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Report on Identification of Case Study Site: Battambang Municipality, Battambang Province, Cambodia

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Report on Identification of Case Study Site: Battambang Municipality, Battambang Province, Cambodia Urban Climate Resilience in Southeast Asia Partnership (URCSEA) Report on Identification of Case Study Site: Battambang Municipality, Battambang Province, Cambodia Ngin Chanrith, Heng Naret, Thuon Try, Faculty of Development Studies, Royal University of Phnom Penh Kim Nong, Ministry of Environment Phnom Penh, June 2015 1 Table of Contents 1. Clarity of climate issues ....................................................................................................... 2 Location .................................................................................................................................................... 4 Resource stresses exacerbated by climate change .................................................................................. 5 Resource stresses and trends ................................................................................................................... 7 Natural disasters ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Flood in 2013 ............................................................................................................................................ 9 Significant impacts of 2013 flood ........................................................................................................... 10 Climate data availability ......................................................................................................................... 11 2. Rapid urbanization ............................................................................................................ 12 Rapid spread of the city ......................................................................................................................... 12 Population growth ................................................................................................................................. 13 Population size in Battambang town ..................................................................................................... 14 3. Regional connection .......................................................................................................... 17 PPCR (Pilot Program for Climate Resilience) .......................................................................................... 17 Railway rehabilitation project ................................................................................................................ 17 Roads and bridges under strategic plan ................................................................................................. 18 Irrigation and hydropower development ............................................................................................... 19 Battambang flood control ...................................................................................................................... 20 Local economic and market town development .................................................................................... 20 4. Background information availability .................................................................................. 21 History of urbanization .......................................................................................................................... 21 From 1705 to 1907: The Lord of Governor ............................................................................................ 21 From 1907 to 1953: French colony ........................................................................................................ 21 From 1953 to 1970: Sangkum Reastr Niyum .......................................................................................... 22 From 1970 to 1990: Civil War ................................................................................................................. 22 From late 1990s to present: National Development and Regional Integration ..................................... 23 5. History of engagement ...................................................................................................... 23 6. Accessibility and affordability ............................................................................................ 23 7. Local interest and political buy-in ...................................................................................... 23 8. Replicability and transferability of knowledge or lessons .................................................. 24 List of Tables Table 1 Protected Areas in Battambang ...................................................................................................... 6 Table 2 Land classification by each district, 2009 ........................................................................................ 6 Table 3 Flood record and frequency ............................................................................................................ 8 Table 4 Extent of flooding in each Sangkat in Battambang town ................................................................ 9 Table 5 Social sector affected by floods in 2013 ........................................................................................ 11 Table 6 Population trend in Battambang province .................................................................................... 13 Table 7: Status of population of Battambang town in each Sangkat,2010 ................................................ 15 Table 8: Population Density of Each Sangkat, Battambang Town .............................................................. 15 Table 9: Estimated population by 2020 (3 Scenarios) ................................................................................ 16 Table 10: Projected population growth from 2015-2030 for Battambang town ....................................... 17 Table 11 Potential Water Infrastructure Development and Investment ................................................... 19 2 List of Figures Figure 1: Location of Battambang town inside Battambang province ......................................................... 4 Figure 2: Total monthly rainfall in 2013 ..................................................................................................... 10 Figure 3: Monthly water level Sangkae River in 2013 ................................................................................ 10 Figure 4: Maps showing rainfall and temperature with climate changes .................................................. 12 Figure 5: Total population by district of the province by 2009 .................................................................. 13 Figure 6: Population projection from 2010-2021 ....................................................................................... 14 Figure 7: Population trend of Battambang town ....................................................................................... 15 Figure 8: Population projection for Battambang town from 2007-2020 ................................................... 16 Figure 10: Battambang flood control along Sangkae River ........................................................................ 20 3 Introduction The Urban Climate Resilience in Southeast Asia Partnership (UCRSEA) is a collaborative project between academics in Canada, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, to conduct research on and promote dialogue around building resilience in cities experiencing urbanization and climate change. The research and dialogue activities are being conducted in eight secondary cities – two cities per country in the region. Cities are selected on the following criteria: clarity of climate related issues, urbanization processes (i.e. cities that are growing/urbanizing), links to regionalization, background of engagement and supporting data, political buy-in from local governments and leaders, replicability and transferability to other locations, and logistical and practical accessibility. This report provides reasons and data to support the selection of Battambang municipality of Battambang province as a case study site in Cambodia. It is premised on the existing scholarship and a field visit to and a consultation workshop with relevant stakeholders in the province by the research team. The sections to follow entail each of the criteria that corroborate the selection of the municipality. 1. Clarity of climate issues Location (Source: ADB’s Great Mekong Subregion (GMS) Corridor Towns Development Project (TA 7644- REG) Figure 1: Location of Battambang town inside Battambang province 4 Battambang is part of the greater natural landscape of the Cardamom region1. The natural habitats of this region form a complex network of interconnected landscapes and watersheds that provide important ecosystem services to the region (Killeen 2012). Sangkae River is one of the key sources of water for the foundation of city development in Battambang. It originates from the range of the Elephant and Cardamom Mountains at an elevation of about 1,391 meter sea level (msl) , flows from the southwest to North across Battambang Town and joins the Stung Mongkol Borey River at Bac Prea village about 40 kilometers downstream from Battambang Town, and the Stung Sreng River at another further 10 kilometers downstream. It then flows into the Tonle Sap Great Lake. The upper Stung Sangker River is the combination of two rivers, namely, the Stung Sangker itself and the Stung Chamlang Kuoy (Cambodia National Mekong Committee-CNMC 2012). At O Dambang, which is located about five kilometers
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