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Geophysical and Geological Integration and Interpretation of the Northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut

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Geophysical and Geological Integration and Interpretation of the Northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut GEOPHYSICAL INTERPRETATION OF THE NORTHEAST THELON BASIN GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOLOGICAL INTEGRATION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE NORTHEAST THELON BASIN, NUNAVUT By VICTORIA LYNN TSCHIRHART, B.Sc. A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy McMaster University © Copyright for Victoria Tschirhart, November 2013 i McMaster University DOCTORATE OF PHILOSPHY (2013) Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: Geophysical and geological integration and interpretation of the northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut AUTHOR: Victoria Lynn Tschirhart, B.Sc. (McMaster University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. William A. Morris NUMBER OF PAGES: xii, 196 ii Abstract The northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut, is a rapidly developing albeit poorly studied, frontier exploration domain for unconformity-associated uranium deposits. Critical criteria for unconformity –associated uranium deposit models are knowledge of the basement geology, fault history and depth to unconformity surface. This thesis sets forth to derive working geological and geophysical models for the northeast Thelon Basin through the implementation of integrated geophysical techniques. A physical rock property database is compiled defining average density and susceptibility values for key map units for integration into subsequent modelling iterations. Forward and inverse potential field modelling using these petrophysical with geological controls define the structure and geometry of the Shultz Lake intrusive complex and northeast Amer Belt, both of which are present below the Thelon sedimentary cover. Implementation of a new source edge detection technique estimates fault development and location within the basin. This provides a quantitative analysis of fault timing, identifying potentially reactivated faults which have an increased likelihood to serve as conduits to transport uranium-rich fluids and focus deposition. Corroborating the geophysical signatures on the aeromagnetic map with petrophysical properties and outcrop observations, a predictive geological map is developed for area beneath the sedimentary cover sequences. Inversion and interpretation of several discrete aeromagnetic anomalies provides local source depth estimates. Knowledge of fault locations is employed to delineate fault block boundaries. Interpreted geological model profiles include abrupt changes in sediment thickness with faults while abiding with the integrated source depth estimates. Integrating the results from a number of profiles provides a pseudo-3D rendition of the unconformity surface and its relationship to known faults. The geological-geophysical models which are presented herein incorporate all currently available data while providing a framework for the inclusion of future information as the knowledge gap for this remote region diminishes. iii Acknowledgements I am very fortunate to have had an excellent trio of supervisors: Bill, Charlie (‘Crazy C’) and Pierre. Their guidance and support is much appreciated. They were always willing to lend a helping hand and direct my sometimes divergent focus. Bill provided unconditional support in all the endeavours I undertook while at McMaster. I would also like to thank Charlie for always being up for a good bet. The multiple bottles of scotch I won helped with the headaches associated with writing a thesis. I would like to thank my now former lab mates for their constant companionship throughout the duration of my time at McMaster. Petey Pabs, Billy, MadDog, Lindsay and Sara were part of many laughs, pranks, made-up religions/cults/blogs and general quests for world domination in our avoidance of doing work. My parents and siblings exhibited amazing levels of patience dealing with the ever present mood fluctuations associated with a doing a PhD. Simon provided endless support, comfort and non-judgemental feline companionship. I would like to thank my friends in Guelph, Hamilton and my former teammates for always being up for a good time on the weekend (and to a lesser, but nevertheless present extent, the weekdays). Despite most of them having virtually no idea about what a rock doctor does, they were always willing to lend a sympathetic ear to my vociferous complaints about “the system.” My fieldwork from 2008 to 2012 included several awesome and consecutive summer seasons on the Tundra that spurred my interest in integrating geology and geophysics. Petey Pabs, Crazy C, Scooter, and Stieber ably assisted in trudging “the box” over swamp and hill. Collaborators including Brian McEwan, Dr. Tony Peterson, Dr. Joe White, Dr. Kathy Bethune and Dr. Sally Pehrsson provided valuable and insightful discussions on the Thelon geology. Fieldwork was supported by the Geomapping for Energy and Mineral – Uranium Project, and funding was provided by a NSERC doctoral scholarship. Ookpik Aviation and AREVA Resources Canada provided logistical support and accommodations in the field. Special thanks to Carey Gagnon and Diane Jobin for providing the gravimeters, training and offering trouble-shooting advice. In memory of Papa 2013.10.22. iv Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………….…. iii Acknowledgements………………………………………………………….... iv List of Figures……………………………………………………………….... ix List of Tables……………………………………………………………….… xi 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………...….. 1 1.1 The Aberdeen Sub-basin (northeast Thelon Basin) region………….... 1 1.2 Potential field theory…………………………………………………... 4 1.2.1 Geophysical modelling…………………………………………... 5 1.3 Contributions by the author to this thesis…………………………….... 7 1.4 Presentations…………………………………………………………... 8 1.5 References……………………………………………………………... 9 2. 3D geophysical inversions of the north-east Amer Belt and their relationship to structure………………………………………………………………….…... 12 2.1 Abstract…………………………………………………………….….. 13 2.2 Introduction………………………………………………………….… 14 2.3 Geologic setting…………………………………………………….…. 15 2.4 Geophysical modelling: inverse and forward…………………….…… 20 2.5 Methodology…………………………………………………………... 23 2.5.1 Magnetic data reduction……………………………………....…. 23 2.5.2 Geologic and geophysical constraints………………………….… 24 2.5.3 Gravity data reduction………………………………………….… 28 2.6 Results and discussion…………………………………………….…... 30 2.6.1 Inversions……………………………………………………….... 30 2.6.2 Forward models……………………………………………….…. 34 2.7 Conclusions………………………………………………………….… 35 v 2.8 Acknowledgements………………………………………………….… 36 2.9 References……………………………………………………………... 37 3. Framework geophysical modelling of granitoid versus supracrustal basement to the northeast Thelon Basin around the Kiggavik uranium camp, Nunavut 40 3.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………... 41 3.2 Introduction………………………………………………………….… 41 3.3 Geological setting……………………………………………………... 47 3.4 Methodology…………………………………………………………... 49 3.4.1 Data reduction………………………………………………….… 49 3.4.2 Petrophysical analysis………………………………………….… 50 3.4.3 Geophysical modelling…………………………………………... 50 3.5 Results and discussion……………………………………………….... 50 3.5.1 Petrophysics…………………………………………………….... 50 3.5.2 Structural hypothesis…………………………………………...... 54 3.5.3 Forward models………………………………………………….. 57 3.6 Conclusions………………………………………………………...…. 61 3.7 Acknowledgements………………………………………………...…. 63 3.8 References……………………………………………………………... 64 3.9 Appendix 3-1………………………………………………………….. 66 4. Faults affecting the northeast Thelon Basin: improved basement constraints from source edge processing of aeromagnetic data……………………………... 68 4.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………... 69 4.2 Introduction………………………………………………………….… 69 4.3 Geologic Setting………………………………………………………. 72 4.4 Aeromagnetic theory and fault detection…………………………….... 76 4.5 Source edge detection theory………………………………………….. 77 4.6 Methods……………………………………………………………….. 78 vi 4.7 Discussion……………………………………………………………... 82 4.8 Conclusions………………………………………………………….… 88 4.9 References……………………………………………………………... 90 5. Basement geology beneath the northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut: insights from integrating new gravity, magnetic and geological data………………….... 93 5.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………... 94 5.2 Introduction………………………………………………………….… 94 5.3 Geological and geophysical setting………………………………....… 99 5.4 Methodology…………………………………………………………... 108 5.4.1 Data acquisition……………………………………………….…. 108 5.4.2 Data processing……………………….…………………….….… 109 5.4.3 Petrophysical analysis………………………………………….… 112 5.4.4 Geophysical modelling……………………………………….….. 113 5.5 Results…………………………………………………………….…… 115 5.5.1 Physical properties………………………………………….……. 115 5.5.2 Geological map of basement to the Aberdeen Sub-basin…….….. 118 5.5.2.1 Granitoid intrusions…………………………….…………... 119 5.5.2.2 Amer Belt………………………………..……………….… 124 5.5.2.3 Turqavik horst (Tur) and fault zone (TFZ)………...……...... 128 5.5.2.4 Amer Mylonite Zone (AMZ) and inferred mafic intrusions... 131 5.5.3 Forward gravity models………………………………………….. 133 5.5.3.1 Cross section 1…………………………...…………………. 133 5.5.3.2 Cross section 2……………………………………………… 136 5.5.3.3 Cross section 3……………………………………………… 138 5.5.3.4 Cross section 4……………………………………………… 142 5.6 Conclusions……………………………………………………....……. 145 vii 5.7 Acknowledgements………………………………………………….… 146 5.8 References……………………………………………………...……... 147 6. Unconformity surface architecture of the northeast Thelon Basin, Nunavut, derived from integration of magnetic source depth estimates………….… 154 6.1 Abstract………………………………………………………………... 155 6.2 Introduction……………………………………………………….…… 156 6.3 Geological and geophysical setting……………………………...….… 160 6.4 Source depth analysis…………………………………………...….…. 165 6.5 Geological and
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