Anatomy Handbook
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ANATOMY HANDBOOK A Quick Reference for Gross Anatomy S. Christopher Bennett, Ph.D. Version 3.1 – August 30, 2003 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................... 1 Terms of Orientation ....................................................... 2 Terms of Movement .......................................................... 2 Basic Principles ........................................................... 3 HEAD AND NECK Osteology of the Head ...................................................... 5 Joints of the Skull ........................................................ 6 Muscles of the Posterior Triangle .......................................... 9 Prevertebral Muscles ...................................................... 11 Infrahyoid Muscles ........................................................ 13 Suprahyoid Muscles ........................................................ 15 Facial Muscles ............................................................ 17 Muscles of Mastication .................................................... 19 Muscles of the Tongue ..................................................... 21 Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye .............................................. 23 Cranial Nerves ............................................................ 24 Functions of Cranial Nerves ............................................... 25 Spinal Nerves of the Head and Neck ........................................ 27 Arteries of the Head and Neck ............................................. 29 Arteries and Veins of the Brain ........................................... 31 Veins of the Head and Neck ................................................ 33 Cross-section of the Neck ................................................. 34 BACK Osteology of the Postcranial Axial Skeleton ............................... 35 Joints of the Postcranial Axial Skeleton .................................. 36 Intermediate Muscles of the Back .......................................... 39 Erector Spinae Muscles ................................................... 41 Transversospinalis Muscles ................................................ 43 Muscles of the Suboccipital Region ........................................ 45 THORAX AND ABDOMEN Muscles of the Thoracic Wall .............................................. 47 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall ............................................. 49 Muscles of the Pelvis ..................................................... 51 Muscles of the Perineum ................................................... 53 Nerves of the Thorax ...................................................... 55 Nerves of the Abdomen ..................................................... 57 Arteries of the Thorax and Abdomen ........................................ 59 Unpaired Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta ......................... 61 Veins of the Thorax and Abdomen ........................................... 63 UPPER EXTREMITY Osteology of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity ...................... 64 Joints of the Upper Extremity ............................................. 65 Muscles attaching Upper Extremity to Trunk - Anterior Side ................ 67 Muscles attaching Upper Extremity to Trunk - Posterior Side ............... 69 i Muscles of the Shoulder Joint - Scapular Muscles .......................... 71 Muscles of the Arm ........................................................ 73 Superficial Extensors of the Forearm ...................................... 75 Deep Extensors of the Forearm ............................................. 77 Superficial Flexors of the Forearm ........................................ 79 Deep Flexors of the Forearm ............................................... 81 Other Muscles of the Forearm .............................................. 83 Thenar and Hypothenar Muscles ............................................. 85 Other Muscles of the Hand ................................................. 87 Brachial Plexus ........................................................... 89 Nerves of the Upper Extremity ............................................. 91 Arteries of the Upper Extremity ........................................... 93 Cutaneous Veins of the Upper Extremity .................................... 95 Cross-section of the Arm .................................................. 96 Cross-section of the Forearm .............................................. 97 LOWER EXTREMITY Osteology of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Extremity ........................ 98 Joints of the Lower Extremity ............................................. 99 Muscles of the Anterior Thigh ............................................ 101 Muscles of the Medial Thigh .............................................. 102 Muscles of the Posterior Thigh ........................................... 103 Lateral Rotators of the Femur ............................................ 107 Gluteal Muscles .......................................................... 109 Muscles of the Anterior Crural Compartment - Dorsiflexors ................ 111 Muscles of the Posterior Crural Compartment - Superficial Plantarflexors . 113 Muscles of the Posterior Crural Compartment - Deep Plantarflexors ........ 115 Muscles of the Lateral Crural Compartment ................................ 117 Muscles of the Dorsum of the Foot ........................................ 119 Muscles of the Sole of the Foot - Layers 1-4 ............................. 121 Nerves of the Lower Extremity ............................................ 125 Nerves and Arteries of the Gluteal Region ................................ 127 Arteries of the Lower Extremity .......................................... 129 Cutaneous Veins of the Lower Extremity ................................... 130 Cross-section of the Thigh ............................................... 131 Cross-section of the Leg ................................................. 132 ii INTRODUCTION This handbook contains much of the basic information about the bones, muscles, nerves, arteries, and veins of the body that is needed in a typical gross anatomy course. Such a course typically follows a regional approach, and so does the handbook. Within regions I have divided the material into small packets of information (a group of muscles; the pattern of arteries; etc.). I organize information visually, and so most packets consist of a drawing and some accompanying textual material, usually arranged on facing pages. I am often asked how one should study anatomy. I do not know how one should do it, I only know how I would study it. First I would divide up the material. In any particular region of the body the muscles can be divided into a number of groups, each containing a small number of muscles. Again I organize information visually so I usually have a drawing or an outline. I have already divided up the material for you. Then to study a group of muscles I would sketch them and label or note the origins, insertions, actions, and innervations. To study the pattern of arteries or nerves I would draw the pattern, name them, note the branching pattern, and where they go or what they do. All the drawings, in this handbook are simple enough that you can draw them. At first I might simply be copying my notes, but soon I would try to put the things down on paper from memory. If I could not remember some things, I would check my notes or look them up in the book, and try again until I had memorized the material and could put it down on a blank sheet of paper. If I can put it down on a blank piece of paper, I know I know it, and I know I can put it down on the test from memory. After having learned the muscles and the patterns of nerves and vessels, one other thing that I find helpful is to look over illustrations in anatomy texts and atlases and make sure you can understand them. 1 TERMS OF ORIENTATION ┌ Anterior - Toward the front, ventral. ┼ └ Posterior - Toward the back, dorsal. ┌ Dorsal - Pertaining to the back, therefore posterior. ┼ └ Ventral - Pertaining to the belly, therefore anterior. ┌ Superior - Higher than, situated above something else. ┼ └ Inferior - Lower than, situated below something else. Median - In the middle, referring to the midline of the body. ┌ Medial - Nearer to the midline of the body. ┼ └ Lateral - Farther to the side from midline of the body. ┌ Proximal - Nearest to the center of the body. ┼ └ Distal - Farthest from the center of the body. ┌ Superficial - At the surface. ┼ └ Deep - Below the surface. TERMS OF MOVEMENT ┌ Extension - Movement that straightens a joint. ┼ └ Flexion - Movement that bends a joint. ┌ ABduction - Movement of a limb or the head away from the midline of the │ body, or in the case of digits away from the axis of the limb. ┼ └ Adduction - Movement of a limb or the head toward the midline of the body, or in the case of digits toward the axis of the limb. ┌ Protraction - Movement (often sliding) of a body part forward. ┼ └ Retraction - Movement (often sliding) that pulls a body part backward. ┌ Elevation - Movement that lifts a body part up. ┼ └ Depression - Movement that pushes a body part down. Rotation - Movement of a limb about its axis. Medial and lateral rotation move the front of the limb medially and laterally, respectively. Circumduction - Movement that combines two other movements to move a body part in circles. For example, swinging the upper extremity in a circle combines flexion, extension, adduction, and aBduction.