DOCSLIB.ORG

Tick-Borne Rickettsioses Around the World: Emerging Diseases Challenging Old Concepts Philippe Parola,1 Christopher D

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tick-Borne Rickettsioses Around the World: Emerging Diseases Challenging Old Concepts Philippe Parola,1 Christopher D CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS, Oct. 2005, p. 719–756 Vol. 18, No. 4 0893-8512/05/$08.00ϩ0 doi:10.1128/CMR.18.4.719–756.2005 Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Tick-Borne Rickettsioses around the World: Emerging Diseases Challenging Old Concepts Philippe Parola,1 Christopher D. Paddock,2 and Didier Raoult1* Unite´ des Rickettsies, CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Universite´delaMe´diterrane´e, Faculte´deMe´decine, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France,1 and Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mailstop G-32, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia2 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................................719 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS AND CONTINUING GAPS IN RICKETTSIOLOGY........................................720 Microbiology and Taxonomy: What Defines a Rickettsia sp.?...........................................................................720 The Genome Era .....................................................................................................................................................722 Tick-Rickettsia Relationships................................................................................................................................723 Pathogenicity of Tick-Borne Rickettsiae..............................................................................................................724 TICK-BORNE RICKETTSIAE IDENTIFIED AS HUMAN PATHOGENS .......................................................725 Pathogens Described Prior to 1984......................................................................................................................725 Rickettsia rickettsii (Rocky Mountain spotted fever).......................................................................................725 “Rickettsia conorii subsp. conorii” (Mediterranean spotted fever) ...............................................................728 “Rickettsia conorii subsp. israelensis” (Israeli spotted fever).........................................................................729 “Rickettsia sibirica subsp. sibirica” (Siberian tick typhus or North Asian tick typhus)............................730 Rickettsia australis (Queensland tick typhus) ..................................................................................................730 Emerging Pathogens (1984 to 2004) ....................................................................................................................731 Rickettsia japonica (Japanese or Oriental spotted fever)...............................................................................731 “Rickettsia conorii subsp. caspia” (Astrakhan fever) ......................................................................................731 Rickettsia africae (African tick bite fever) ........................................................................................................732 Rickettsia honei (Flinders Island spotted fever)..............................................................................................733 “Rickettsia sibirica subsp. mongolitimonae” ......................................................................................................733 Rickettsia slovaca..................................................................................................................................................734 Rickettsia heilongjiangensis ..................................................................................................................................735 Rickettsia aeschlimannii.......................................................................................................................................736 Rickettsia parkeri..................................................................................................................................................736 Rickettsia massiliae...............................................................................................................................................737 “Rickettsia marmionii”.........................................................................................................................................737 TICK-BORNE SFG RICKETTSIAE PRESUMPTIVELY ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN ILLNESSES ......738 “Rickettsia conorii subsp. indica” (Indian Tick Typhus)....................................................................................738 Rickettsia canadensis ................................................................................................................................................738 “Rickettsia amblyommii”..........................................................................................................................................738 “Rickettsia texiana” ..................................................................................................................................................738 Rickettsia helvetica....................................................................................................................................................739 RICKETTSIAE ISOLATED FROM OR DETECTED IN TICKS ONLY...........................................................739 NEW APPROACHES TO DIAGNOSIS...................................................................................................................739 Serology ....................................................................................................................................................................740 Culture......................................................................................................................................................................745 Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Methods ..........................................................................................745 Molecular Tools ......................................................................................................................................................745 TREATMENT..............................................................................................................................................................746 CONCLUSION............................................................................................................................................................746 ACKNOWLEDGMENT..............................................................................................................................................749 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................749 INTRODUCTION Rickettsiales (276). These zoonoses are among the oldest known vector-borne diseases. In 1899, Edward E. Maxey re- Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group (SFG) of the ported the first clinical description of Rocky Mountain spotted genus Rickettsia within the family Rickettsiaceae in the order fever (RMSF), the prototypical tick-borne rickettsiosis (198). In 1906, Howard T. Ricketts reported the role of the wood tick in the transmission of the causative agent, subsequently named * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unite´ des Rickettsies, Rickettsia rickettsii (283, 284, 365). In 1919, S. Burt Wolbach CNRS UMR 6020, IFR 48, Universite´delaMe´diterrane´e, Faculte´de provided definitive experimental evidence that R. rickettsii, re- Me´decine, 27 Bd. Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France. Phone: (33) 4 91 32 43 75. Fax: (33) 4 91 32 03 90. E-mail: ferred to as “Dermacentroxenus rickettsii” at that time, was [email protected]. maintained by ticks and also described the fundamental his- 719 720 PAROLA ET AL. CLIN.MICROBIOL.REV. topathologic lesions of RMSF (365). For approximately the janghensis” (proposed name) in China and the Russian Far next 90 years, R. rickettsii would be the only tick-borne rickett- East; Rickettsia aeschlimannii in Africa and Europe; “Rickettsia sia conclusively associated with disease in humans in the West- marmionii” (proposed name) in Australia (N. Unsworth, J. ern Hemisphere. During the 20th century, many other formally Stenos, and J. Graves, Abstr. 4th Int. Conf. Rickettsiae Rick- described or incompletely characterized SFG rickettsiae were ettsial Dis., abstr. O-50, 2005), and R. parkeri in the United detected in North American ticks, including Rickettsia parkeri States (267). The last rickettsia is probably the best illustration, in 1939, Rickettsia montanensis (formerly R. montana) in 1963, as R. parkeri was considered a nonpathogenic rickettsia for and Rickettsia rhipicephali in 1978. However, these rickettsiae more than 60 years. Furthermore, the pathogenicity of Rick- were generally considered nonpathogenic (267, 276). ettsia massiliae has been recently demonstrated, 13 years after Distinctions between the occurrences of a single pathogenic its isolation from ticks (349). Other recently described rickett- tick-borne rickettsia and the various other nonpathogenic rick- siae, including Rickettsia helvetica strains in Europe and Asia, ettsiae that resided in ticks were also made by investigators have been presented as possible pathogens (267). from other continents. In 1910, the first case of Mediterranean The last major review on rickettsioses was published in 1997 spotted fever (MSF)
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Distribution of Tick-Borne Diseases in China Xian-Bo Wu1, Ren-Hua Na2, Shan-Shan Wei2, Jin-Song Zhu3 and Hong-Juan Peng2*
    Wu et al. Parasites & Vectors 2013, 6:119 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/6/1/119 REVIEW Open Access Distribution of tick-borne diseases in China Xian-Bo Wu1, Ren-Hua Na2, Shan-Shan Wei2, Jin-Song Zhu3 and Hong-Juan Peng2* Abstract As an important contributor to vector-borne diseases in China, in recent years, tick-borne diseases have attracted much attention because of their increasing incidence and consequent significant harm to livestock and human health. The most commonly observed human tick-borne diseases in China include Lyme borreliosis (known as Lyme disease in China), tick-borne encephalitis (known as Forest encephalitis in China), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (known as Xinjiang hemorrhagic fever in China), Q-fever, tularemia and North-Asia tick-borne spotted fever. In recent years, some emerging tick-borne diseases, such as human monocytic ehrlichiosis, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and a novel bunyavirus infection, have been reported frequently in China. Other tick-borne diseases that are not as frequently reported in China include Colorado fever, oriental spotted fever and piroplasmosis. Detailed information regarding the history, characteristics, and current epidemic status of these human tick-borne diseases in China will be reviewed in this paper. It is clear that greater efforts in government management and research are required for the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of tick-borne diseases, as well as for the control of ticks, in order to decrease the tick-borne disease burden in China. Keywords: Ticks, Tick-borne diseases, Epidemic, China Review (Table 1) [2,4]. Continuous reports of emerging tick-borne Ticks can carry and transmit viruses, bacteria, rickettsia, disease cases in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Anhui, and spirochetes, protozoans, Chlamydia, Mycoplasma,Bartonia other provinces demonstrate the rise of these diseases bodies, and nematodes [1,2].
    [Show full text]
  • Vectorborne Zoonoses: Break-Out Session Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Workshop – Oct
    Texas Department of State Health Services Vectorborne Zoonoses: Break-out Session Epidemiology and Laboratory Capacity Workshop – Oct. 2018 DSHS Zoonosis Control Branch Session Topics Texas Department of State Health Services • NEDSS case investigation tips • Lyme disease • Rickettsial diseases • Arboviral diseases ELC 2018 - Vectorborne Diseases 2 Texas Department of State Health Services Don’t be a Reject! Helpful tips to keep your notification from being rejected ELC breakout session October 3, 2018 Kamesha Owens, MPH Zoonosis Control Branch Texas Department of State Health Services Objectives • Rejection Criteria • How to document in NBS (NEDSS) • How to Report Texas Department of State Health Services 10/3/2018 ELC 2018 - Vectorborne Diseases 4 Rejection Criteria Texas Department of State Health Services Missing/incorrect information: • Incorrect case status or condition selected • Full Name • Date of Birth • Address • County • Missing laboratory data 10/3/2018 ELC 2018 - Vectorborne Diseases 5 Rejection Criteria continued Texas Department of State Health Services • Inconsistent information • e.g. Report date is a week before onset date • Case investigation form not received by ZCB within 14 days of notification • ZCB recommends that notification not be created until the case is closed and the investigation form has been submitted 10/3/2018 ELC 2018 - Vectorborne Diseases 6 Rejection Criteria continued Texas Department of State Health Services • Condition-specific information necessary to report the case is missing: • Travel history for Zika and other non-endemic conditions • Evidence of neurological disease for WNND case • Supporting documentation for Lyme disease case determination 10/3/2018 ELC 2018 - Vectorborne Diseases 7 How to Document in NBS (NEDSS) Do Don’t Add detailed comments in designated Leave us guessing! comments box under case info tab.
    [Show full text]
  • Babela Massiliensis, a Representative of a Widespread Bacterial
    Babela massiliensis, a representative of a widespread bacterial phylum with unusual adaptations to parasitism in amoebae Isabelle Pagnier, Natalya Yutin, Olivier Croce, Kira S Makarova, Yuri I Wolf, Samia Benamar, Didier Raoult, Eugene V. Koonin, Bernard La Scola To cite this version: Isabelle Pagnier, Natalya Yutin, Olivier Croce, Kira S Makarova, Yuri I Wolf, et al.. Babela mas- siliensis, a representative of a widespread bacterial phylum with unusual adaptations to parasitism in amoebae. Biology Direct, BioMed Central, 2015, 10 (13), 10.1186/s13062-015-0043-z. hal-01217089 HAL Id: hal-01217089 https://hal-amu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01217089 Submitted on 19 Oct 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Pagnier et al. Biology Direct (2015) 10:13 DOI 10.1186/s13062-015-0043-z RESEARCH Open Access Babela massiliensis, a representative of a widespread bacterial phylum with unusual adaptations to parasitism in amoebae Isabelle Pagnier1, Natalya Yutin2, Olivier Croce1, Kira S Makarova2, Yuri I Wolf2, Samia Benamar1, Didier Raoult1, Eugene V Koonin2 and Bernard La Scola1* Abstract Background: Only a small fraction of bacteria and archaea that are identifiable by metagenomics can be grown on standard media.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/134709 Al 12 September 2014 (12.09.2014) P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every A61K 31/05 (2006.01) A61P 31/02 (2006.01) kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, (21) International Application Number: BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, PCT/CA20 14/000 174 DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, (22) International Filing Date: HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, 4 March 2014 (04.03.2014) KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (25) Filing Language: English OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, (26) Publication Language: English SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (30) Priority Data: ZW. 13/790,91 1 8 March 2013 (08.03.2013) US (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (71) Applicant: LABORATOIRE M2 [CA/CA]; 4005-A, rue kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, de la Garlock, Sherbrooke, Quebec J1L 1W9 (CA). GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, (72) Inventors: LEMIRE, Gaetan; 6505, rue de la fougere, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, Sherbrooke, Quebec JIN 3W3 (CA).
    [Show full text]
  • LC-Locus Alignment Sites Distance, Number of Nodes Supplementary
    12.5 10.0 7.5 5.0 Distance, number of nodes 2.5 0.0 g1 g2 g3 g3.5 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10 g10.1 g11 g12 g13 g14 g15 (11) (3) (3) (10) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (3) (4) (3) (3) (3) (2) (3) LC-locus alignment sites Supplementary Figure S1. Compatibility of the evolutionary histories of the LC-locus and of individual LC genes.The sites of the LC-locus alignment are arranged along the X-axis, with the dashed red lines demarcating the alignment boundaries of the individual RcGTA-like genes (labeled with RcGTA gene names, g1 through g15; see Supplementary Table S4). For each alignment site, the Y-axis shows the phylogenetic distance between the optimal placement of a taxon in a phylogeny reconstructed from a 100 amino-acid window that surrounds the site and in the LC-locus phylogeny, averaged across all sliding windows that contain the site. The Y-axis values averaged across all taxa and all sites within a gene is shown in parentheses on the X-axis. For 15 out of 17 genes, only 2-4 nodes separate the optimal taxon position in the LC-locus and gene phylogeny. The inflated distances for g1 and g3.5 are likely because only 15 and 21 of 95 LCs, respectively, have a homolog of these genes and the SSPB analysis is highly sensitive to missing data (Berger et al. 2011). a. Bacteria Unassigned Thermotogae Tenericutes Synergistetes Spirochaetes Proteobacteria ylum Planctomycetes h p Firmicutes Deferribacteres Cyanobacteria Chloroflexi Bacteroidetes Actinobacteria Acidobacteria 1(11,750) 2(1,750) 3(2,538) 4(168) 5(51) 6(54) 7(43) 8(32) 9(26) 10(40) 11(33) 12(198) 13(173) 14(101) 15(98) 16(43) 17(114) Number of rcc01682−rcc01698 homologs in a cluster b.
    [Show full text]
  • Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Disease Name Class A, Requires Immediate Phone Call to Local Health
    Ohio Department of Health, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Reporting specifics for select diseases reportable by ELR Class A, requires immediate phone Susceptibilities specimen type Reportable test name (can change if Disease Name other specifics+ call to local health required* specifics~ state/federal case definition or department reporting requirements change) Culture independent diagnostic tests' (CIDT), like BioFire panel or BD MAX, E. histolytica Stain specimen = stool, bile results should be sent as E. histolytica DNA fluid, duodenal fluid, 260373001^DETECTED^SCT with E. histolytica Antigen Amebiasis (Entamoeba histolytica) No No tissue large intestine, disease/organism-specific DNA LOINC E. histolytica Antibody tissue small intestine codes OR a generic CIDT-LOINC code E. histolytica IgM with organism-specific DNA SNOMED E. histolytica IgG codes E. histolytica Total Antibody Ova and Parasite Anthrax Antibody Anthrax Antigen Anthrax EITB Acute Anthrax EITB Convalescent Anthrax Yes No Culture ELISA PCR Stain/microscopy Stain/spore ID Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus Antibody Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus IgG Antibody Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus IgM Arboviral neuroinvasive and non- Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus RNA neuroinvasive disease: Eastern equine California serogroup virus Antibody encephalitis virus disease; LaCrosse Equivocal results are accepted for all California serogroup virus IgG Antibody virus disease (other California arborviral diseases; California serogroup virus IgM Antibody specimen = blood, serum, serogroup
    [Show full text]
  • Expansion of Tick-Borne Rickettsioses in the World
    microorganisms Review Expansion of Tick-Borne Rickettsioses in the World Mariusz Piotrowski * and Anna Rymaszewska Institute of Biology, University of Szczecin, 70-453 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 24 September 2020; Accepted: 25 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020 Abstract: Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group of the genus Rickettsia. These infections are among the oldest known diseases transmitted by vectors. In the last three decades there has been a rapid increase in the recognition of this disease complex. This unusual expansion of information was mainly caused by the development of molecular diagnostic techniques that have facilitated the identification of new and previously recognized rickettsiae. A lot of currently known bacteria of the genus Rickettsia have been considered nonpathogenic for years, and moreover, many new species have been identified with unknown pathogenicity. The genus Rickettsia is distributed all over the world. Many Rickettsia species are present on several continents. The geographical distribution of rickettsiae is related to their vectors. New cases of rickettsioses and new locations, where the presence of these bacteria is recognized, are still being identified. The variety and rapid evolution of the distribution and density of ticks and diseases which they transmit shows us the scale of the problem. This review article presents a comparison of the current understanding of the geographic distribution of pathogenic Rickettsia species to that of the beginning of the century. Keywords: Tick-borne rickettsioses; Tick-borne diseases; Rickettsiales 1. Introduction Tick-borne rickettsioses are caused by obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the spotted fever group (SFG) of the genus Rickettsia.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Gain and Loss Events in Rickettsia and Orientia Species Kalliopi Georgiades1,2, Vicky Merhej1, Khalid El Karkouri1, Didier Raoult1, Pierre Pontarotti2*
    Georgiades et al. Biology Direct 2011, 6:6 http://www.biology-direct.com/content/6/1/6 RESEARCH Open Access Gene gain and loss events in Rickettsia and Orientia species Kalliopi Georgiades1,2, Vicky Merhej1, Khalid El Karkouri1, Didier Raoult1, Pierre Pontarotti2* Abstract Background: Genome degradation is an ongoing process in all members of the Rickettsiales order, which makes these bacterial species an excellent model for studying reductive evolution through interspecies variation in genome size and gene content. In this study, we evaluated the degree to which gene loss shaped the content of some Rickettsiales genomes. We shed light on the role played by horizontal gene transfers in the genome evolution of Rickettsiales. Results: Our phylogenomic tree, based on whole-genome content, presented a topology distinct from that of the whole core gene concatenated phylogenetic tree, suggesting that the gene repertoires involved have different evolutionary histories. Indeed, we present evidence for 3 possible horizontal gene transfer events from various organisms to Orientia and 6 to Rickettsia spp., while we also identified 3 possible horizontal gene transfer events from Rickettsia and Orientia to other bacteria. We found 17 putative genes in Rickettsia spp. that are probably the result of de novo gene creation; 2 of these genes appear to be functional. On the basis of these results, we were able to reconstruct the gene repertoires of “proto-Rickettsiales” and “proto-Rickettsiaceae”, which correspond to the ancestors of Rickettsiales and Rickettsiaceae, respectively. Finally, we found that 2,135 genes were lost during the evolution of the Rickettsiaceae to an intracellular lifestyle. Conclusions: Our phylogenetic analysis allowed us to track the gene gain and loss events occurring in bacterial genomes during their evolution from a free-living to an intracellular lifestyle.
    [Show full text]
  • High Prevalence of Rickettsia Africae Variants in Amblyomma Variegatum Ticks from Domestic Mammals in Rural Western Kenya: Implications for Human Health
    n Maina, A. N. et al. (2014) High prevalence of Rickettsia africae variants in Amblyomma variegatum ticks from domestic mammals in rural western Kenya: implications for human health. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, 14 (10). pp. 693-702. ISSN 1530-3667 Copyright © 2014 The Authors http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/99480/ Deposited on: 17 November 2014 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk VECTOR-BORNE AND ZOONOTIC DISEASES Volume 14, Number 10, 2014 ORIGINAL ARTICLES ª Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1578 High Prevalence of Rickettsia africae Variants in Amblyomma variegatum Ticks from Domestic Mammals in Rural Western Kenya: Implications for Human Health Alice N. Maina,1–3 Ju Jiang,3 Sylvia A. Omulo,2 Sally J. Cutler,4 Fredrick Ade,2 Eric Ogola,2 Daniel R. Feikin,5 M. Kariuki Njenga,5 Sarah Cleaveland,6 Solomon Mpoke,1,2 Zipporah Ng’ang’a,1 Robert F. Breiman,5 Darryn L. Knobel,2,7 and Allen L. Richards3 Abstract Tick-borne spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsioses are emerging human diseases caused by obligate intracel- lular Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Rickettsia. Despite being important causes of systemic febrile illnesses in travelers returning from sub-Saharan Africa, little is known about the reservoir hosts of these pathogens. We conducted surveys for rickettsiae in domestic animals and ticks in a rural setting in western Kenya. Of the 100 serum specimens tested from each species of domestic ruminant 43% of goats, 23% of sheep, and 1% of cattle had immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the SFG rickettsiae.
    [Show full text]
  • Positive Rates of Anti-Acari-Borne Disease Antibodies of Rural Inhabitants in Japan
    NOTE Public Health Positive rates of anti-acari-borne disease antibodies of rural inhabitants in Japan Tsutomu TAKEDA1)*, Hiromi FUJITA2), Masumi IWASAKI3), Moe KASAI3), Nanako TATORI4), Tomohiko ENDO5), Yuuji KODERA1,5) and Naoto YAMABATA6) 1)Wildlife Section, Center for Weed and Wildlife Management, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan 2)Mahara Institute of Medical Acarology, 56-3 Aratano, Anan-shi, Tokushima 779-1510, Japan 3)Nikko Yumoto Visitor Center, National Parks Foundation Nikko Branch, Yumoto, Nikko-shi, Tochigi 321-1662, Japan 4)Department of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine, Utsunomiya-shi, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan 5)United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan 6)Institute of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Hyogo, Sawano 940, Aogaki-cho, Tanba, Hyogo 669-3842, Japan J. Vet. Med. Sci. ABSTRACT. An assessment of acari (tick and mite) borne diseases was required to support 81(5): 758–763, 2019 development of risk management strategies in rural areas. To achieve this objective, blood samples were mainly collected from rural residents participating in hunting events. Out of 1,152 doi: 10.1292/jvms.18-0572 blood samples, 93 were positive against acari-borne pathogens from 12 prefectures in Japan. Urban areas had a lower rate of positive antibodies, whereas mountainous farming areas had a higher positive antibody prevalence. Residents of mountain areas were bitten by ticks or mites Received: 25 September 2018 significantly more often than urban residents. Resident of mountain areas, including hunters, may Accepted: 9 March 2019 necessary to be educated for prevention of akari-borne infectious diseases.
    [Show full text]
  • Volume - I Ii Issue - Xxviii Jul / Aug 2008
    VOLUME - I II ISSUE - XXVIII JUL / AUG 2008 With a worldwide footprint, Rickettsiosis are diseases that are gaining increasing significance as important causes of morbidity and to an extent mortality too. Encompassed within these are two main groups, viz., Rickettsia spotted fever group and the Typhus group (they differ in their surface exposed protein and lipopolysaccharide antigens). A unique thing about these organisms is that, though they are gram-negative bacilli, they 1 Editorial cannot be cultured in the traditional ways that we employ to culture regular bacteria. They Disease need viable eukaryotic host cells and they require a vector too to complete their run up to 2 Diagnosis the human host. Asia can boast of harbouring Epidemic typhus, Scrub typhus, Boutonneuse fever, North Asia Tick typhus, Oriental spotted fever and Q fever. The Interpretation pathological feature in most of these fevers is involvement of the microvasculature 6 (vasculitis/ perivasculitis at various locations). Most often, the clinical presentation initially Trouble is like Pyrexia of Unknown Origin. As they can't be cultured by the routine methods, the 7 Shooting diagnostic approach left is serological assays. A simple to perform investigation is the Weil-Felix reaction that is based on the cross-reactive antigens of OX-19 and OX-2 strains 7 Bouquet of Proteus vulgaris. Diagnosed early, Rickettsiae can be effectively treated by the most basic antibiotics like tetracyclines/ doxycycline and chloramphenicol. Epidemiologically almost omnipresent, the DISEASE DIAGNOSIS segment of this issue comprehensively 8 Tulip News discusses Rickettsiae. Vector and reservoir control, however, is the best approach in any case.
    [Show full text]
  • “Epidemiology of Rickettsial Infections”
    6/19/2019 I have got 45 min…… First 15 min… •A travel medicine physician… •Evolution of epidemiology of rickettsial diseases in brief “Epidemiology of rickettsial •Expanded knowledge of rickettsioses vs travel medicine infections” •Determinants of Current epidemiology of Rickettsialinfections •Role of returning traveller in rickettsial diseaseepidemiology Ranjan Premaratna •Current epidemiology vs travel health physician Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya Next 30 min… SRI LANKA •Clinical cases 12 Human Travel & People travel… Human activity Regionally and internationally Increased risk of contact between Bugs travel humans and bugs Deforestation Regionally and internationally Habitat fragmentation Echo tourism 34 This man.. a returning traveler.. down Change in global epidemiology with fever.. What can this be??? • This is the greatest challenge faced by an infectious disease / travel medicine physician • compared to a physician attending to a well streamlined management plan of a non-communicable disease……... 56 1 6/19/2019 Rickettsial diseases • A travel medicine physician… • Represent some of the oldest and most recently recognizedinfectious • Evolution of epidemiology of rickettsial diseases in brief diseases • Expanded knowledge of rickettsioses vs travel medicine • Determinants of Current epidemiology of Rickettsialinfections • Athens plague described during 5th century BC……? Epidemic typhus • Role of returning traveller in rickettsial diseaseepidemiology • Current epidemiology vs travel health physician • Clinical cases 78 In 1916.......... By 1970s-1980s four endemic rickettsioses; a single agent unique to a given geography !!! • R. prowazekii was identified as the etiological agent of epidemic typhus • Rocky Mountain spotted fever • Mediterranean spotted fever • North Asian tick typhus • Queensland tick typhus Walker DH, Fishbein DB. Epidemiology of rickettsial diseases. Eur J Epidemiol 1991 910 Family Rickettsiaceae Transitional group between SFG and TG Genera Rickettsia • R.
    [Show full text]