrourflu{rirld:J:lnra'j'r ," i. , d'rnqurirri":oqjlunrryfr.irrflr-rdorfiono{L- ty lruflsi''rovr1.i6run{6hn1rtrav ffi nrad'lnroirr 1 nm:rrl r:rr nrtlnqaoqifi u<< r{udrunonarfauig Totr g1u nr o.jrnr A.A. b o 6 d ctnna{lfi ". - tiudtuoooorir o"'lnqur:ldtririol r:6urymr nmr n4iou,rl{ rrrr61 ?{xn1v{qlfllodl{ 16{ riudu tq{ortrn rfi rrfr r.r ) -) 2- rRglnuLro.!1.1 [u 201 1 United Ki4goom antr-austenty protests) dd fl'ta?n lNeBruv

L15tfu1un5

A New Welfare Contract. [Online.] Retrieved 12 January 201 1 from www. conservatives.com.

Arnsteln, Walter L. Britain Yesterday and Today 1830 to the Present. 6'h ed.

Lexington : D.C. Heath & Co., 1992.

Baldock, J. et al. eds. Social Policy. Oxiord : Oxford University Press, 2011.

Bedarida, Franqois. A Social History of England 1851-1990. tr. by A.S. Forster

and Geoffrey Hodgkinson. London : Routledge, 1994.

Bhalotra, Sonia. "GroMh and Welfare Provlsioning : Lessons from the Engiish Poor Laws?" Journal of lnternational Development 13 (200'l) : 1083-1096.

Blaug, l\y'ark. "The N.4yth of the Old Poor Law and the lvlaking of the New." Journal of Economic History 23 (1963) : 151-184. " The Poor Law Report Re-examined." Journal of Economic

History 24 \19641 . 229-245. Booth, Charles. The Aged Poor in England and Wales. London : Macmillan,

i 894.

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