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Oregon Historic Trails Report Book (1998)
i ,' o () (\ ô OnBcox HrsroRrc Tnans Rpponr ô o o o. o o o o (--) -,J arJ-- ö o {" , ã. |¡ t I o t o I I r- L L L L L (- Presented by the Oregon Trails Coordinating Council L , May,I998 U (- Compiled by Karen Bassett, Jim Renner, and Joyce White. Copyright @ 1998 Oregon Trails Coordinating Council Salem, Oregon All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Oregon Historic Trails Report Table of Contents Executive summary 1 Project history 3 Introduction to Oregon's Historic Trails 7 Oregon's National Historic Trails 11 Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail I3 Oregon National Historic Trail. 27 Applegate National Historic Trail .41 Nez Perce National Historic Trail .63 Oregon's Historic Trails 75 Klamath Trail, 19th Century 17 Jedediah Smith Route, 1828 81 Nathaniel Wyeth Route, t83211834 99 Benjamin Bonneville Route, 1 833/1 834 .. 115 Ewing Young Route, 1834/1837 .. t29 V/hitman Mission Route, 184l-1847 . .. t4t Upper Columbia River Route, 1841-1851 .. 167 John Fremont Route, 1843 .. 183 Meek Cutoff, 1845 .. 199 Cutoff to the Barlow Road, 1848-1884 217 Free Emigrant Road, 1853 225 Santiam Wagon Road, 1865-1939 233 General recommendations . 241 Product development guidelines 243 Acknowledgements 241 Lewis & Clark OREGON National Historic Trail, 1804-1806 I I t . .....¡.. ,r la RivaÌ ï L (t ¡ ...--."f Pðiräldton r,i " 'f Route description I (_-- tt |". -
A Sharp Little Affair: the Archeology of Big Hole Battlefield
A Sharp Little Affair: The Archeology of the Big Hole Battlefield By Douglas D. Scott With Special Sections by Melissa A. Connor Dick Harmon Lester Ross REPRINTS IN ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 45 1994 Published by J & L Reprint Company 410 Wedgewood Drive Lincoln, Nebraska 68510 Revised for PDF publication June 2009 Acknowledgments First and foremost we wish to acknowledge and thank Hank Williams, Jr. for his interest and financial support. The National Park Service seldom has the luxury of conducting an archeological research project that is not tied to some development project or some overriding management action. Mr. William's support allowed us to pursue this investigation for the benefit of the park without being tied to a specific management requirement. His support did allow us to accomplish several management goals that otherwise would have waited their turn in the priority system. This project has had more than its fair share of those who have given their time, resources, and knowledge without thought of compensation. Specifically Irwin and Riva Lee are to be commended for their willingness to ramrod the metal detecting crew. They volunteered for the duration for which we are truly grateful. Aubrey Haines visited us during the field investigations and generously shared his vast knowledge of the Big Hole battle history with us. His willingness to loan material and respond to our questions is truly appreciated. Former Unit Manager Jock Whitworth and his entire staff provided much support and aid during the investigations. Jock and his staff allowed us to invade the park and their good-natured acceptance of our disruption to the daily schedule is acknowledged with gratitude. -
BIG HOLE National Battlefield
BIG HOLE National Battlefield Historical Research Management Plan & Bibliography of the ERCE WAR, 1877 F 737 .B48H35 November 1967 Historical Research Management Plan BIG HOLE NATI ONAL for .BATILEFIELD LI BRP..RY BIG HOLE Na tional Battlefield & Bibliog raphy of the N E Z PERCE WAR, 1877 By AUBREY L. HAINES DIVISION OF HISTORY Office of Archeology and Historic Preservatio.n November 1967 U.S. Department of the Interior NATI ONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL RESEARCH MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR BIG HOLE NATIONAL BATTLEFIELD November 1968 Recommended Superintendent Date Reviewed Division of History Date Approved Chief, Office of Archeology Date and Historic Preservation i TABLE OF CONTENTS Historical Research Management Plan Approval Sheet I. The Park Story and Purpose . • • • 1 A. The Main His torical Theme ••••••• 1 B. Sub sidiary Historical Theme • • • • • 1 1 c. Relationship of Historical Themes to Natural History and Anthropology • • • • • • • • 12 D. Statement of Historical Significance •• 14 E. Reasons for Establishment of the Park • • • • • 15 II. Historical Resources of the Battlefield 1 7 A. Tangible Resources • • • • 17 1. Sites and Remains 1 7 a. Those Related to the Main Park Theme • • . 1 7 b. Those Related to Subsidiary Themes • 25 2. Historic Structures 27 B. Intangible Resources • 2 7 c. Other Resources 2 8 III.Status of Research •• 2 9 A. Research Accomplished 29 H. Research in Progress • • • • • 3o c. Cooperation with Non-Service Institutions 36 IV. Research Needs ••••••••••••••••• 37 A. Site Identification and Evaluation Studies 37 H. General Background Studies and Survey Histories 40 c. Studies for Interpretive Development • • • • • 4 1 D. Development Studies • • • • • • • • • 4 1 E. -
Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma Ca
Tickanwa•tic Informational Guide to the History and Culture of the Tonkawa Tribe. Tonkawas photographed by Rhinehart in 1898. Standing L-R: Winnie Richards, John Rush Buffalo, William Stevens, John Allen, and Mary Richards. Seated L-R: John Williams, Grant Richards, and Sherman Miles. Ft. Oakland - Oklahoma Tonkawa Tribe of Oklahoma ca. 1980 ca. 1999 ca. 1885 - 1901 ca. 2003 On the cover: Tickanwa•tic Tribal name in Tonkawa Language means:“Real People” Pronounced: “Titch-kun-wha-titch” 1 Tonkawa Tribal History The Tonkawa belong to the Tonkawan linguistic family, that was once composed of a number of small sub tribes that lived in a region that extended west from south central Texas and western Oklahoma to eastern New Mexico. The Tonkawa had a distinct language, and their name, as that of the leading tribe, was applied to their linguistic family. They were one of the most warlike tribes during nearly two centu- ries of conflict with their enemy tribes on the Western plains and with the Spanish and, later, American settlers in the Southwest. Their men were famous warriors, and their chiefs bore many scars of battle. The Tonkawa women were also strong physically and vindictive in disposition. The people of this tribe were no- madic in their habits in the early his- toric period, moving their tipi villages according to the wishes of the chiefs Winnie and Chief Grant Richards ca. 1898 of the different bands. They planted a few crops, but were well known as great hunters of buffalo and deer, using bows and arrows and spears for weapons, as well as some firearms secured from early Spanish traders. -
Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Progress Report
United States Department of Agriculture Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Progress Report Summer 2019 Administrator ’s Corner At the Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail (NPNHT) program, we work through partnerships that seek to create communication and collaboration across jurisdictional and cultural boundaries. Our ethic of working together reinforces community bonds, strengthens our Trail social fabric, and fosters community prosperity. By building stronger relationships and reaching out to underserved communities, who may have not historically had a voice in the management, interpretation of the Trail, we can more effectively steward our trail through honoring all the communities we serve. U.S. Forest Service photo, U.S. Roger Peterson Forest Service Volunteer labor isn’t perfect sometimes. Construction projects can take Sandra Broncheau-McFarland, speaking to longer than necessary, but there are so many intangible benefits of the Chief Joseph Trail Riders. volunteering- the friendships, the cross-cultural learning, and the life changes it inspires in volunteers who hopefully shift how they live, travel, and give in the future. Learning how to serve and teaching others the rest of our lives by how we live is the biggest impact. Volunteering is simply the act of giving your time for free and so much more. In an always on and interconnected world, one of the hardest things to find is a place to unwind. Our brains and our bodies would like us to take things a lot slower,” says Victoria Ward, author of “The Bucket List: Places to find Peace and Quiet.” This is the perfect time to stop and appreciate the amazing things happening around you. -
Experience the Nez Perce Trail
Lolo, Montana, to the Big Hole National Battlefield, Montana, through the Bitterroot Valley Experience the Nez Perce Trail Bitterroot River © Jerry Bauer 1 The Nez Perce (Nee-Me-Poo) National Historic Trail Designated by Congress in 1986, the entire Nez Perce National Historic Trail stretches 1,170 miles from the Wallowa Valley of eastern Oregon to the plains of north-central Montana. This segment of the Nez Perce National Historic Trail from Lolo, Montana, to the Big Hole Battlefield, Montana through the Bitterroot Valley is one of eight available tours (complete list on page 35). These are available at Forest Service offices and other federal and local visitor centers along the route. As you travel this historic trail, you will see highway signs marking the official Auto Tour route. Each Mainstream Auto Tour route stays on all-weather roads passable for all types of vehicles. Adventurous and Rugged Routes are an alternative for those seeking the most authentic historic route. They are often on gravel or dirt roads, so plan ahead. Check weather and road conditions before embarking on your journey. Call 511 for road condition reports on major routes. For road condition information on Adventurous and Rugged routes inquire locally. 3 Experience the Nez Perce Trail How do I get there? Mainstream Traveler (Passable for all types of vehicles.) This Auto Tour begins at Fort Fizzle, 4.6 miles west of Lolo Montana. Lolo is located approximately 7 miles south For most travelers this will be the appropriate route. of Missoula, Montana. The roads are generally paved and won’t pose a challenge for typical cars, campers with trailers, and RVs. -
2C 000 203 TITLE Tasaus Indiana a Collection of Short Biographies
0000101122 11310N1 ID ON 0011 2C 000 203 TITLE tasaus Indiana A Collection of Short Biographies. INSTITUTION Bureau of Indian Affairs (Dept. of InteriOr), Washington, D.C. POS DATE 74 VOTE 55p. AVAILABLE FROMSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 (StockNo. 2402-000361 $1.05) EDRS PRICE 14P-$0.75 HC-$3.15 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS American History; *American Indians; *Biographies; Dooklists; Cultural Background; *Developing Nations; *Individual Characteristics; *Leadership Qualities ABSTRACT A collection of 20 short biographies of American Indian warriors, statesmen, prophets,and scholars highlights leaders in the often tragic, yet inspiring,saga of North American Indians. Most of the heroes and heroines whose livesare briefly described were chiefs; some of them have become famous around the world.All were leaders in a great struggle to preserve treasured landsand lifeways. With their tribesmen, theyare inseparably linked to our country's history from its earliest beginningsthrough generations of growth. A suggested reading list with headingsfor "General Background," "Tribes and Individuals," and"publications on Indians by the Bureau of Indian Affairs for SaleThrough the Superintendent of Document" concludes the document. (AH) UST COPYWWII FAMOUS INDIANS A Collection of ShortBiographies Warriors, statesmen, prophets, andscholars; the firmest of friends and most formidable of foes: thereare heroes (and heroines) of mans kinds in the often tragic, yet inspiringsaga of North American Indians. Mustbut not allof the Indianpersonalities whose livesare briefly described herewere Chiefs; some of them have become famous aroundthe world.All were leaders ina great struggle to preserve treasured lands and lifeways.With their tribesmen, theyare inseparably linked to our country's history from its earliest beginningsthrough generations of growth. -
Nez Perce Dreamers in Traditional Dress Before the Flight of 1877
January February March April May June July August September October November December Nez Perce Dreamers in traditional dress before the Flight of 1877. Cover photo courtesy of National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park. YELL 8133 Back cover photo courtesy of WSU L.V. McWhorter Collection The 1877 Flight of the Nez Perce “We the surviving Nez Perces The Nez Perce flight from their want to leave our hearts, memories, hallowed This story played out over vast homeland is one of the most presence as a never-ending revelation to the story of the and rugged landscapes of the West. fascinating and sorrowful events in events of 1877. This trail will live in our hearts. Many of these landscapes remain Western U.S. history. Nearly 750 Nez We want to thank all who visit this sacred trail, that they surprisingly unchanged. This desk Perce–mostly women, children and planner also contains taglines and will share our innermost feelings. Because their elderly–fled from the lush Wallowa dates to tell the story. All events are journey makes this an important time for the Valley in Oregon, their homeland, with in 1877, unless otherwise noted. 2,000 horses and all their possessions. present, past, and future.” Pursued by 2,000 of the U.S. Army’s Frank B. Andrews, Nez Perce descendant Congress passed the National Trails best soldiers, several citizen volunteers System Act in 1968, establishing a and ten different Indian tribes, the framework for a nationwide system group of Nez Perce who had refused to sign their lands away in a of scenic, recreational and historic trails. -
Long-Range Interpretative Plan, Nez Perce National Historical Park
LONG-RANGE INTERPRETIVE PLAN NEZ PERCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK LONG-RANGE INTERPRETIVE PLAN NEZ PERCE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK prepared by National Park Service Nez Perce National Historical Park Department of Interpretive Planning Harpers Ferry Center TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . .1 PARK PURPOSE . .2 PARK SIGNIFICANCE . .3 PRIMARY INTERPRETIVE THEMES . .4 THE VISITORS . .9 ISSUES, GIVENS, CONSTRAINTS . .10 VISITOR EXPERIENCE GOALS/ACTION . .11 PARKWIDEVISITOREXPERIENCEGOALSANDACTIONS . .11 IDAHOUNIT . .16 Spalding . .16 White Bird Battlefield . .20 Heart of the Monster/McBeth House . .22 Ant and Yellowjacket . .23 Buffalo Eddy . .24 Camas Prairie . .25 Canoe Camp . .27 Clearwater Battlefield . .28 Cottonwood Skirmishes . .29 Coyote’s Fishnet . .30 Craig Donation Land Claim . .31 Confluence Overlook . .32 Fort Lapwai Officers’ Quarters & Northern Idaho Indian Agency . .33 Hasotino Village Site . .34 Lapwai Mission . .35 Lenore . .36 Lewis and Clark Long Camp/Asa Smith Mission . .37 Lolo Trail and Lolo Pass . .38 Looking Glass Camp . .40 Musselshell Meadow . .42 Pierce Coourthouse . .43 Saint Joseph’s Mission . .44 Tolo Lake . .45 Weippe Prairie . .46 Weiss Rockshelter . .47 MONTANAUNIT . .48 Big Hole National Battlefield . .48 Bear Paw Battlefield . .51 Camas Meadows Battle Sites . .54 Canyon Creek . .55 OREGON/WASHINGTONUNIT . .57 Dug Bar . .57 Joseph Canyon Viewpoint . .58 Lostine Campsite . .59 Old Chief Joseph Gravesite . .61 Nez Perce (Nespelem) Campsites . .62 Nez Perce Cemetery . .63 PLANNING TEAM . .65 APPENDIX A-Recommendations Summary . .67 APPENDIX B-Media Accessibility Guidelines . .73 INTRODUCTION In 1995 the National Park Service issued a com- sary to begin implementing the interpretive and pletely revised and updated interpretive planning visitor experience actions prescribed in the chapter of the Service's Interpretation and General Management Plan. -
Oregon's History
Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden ATHANASIOS MICHAELS Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden by Athanasios Michaels is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Contents Introduction 1 1. Origins: Indigenous Inhabitants and Landscapes 3 2. Curiosity, Commerce, Conquest, and Competition: 12 Fur Trade Empires and Discovery 3. Oregon Fever and Western Expansion: Manifest 36 Destiny in the Garden of Eden 4. Native Americans in the Land of Eden: An Elegy of 63 Early Statehood 5. Statehood: Constitutional Exclusions and the Civil 101 War 6. Oregon at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 137 7. The Dawn of the Civil Rights Movement and the 179 World Wars in Oregon 8. Cold War and Counterculture 231 9. End of the Twentieth Century and Beyond 265 Appendix 279 Preface Oregon’s History: People of the Northwest in the Land of Eden presents the people, places, and events of the state of Oregon from a humanist-driven perspective and recounts the struggles various peoples endured to achieve inclusion in the community. Its inspiration came from Carlos Schwantes historical survey, The Pacific Northwest: An Interpretive History which provides a glimpse of national events in American history through a regional approach. David Peterson Del Mar’s Oregon Promise: An Interpretive History has a similar approach as Schwantes, it is a reflective social and cultural history of the state’s diversity. The text offers a broad perspective of various ethnicities, political figures, and marginalized identities. -
NEZ PERCE ...Through the Big Hole, Horse Prairie and Lemhi Valleys -1877
Auto Tour the plight op The NEZ PERCE ...through the Big Hole, Horse Prairie and Lemhi Valleys -1877 United States Forest Beaverhead-Deerlodge Department of Service National Agriculture Forest n August 1877, the tranquility of the Big Hole Valley was shattered by the sound of gunfire as a battle erupted between J five bands of Nez Perce Indians and U.S. military forces along the banks of the Big Hole River. For valley settlers, anxiety turned to fear and concern as nearly 800 Nez Perce men, woman and children gathered their wounded and fled southward towards Skinner Meadows and the country beyond. Today, you can retrace the route used by the Nez Perce and their military pursuers. This brochure describes the Nez Perce (Nee- Me-Poo) National Historic Trail between Big Hole National Batttlefield, Montana and Leadore, Idaho. The map shows the auto tour route in detail. Auto Tour Route - This designated auto route stays on all-weather roads and allows you to experience the Nez Perce Trail from a distance. The auto tour route is passable for all types of vehicles. An alternative route exists from Lost Trail Pass on the Montana/Idaho border south to Salmon and Leadore, Idaho along Hwy. 93 and 28. Adventure Route - For those seeking the most authentic historic route, a rough two lane road, connects Jackson, Montana and the Horse Prairie Valley. Examine the map carefully and watch for signs. You may want to take a more detailed Forest Map. The adventure route is usually passable from July to October. It is not recommended for motor homes or vehicles towing trailers. -
Nez Perce National Historical Park and Big Hole National Battlefield
GENERAL MANAGEMENT PLAN September 1997 for Nez Perce National Historical Park and Big Hole National Battlefield Asotin and Okanogan Counties, Washington Wallowa County, Oregon Nez Perce, Idaho, Lewis, Clearwater and Clark Counties, Idaho Park County, Wyoming Blaine, Yellowstone and Beaverhead Counties, Montana Prepared by U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Recommended: Frank Walker Superintendent, Nez Perce National Historical Park September 23, 1997 Concurred: William C. Walters Deputy Field Director, Pacific West Area September 23, 1997 Approved: John Reynolds Field Director, Pacific West Area September 23, 1997 PREFACE The drumbeat, the heartbeat, of the Nez Perce people has echoed across the forests, rivers and canyons of the homeland for a very, very long time. It continues to be heard today -- loud and clear and stronger than ever. The reverberations are felt at pow wows and basketball games, at rodeos and horse shows, on the fire line, in the classroom, in the huckleberry patches and fishing places and camas digging grounds, in beadwork and cornhusk and artistry in many forms. Once heard it is hard to forget. It carries messages for those who would listen -- messages of hope and despair, of deception and triumph, of pain and guilt, laughter and joy. It speaks to us as human beings -- where we have been and where we are going. And it helps define us as a nation. While the words in the following document are managerial and administrative by nature, they are driven by the realization that Nez Perce National Historical Park is a park about a people for all people.