DOCSLIB.ORG

Development of the Institutional Structure of the Economy of Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada: Inuit Strategic Participation in Commercial Opportunities

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Development of the Institutional Structure of the Economy of Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada: Inuit Strategic Participation in Commercial Opportunities Development of the Institutional Structure of the Economy of Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, Canada: Inuit Strategic Participation in Commercial Opportunities By Andrew Gordon Muir A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario © 2017 Andrew Gordon Muir 1 Abstract This dissertation aims to provide insight into the development of the institutional structure of the economy of Rankin Inlet, Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada from its inception (1953-1957) to the period following the creation of the Territory of Nunavut in 1999. Its analysis is informed by the ideas of Karl Polanyi, who argues in The Great Transformation that Britain’s commercial economy rests upon an institutional structure erected by the state largely during the 19th Century and not, as Adam Smith famously suggested, on innate human tendencies. State interventions expanding the scope of commercial activity often undermined the viability of existing forms of non-commercial economic activity as well as the institutions upon which they were based. The British public, however, suffering from these developments successfully pressed for legislation to reduce the scope of commercial activity in their lives, in a process Polanyi refers to as the “countermovement.” Prior to the entry of Europeans to the Kivalliq Region, Inuit economic activity was non- commercial. Based on harvesting resources from the land and sea, it was governed by and played a role in regenerating societal institutions, principally the extended family. As Europeans and non-indigenous North Americans entered the region in the early 1700s in order to obtain and sell its resources on external markets, opportunities arose for Inuit to participate in commercial activity. Inuit adjusted their participation in these fluctuating commercial opportunities for the next 200 years, in a way that tended to maintain the primacy of existing non-commercial productive capacities and institutions. 2 The community at Rankin Inlet was founded in 1953 when several Inuit families settled to participate in wage employment at a nickel mine. Since the mine’s closing in 1962, Rankin Inlet’s Inuit residents have participated in a combination of traditional harvesting, cash-based (often commercial) and other informal economic activities, a dynamic referred to as a “mixed economy” which exists in most Nunavut communities. Cash-based economic activities in Rankin Inlet have occurred largely under the auspices of new, externally grounded institutions. During the period the nickel mine was in operation, (1953-1962) the company which operated the mine – itself supported financially and in policy by the Canadian state – yielded significant power in influencing Inuit economic choices. Following its closure, much of the power in shaping cash-based economic activities shifted to state organs, whose presence and expenditures have grown in Rankin Inlet since 1962. Rankin Inlet’s post-1962 “mixed economy” flows from Inuit adaptation to life in an urban environment and represents the latest phase of a centuries-long process of considered involvement in changing economic opportunities1. In contrast to earlier eras, in which the extended family was dominant, it is an economy founded on (at least) two major, co-existing institutions: family structures and the state. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the nascent, relatively stable economic dynamic - found in Rankin Inlet and communities across the Eastern Arctic - was exposed to potentially disruptive external forces, in particular private sector interests aiming to extract the Arctic’s non-renewable 1 Renée Fossett in In Order to Live Untroubled, (University of Manitoba Press, 2001), provides a comprehensive overview of Inuit survival strategies in the context of changing economic and environmental circumstances. 3 resources with the legal and regulatory support of the Canadian state. As opportunities for self- representation at the federal level grew over the during the same period, Inuit across the Eastern Arctic sought institutions with political and sovereign powers similar to those of Canada’s provinces as well as special rights for Inuit including the ability to set the terms by which large- scale resource development projects could proceed (if at all). Inuit efforts in this regard led to tangible results, including, importantly, the signing of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement (NLCA) in 1993 and (as per the NLCA) the creation of the Territory of Nunavut in 1999. Through the various provisions of NLCA (including the creation of Nunavut) Inuit have obtained a measure of sovereign control over how commercial, state, and traditional economic activity occurs its territory, including the power to shape and/or reject projects which could affect this balance. Inuit strategic participation in available commercial opportunities over the centuries, as well as more recent efforts leading to the signing of the NLCA and the creation of Nunavut, bear important similarities to British society’s 19th Century countermovement described by Polanyi. Both groups (Inuit and British society) used available means to limit the power of commercial forces in their lives. Whereas the efforts of British society aimed to reduce the scope of existing commercial forces, those of Inuit in Nunavut focused on restraining and shaping the scope commercial forces moving forward. 4 Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest thanks to the following people and organizations for their invaluable support and assistance: Sandra Muir, Gordon Muir, Dr. Colleen Muir, Bruce Muir, Dr. Ian McKelvey, Clarissa Lo, Prof. Frances Abele, Prof. Philip Ryan, Prof. Lisa Mills, Prof. Umut Riza Ozkan, Rosa Putulik, Patrick Karlik, Resources and Sustainable Development in the Arctic (ReSDA), the Hamlet of Rankin Inlet, all interview participants, all residents of Rankin Inlet who kindly welcomed me into their community and assisted me in numerous ways, all counsellors and advisors who worked with me, my friends and extended family, 5 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 14 Rankin Inlet Context ............................................................................................................................... 14 Definition of Key Terms, Research Question, Dissertation Main Argument and Dissertation Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Explanation of Key Terms ................................................................................................................... 15 Research Question .............................................................................................................................. 17 Dissertation Main Argument ............................................................................................................... 26 Discussion of Methodology ................................................................................................................. 27 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 33 Sahlins’s Continuum of Reciprocity ....................................................................................................... 35 Commercial Exchange as Negative Reciprocity ..................................................................................... 40 The Role of the State in Commercial Exchange ..................................................................................... 40 Karl Polanyi and Human Responses to Commercial Forces .................................................................. 41 Ideological Basis and Function of the Early Canadian State .................................................................. 48 Post Confederation National Policy ................................................................................................... 51 Treaties with Local Indigenous Groups as a Tool for Westward Economic Expansion ......................... 53 Emergence of Canada’s “North” as Conceptually Separate from the “West” ........................................ 54 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................. 58 CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................ 60 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 60 Inuit Thule Ancestry ............................................................................................................................... 61 Historic Origins of the Caribou Inuit ...................................................................................................... 64 Kivalliq Region Geography .................................................................................................................... 67 Caribou Inuit Material Subsistence ......................................................................................................... 68 The Institutional Foundation of Caribou Inuit Society ..........................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • – Annual Report Languages Commissioner of Nunavut – Rapport Annuel La Commis
    ᐅᖃᐅᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᒡᓚᒡᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᕗᒥ – Annual Report Languages Commissioner of Nunavut – Rapport Annuel La Commissaire aux langues du Nunavut | >> Page 3 © Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut, --- © Bureau du Commissaire aux langues du Nunavut, --- The Honourable Kevin O’Brien L’honorable Kevin O’Brien Speaker of the House Président de la Chambre Legislative Assembly Assemblée législative Iqaluit, Nunavut Iqaluit (Nunavut) Mr. Speaker: Monsieur le Président, Pursuant to Section of the Offıcial Au titre de l’article de la Loi sur Languages Act, I hereby submit to the les langues offıcielles, je soumets par les Legislative Assembly for consideration, the présentes, pour considération par l’Assemblée annual report of the Languages Commissioner législative, le rapport annuel du Commissaire of Nunavut covering the period from April , aux langues du Nunavut, pour l’année fiscale to March , . –. Yours respectfully, Je vous prie de recevoir, l’expression de mes sentiments les plus distingués. Eva Aariak Languages Commissioner Eva Aariak Commissaire aux langues - The logo of the Office of the Languages Com- Le sigle du Bureau du Commissaire aux langues missioner of Nunavut consists of a single purple du Nunavut comporte une seule fleur de saxifrage flower,aupilaktunnguat in Inuktitut, saxifrage bleu, appelée aupilaktunnguat en protected by the qilaut, the Inuit drum. inuktitut, protégée par le qilaut, le tambour inuit As the official flower of Nunavut,aupilak - traditionnel. tunnguat represents all Nunavummiut regard- La fleur officielle du Nunavut, less of their ethnic background or mother aupilaktunnguat, se veut à l’image de tous les tongue. Blossoming in Nunavut’s rocky soil, Nunavummiut, quelles que soient leur langue this small plant signifies strength, endurance maternelle et leurs origines ethniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Mining and Communities in Northern Canada : History, Politics, and Memory
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2015-11 Mining and communities in Northern Canada : history, politics, and memory Keeling, Arn; Sandlos, John University of Calgary Press Keeling, A., & Sandlos, J. (Eds.). (2015). Mining and Communities in Northern Canada: History, Politics, and Memory. Canada: University of Calgary Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/51021 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca MINING AND COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN CANADA: HISTORY, POLITICS, AND MEMORY Edited by Arn Keeling and John Sandlos ISBN 978-1-55238-805-1 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Taltheilei Houses, Lithics, and Mobility
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2012-09-06 Taltheilei houses, lithics, and mobility Pickering, Sean Joseph Pickering, S. J. (2012). Taltheilei houses, lithics, and mobility (Unpublished master's thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/27975 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/177 master thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Taltheilei Houses, Lithics, and Mobility by Sean J. Pickering A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY CALGARY, ALBERTA SEPTEMBER, 2012 © Sean J. Pickering 2012 Abstract The precontact subsistence-settlement strategy of Taltheilei tradition groups has been interpreted by past researchers as representing a high residential mobility forager system characterized by ephemeral warm season use of the Barrenlands environment, while hunting barrenground caribou. However, the excavation of four semi-subterranean house pits at the Ikirahak site (JjKs-7), in the Southern Kivalliq District of Nunavut, has challenged these assumptions. An analysis of the domestic architecture, as well as the morphological and spatial attributes of the excavated lithic artifacts, has shown that some Taltheilei groups inhabited the Barrenlands environment during the cold season for extended periods of time likely subsisting on stored resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Demande De La CNER Faisant L'objet D'un Examen Préalable
    Demande de la CNER faisant l’objet d’un examen préalable #125472 One Ocean Expeditions - Arctic 2019 cruise season Type de demande : New Type de projet: Tourisme Date de la demande : 5/30/2019 5:47:04 PM Period of operation: from 0001-01-01 to 0001-01-01 Autorisations proposées: from 0001-01-01 to 0001-01-01 Promoteur du projet: Aaron Lawton One Ocean Expeditions 38141 2nd Ave Squamish British Columbia V8B 0A6 Canada Téléphone :: 6043904900, Télécopieur :: DÉTAILS Description non technique de la proposition de projet Anglais: Expedition cruise tourism in the Canadian Arctic with a maximum of 146 passengers and 25 staff from around the world. We plan to operate 5 voyages in Nunavut on the RCGS Resolute from July 2019 through to September 2019. Ship visits are concentrated in ice-free zones and in arctic communities. Visits ashore last generally no longer than three hours.Our ship, the RCGS Resolute will drift or drop anchor while passengers disembark into small inflatable zodiacs. Passengers will cruise in zodiacs or will land on shore where appropriate. Français: Description du Projet :Nos opérons un vaisseau de tourisme style expédition capable de transporter un maximum de 146 passagers et 25 employés que nous employons de partout dans le monde. Nous planifions opérer 5 voyages dans le Nunavut en 2019 abord le RCGS Resolute à partir du mois de juillets jusqu’au mois de septembre. Les visites à bateau sont concentrées dans les zones d’eau libre ou se trouve la plupart des communautés de L’arctique. Nos visites ne durent pas plus que trois heures.
    [Show full text]
  • Demande De La CNER Faisant L'objet D'un Examen Préalable
    Demande de la CNER faisant l’objet d’un examen préalable #125330 MS SILVER CLOUD Arctic and Greenland Expedition Cruise (Voyage 1819, 18 August-03 September 2018) and Canada and New England Expedition Cruise (Voyage 1820, 03-18 September 2018) Type de demande : New Type de projet: Tourisme Date de la demande : 4/9/2018 1:41:37 PM Period of operation: from 0001-01-01 to 0001-01-01 Autorisations proposées: from 0001-01-01 to 0001-01-01 Promoteur du projet: Conrad Combrink Silversea Cruises Ltd Wells Fargo Center, 333 Southeast 2nd Avenue, Suite 2600 Miami Florida 33131 USA Téléphone :: 001 954 225 2567, Télécopieur :: 001 954 522 4499 DÉTAILS Description non technique de la proposition de projet Anglais: See attached Non-technical Project Proposal in English Français: See attached Non-technical Project Proposal in French Inuktitut: See attached Non-technical Project Proposal in Inuktitut Personnel Personnel on site: 960 Days on site: 12 Total Person days: 11520 Operations Phase: from 2018-08-16 to 2018-09-08 Activités Emplacement Type Statut des Historique du site Site à valeur Proximité des d’activité terres archéologique ou collectivités les paléontologique plus proches et de toute zone protégée Iqaluit Tourism Crown Capital of Nunavut Capital of Nunavut Capital of Activities Nunavut Pond Inlet Tourism Crown A small, N/A N/A Activities predominantly Inuit community in the Qikiqtaaluk Region of Nunavut, and is located in northern Baffin Island. Buchan Gulf Marine Based Marine N/A N/A Pond Inlet Activities Bylot Island Tourism Inuit Owned Unknown Unknown Pond Inlet we Activities Surface Lands believe is the nearest community.
    [Show full text]
  • A Historical and Legal Study of Sovereignty in the Canadian North : Terrestrial Sovereignty, 1870–1939
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2014 A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939 Smith, Gordon W. University of Calgary Press "A historical and legal study of sovereignty in the Canadian north : terrestrial sovereignty, 1870–1939", Gordon W. Smith; edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, Alberta, 2014 http://hdl.handle.net/1880/50251 book http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 International Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca A HISTORICAL AND LEGAL STUDY OF SOVEREIGNTY IN THE CANADIAN NORTH: TERRESTRIAL SOVEREIGNTY, 1870–1939 By Gordon W. Smith, Edited by P. Whitney Lackenbauer ISBN 978-1-55238-774-0 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at ucpress@ ucalgary.ca Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specificwork without breaching the artist’s copyright.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change and Food Sovereignty in Nunavut
    land Article Being on Land and Sea in Troubled Times: Climate Change and Food Sovereignty in Nunavut Bindu Panikkar 1,* and Benjamin Lemmond 2 1 Environmental Studies Program and the Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT 05405, USA 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; blemmond@ufl.edu * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Climate change driven food insecurity has emerged as a topic of special concern in the Canadian Arctic. Inuit communities in this region rely heavily on subsistence; however, access to traditional food sources may have been compromised due to climate change. Drawing from a total of 25 interviews among Inuit elders and experienced hunters from Cambridge Bay and Kugluktuk in Nunavut, Canada, this research examines how climate change is impacting food sovereignty and health. Our results show that reports of food insecurity were more pronounced in Kugluktuk than Cambridge Bay. Participants in Kugluktuk consistently noted declining availability of preferred fish and game species (e.g., caribou, Arctic char), a decline in participation of sharing networks, and overall increased difficulty accessing traditional foods. Respondents in both communities presented a consistent picture of climate change compounding existing socio-economic (e.g., poverty, disconnect between elders and youth) and health stressors affecting multiple aspects of food sovereignty. This article presents a situated understanding of how climate change as well as other sociocultural factors are eroding food sovereignty at the community-scale in the Arctic.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlearning Qallunaat Ways 1
    Running Head: Unlearning Qallunaat Ways 1 Unlearning Qallunaat Ways: Self-Reflection and Transformation While Working in Nunavut A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Education In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Education University of Prince Edward Island Charlottetown, PE October 22, 2017 UNLEARNING QALLUNAAT WAYS 2 Abstract The purpose of this thesis is to explore my personal journey of transformation as it took place while working with Inuit educational leaders and youth in Nunavut from 2011 to 2015. Using autoethnography, I provide a background to who I was before working with Inuit, and then go on to explore how I learned about the history of education in Nunavut, about the process of colonization, and the emotions felt as I struggled to come to terms with my privilege as a white, middle-class Canadian and descendant of European settlers while working within an Indigenous context. I conclude by sharing the importance of building relationships as a way of healing and moving forward with a goal of becoming an ally and trying to do my small part in the reconciliation process. KEY WORDS: Qallunaat, autoethnography, Nunavut, Inuit, settler UNLEARNING QALLUNAAT WAYS 3 Dedication An Inuit educational leader and participant in the Nunavut Master of Education program 2010-2013 shared the following advice: [N]o matter how difficult, no matter how negative it seems, you need to move forward. Like my late grandmother would always say, “In life, you will come across boulders that will stop you from moving on the path. Go around that boulder, go over that boulder, but don’t go under it because then you will force whatever is slowing you down to overpower you.” Think of this program as a tool, as a way to overcome the issues that you face, that your school faces, and what your community faces.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical and Geological Integration and Interpretation of the Northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut
    GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NORTHEAST THELON BASIN GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL INTEGRATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE NORTHEAST THELON BASIN, NUNAVUT By VICTORIA LYNN TSCHIRHART, B.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright for Victoria Tschirhart, November 2013 i McMaster University DOCTORATE OF PHILOSPHY (2013) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Geophysical and geological integration and interpretation of the northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut AUTHOR: Victoria Lynn Tschirhart, B.Sc. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. William A. Morris NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 196 ii Abstract The northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut, is a rapidly developing albeit poorly studied, frontier exploration domain for unconformity-associated uranium deposits. Critical criteria for unconformity –associated uranium deposit models are knowledge of the basement geology, fault history and depth to unconformity surface. This thesis sets forth to derive working geological and geophysical models for the northeast Thelon Basin through the implementation of integrated geophysical techniques. A physical rock property database is compiled defining average density and susceptibility values for key map units for integration into subsequent modelling iterations. Forward and inverse potential field modelling using these petrophysical with geological controls define the structure and geometry of the Shultz Lake intrusive complex and northeast Amer Belt, both of which are present below the Thelon sedimentary cover. Implementation of a new source edge detection technique estimates fault development and location within the basin. This provides a quantitative analysis of fault timing, identifying potentially reactivated faults which have an increased likelihood to serve as conduits to transport uranium-rich fluids and focus deposition.
    [Show full text]
  • Ethnobotany of the Kiluhikturmiut Inuinnait of Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada
    Research Communicaon Ethnobotany of the Kiluhikturmiut Inuinnait of Kugluktuk, Nunavut, Canada Jonathan Duffy Davis1, Sandra Anne Banack2 Author address: 1Fullerton Arboretum, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92831, 2Instute for Ethnomedicine, P.O. Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001 Received: September 24, 2012 Volume: 3:78‐90 Published: December 29, 2012 © 2012 Society of Ethnobiology Abstract: The disparity in floral diversity between tropical and arcc regions is reflected in a paucity of ethnobotanical research among arcc cultures. The Kiluhikturmiut Inuinnait are an Inuit subpopulaon who inhabit the Kikmeot Region of the Territory of Nunavut in Canada’s Arcc. We conducted an ethnobotanical survey in the Inuinnait hamlet of Kugluktuk to document the tradional uses of plants as food, materials, and medicine. Data were gathered through unstructured interviews, parcipant observaon, purposive sampling, and voucher‐specimen collecon of all plants used. Uses were documented for 23 plant species/types contained in 14 families. Nine species/types were eaten, six species/types were used as materials, and 12 species were used for medicine. Villagers shared common knowledge of plants used for food and materials; however, knowledge of medicinal plants was restricted to a single healer. We argue that specialized knowledge such as the use of medicinal plants is important to document especially when the number individuals using this knowledge is dwindling. Abstract: Pitquhiigut piruqhimayut qauyihaivluk qanuq inuit atuqtauvagait atungauyanik niqiuvluk,
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report on the Gold and Base Metal Potential of the Sy Property, Nunavut, Canada
    NTS 65 I/04 to I/06 and J/01 TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE GOLD AND BASE METAL POTENTIAL OF THE SY PROPERTY, NUNAVUT, CANADA Completed By: APEX Geoscience Ltd. Suite 200, 9797-45 Avenue Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6E 5V8 Completed For: Corsa Capital Ltd. Suite 1440, 625 Howe Street Vancouver, BC V6C 2T6 December 4th, 2007 M.B. Dufresne, M.Sc., P.Geol. TECHNICAL REPORT ON THE GOLD AND BASE METAL POTENTIAL OF THE SY PROPERTY, NUNAVUT, CANADA TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE SUMMARY...................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE.......................................................... 3 RELIANCE ON OTHER EXPERTS................................................................................. 3 PROPERTY LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION ............................................................... 4 ACCESSIBILITY, CLIMATE, LOCAL RESOURCES, INFRASTRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................ 8 HISTORY ........................................................................................................................ 8 GEOLOGICAL SETTING .............................................................................................. 15 Regional Geology ............................................................................................... 15 Property Geology ............................................................................................... 16 DEPOSIT
    [Show full text]
  • Tukitaaqtuq Explain to One Another, Reach Understanding, Receive Explanation from the Past and the Eskimo Identification Canada System
    Tukitaaqtuq explain to one another, reach understanding, receive explanation from the past and The Eskimo Identification Canada System by Norma Jean Mary Dunning A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Faculty of Native Studies University of Alberta ©Norma Jean Mary Dunning, 2014 ABSTRACT The government of Canada initiated, implemented, and officially maintained the ‘Eskimo Identification Canada’ system from 1941-1971. With the exception of the Labrador Inuit, who formed the Labrador Treaty of 1765 in what is now called, NunatuKavat, all other Canadian Inuit peoples were issued a leather-like necklace with a numbered fibre-cloth disk. These stringed identifiers attempted to replace Inuit names, tradition, individuality, and indigenous distinctiveness. This was the Canadian governments’ attempt to exert a form of state surveillance and its official authority, over its own Inuit citizenry. The Eskimo Identification Canada system, E- number, or disk system eventually became entrenched within Inuit society, and in time it became a form of identification amongst the Inuit themselves. What has never been examined by an Inuk researcher, or student is the long-lasting affect these numbered disks had upon the Inuit, and the continued impact into present-day, of this type of state-operated system. The Inuit voice has not been heard or examined. This research focuses exclusively on the disk system itself and brings forward the voices of four disk system survivors, giving voice to those who have been silenced for far too long. i PREFACE This thesis is an original work by Norma Dunning. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name: “Tukitaaqtuq (they reach understanding) and the Eskimo Identification Canada system,” PRO00039401, 05/07/2013.
    [Show full text]