DOCSLIB.ORG

LIBERIA: the DISSOLUTION of PRIVILEGE Part Ill: the Challenge of New Leadership

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LIBERIA: the DISSOLUTION of PRIVILEGE Part Ill: the Challenge of New Leadership 1980INo. 41 Africa LIBERIA: THE DISSOLUTION OF PRIVILEGE Part Ill: The Challenge of New Leadership by J. Gus Liebenow With the problem of internat~onalrecognition for the Doe regime receding, the real challenge to the People's Redemption Council, which took over Liberia's government in April 1980, is the need to forge a new national identity. [JGL-3-'801 lSSN 01 61 -0724 The American Universities Field INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS American Staff, Inc., founded in 1951, is a non- University of Alabama profit, membership corporation of Brown University American educational institutions. It California State Universities em~loysa full-time staff of foreiqn UniversityIFullerton area specialists who write from abroad and make periodic visits to California State UniversityINorthridge Field Staff member institutions. AUFS serves the public through its seminar pro- University of Connecticut grams, films, and wide-ranging pub- Dartmouth College lications on significant develop- lndiana University ments in foreign societies. Institute for Shipboard Education University of Kansas Michigan State University University of Pittsburgh Ramapo College of New Jersey Utah State University University of Wisconsin System AUFS Reports are a continuing Associates of the Field Staff are Reports series on international affairs and chosen for their ability to cut across major global issues of our time. the boundaries of the academic dis- Reports have for almost three ciplines in order to study societies in decades reached a group of their totality, and for their skill in col- readers- both academic and non- lecting, reporting, and evaluating academic-who find them a useful data. They combine long residence source of firsthand observation of abroad with scholarly studies relat- political, economic, and social trends ing to their geographic areas of in foreign countries. Reports in the interest. Each Field Staff Associate series are prepared by writers who returns to the United States periodi- are full-time Associates of the cally to lecture on the campuses of American Universities Field Staff the consortium's member institu- and occasionally by persons on leave tions. from the organizations and univer- sities that are the Field Staff's spon- sors. THE AUTHOR Association and a member of the Fellow at Harvard University; and re- Executive Council of the International ceived his Ph.D. in Political Science African lnstitute in London. from Northwestern University in 1955. A member of Phi Beta Kappa and Phi Professor Liebenow began his field work Kappa Phi, he taught at the University of in Africa in 1953, and he has spent 6 of Texas before coming to lndiana Univer- the past 25 years doing research, teach- sity in 1958. He was the first Director of ing, and service in tropical Africa. He is African Studies at lndiana (1960-1972) the author of Liberia: The Evolution of and served as Dean for International Privilege; Colonial Rule and Political Programs (1968-1972) and Vice Presi- Development in Tanzania: The Case of dent for Academic Affairs for the the Makonde; African Attitudes towards lndiana University system (1972-1974). Agriculture, Education, and Rural Trans- formation; and of numerous journal articles and chapters in edited volumes. Dr. Liebenow is a specialist on the prob- lems of local government; urbanization; management of the African environ- ment; politics of migration; and feder- J. GUS LIEBENOW, Professor of Polit- alism. ical Science at lndiana University, is one of the pioneers in the study of politics in Dr. Liebenow received his B.A. (summa 01980, American Universities Field sub-Saharan Africa. He is the immediate cum laude) and M.A. from the Univer- Staff, Hanover, NH Past President of the African Studies sity of Illinois; was a Goodwin Memorial 19801No. 41 by J. Gus Liebenow LIBERIA: THE DISSOLUTION Africa [J G L-3-'801 OF PRIVILEGE Part Ill: The Challenge of New Leadership National Identity ernmental operations had brought been substantially modified. The Over the long haul, the major task settler and tribal descendants into suspension of the Constitution facing the People's Redemption more meaningful and lasting rela- challenged some of the basic Council (PRC) and its coalition tionships. This was particularly true assumptions of settler supremacy. Cabinet will be the creation of a of the students who had gone The death or imprisonment of most new national identity, while at the abroad for study. Representatives of legislators obviously put that institu- same time avoiding the interethnic both major groups were sharing in tion out of operation for the time bloodshed which has characterized the new wealth and the new expe- being. Similarly, the judicial sys- the postindependence periods in the riences. Equally, the poverty of the tem-which temporarily ceased to Sudan, Nigeria, Chad, and Uganda. urban slums was being shared by function-was reconstituted as a The task of nation-building in the lower echelon settler families and series of "people's courts" with the new Liberian society will be a for- tribal immigrants alike. Similarly, appointment of a mix of judges with midable one. Not only is there the when it came to political oppression Americo-Liberian and tribal back- overt as well as latent hostility at the hands of dominant elite, many grounds. between the Americo-Liberian Americo-Liberian families shared minority and the tribal majority, but the same fate of exclusion or dis- The political party system was also there are as well the variations in crimination meted out to tribal fam- drastically changed. The True Whig cultural and other norms that had ilies. Party, which was formed in 1869 been perpetuated within the tribal and had not lost an election since majority itself. Several things appear Despite the blurring of the lines, 1875, was perhaps shattered for- certain. First of all, fashioning new when it came to really crucial issues ever, its leading patrons dead or national norms will-as in most of power, to the really significant headed for prison. Other parties- other areas of Africa-take place acquisition of wealth or educational including those represented in the within the artificially created inter- opportunities, or to having the coalition Cabinet-were placed in national boundaries. Secondly, the security of enjoying what you had, limbo until the new constitution had new national norms will not be a the distinction between settler and been promulgated. Another institu- mere continuation of the previously tribal antecedents remained im- tion with decided political overtones imposed Americo-Liberian culture. portant. The rising young tribal was also dealt what may have been Admittedly, that culture had been lawyer seldom made it on his own; a mortal blow. I refer to the Masonic substantially modified by tribal he succeeded by attaching himself Order, which served as a semi- norms of diet, dress, speech, and to a Monrovia-based law firm. The religious guardian of Whig privilege. art; nevertheless, the main thrust of dominant institutions in all phases of One experiences a strange feeling as integration was in the direction of national society were settler in origin you pass the Masonic Temple on acceptance of settler norms. In any and settler-oriented and controlled. Mamba Point. The now-sacked event, on the social plane it had be- At least, that was decidedly the way building stands silent, its windows come increasingly apparent over the things were until the coup of April and doors ajar, the big wrought iron past two or three decades that there 12, 1980. gate around the courtyard standing was a blurring of the once rigid lines half open, and not a soul is in sight separating Americo-Liberians from While acknowledging the frequency on what had been its once well- tribal persons. Marriage (not merely with which observers have histori- secured grounds. It appeared to be informal liaisons with "country cally applied to Liberia the French totally irrelevant to the new Liberian wives") had become fairly common expression regarding: "the more society. Yet, at the same time, the and socially accepted between things change, the more they building seemed to pose the same those whose origins were primarily remain the sameu-April 12 has lingering menace to further tres- settler and those whose antecedents made a difference. Some of the passers that might be attributable by were considered tribal. The expan- settler-controlled national institu- a Gola or a Mende tribesman to the sion of the economic enterprises, tions have been irrevocably shat- wounded spirit protecting a dese- the educational system, and gov- tered, while others have perforce crated sacred grove of the Poro secret society.1 Its power may be announcement that "Methodists are Agriculture of his administrative finished, but do not risk fate by also citizens of Liberia." The sur- duties because of his abusive treat- further abusing it. viving Methodist Church hierarchy ment of a janitor. Although Presi- took immediate steps to divest dent Mary Grimes Brown Sherman The Christian churches are similarly Warner of his post as bishop and had very respectable settler ante- undergoing adjustment to the placed him in "involuntary retire- cedents (as well as tribal origins), search for a new national identity. ment." It may be that the liberation she was confronted by Speaker Although settler and tribal persons of the churches could make them Richard Henries and the other were nominally members of the more vital forces in achieving a new trustees with the demand for Dean same broad Christian fold, in Liberia national identity. On the other hand, DeShield's reinstatement. On this one entered the Kingdom of Heaven the collapse of support from the issue President Sherman had both in different chariots. Some of those political center could make the the solid and outspoken support of chariots were distinctly ethnic in Christian churches more vulnerable her faculty. In a dramatic showdown character, such as the Lorna to challenges from Islam or even involving Speaker Henries and Church, the Bassa Community from a rejuvenated set of Poro others a few days before the coup, Church, and the churches which leaders.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Semi-Weekly Interafrican News Survey
    SEMI-WEEKLY INTERAFRICAN NEWS SURVEY .. '"t'!'P'•-a.. ;_ac:zazaac-- .z ~-- .. I""'V!".~ · Crganization of African Unity · LID0/\£1Y j I ( 12 DEC1980 ] IOrg•nisation de /'UIIIIe ~/ne BIBLIOTHEQUE . MONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION FEE (fiiTHOUT REPRODUCTION RIGHTS) FRENCH FRAi.CS:225 (AIR MAIL POSTAG' CHARGES EXCLUDED) 11,13,15, PLACE DE LA BOURSE 71o02 PARIS TEL: 233.44.18 TELEX 210084 DATE December. 2; 1980 I I • Indlpe.ndmmre.n.t de 4an 4e~t.vke d' In0aiUIIa..tlan.b gbttutu, I.' AGCNCE FTWICE-PRE.S.Sc cUaoUAe, dan4 tou.te. lt:. F~tanc.e. e.t dan4 c.~ 'fXl.l/4 e.uMpl~, wt "Se~t.v.i.c.e d.' .i.n6a1UIIttUon.b Ec.arwmi.ou.u Po/L TUeACJLi.:ptewr.l' (S. E. f. I . L'A.F.P. pubtie, d.'~e. p~, tu but!etin4 4pleia­ U.4~ 4u.i.vant4 : BULLETIN Q.UOT!fJIEN 1)' INFORMATIONS T'EXT!LES BULLET!N QUOT!fJ!EN f)'AFRIQUE BULLET!N QUOTitJ!EN tJ' INFORMATIONS RELIGIEUSES AUTO- IUOUS7"'RIES . (qu.a.ti.d.i.en) A.F.P.-SCIE~CES (hebdom~e) CACAOS, CAFES, SUCRES ( he.bdomada.Ut.e.) AFRICA ( b.i..-he.bdcmada.Ut.e., en ang.ta.i4) SAHARA ( b.i.-m~u.dl CAH!ERS OE L' AFRI{!JE OCCIT]ENTALE ET OE L' AFRI®E EQ_UATOR.!:~LE ( b.i..-m~u.d.) 'POUif. toc:.4 JWt4 eigneme.n..Q ~ I !UVr.U4 e/t. a l'AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE 1 13, 1S, pla.c.e. de. I.a. 8outWe. -· ;sooz PARIS - Se~r.v..i.c.e.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chair of the African Union
    Th e Chair of the African Union What prospect for institutionalisation? THE EVOLVING PHENOMENA of the Pan-African organisation to react timeously to OF THE CHAIR continental and international events. Th e Moroccan delegation asserted that when an event occurred on the Th e chair of the Pan-African organisation is one position international scene, member states could fail to react as that can be scrutinised and defi ned with diffi culty. Its they would give priority to their national concerns, or real political and institutional signifi cance can only be would make a diff erent assessment of such continental appraised through a historical analysis because it is an and international events, the reason being that, con- institution that has evolved and acquired its current trary to the United Nations, the OAU did not have any shape and weight through practical engagements. Th e permanent representatives that could be convened at any expansion of the powers of the chairperson is the result time to make a timely decision on a given situation.2 of a process dating back to the era of the Organisation of Th e delegation from Sierra Leone, a former member African Unity (OAU) and continuing under the African of the Monrovia group, considered the hypothesis of Union (AU). the loss of powers of the chairperson3 by alluding to the Indeed, the desirability or otherwise of creating eff ect of the possible political fragility of the continent on a chair position had been debated among members the so-called chair function. since the creation of the Pan-African organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • State Visit by Liberia President Tolbert
    ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE WASHINGT0N.D.C. 20301 2 1 SEF 1976 l-10220/76 INTERNATIONAL SECURITY AFFAIRS MEMORANDUM FOR THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE State Visit by President Tolbert of Liber ia - I NFORMAT I ON g-, L-» SUBJECT : a. I MEMORANDUM Liberian President Wi 11 iam R. Tolbert, Jr. arrived in the US on a state visit yesterday. After overnighting in Williamsburg, he traveled to Washington this morning where he met with President Ford at the White House. President Ford will give a state dinner for President Tolbert at the White House at 8:00 P.M. tonight. On 22 September, President Tolbert will speak at the National Press Club and will host a state reception at Anderson House from 6:00 to 8:00 P.M.; President Ford is expected to attend, at least briefly. You have received an invitation to that reception. At 10:00 on 23 September President Tolbert will lay a wreath on the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. He wi 11 address a joint session of Congress at l2:3O, after which Congressional leaders will host a luncheon for the Liberian leader. He will meet with Vice President Rockefeller later that afternoon. President Tolbert also is scheduled to receive an honorary degree from Howard University on 24 September. After completing the Washington part of his state visit, President Tolbert will depart Washington on 24 September to visit Maryland, Connecticut and Oklahoma at the invitation of the Governors of those states. He also will~visit Philadelphia. No political/military issues are currently outstanding with Liberia.
    [Show full text]
  • By Means of the Gun: African States After Assassination by Allison
    By Means of the Gun: African States after Assassination by Allison Solomon B.A. in Political Science, May 2008, Mercer University A Thesis submitted to The Faculty of Elliott School of International Affairs of The George Washington University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts January 31, 2011 Thesis directed by Paul Williams Associate Professor of International Affairs © Copyright 2011 by Allison Solomon All rights reserved ii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Dr. Paul Williams and Dr. Gina Lambright for their guidance and support in completing this thesis. The author would also like to thank Aaron McKay and Ginny Solomon for listening and advising throughout the creative process. iii Abstract of Thesis By Means of the Gun: African States after Assassination Head of state assassinations have been rife across an independent Africa, yet a comprehensive analysis of the political impacts of these events has been lacking. This thesis seeks not only to assess the impacts of the 27 cases of assassination, but also to identify the factors most likely to influence the results. Gaining insight into these issues will provide a new perspective on the African state, and may even offer practical guidance for policymakers dealing with post-assassination states. In order to approach the problem, a comparative historical case study analysis was employed using nine cases to illustrate a range of impacts. The cases were also distinct in terms of governance system, historical decade, economic environment, and geography. The impacts of the cases were then scored using ten political indicators (political violence, ethnic strain, civil war, etc.) to determine impact.
    [Show full text]
  • From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 1991–2010
    CHAPTER 8 From the Cold War to the War on Terror, 1991–2010 When the Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991 and the Cold War ended, African client states were economically devastated, fraught with polit- ical divisions, and awash in weapons. No longer propped up by out- side powers, dictators were driven from power and fragile states col- lapsed. In many instances, nascent prodemocracy movements were trampled as warlords, criminal gangs, and paramilitary groups devoid of political ideology or program moved into the power vacuums. The pervasive violence of the first post–Cold War decade was rooted in the political and economic crises of the Cold War era. As states and economies fragmented, opportunists mobilized the alienated, impov- erished, and unemployed to claim their share of power and resources on the basis of their race, ethnicity, clan, or religion. Those who did not share these identities were excluded as unworthy and their claims as illegitimate. Marginalized out-groups were easy scapegoats for the countries’ enormous political and economic problems. Thus, the pol- itics of exclusion laid the groundwork for intergroup violence, ethnic cleansing, and genocide. Foreshadowed by the Cold War era wars of destabilization in Angola and Mozambique, in which antigovernment forces controlled indigenous populations through terror, the wars of the 1990s were characterized by widespread violence and atrocities against civilians. Foreign intervention after the Cold War also assumed new charac- teristics. The state and its foreign backers no longer monopolized the Copyright © 2013. Cambridge University Press. All rights reserved. University Press. © 2013. Cambridge Copyright means of coercion. The new wars were both privatized and globalized.
    [Show full text]
  • Middle East - Organization of African Unity - Committee of Ten
    UN Secretariat Item Scan - Barcode - Record Title Page 6 Date 16/05/2006 Time 4:44:14 PM S-0861-0001-06-00001 Expanded Number S-0861 -0001 -06-00001 items-in-Peace-keeping operations - Middle East - Organization of African Unity - Committee of Ten Date Created 30/11/1971 Record Type Archival Item Container S-0861-0001 : Peace-Keeping Operations Files of the Secretary-General: U Thant: Middle East Print Name of Person Submit Image Signature of Person Submit ME3VIORANDU M DE LA COMMISSION DES DIX DE L'ORGANISATION DE L'UNITE AFHTCAINE Monsieur Anouar El-SADATE President de la Republique arabe d'Egypte et a Madame Golda MEIR Premier Ministre de 1'Etat d'Israel - 2 - Les chefs d'Etat membres de la Commission de 1'O.U.A. 1) M. Moktar Ould DADDAH, President de la Republique islamique de Mauritanie, President en exercice de l'O»U.A. ; 2) Sa Majeste imperials Haile Selassie* ler, Empereur d'Ethiopie ; 3) M. Leopold Sedar SENGHOR, President de la Republique du Senegal ; 4) M. El Hadj Ahmadou AHIDJO, President de la Republique federale du Cameroun ; 5) M. le Lieutenant General Joseph Desire MOBUTU, President de la Republique du Zaire ; 6) M. le General Yakubu GOWON, Chef du Gouvernement militaire federal, Commandant en Chef des Forces armees de la Republique federale du Nigeria ; - 3 - 7) M. William TOLBERT, President de la Republique du Liberia ; 8) M. Jomo KENYATTA, President de la Republique du Kenya, represente par M. Daniel Arap MOI, • Vice-President de la Republique du Kenya ; 9) M. Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY, President de la Republique de C<5te d'lvoire, represente par M.
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to Liberian English
    DOCUMENT RESUME FL 013 561 ED 226 617 AUTHOR Singler, John Victor; AndOthers An Introduction toLiberian English. TITLE Lansing. African Studies INSTITUTION Michigan State Univ.', East Center.; Peace Corps,Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 81 , NOTE 253p. 1 PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use -Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC11 Plus Postage. Education; Dialogs DESCRIPTORS African Languages; *Cultural (Language); Grammar; LanguageVariation; *Listening Comprehension; *NonstandardDialects; *Second Language,Instruction; Standard SpokenUsage; Vocabulary IDENTIFIERS *English (Liberian); *Liberia ABSTRACT The aim of this text is tointroduce Liberian English, which includes the manyvarieties of English spoken by Liberians, to Peace Corps volunteers.The text is dividedinto two sections. The first part talksabout Liberian English,while the sedond part uses LiberianEnglish to describe aspectsof contemporary --------Li-berfairdiature. Part one containsdiscussions of the histories, varieties, pronunciation, and grammarof Liberian English. Where possible, differences fromvariety to variety of LiberianEnglish and grammar are noted.1Parttwo of the with regard to pronunciation i(referred to as text concentrates on"mainstream" Liberian English vernacular Liberian English),particularly as it is spokenin Monrovia. Emphasis is onunderstanding the type of Englishwidely by people who have gone toWestern schools. used in informal contexts understanding of the The aim of the text is tofacilitate volunteers' language; there is no emphasison learning to speak the language because of the Liberianattitudes toward varieties ofLiberian English other than LiberianStandard English. (NCR) **********************************************************.************* the best that can be made * * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are * * from the original document. *********************************************************************** is Jr) VC) C\I CD 1.1.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO LIBERIAN ENGLISH BY JOHN VICTOR S I NGLER wi th J.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview Print Page Close Window
    World Directory of Minorities Africa MRG Directory –> Liberia –> Liberia Overview Print Page Close Window Liberia Overview Environment Peoples History Governance Current state of minorities and indigenous peoples Environment The Republic of Liberia is located on the Atlantic Coast of West Africa and is bordered by Sierra Leone, Guinea and Côte d'Ivoire. Liberia has a 560-kilometre coastline and mountains in the north and east. The country contains vast timber reserves and substantial deposits of iron ore, gold and diamonds. Peoples Main language groups: English 20% (official), Bassa, Kru (Klao), Kpelle, Gola, Loma, Mann Main religions: traditional religions (40%), Christianity, often mixed with traditional beliefs (40%), Islam (20%) Main minority groups: Kpelle 487,400 (15.2%), Bassa 347,600 (10.9%), Gio (Dan) 150-200,000 (4.7- 6.3%), Kru (Klao) 184,000 (5.8%), Grebo 222,000 (6.9%), Mano 185,000 (5.8%), Americo- Liberians/Congo People 160,000 (5%), Loma 141,800 (4.4%), Krahn 126,400 (4.0%), Kissi 115,000 (3.6%), Gbandi 100,000 (3.1%), Gola 99,300 (3.1%), Vai 89,500 (2.8%), Mandingo 45,400 (1.4%), Mende 19,700 (0.6%), Kuwaa 12,800 (0.4%), and Dei 8,100 (0.3%) [Note: Percentages for religions are taken from the 2007 US CIRF report. Total population est of 3.2 million is taken from the 2007 CIA World Factbook, as is the estimate for English speakers and total for Americo-Liberians/Congo People. For most ethnic groups, figures are taken from Ethnologue numbers stemming from various years: Kpelle (1991), Bassa (1991), Gio (1993), Kru (1991), Grebo (1991 for two sub-groups, 1999 for two others, and 2000 for a fifth), Mano (1995), Loma (1991), Krahn (1991) Gola (1991), Mandingo (1991), Kissi (1995), Vai (1991), Gbandi (2001), Mende (1991), Kuwaa (1991), Dei (1991).] The forest belt in West Africa that covers large swathes of Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana and Nigeria has always been populated by a large number of ethnic groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Community Music and the Culture of Trans-Border Peace in West Africa the Case of the Assiko in Gorée (Sénégal) Workshop/Paper Henri-Pierre KOUBAKA
    Leading Music Education International Conference May 29-June 1, 2011 Don Wright Faculty of Music University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Western Ontario, May 29 to June 1, 2011 Community Music and The Culture of Trans-border Peace in West Africa The case of the Assiko in Gorée (Sénégal) workshop/paper Henri-Pierre KOUBAKA Leading Music Education International Conference May 29-June 1, 2011 Don Wright Faculty of Music University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Western Ontario, May 29 to June 1, 2011 Community Music and The Culture of Trans-border Peace in West Africa The case of the Assiko in Gorée (Sénégal) workshop/paper Henri-Pierre KOUBAKA Leading Music Education International Conference May 29-June 1, 2011 Don Wright Faculty of Music University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada Western Ontario, May 29 to June 1, 2011 Community Music and The Culture of Trans-border Peace in West Africa The case of the Assiko in Gorée (Sénégal) workshop/paper Henri-Pierre KOUBAKA What is Assiko from Goree? In one sentence, Assiko is a dance and a beat from Goree island in Senegal, West Africa. Some Geography and History Goree is an island 3 km off the coast of the Dakar the capital city. A 20 minute ferry ride takes you to a very quiet and beautiful place where an estimated 1,500 people live. For the Europeans (the Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and British who fought over the island until it became French) Goree was a strategic stop over before the Americas. The Portuguese were the first Europeans who set foot in Goree in 1444.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Ethnic Identity in Sub-Saharan Africa
    A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Green, Elliott Working Paper The politics of ethnic identity in Sub-Saharan Africa Working Paper Series, No. 17-188 Provided in Cooperation with: Department of International Development, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) Suggested Citation: Green, Elliott (2017) : The politics of ethnic identity in Sub-Saharan Africa, Working Paper Series, No. 17-188, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Department of International Development, London This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/224814 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Succession in Black Africa Author(S): Arnold Hughes and Roy May Source: Third World Quarterly, Vol
    The Politics of Succession in Black Africa Author(s): Arnold Hughes and Roy May Source: Third World Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1, Succession in the South (Jan., 1988), pp. 1- 22 Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3992799 Accessed: 07-02-2017 11:47 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Taylor & Francis, Ltd. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Third World Quarterly This content downloaded from 140.105.48.10 on Tue, 07 Feb 2017 11:47:34 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms ARNOLD HUGHES and RO Y MA Y The politics of succession in Black Africa The 'crisis' of politcal succession in Black Africa The orderly or 'regular' (to use Blondel's term') transfer of political power from one substantive ruler to another is generally regarded as a major test of the stability and legitimacy of a political system and its successful handling is viewed as evidence of 'maturity' on the part of a political community. Though admittedly not easy to define, 'regular' succession of national political leadership involves adherence to some kind of rules or procedures of transfer, or should 'at least accord with the spirit of the procedures which were previously devised'.2 Even where pressure may be applied, if such pressure is 'acceptable' then the succession may be considered legitimate.
    [Show full text]
  • Liberian Studies Journal
    2J VOLUME XXVI, 2001 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL LIBERIA 8°N B°N MONSERRADO MARSI B 66N 66N MILES 0 50 MARYLAN GuocrOphr Otporlinen1 10°W VW Urifirsity el Pillsque ilk al Jolmitava Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title of the text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA).
    [Show full text]