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The Photographic Emulsion: After-Ripening
A 11 10 2 12fl^3 RP340 THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION: AFTER-RIPENING By Burt H. Carroll and Donald Hubbard ABSTRACT After-ripening is defined as the increase in sensitivity of photographic emnlsions after washing. Following a discussion of the process, and review of the literature, the experimental methods of the National Bureau of Standards photographic emulsion laboratory are described in detail. After-ripening by digestion was studied with respect to eight of the more important variables. The amount of after-ripening which is practicable is dependent on the extent to which sensitivity nuclei have been formed during ripening before washing. The influence of tem- peratures and of bromide, chloride, and hydrogen ion concentrations, is according to predictions on the basis of chemical reactions forming sensitivity nuclei. The effect of gelatin-silver halide ratio can be explained by its influence on rate of development. Variations between different samples or makes of gelatin are illustrated. The progress of after-ripening with inert gelatin plus known sen- sitizing materials is very similar to that under the usual conditions, but there are differences. The increase in practicable after-ripening important quantitative _ with increasing percentage of silver iodide is illustrated. After-ripening during storage of finished plates was found to be similar to that by digestion, but frequently more efficient. Changes in bromide ion concentration during digestion, and in nonhalide silver during digestion or storage, are further proof of reaction during after-ripening, but it is evident that most of the nonhalide silver is photo- graphically inert. CONTENTS Page I. Introduction 219 II. Experimental methods 222 1. -
What Happens to Cellulosic Fibers During Papermaking and Recycling? a Review
PEER-REVIEWED REVIEW ARTICLE ncsu.edu/bioresources WHAT HAPPENS TO CELLULOSIC FIBERS DURING PAPERMAKING AND RECYCLING? A REVIEW Martin A. Hubbe,* Richard A. Venditti, and Orlando J. Rojas Both reversible and irreversible changes take place as cellulosic fibers are manufactured into paper products one or more times. This review considers both physical and chemical changes. It is proposed that by understanding these changes one can make better use of cellulosic fibers at various stages of their life cycles, achieving a broad range of paper performance characteristics. Some of the changes that occur as a result of recycling are inherent to the fibers themselves. Other changes may result from the presence of various contaminants associated with the fibers as a result of manufacturing processes and uses. The former category includes an expected loss of swelling ability and decreased wet-flexibility, especially after kraft fibers are dried. The latter category includes effects of inks, de-inking agents, stickies, and additives used during previous cycles of papermaking. Keywords: Paper recycling, Drying, Deinking, Hornification, Inter-fiber bonding, Refining, Fines, Fiber length, Conformability Contact information: Department of Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Box 8005, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8005, USA; *Corresponding author: [email protected] INTRODUCTION Cellulosic fibers can change significantly when formed into a wet web of paper and subsequently subjected to such processes as pressing, drying, printing, storage, repulping, and deinking. Some of the changes can be subtle. Often it is possible to substitute recovered fibers in place of virgin fibers used for the production of paper or paperboard. On the other hand, characteristic differences between recycled fibers and virgin fibers (fresh from pulping wood, not recycled) can be expected; many of these can be attributed to drying. -
TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector
TECHNICAL REPORT – PATENT ANALYSIS Enhancing Productivity in the Indian Paper and Pulp Sector 2018 TABLE OF contEnts ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11 1 INTRODUCTION 13 2 OVERVIEW OF THE PULP AND PAPER SECTOR 15 2.1. Status of the Indian Paper Industry 15 2.2. Overview of the Pulp and Papermaking Process 20 2.3. Patenting in the Paper and Pulp Industry: A Historical Perspective 22 2.4. Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Industry 25 3 METHODOLOGY 27 3.1. Search Strategy 27 4 ANALYSIS OF PATENT DOCUMENTS USING GPI 31 4.1. Papermaking; Production of Cellulose (IPC or CPC class D21) 31 4.2. Analysis of Patenting Activity in Different Technology Areas using GPI 38 5 ANALYSIS OF THE INDIAN PATENT SCENARIO WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF THIS REPORT 81 5.1. Analysis of Patents Filed in India 81 6 CONCLUDING REMARKS 91 REFERENCES 93 ANNEXURE 94 Annexure 1. Technologies related to paper manufacturing 94 Annexure 2. Sustainable/green technologies related to pulp and paper sector 119 Annexure 3. Emerging Technology Areas 127 List OF FIGURES Figure 2.1: Geographical Spread of Figure 4.11: (d) Applicant vs. Date of Indian Paper Mills .................................16 Priority Graph: Paper-Making Machines Figure 2.2: Share of Different Segments and Methods ........................................42 in Total Paper Production .......................19 Figure 4.11: (e) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.3: Variety Wise Production of Priority Graph: Calendars and Accessories ..43 Paper from Different Raw Materials ........19 Figure 4.11: (f) Applicant vs. Date of Figure 2.4: Different Varieties of Paper Priority Graph: Pulp or Paper Comprising Made from Various Raw Materials ..........19 Synthetic Cellulose or Non-Cellulose Fibres ..43 Figure 2.5: Diagram of a Process Block Figure 4.11: (g) Applicant vs. -
Certain Stilbenic Optical Brightening Agents from China and Taiwan
Certain Stilbenic Optical Brightening Agents from China and Taiwan Investigation Nos. 731-TA-1186-1187 (Final) Publication 4322 May 2012 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission COMMISSIONERS Deanna Tanner Okun, Chairman Irving A. Williamson, Vice Chairman Daniel R. Pearson Shara L. Aranoff Dean A. Pinkert David S. Johanson Robert B. Koopman Acting Director of Operations Staff assigned Cynthia Trainor, Investigator Philip Stone, Industry Analyst Aimee Larsen, Economist Michele Breaux, Research Assistant Charles Yost, Accountant Steven Hudgens, Senior Statistician Charles St. Charles, Attorney James McClure, Supervisory Investigator Address all communications to Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 U.S. International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 www.usitc.gov Certain Stilbenic Optical Brightening Agents from China and Taiwan Investigation Nos. 731-TA-1186-1187 (Final) Publication 4322 May 2012 CONTENTS Page Determinations ................................................................. 1 Views of the Commission ......................................................... 3 Part I: Introduction ............................................................ I-1 Background .................................................................. I-1 Summary data................................................................ I-1 Statutory criteria and organization of the report...................................... I-2 Statutory criteria -
Product Classification and Its Implication on Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage
PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON COMPETITIVENESS AND CARBON LEAKAGE PULP, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD Sean Healy Katja Schumacher Climate Strategies aims to assist government in solving the collective action problem of climate change. A “not for profit” membership organisation, Companies House Number 05796323. Funders include governments and foundations. All our research is published in the public domain. www.climatestrategies.org PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON COMPETITIVENESS AND CARBON LEAKAGE Project Leader Katja Schumacher, Dr., Öko-Institut Contributing Authors Sean Healy Öko-Institut Publisher Publisher i.e. Climate Strategies 2011 For citation and reprints, please contact the publisher Climate Strategies PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION AND ITS IMPLICATION ON COMPETITIVENESS AND CARBON LEAKAGE Product classification and its implication on competitiveness and carbon leakage Pulp, paper and paperboard Contents 1. Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... 1 2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 3 3. Overview of the pulp, paper and paperboard sectors ............................................................... 4 3.1. Description of the production process ..................................................................................... 4 3.1.1. Pulp production process ....................................................................................................... -
091102 Pulp and Paper
Methodology for the free allocation of emission allowances in the EU ETS post 2012 Sector report for the pulp and paper industry November 2009 Ecofys (project leader) Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research Öko-Institut By order of the European Commission Study Contract: 07.0307/2008/515770/ETU/C2 Ecofys project Number: PECSNL082164 ii Disclaimer and acknowledgements Disclaimer The views expressed in this study represent only the views of the authors and not those of the European Commission. The focus of this study is on preparing a first blueprint of an allocation methodology for free allocation of emission allowances under the EU Emission Trading Scheme for the period 2013 – 2020 for installations in the pulp and paper industry. The report should be read in conjunction with the report on the project approach and general issues. This sector report has been written by Ecofys. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank representatives from the pulp and paper industry for the in- depth discussions on possible benchmarking options for the pulp and paper industry during the execution of the project. iii Table of content 1 Introduction....................................... .............. 1 2 Production process and GHG emissions............... 5 3 Benchmark methodology .............................. ..... 10 3.1 Background on products ........................................................................................ 10 3.2 Proposal for products to be distinguished ............................................................. -
Making a Pinhole Camera
Homework – Autumn 11 Making a Pinhole Camera Your task this week is to make a pinhole camera. You will need to do the following: Ensure you have the correct materials to make your camera (see below) Follow the step-by-step guide carefully. Take a photo of your finished creation for us to see. You DO NOT need to bring in your camera to school. Write a paragraph about the process of making your camera. You will need to include: o What materials you used. o Were the instructions easy to follow? o Was it a success? Were you able to create an image? o Would you do anything differently? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------- What is a pinhole camera? The word “camera” comes from camera obscura, which simply means “dark chamber”. A pinhole camera is one of the most basic examples of this concept. Pinhole cameras are made from a lightproof box, some photographic paper and a tiny hole (often made with a pin, hence the name). The pinhole is just an aperture, not a true lens, but because it is so small it will still focus on an image on the opposite side of the box, exposing the photo paper placed there. How to make a pinhole camera You will need: A box with a lid – You can make your own or use a shoebox or similar, but then the lid is on it must not let any light inside. You could also use a wide cardboard tube instead. A roll of aluminium foil or sheet of black paper. Sticky tape. Scissors. A needle or drawing pin. -
Pfass and Alternatives in Food Packaging (Paper and Paperboard): Report on the Commercial Availability and Current Uses
PFASs and alternatives in food packaging (paper and paperboard): Report on the commercial availability and current uses Series on Risk Management No. 58 1 Series on Risk Management 0 No. 58 PFASs and Alternatives in Food Packaging (Paper and Paperboard) Report on the Commercial Availability and Current Uses PUBE Please cite this publication as: OECD (2020), PFASs and Alternatives in Food Packaging (Paper and Paperboard) Report on the Commercial Availability and Current Uses, OECD Series on Risk Management, No. 58, Environment, Health and Safety, Environment Directorate, OECD. Acknowledgements: The OECD would like to acknowledge the drafting of a consultancy report by Steve Hollins of Exponent International Ltd. upon which this report is based. It was prepared under the framework of the OECD/UNEP Global PFC Group and included the contribution of information by several organisations (see Annex A). The report is published under the responsibility of the OECD Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committee and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biotechnology. © Photo credits: Cover: Yuriy Golub/Shutterstock.com © OECD 2020 Applications for permission to reproduce or translate all or part of this material should be made to: Head of Publications Service, [email protected], OECD, 2 rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France ABOUT THE OECD 3 About the OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental organisation in which representatives of 36 industrialised countries in North and South America, Europe and the Asia and Pacific region, as well as the European Commission, meet to co-ordinate and harmonise policies, discuss issues of mutual concern, and work together to respond to international problems. -
Is There Child Labour in the Natural Stone Industry in Vietnam?
Is there Child Labour in the Natural Stone Industry in Vietnam? Research Report (Wissenschaftliches Gutachten zu § 4a des Gesetzes über das Friedhofs- und Bestattungswesen des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen (Bestattungsgesetz – BestG NRW) im Auftrag des Ministeriums für Gesundheit, Emanzipation, Pflege und Alter des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen MGEPA) Authors: Dr. Jörg Wischermann Dr. Dang Thi Viet Phuong Prof. Dr. Adam Fforde 30 September 2016 1 Contents Contents .................................................................................................................................................. 1 List of acronyms ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Context ................................................................................................................................................ 4 Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 4 Core conclusions ................................................................................................................................. 5 Section 1 – Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6 Section 2 - The current legal position -
Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D
Against the Grain Volume 29 | Issue 6 Article 22 December 2017 Wryly Noted-Books About Books John D. Riley Gabriel Books, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/atg Part of the Library and Information Science Commons Recommended Citation Riley, John D. (2017) "Wryly Noted-Books About Books," Against the Grain: Vol. 29: Iss. 6, Article 22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7771/2380-176X.7886 This document has been made available through Purdue e-Pubs, a service of the Purdue University Libraries. Please contact [email protected] for additional information. Wryly Noted — Books About Books Column Editor: John D. Riley (Against the Grain Contributor and Owner, Gabriel Books) <[email protected]> https://www.facebook.com/Gabriel-Books-121098841238921/ Paper: Paging Through History by Mark Kurlansky. (ISBN: 978-0-393-23961-4, thanks to the development of an ingenious W. W. Norton, New York 2016.) device: a water-powered drop hammer.” An- other Fabriano invention was the wire mold for laying paper. “Fine wire mesh laid paper came his book is not only a history of paper, ample room to wander into Aztec paper making to define European paper. Another pivotal but equally, of written language, draw- or artisan one vat fine paper making in Japan. innovation in Fabriano was the watermark. Ting, and printing. It is about the cultural Another trademark of Kurlansky’s is a Now the paper maker could ‘sign’ his work.” and historical impact of paper and how it has pointed sense of humor. When some groups The smell from paper mills has always been central to our history for thousands of advocated switching to more electronic formats been pungent, due to the use of old, dirty rags years. -
Product Portfolio
Product portfolio 2020 1 Printing Turning pixels into prints. Printing is at the heart of everything we do. Using the latest wide format giclée technology, our expert team consistently produce exceptional prints on a range of fine art and photographic substrates. Printing highlights • Outsourced, on demand, white-label printing • 100+ year colour guarantee • Professional colour management • 12 colour giclée printers • Original brand name inks and substrates All backed up by the Prodigi promise. 13 Prints Photographic C-type (silver halide) Fine art 20 A complete range Printing is at the heart of everything we do and every product we create. We support a full range of branded & non-branded photographic, fine art and poster papers covering matte, of specialist papers lustre, gloss and metallic finishes. Each substrate is individually profiled for our printers, ensuring fantastically accurate and consistent reproductions. Colour profiles for each paper type can be downloaded for those wishing to soft-proof images. Colour management is a core principle , guaranteeing you always receive the best- quality prints. Photographic papers Fine art papers Budget • 170gsm, Budget Photo Paper (BPP) • 180gsm, Budget Art Paper (BAP) • 240gsm, Lustre Photo Paper (LPP) • 200gsm, Enhanced Matte Art (EMA) • 240gsm C-type (silver halide) • 240gsm, Smooth Art Paper (SAP) • 280gsm, Metallic Gloss (MG) • 280gsm, Museum Fine Art (MFA) • 285gsm, Smooth Photo Rag (SPR) • 315gsm, Cold Press Watercolour Paper (CPWP) • 300gsm Sticky Poster (STKY) Premium • 260gsm, Hahnemühle Photo Glossy (HPG) • 310gsm, Hahnemühle German Etching (HGE) • 260gsm, Hahnemühle Photo Lustre (HLP) • 308gsm, Hahnemühle Photo Rag (HPR) • 285gsm, Hahnemühle Fine Art Pearl (HFAP) 21 Budget photographic art prints Gloss, lustre & metallic. -
Introduction to Collection Surveys and Condition Reports
Fundamentals of the Conservation of Photographs SESSION: Introduction to Collection-Level Surveys and Condition Reporting INSTRUCTOR: Monique Fischer, Tram Vo SESSION OUTLINE ABSTRACT This part of the course will provide systematic approaches to writing condition reports for photographs and performing collection-level surveys. This section of the course will provide students with the information needed to perform the small scale survey during the distance mentoring phase. LEARNING OBJECTIVES As a result of this session, participants should be able to: Understand photographic materials, processes, and deterioration characteristics in order to write a proper condition report. Know how to implement a systematic preservation program and understand issues such as environmental control, disaster preparedness, storage and handling, potential hazards, reformatting and conservation treatment. Understand that performing a survey is the best way for a collection to survive. CONTENT OUTLINE Introduction with PPT presentations: “Condition Reporting of Photographs” and “Surveying Photograph Collection” Examples of different condition report forms, including electronic formats, will be examined and discussed. Samples will be provided to participants. Provide students with a basic outline of a survey report and discuss. Pros and cons of the condition report and survey form hand -outs will be discussed. “Hands-on” exercise: provide each student with an unknown photograph and have them write a complete condition report using a form that has been made available. Students will present reports in class. During the distance mentoring phase students will conduct a survey of their family photographs. The introduction given during the summer school will provide the information students need for this activity. www.getty.edu/conservation SESSION OUTLINE CONT’D.