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0606CASE of BATTAMBANG CITY-A4.Indd PARTICIPATORY WASTE MANAGEMENT APPROACH FOR CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION: THE CASE OF BATTAMBANG CITY June 2018 This case study identified the following factors as critical for replication: 1. SUMMARY ❖ Participatory Planning – generates sense of ownership and commitment As with many other cities in Cambodia, Battambang Municipality faces huge challenges in managing its waste. With no consistent annual budget ❖ Political commitment from top allocated to waste management services, the city relied on the private sector figures – the key for sustained for municipal waste collection and disposal services based on user fees implementation collected from residents. However, with low service quality of the service ❖ Training in closed environment – provider on one hand, and inability and unwillingness to pay the service fee, effective and efficient for building open burning and uncontrolled disposal of waste were commonplace among foundation of trust and shared vision citizens, severely affecting public health and the living environment as well as damaging public confidence in the government and the service provider. ❖ Technical support and facilitation by In order to overcome these problems, Battambang launched a participatory international partners – effective for waste management initiative in 2011, with technical support from the Institute building confidence and competence for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) and a local NGO and partner, the Cambodian Education and Waste Management Organization (COMPED), ❖ Measures for visualising incentives through strategically combining a series of projects supported by the technical (i.e., profits, awards, etc.) – crucial cooperation and financing schemes of various development partners. The in promoting participation initiative broadly addressed diverse waste streams while primarily focusing on MSW. In its entirety, it aimed at setting up community-based planning and This Case Study is published in June 2018 by the IGES Centre Collaborating with UNEP on Environmental Technologies (CCET) as a part of the joint project between Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) with the United Nations Environment Programme (UN Environment), based the financial support by the Ministry of Environment, Japan (MOEJ). Although every efforts are made to ensure objectivity and balance, acquiescence with its conclusions are those of the authors and not attributed to IGES and it financers. 1 implementation of climate friendly waste management support and leadership of the Municipal Governor and based on a 3R (reduction, reuse and recycle) key stakeholders, as well as moderation and technical approach, as well as building capacity and enhancing assistance provided by external organisations (including partnerships between the municipal government and international organisations, IGES, and Phitsanulok local stakeholders. The initiative was also complemented Municipality) and ongoing efforts of the stakeholders by the conditional and limited national fund which was (the municipality, local NGOs, private companies and made available to the municipality for the improvement of community members), the waste management situation in its waste management services. With the strong political Battambang has gradually improved over the years. 2. BACKGROUND Development of Waste Management in Cambodia and Battambang up to the Present Day 2.1. Basic City Profile country, with agriculture being the main industry taking up approximately 74% of municipal land (85.6 km²). Battambang Municipality is located on the Sangkae Battambang Municipality is at the centre of Battambang River in Northwestern Cambodia close to the border province, and the province is divided into 10 with Thailand, and covers an area of 115.44 km2 with administrative Sangkats (sub-districts: former communes a total population of 152,117 1. Battambang is well of Battambang district) (Figure 1). known as a leading rice-producing province in the Figure 1: Map of Battambang Province and Location of Battambang Municipality 2 The municipality is headed by a Municipal Governor of governors and council staff). Their administrative nominated by the Ministry of Interior (MOI) for a period functions are headed by an Administrative Director of four years and a maximum of two terms. The legislative appointed by the Ministry of Interior (Hor et al., 2012). body of the municipality consists of a Municipal Council In Battambang Municipality, administrative functions are elected by Sangkat (commune) councillors for a five- divided into five municipal offices, namely: Municipal year term (number of councillors varies from seven to Development Office; One Window Office; Administration 21). The commune councillors are elected directly by and Finance Office; Sangkat Support and Planning citizens in the communes (number of councillors varies Office; and Municipal Beautification and Waste from five to 11 depending on the population size of Management Office (Figure 2). In Cambodia, only three the commune/Sangkat). Three commissions assist the municipalities have separate administrative offices for council in its decision-making and implementation: waste management: the Municipality of Phnom Penh Technical Coordination, Women’s and Children’s Affairs, (Waste Management Affair Department), Battambang and Procurement (each commission has around 15–20 Municipality, and Stung Treng City (Solid Waste members appointed by the council, members of the board Management Agency of Stung Treng). Figure 2: Administrative Structure of Battambang Municipality 2.2. Waste Management Context – National Level waste (the Department of Hospital and Provincial INSTITUTIONAL SETUP Department of Health of the Ministry of Health), and At the national level, direct responsibility for waste waste related to pesticides and fertilisers (the General management falls on the General Directorate of Directorate of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Environmental Protection of the Ministry of Environment Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). Further, the Ministry of (MOE) for municipal solid, industrial, hazardous, Interior (MOI) is responsible for implementation of waste construction and demolition waste. In addition, the management at local levels, including provincial and involvement of some other ministries is required for municipal levels (Figure 3). managing the specific types of waste such as medical 3 Prime Minister National Council for Sustainable Development (2015) Line Ministries Ministry of Agriculture, The National Committee for Subnational Ministry of Environment Ministry of Health Ministry of Interior Forestry and Fisheries Democratic Development (NCDD) General Directorate of General Directorate of Department General of Department of Hospital Environmental Protection Agriculture Local Administration Department of Solid Waste Department of Agricultural Department of Function and Management Legislation Resources Department of Hazardous Department of Substances Management Administration Affairs – Capital City, Khans and Provinces Department of Inspector and Law Enforcement Provincial Technical Departments of Line Ministries Department of Department of Agriculture, Department of Health Provincial Halls Capital Cities Environment Forestry and Fisheries Municipal waste, hazardous Agricultural waste Medical waste Municipal waste, hazardous Municipal waste, hazardous waste, waste, industrial waste and C&D waste, industrial waste, C&D industrial waste, C&D waste, waste • Promotion of biomass utilization • Monitoring of the operation of waste, agricultural waste, agricultural waste, medical waste • Registration and inspection on public and private health care medical waste Office of Environmental Protection agricultural pesticides and services in terms of medical • Waste Management Division • Awareness raising fertilizers waste generation • Assigning landfill sites (Phnom Penh) • Planning • Private companies (outsourcing) • Office of Beautification and Waste • Technical advise Management (Battambang) • M&E • Private Companies (outsourcing) • Promotion and enforcement of law and regulation • Reporting to provincial halls and MoE Municipalities and Office of Provincial DOE Office of Provincial MAFF Office of Provincial DOH Khans Districts Cooperative relations Supervision Communes and Sangkats Sangkats Figure 3: National Institutional Setting Related to Waste Management (IGES, 2016) management services. The law also transferred LEGAL FRAMEWORK authority, from provincial administrations to municipal In 2015, the Government of Cambodia enacted its and district administrations, to revise the existing waste national Sub-Decree on Urban Solid Waste Management management service contracts to ensure the service was (Prakas 113) to improve the management of municipal delivered effectively. This new approach was intended solid waste in terms of effectiveness, transparency and to empower local authorities and aimed to improve accountability, as well as to ensure sound public health the current municipal solid waste management through and environment conditions. While the scope of this Sub- decentralisation and deconcentration, but major results Decree was limited to municipal solid waste and did remain to be seen. not include other types of waste such as industrial and hazardous waste, it did promote 3R implementation NATIONAL WASTE MANAGEMENT (reduce, reuse, recycle) at the local level, including POLICIES encouraging the use of recycled products. Furthermore, it Few national policies and initiatives on waste
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