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Universidad Ricardo Palma UNIVERSIDAD RICARDO PALMA ESCUELA DE POSGRADO MAESTRÍA EN ECOLOGÍA Y GESTIÓN AMBIENTAL Para optar el Grado Académico de Maestro en Ecología y Gestión Ambiental Impacto del crecimiento urbano en la alteración y degradación del ecosistema de las lomas de Villa María del Triunfo Autor: Bach. APEDJINOU, Komlavi Asesor: Dr. Arce Rojas, Rodrigo LIMA - PERÚ 2019 Página del Jurado II Dedicatoria A Dios por ser mi fortaleza y creador de nuestra casa común. A mis amadísimos padres que me dieron la vida y me enseñaron luchar para logar la meta propuesta. A mis hermanos y hermanas que siempre han sido mis apoyos en todo momento. A mis amigos y amigas que estuvieron siempre conmigo y me apoyaron en muchas situaciones. III Agradecimiento A mi asesor Dr. Arce Rojas, Rodrigo por su incondicional apoyo, interés, orientación, revisiones y observaciones oportunas durante el trayecto de este camino de investigación. Al profesor Alejandro Vílchez De los Ríos por su cariño, seguimiento, pasión; y por apoyarme a acceder a algunos datos con menos dificultad. A mis profesores de postgrado que me enseñaron y me bridaron las herramientas necesarias para abrir más mis conocimientos y mi pasión por los ecosistemas naturales. A mis compañeros y compañeras de la Escuela de Posgrado con los cuales se ha vivido e intercambiado costumbres y conocimientos. A la Asociación circuito Ecoturístico Lomas del Paraíso, cuyos integrantes me apoyaron en la recolección de información y en las visitas; a los pobladores del Paraíso y Manantial del Edén que me brindaron datos trascendentales durante las encuestas. A todas aquellas personas gentiles que me brindaron apoyo de cualquier índole. Al Perú que me acoge. ¡A todos y a todas infinitas gracias! IV Índice de Contenido INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................................................. 1 CAPÍTULO I: PLANTEAMIENTO DEL PROBLEMA .................................................................. 3 1.2 Formulación del Problema ............................................................................................... 4 1.3 Importancia y Justificación del Estudio ................................................................................ 5 1.4 Delimitación del estudio .......................................................................................................... 7 1.4.1 Las Lomas costeras .............................................................................................................. 7 1.5 Objetivos de la Investigación .................................................................................................... 18 1.5.1 Objetivo general ................................................................................................................... 18 1.5.2 Objetivos específicos ............................................................................................................ 18 CAPÍTULO II: MARCO TEÓRICO ................................................................................................ 19 2.1. Marco histórico ..................................................................................................................... 19 2.3 Estructura teórica y científica que sustenta el estudio ....................................................... 27 2.3.2 Teorías sobre la expansión urbana ................................................................................... 29 2.3.3 Ordenamiento Territorial y Zonificación Ecológica Económica ................................... 35 2.3.5 Consecuencia de una expansión urbana no controlada desde una óptica social ................... 40 2.3.6 Teorías sobre fragmentación de ecosistemas ................................................................... 42 2.4 Definición de términos básicos ................................................................................................. 47 2.5 Fundamentos teóricos que sustentan la hipótesis ................................................................... 48 Mapa conceptual acerca de la disminución continua de la superficie de la loma ............................. 50 2.6 Hipótesis ..................................................................................................................................... 50 2.6.1 Hipótesis general .................................................................................................................. 50 2.6.2 Hipótesis específicas ............................................................................................................ 50 2.7 Variables .................................................................................................................................... 51 2.7.1 Variable independiente: expansión urbana (las viviendas) .................................................. 51 2.7.2 Variables dependientes: las Lomas de VMT ........................................................................ 51 2.7.3 Relación entre las variables .................................................................................................. 51 CAPÍTULO III: MARCO METODOLÓGICO ............................................................................... 52 3.2 Población y muestra .................................................................................................................. 52 3.2.1 Población de estudio ................................................................................................................. 52 3.2.2. Muestra............................................................................................................................... 53 3.3 Técnicas e instrumentos de recolección ................................................................................... 56 3.3.1 Instrumentos legales ............................................................................................................. 57 3.3.2 Herramientas socioecológicas .............................................................................................. 59 3.3.3 Propuesta de la Municipalidad Metropolitana de Lima en 2011 .......................................... 63 V 3.3.5 Las encuestas ........................................................................................................................ 65 3.3.6 Datos previos satelitales ....................................................................................................... 65 3.3.7 Variación de la loma de VMT por imágenes satelitales entre 2002 y 2018 ......................... 70 3.3.8 Identificaciones de las especies florísticas en la loma de VMT ........................................... 72 CAPÍTULO IV: RESULTADOS Y ANÁLISIS DE RESULTADOS ............................................. 89 4.1 Resultados .................................................................................................................................. 89 4.1.2 Descripción de las encuestas ................................................................................................ 89 4.1.3 Resultados de las encuestas .................................................................................................. 89 4.1.4 Resultados de las investigaciones previas ............................................................................ 91 4.2 Análisis y discusión de resultados ............................................................................................ 98 4.2.1 Análisis de las encuestas realizadas ..................................................................................... 98 4.2.2 Análisis socioecológico .......................................................................................................... 106 4.2.3 Análisis social y ecosistémico ............................................................................................ 107 4.2.4 El proyecto Eba Lomas y sus análisis y resultados científicos ........................................... 115 4.2.5 Discusión entre los datos de las guías, el Proyecto Eba Lomas, y la RM MINAGRI 0401 ..................................................................................................................................................... 116 4.2.6 Análisis acerca de los aportes de INEI y del Ministerio de Vivienda sobre ocupación de las lomas de VMT. ............................................................................................................................ 116 CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES .............................................................................. 124 CONCLUSIONES ......................................................................................................................... 124 RECOMENDACIONES ............................................................................................................... 127 A. Desde un enfoque socioecosistémico y de complejidad. .................................................... 127 B. Recomendación legal. ........................................................................................................... 127 C. Ámbito socioecológico .......................................................................................................... 128 D. Protección legal e institucional de la loma de Villa María del Triunfo. .......................... 128 E. Nivel sociológico- económico ................................................................................................ 130 F. Nivel cultural y académico ..................................................................................................
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