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Geography 15 Highlights of Canada’S Geography Total Area: 9,984,670 Km2, the Second-Largest Ontario (158,654 Km2), Nunavut (157,077 Km2) and Country in the World

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Geography 15 Highlights of Canada’S Geography Total Area: 9,984,670 Km2, the Second-Largest Ontario (158,654 Km2), Nunavut (157,077 Km2) and Country in the World r e d e r F CHAPTER Geography 15 Highlights of Canada’s geography Total area: 9,984,670 km2, the second-largest Ontario (158,654 km2), Nunavut (157,077 km2) and country in the world. Manitoba (94,241 km2). Area north of the treeline: 2,728,800 km2, over 27% Highest tide: Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, with a mean of Canada’s total area. large tide of 16.1 m, the world’s highest tide. Land border: 8,890-km border with the United Highest mountain: Mount Logan, in the St. Elias States, the longest international border in the world. Mountains, Yukon, 5,959 m. Longest distance from east to west: 5,514 km from Highest waterfall: Della Falls, British Columbia, 440 m. Cape Spear, Newfoundland and Labrador, to the Deepest lake: Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories, Yukon and Alaska boundary. 614 m. Longest distance from north to south: 4,634 km from Longest river: Mackenzie River, 4,241 km from its Cape Columbia (Ellesmere Island), Nunavut, to Middle furthest source to its ultimate outflow. Island (Lake Erie), Ontario. Great Bear Lake, 2 Largest lake wholly within Canada: National parks: 43 parks cover an area of 224,466 km . Northwest Territories, 31,328 km2. Coastline: 243,042 km on three oceans, the longest World’s largest island in a freshwater lake: Manitoulin coastline in the world. Island in Lake Huron, Ontario, 2,765 km2. Number of islands: 52,455. Coldest recorded temperature: –63°C at Snag, Yukon, Largest island: Baffin Island, Nunavut, 507,451 km2. on February 3, 1947. Freshwater area: 891,163 km2. The top four areas Sunniest place: Estevan, Saskatchewan, with 2,500 for freshwater are Quebec (176,928 km2), the hours of sun per year and 2,979 hours of clear skies. Northwest Territories (163,021 km2), Map 15.1 Canada Yukon Northwest Territories Iqaluit Nunavut Whitehorse Yellowknife Alberta Newfoundland British Manitoba Columbia Edmonton Saskatchewan and Labrador Quebec Regina Ontario St. John's Winnipeg Prince Edward Island Victoria Québec Charlottetown Fredericton Ottawa Halifax New Brunswick Nova Scotia Toronto Source: Statistics Canada, Geography Division. 208 Canada Year Book 2011 • Catalogue no. 11-402-X Geography INTERNATIONAL perspective Total area: Canada is the second-largest country in the world with a total area of 9,984,670 km2, including 891,163 km2 of freshwater. This compares with Russia (17,098,242 km2), the United States (9,826,675 km2) and China (9,596,961 km2). Land border: Canada’s border with the United States is the world’s longest international border, at 8,890 km. This compares with the 6,846-km boundary between Russia and Kazakhstan and the 5,308-km frontier between Chile and Argentina. Coastline: Canada’s coastline is the world’s longest, measuring 243,042 km (includes the mainland coast and the coasts of offshore islands). This compares with Indonesia (54,716 km), Russia (37,653 km), the United States (19,924 km) and China (14,500 km). Highest mountain: Canada’s highest mountain is Mount Logan (5,959 m). This compares with Mount McKinley (6,194 m) in the United States, Aconcagua Renewable freshwater: Canada produces the most (6,962 m) in Argentina and Mount Everest (8,850 m) renewable freshwater (109,837 m3) per person in Nepal. each year. This compares with Brazil (43,756 m3), 3 3 Islands: Baffin Island, located in Nunavut, is Canada’s Russia (31,628 m ), Australia (23,851 m ), the 3 3 largest island at 507,451 km2 and the fifth-largest United States (9,980 m ), France (3,226 m ), 3 3 island in the world. Greenland is the world’s largest China (2,181 m ), India (1,648 m ) and South 3 island, covering 2,166,086 km2. Manitoulin Island, Africa (1,028 m ). located in Lake Huron, is the world’s largest Freshwater: Freshwater covers 891,163 km2 in freshwater island, at 2,765 km2. Canada. This compares with the United States (664,709 km2), Australia (58,920 km2) and To learn more about Sweden (39,960 km2). Rivers: The Mackenzie River is Canada’s longest Agriculture Community Profiles, Canada Year river. It stretches 4,241 km through the Northwest Book Historical Collection, climate, community Territories, Alberta and British Columbia and covers a profiles, ecoregions, geographic products, drainage area of 1,805,200 km2. The Nile (6,650 km) GeoSearch, Great Lakes, health indicator is the world’s longest river, followed by the Amazon maps, illustrated glossary, interactive maps, (6,400 km). learning resources, maps and geography, The Great Lakes: Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, principal lakes, principal rivers, reference Erie and Ontario are the largest group of freshwater maps, thematic maps lakes in the world, with a total surface area of 245,000 km2, of which about one-third is in Canada. visit www.statcan.gc.ca Lake Michigan is entirely within the United States. Statistics Canada • www.statcan.gc.ca 209 Chapter 15 B.C.’s Lower Mainland Map 15.2 Lower Mainland ecoregion, British Columbia The Lower Mainland is one of Canada’s most rapidly changing ecoregions, largely because of its growing population and its evolving economy. Located in the southwestern corner of British Columbia, the Lower Mainland encompasses ´ Vancouver and its surrounding area and the Sunshine Coast. 0 4020km At 5,067 km2 and with a population of · 2.4 million (2006), it is the most densely Vancouver populated ecoregion in the country, with 473 people per km2. The Lower Mainland’s main population centres include the · Victoria Vancouver and Abbotsford–Mission Sources: Environment Canada, 2005, National Ecological metropolitan areas. Framework for Canada and Statistics Canada, From 1971 to 2006, the ecoregion’s Geography Division. population more than doubled to reach The principal land uses in the ecoregion 8% of Canada’s total. Even so, the amount are forests (44%), developed land (23%)— of agricultural land area in the Lower which includes built-up areas, lawns, road Mainland remained relatively stable over surfaces, industrial sites and farmsteads— that period, shrinking by less than 3%. and agriculture (13%). Îles-de-la-Madeleine Map 15.3 Îles-de-la-Madeleine ecoregion, Quebec The Îles-de-la-Madeleine ecoregion is one of the smallest and most isolated of Canada’s 194 ecoregions. An archipelago Gulf of St. Lawrence of 230 km2 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is part of Quebec and is the fifth most densely populated ecoregion in the country. With ! 13,091 permanent residents in 2006, its Grande-Entrée population density was 57 people per km2. Forests cover 31% of the Îles-de-la- Grand-Ruisseau ! Madeleine, while grasses and herbaceous ! Cap-aux-Meules plants cover almost 21%; 20% is beaches, ´ sand dunes and other exposed land. Crop- land accounts for 13%, wetlands, water and 0 15 km shrubland make up another 13%. Only 2% Sources: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2005, A National of the ecoregion is developed land. Ecological Framework for Canada and Statistics Fishing and tourism are its two main Canada, Geography Division. industries. In 2006, the primary sector, service (including hospitality) employed including the fishing industry, employed 17% 23% of the labour force. In 2006, the 13,091 of the island’s labour force, compared with permanent residents welcomed 50,500 4% of Canada’s labour force. Sales and visitors, or 3.86 visitors per resident. 210 Canada Year Book 2011 • Catalogue no. 11-402-X Geography Red River flooding Map 15.4 Red River Valley, 1997 flooding The Red River, spring and flooding are nearly synonym ous, with the most recent 97°30'W 97°00'W major floods occurring in 1997, 2009 and Lake Ring-diked town 2011. Slow and small most of the year, the Winnipeg Red River meanders north across a vast Other town agricultural plain 64 km to 80 km wide and Dike about 530 km long from its origin on the Red River Floodway Minnesota–North Dakota border south of 1997 flood zone Fargo to its delta known as the Netley Marsh at the southern tip of Lake Winnipeg. 0 2010 km The Red River’s watershed encom- Peguis passes about 290,000 km2, including the 2 Assiniboine River basin (163,000 km ), Selkirk which joins the Red River at Winnipeg. About 16% of the Red River basin, excluding the Assiniboine basin, is located in Canada; the remainder is within North Dakota, Minnesota and South Dakota. The 50°00'N Winnipeg 50°00'N St. François river falls just 70 m along its entire length Assiniboine of some 880 km. In Manitoba, the river has Xavier an average valley gradient of 0.0001. Seine Because of this flatness, high water River has nowhere to go except to overflow La Salle River River the river’s shallow banks and spread out La Salle across the plain until it resembles a vast, shallow lake. This flooding can have a St. Adolphe significant impact on agricultural areas. In 2009, 1,300 hectares of agricultural RiverSte. Agathe Brunkild land was inundated by the end of March. Morris After reaching 46,800 hectares on April 14, Osborne the flooding continued, peaking at 86,400 Aubigny Rosenort River hectares on April 24. The first area affected by the flood on March 31 was still under Riverside Red water on May 5, indicating that the flooded Morris Rat River area did not move from one region to Ste. Elizabeth another, but only increased in size. Regions St. Jean Baptiste Marsh River around the municipality of Emerson in Roseau River southern Manitoba were submerged for at least 36 consecutive days. Letellier In 2009, it was estimated that 235 Roseau River 2 farmers were affected by the flood.
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