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An Eloreta Quantitative EEG Study
brain sciences Article Power Spectral Differences between Transient Epileptic and Global Amnesia: An eLORETA Quantitative EEG Study Jacopo Lanzone 1,* , Claudio Imperatori 2 , Giovanni Assenza 1 , Lorenzo Ricci 1 , Benedetto Farina 2, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro 1 and Mario Tombini 1 1 Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (G.A.); [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (V.D.L.); [email protected] (M.T.) 2 Cognitive and Clinical Psychology Laboratory, Department of Human Sciences, European University of Rome, Via degli Aldobrandeschi 190, 00163 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (C.I.); [email protected] (B.F.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 4 September 2020; Published: 6 September 2020 Abstract: Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) is a rare epileptic condition, often confused with transient global amnesia (TGA). In a real-life scenario, differential diagnosis between these two conditions can be hard. In this study we use power spectral analysis empowered by exact Low Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA) to evidence the differences between TEA and TGA. Fifteen patients affected by TEA (64.2 5.2 y.o.; 11 female/4 male; 10 left and 5 right temporal epileptic focus) ± and 15 patients affected by TGA (65.8 7.2 y.o.; 11 females/4 males) were retrospectively identified in ± our clinical records. All patients recorded EEGs after symptoms offset. EEGs were analyzed with eLORETA to evidence power spectral contrast between the two conditions. We used an inverse problem solution to localize the source of spectral differences. -
Anatomy of the Temporal Lobe
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Epilepsy Research and Treatment Volume 2012, Article ID 176157, 12 pages doi:10.1155/2012/176157 Review Article AnatomyoftheTemporalLobe J. A. Kiernan Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1 Correspondence should be addressed to J. A. Kiernan, [email protected] Received 6 October 2011; Accepted 3 December 2011 Academic Editor: Seyed M. Mirsattari Copyright © 2012 J. A. Kiernan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Only primates have temporal lobes, which are largest in man, accommodating 17% of the cerebral cortex and including areas with auditory, olfactory, vestibular, visual and linguistic functions. The hippocampal formation, on the medial side of the lobe, includes the parahippocampal gyrus, subiculum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, and associated white matter, notably the fimbria, whose fibres continue into the fornix. The hippocampus is an inrolled gyrus that bulges into the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle. Association fibres connect all parts of the cerebral cortex with the parahippocampal gyrus and subiculum, which in turn project to the dentate gyrus. The largest efferent projection of the subiculum and hippocampus is through the fornix to the hypothalamus. The choroid fissure, alongside the fimbria, separates the temporal lobe from the optic tract, hypothalamus and midbrain. The amygdala comprises several nuclei on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe, mostly anterior the hippocampus and indenting the tip of the temporal horn. The amygdala receives input from the olfactory bulb and from association cortex for other modalities of sensation. -
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans Ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai
Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai To cite this version: Hans ten Donkelaar, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, Jürgen Mai. Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, Frontiers, 2018, 12, pp.93. 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093. hal-01929541 HAL Id: hal-01929541 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01929541 Submitted on 21 Nov 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. REVIEW published: 19 November 2018 doi: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00093 Toward a Common Terminology for the Gyri and Sulci of the Human Cerebral Cortex Hans J. ten Donkelaar 1*†, Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer 2† and Jürgen K. Mai 3† 1 Department of Neurology, Donders Center for Medical Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands, 2 IMN Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives UMR 5293, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, 3 Institute for Anatomy, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany The gyri and sulci of the human brain were defined by pioneers such as Louis-Pierre Gratiolet and Alexander Ecker, and extensified by, among others, Dejerine (1895) and von Economo and Koskinas (1925). -
A Pictorial Essay on Anatomy and Pathology of the Hippocampus
Insights Imaging DOI 10.1007/s13244-016-0541-2 PICTORIAL REVIEW BUnforgettable^ – a pictorial essay on anatomy and pathology of the hippocampus Sven Dekeyzer 1,2,3 & Isabelle De Kock2 & Omid Nikoubashman1 & Stephanie Vanden Bossche 2 & Ruth Van Eetvelde2,3 & Jeroen De Groote2 & Marjan Acou2 & Martin Wiesmann1 & Karel Deblaere2 & Eric Achten2 Received: 19 September 2016 /Revised: 18 December 2016 /Accepted: 20 December 2016 # The Author(s) 2017. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract • Clinical information is often necessary to come to a correct The hippocampus is a small but complex anatomical structure diagnosis or an apt differential. that plays an important role in spatial and episodic memory. The hippocampus can be affected by a wide range of congen- Keywords Hippocampus . Epilepsy . Dementia . Herpes ital variants and degenerative, inflammatory, vascular, tumoral simplex encephalitis . MRI and toxic-metabolic pathologies. Magnetic resonance imaging is the preferred imaging technique for evaluating the hippo- campus. The main indications requiring tailored imaging se- Abbreviations quences of the hippocampus are medically refractory epilepsy AD Alzheimer’sdementia and dementia. The purpose of this pictorial review is three- DNET Dysembryoblastic neuroepithelial tumour fold: (1) to review the normal anatomy of the hippocampus on IHI Incomplete hippocampal inversion MRI; (2) to discuss the optimal imaging strategy for the eval- HSE Herpes simplex encephalitis uation of the hippocampus; and (3) to present a pictorial over- LE Limbic encephalitis view of the most common anatomic variants and pathologic MTA Mesial temporal atrophy conditions affecting the hippocampus. MTS Mesial temporal sclerosis Teaching points • Knowledge of normal hippocampal anatomy helps recognize Anatomy, embryology, arterial supply and function anatomic variants and hippocampal pathology. -
Multi-Contrast Submillimetric 3Tesla Hippocampal Subfield Segmentation
www.nature.com/scientificdata OPEN Multi-contrast submillimetric SUBJECT CATEGORIES » Brain imaging 3Tesla hippocampal subfield » Magnetic resonance imaging segmentation protocol and dataset » Brain Jessie Kulaga-Yoskovitz1,*, Boris C. Bernhardt1,2,*, Seok-Jun Hong1, Tommaso Mansi3, » Neurology Kevin E. Liang1, Andre J.W. van der Kouwe4, Jonathan Smallwood5, Andrea Bernasconi1,* » Neuroscience & Neda Bernasconi1,* The hippocampus is composed of distinct anatomical subregions that participate in multiple cognitive processes and are differentially affected in prevalent neurological and psychiatric conditions. Advances in high-field MRI allow for the non-invasive identification of hippocampal substructure. These approaches, however, demand time-consuming manual segmentation that relies heavily on anatomical expertise. Here, Received: 10 August 2015 we share manual labels and associated high-resolution MRI data (MNI-HISUB25; submillimetric T1- and Accepted: 07 October 2015 T2-weighted images, detailed sequence information, and stereotaxic probabilistic anatomical maps) based Published: 10 November 2015 on 25 healthy subjects. Data were acquired on a widely available 3 Tesla MRI system using a 32 phased- array head coil. The protocol divided the hippocampal formation into three subregions: subicular complex, merged Cornu Ammonis 1, 2 and 3 (CA1-3) subfields, and CA4-dentate gyrus (CA4-DG). Segmentation was guided by consistent intensity and morphology characteristics of the densely myelinated molecular layer together with few geometry-based boundaries -
The Pre/Parasubiculum: a Hippocampal Hub for Scene- Based Cognition? Marshall a Dalton and Eleanor a Maguire
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect The pre/parasubiculum: a hippocampal hub for scene- based cognition? Marshall A Dalton and Eleanor A Maguire Internal representations of the world in the form of spatially which posits that one function of the hippocampus is to coherent scenes have been linked with cognitive functions construct internal representations of scenes in the ser- including episodic memory, navigation and imagining the vice of memory, navigation, imagination, decision-mak- future. In human neuroimaging studies, a specific hippocampal ing and a host of other functions [11 ]. Recent inves- subregion, the pre/parasubiculum, is consistently engaged tigations have further refined our understanding of during scene-based cognition. Here we review recent evidence hippocampal involvement in scene-based cognition. to consider why this might be the case. We note that the pre/ Specifically, a portion of the anterior medial hippocam- parasubiculum is a primary target of the parieto-medial pus is consistently engaged by tasks involving scenes temporal processing pathway, it receives integrated [11 ], although it is not yet clear why a specific subre- information from foveal and peripheral visual inputs and it is gion of the hippocampus would be preferentially contiguous with the retrosplenial cortex. We discuss why these recruited in this manner. factors might indicate that the pre/parasubiculum has privileged access to holistic representations of the environment Here we review the extant evidence, drawing largely from and could be neuroanatomically determined to preferentially advances in the understanding of visuospatial processing process scenes. pathways. We propose that the anterior medial portion of the hippocampus represents an important hub of an Address extended network that underlies scene-related cognition, Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, and we generate specific hypotheses concerning the University College London, 12 Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK functional contributions of hippocampal subfields. -
The Surgical Prognostic Significance of the Electroencephalographic Prediction of Ammon's Horn Sclerosis in Epileptics by W
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.21.1.24 on 1 February 1958. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1958, 21, 24. THE SURGICAL PROGNOSTIC SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PREDICTION OF AMMON'S HORN SCLEROSIS IN EPILEPTICS BY W. A. KENNEDY and DENIS HILL BASED ON PATHOLOGICAL MATERIAL SUPPLIED BY J. B. CAVANAGH and A. MEYER From the Institute ofPsychiatry and the Guy's-Maudsley Neurosurgical Unit, London In a previous communication (Falconer, Hill, Jasper (1954) and recently by Rasmussen (1957). Meyer, Mitchell, and Pond, 1955) the results of The diagnostic and pathological data and the treating intractable temporal lobe epilepsy by tem- therapeutic effects of temporal lobectomy carried poral lobectomy were given. A survey was reported out on a larger series of 50 cases are now available of the clinical, electroencephalographic, radiological, and a preliminary report has been given (Falconer, and pathological findings in 31 cases. The follow-up Meyer, Hill, and Wilson, 1957). Following Earle etguest. Protected by copyright. study of the patients showed beneficial effects upon al. (1953) the pathological findings have been classi- the epilepsy and upon the personality disorder in a fied in two main groups. While all cases in which a proportion which compared very favourably with space-occupying lesion could be anticipated on most published series. The opinion was expressed clinical, radiological, or electroencephalographic that this was due to inclusion of the uncus, Ammon's grounds were excluded from the series, there were, horn, and possibly the amygdaloid nucleus in the nevertheless, 14 cases in which very small focal resected tissue. -
Acetylcholinesterase Fiber Staining in the Human Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Gyrms
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 273:488-499 (1988) Acetylcholinesterase Fiber Staining in the Human Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Gyrms ROBERT C. GREEN AND M-MARSEL MESULAM Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Neurology, Beth Israel Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215 ABSTRACT The AChE fiber distribution within the human hippocampus and para- hippocampal gyrus was studied in order to provide normative data for the examination of cholinergic fiberarchitecture in human pathology and to clarify the cytoarchitectonic organization of these structures. A modification of the Koelle method was used to stain temporal lobe serial sections from 6 neurologically normal human brains collected at autopsy. The hippocampal formation contains some ofthe densest staining of any cortical area. Regions with the heaviest concentrations of AChE fibers in- clude a thin band along the inner edge of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (ml-DG) and parts of the CA2, CA3, and CA4 sectors of Ammon's horn. Staining is of intermediate intensity in the CA1 region, The subiculum (S) is more lightly stained than the CA fields. Staining in the parahippocam- pal gyrus is generally less dense than in the hippocampal formation. The most conspicuous feature of the human entorhinal cortex (EC) is the AChE- rich fiber patches seen overlapping the stellate cell islands in layer 11. An additional band of relatively dense AChE staining is identified in layers N- V. Prominent AChE-rich polymorphic neurons are present within the hilum of the dentate gyrus. The CAlhubiculum transition in Nissl preparation is characterized by an oblique interdigitation of CA1 cells. The transition from EC to prorhinal cortex occurs along the medial bank of the rhinal sulcus and is characterized by a band of AChE staining, which slopes obliquely away from layer I1 until it joins an intermediate pyramidal cell layer. -
Subtemporal Transparahippocampal Amygdalohippocampectomy for Surgical Treatment of Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Technical Note
Subtemporal transparahippocampal amygdalohippocampectomy for surgical treatment of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Technical note T. S. Park, M.D., Blaise F. D. Bourgeois, M.D., Daniel L. Silbergeld, M.D., and W. Edwin Dodson, M.D. Department of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri Amygdalohippocampectomy (AH) is an accepted surgical option for treatment of medically refractory mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Operative approaches to the amygdala and hippocampus that previously have been reported include: the sylvian fissure, the superior temporal sulcus, the middle temporal gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. Regardless of the approach, AH permits not only extirpation of an epileptogenic focus in the amygdala and anterior hippocampus, but interruption of pathways of seizure spread via the entorhinal cortex and the parahippocampal gyrus. The authors report a modification of a surgical technique for AH via the parahippocampal gyrus, in which excision is limited to the anterior hippocampus, amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus while preserving the fusiform gyrus and the rest of the temporal lobe. Because transparahippocampal AH avoids injury to the fusiform gyrus and the lateral temporal lobe, it can be performed without intracarotid sodium amobarbital testing of language dominance and language mapping. Thus the operation would be particularly suitable for pediatric patients in whom intraoperative language mapping before resection is difficult. Key Words * amygdalohippocampectomy * complex partial seizure * parahippocampal gyrus * subtemporal approach Currently several different variations of temporal lobe resections are used for medically intractable complex partial seizures.[4,6,8,18,21,30,34] Among these operations is amygdalohippocampectomy (AH), first described in 1958 by Niemeyer,[16] who approached the amygdala and hippocampus through an incision on the middle temporal gyrus. -
1. Lateral View of Lobes in Left Hemisphere TOPOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY T1 Division of Cerebral Cortex into Lobes 1. Lateral View of Lobes in Left Hemisphere 2. Medial View of Lobes in Right Hemisphere PARIETAL PARIETAL LIMBIC FRONTAL FRONTAL INSULAR: buried OCCIPITAL OCCIPITAL in lateral fissure TEMPORAL TEMPORAL 3. Dorsal View of Lobes 4. Ventral View of Lobes PARIETAL TEMPORAL LIMBIC FRONTAL OCCIPITAL FRONTAL OCCIPITAL Comment: The cerebral lobes are arbitrary divisions of the cerebrum, taking their names, for the most part, from overlying bones. They are not functional subdivisions of the brain, but serve as a reference for locating specific functions within them. The anterior (rostral) end of the frontal lobe is referred to as the frontal pole. Similarly, the anterior end of the temporal lobe is the temporal pole, and the posterior end of the occipital lobe the occipital pole. TOPOGRAPHY T2 central sulcus central sulcus parietal frontal occipital lateral temporal lateral sulcus sulcus SUMMARY CARTOON: LOBES SUMMARY CARTOON: GYRI Lateral View of Left Hemisphere central sulcus postcentral superior parietal superior precentral gyrus gyrus lobule frontal intraparietal sulcus gyrus inferior parietal lobule: supramarginal and angular gyri middle frontal parieto-occipital sulcus gyrus incision for close-up below OP T preoccipital O notch inferior frontal cerebellum gyrus: O-orbital lateral T-triangular sulcus superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri OP-opercular Lateral View of Insula central sulcus cut surface corresponding to incision in above figure insula superior temporal gyrus Comment: Insula (insular gyri) exposed by removal of overlying opercula (“lids” of frontal and parietal cortex). TOPOGRAPHY T3 Language sites and arcuate fasciculus. MRI reconstruction from a volunteer. central sulcus supramarginal site (posterior Wernicke’s) Language sites (squares) approximated from electrical stimulation sites in patients undergoing operations for epilepsy or tumor removal (Ojeman and Berger). -
Direct Visualization of the Perforant Pathway in the Human Brain with Ex Vivo Diffusion Tensor Imaging
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 28 May 2010 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2010.00042 Direct visualization of the perforant pathway in the human brain with ex vivo diffusion tensor imaging Jean C. Augustinack1*, Karl Helmer1, Kristen E. Huber1, Sita Kakunoori1, Lilla Zöllei1,2 and Bruce Fischl1,2 1 Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA 2 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA Edited by: Ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging yields high resolution images that reveal detailed cerebral Andreas Jeromin, Banyan Biomarkers, anatomy and explicit cytoarchitecture in the cerebral cortex, subcortical structures, and white USA matter in the human brain. Our data illustrate neuroanatomical correlates of limbic circuitry with Reviewed by: Konstantinos Arfanakis, Illinois Institute high resolution images at high field. In this report, we have studied ex vivo medial temporal of Technology, USA lobe samples in high resolution structural MRI and high resolution diffusion MRI. Structural and James Gee, University of Pennsylvania, diffusion MRIs were registered to each other and to histological sections stained for myelin for USA validation of the perforant pathway. We demonstrate probability maps and fiber tracking from Christopher Kroenke, Oregon Health and Science University, USA diffusion tensor data that allows the direct visualization of the perforant pathway. Although it *Correspondence: is not possible to validate the DTI data with invasive measures, results described here provide Jean Augustinack, Athinoula A. an additional line of evidence of the perforant pathway trajectory in the human brain and that Martinos Center for Biomedical the perforant pathway may cross the hippocampal sulcus. -
Surgical Anatomy and Techniques
SURGICAL ANATOMY AND TECHNIQUES MICROSURGICAL APPROACHES TO THE MEDIAL TEMPORAL REGION:AN ANATOMICAL STUDY Alvaro Campero, M.D. OBJECTIVE: To describe the surgical anatomy of the anterior, middle, and posterior Department of Neurological Surgery, portions of the medial temporal region and to present an anatomic-based classification University of Florida, of the approaches to this area. Gainesville, Florida METHODS: Twenty formalin-fixed, adult cadaveric specimens were studied. Ten brains Gustavo Tro´ccoli, M.D. provided measurements to compare different surgical strategies. Approaches were demon- Department of Neurological Surgery, strated using 10 silicon-injected cadaveric heads. Surgical cases were used to illustrate the Hospital “Dr. J. Penna,” results by the different approaches. Transverse lines at the level of the inferior choroidal point Bahı´a Blanca, Argentina and quadrigeminal plate were used to divide the medial temporal region into anterior, middle, and posterior portions. Surgical approaches to the medial temporal region were classified into Carolina Martins, M.D. four groups: superior, lateral, basal, and medial, based on the surface of the lobe through which Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the approach was directed. The approaches through the medial group were subdivided further Gainesville, Florida into an anterior approach, the transsylvian transcisternal approach, and two posterior ap- proaches, the occipital interhemispheric and supracerebellar transtentorial approaches. Juan C. Fernandez-Miranda, M.D. RESULTS: The anterior portion of the medial temporal region can be reached through Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, the superior, lateral, and basal surfaces of the lobe and the anterior variant of the Gainesville, Florida approach through the medial surface.