PUBLICATIONS BY SUBJECT

LIFE SCIENCES ...... 1 Nuclear Medicine (including Radiopharmaceuticals) ...... 1 Radiation Biology...... 2 Medical Physics (including Dosimetry) ...... 2

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ...... 4 Food Irradiation ...... 4 Insect and Pest Control...... 5 Mutation Plant Breeding...... 6 Plant Biotechnology...... 7 Soil Fertility and Irrigation...... 7 Agrochemicals ...... 8 Animal Production and Health ...... 9

NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION ...... 11 Physics ...... 11 Dosimetry (Techniques)...... 13 Nuclear Analytical Techniques ...... 13 Research Reactors and Particle Accelerators (Applications) ...... 14 Nuclear Data ...... 16

EARTH SCIENCES...... 19 Uranium Geology, Exploration and Mining...... 19 Hydrology ...... 21

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS...... 24 Radiation Processing...... 24 Radiometry...... 24 Tracers ...... 24

NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ...... 26 Uranium Mining and Milling ...... 26 Fuel Fabrication and Storage ...... 27 Nuclear Power Plants ...... 27 Research Reactors ...... 51 Radiation Sources and Accelerators ...... 52 Transport of Radioactive Material ...... 53 Waste Repositories ...... 56 Radiation Protection ...... 57 Accident Response ...... 67 Radioactive Waste Management ...... 72 Safety Analysis...... 77 Quality Management ...... 79 Legal and Governmental Aspects...... 79

NUCLEAR POWER...... 81 Nuclear Power Planning and Economics ...... 82 Nuclear Power Operations ...... 84 Reactor Technology ...... 86 Quality Assurance ...... 90 Qualification and Training of Personnel...... 91

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT ...... 93 Uranium Ore Processing ...... 94 Fuel Fabrication and Performance...... 95 Spent Fuel Management...... 96 Waste Management ...... 99

PLASMA PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR FUSION ...... 110

SAFEGUARDS ...... 114

LEGAL MATTERS...... 116

INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM (INIS) ...... 119

ENVIRONMENT ...... 122

PHYSICAL PROTECTION ...... 131

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The First Forty Years ...... 133 International Atomic Energy Agency: Personal Reflections ...... 133

PERIODICALS OF THE IAEA ...... 135 Nuclear Fusion Journal ...... 135

INDEXES

SERIES INDEX...... 137 Technical Reports Series ...... 137 Safety Series ...... 142 Safety Series within the NUSS (Nuclear Safety Standards) Programme ...... 144 Safety Practice Series within the NUSS (Nuclear Safety Standards) Programme ...... 146 Safety Standards Series ...... 147 Safety Reports Series ...... 148 INSAG Series ...... 149 Radiological Assessment Reports Series ...... 149 INIS Reference Series ...... 149 Legal Series ...... 150 IAEA Reference Data Series ...... 150 IAEA Safeguards Information Series ...... 150 Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for Fusion Series ...... 151 Periodicals of the IAEA ...... 151

LANGUAGE INDEX ...... 153 Publications of the IAEA in French ...... 153 Publications of the IAEA in Russian ...... 157 Publications of the IAEA in Spanish ...... 161

KEYWORD AND ALPHABETICAL INDEX ...... 167 LIFE SCIENCES

Nuclear Medicine (including Radiopharmaceuticals) NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND RELATED RADIONUCLIDE APPLICATIONS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES Proceedings Series DEVELOPMENTS IN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY AND RELATED PROCEDURES Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 26–30 August 1985. The Proceedings Series symposium, part of a series dealing with radionuclide imaging in medicine, was the first meeting devoted to the entire field of medical Proceedings of a symposium held in co-operation with WHO, applications of radionuclides from the point of view of developing Vienna, 26–30 August 1991. The symposium focused on recent countries. The proceedings include discussions of current trends in methodological developments which would enable laboratories in the practice of nuclear medicine in hospitals of developing countries developing countries to upgrade their level of radioimmunoassay and highlight the inputs required in the form of equipment, radio- practice with the aim of bridging the gap to the industrialized world. pharmaceuticals and organization. Also covered are the technical Attention was also given to the production of primary reagents aspects of a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo medical applications including monoclonal antibodies and the establishment of external of radionuclides, with special emphasis on quality control of these quality assessment schemes, also of particular concern to develop- procedures. A special session dealt with radioimmunoassay and ing countries. This is also the case for newly emerging techniques, related techniques in the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. including non-nuclear analytical methods, as alternatives to radioimmunoassay. The clinical papers were on public health issues Contents: Opening of the symposium; Radioimmunoassay and of grave socioeconomic concern such as neonatal hypothyroidism related techniques; Radionuclide applications in the diagnosis of and cancer. Discussions on the future of radioimmunoassay parasitic diseases; Instrumentation; Clinical nuclear medicine: provided guidelines as to the most suitable directions in which Liver, bones, thyroid, cardio-vascular system, lungs, kidneys, brain; progress in radioimmunoassay could be made. Organization of nuclear medicine services in developing countries; Training in nuclear medicine. Contents: Methodological developments; Reagent production; Tumour markers; Clinical applications; Data processing and quality STI/PUB/699 (645 pp., 128 figures; 1986) control; Nuclear versus non-nuclear assay methods; Miscellaneous ISBN 92–0–010186–0 topics. Price: 1610 Austrian schillings (€117.00)

STI/PUB/879 (601 pp., 180 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–000392–3 Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28)

TOMOGRAPHY IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE ➜NEW Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with WHO, DYNAMIC FUNCTIONAL STUDIES IN Vienna, 21–25 August 1995. The present status and future prospects NUCLEAR MEDICINE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES of nuclear medicine tomography were the main topics of discussion. Proceedings Series The purpose of the symposium was to share experience and infor- mation on new developments and clinical applications of two Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 15–19 August 1988. The promising tomographic techniques: SPECT (single photon emission papers deal mainly with clinical applications of dynamic functional computed tomography) and PET (positron emission tomography). studies and document some of the problems involved in setting up SPECT is currently being used universally in clinical practice, while nuclear medicine facilities in general, and specifically for the diag- PET, orignally developed as a technique for research, has gradually nosis of the diseases prevalent in less developed countries. Other moved from the research laboratory to the clinical environment. The topics covered are quality control of equipment and the transfer of significant differences in nuclear medicine capabilities, especially in medical technology. tomography, between developed and developing countries were given particular attention at a panel discussion. Contents: Introduction; Nuclear cardiology; Renal function studies; Thyroid; Hepatobiliary function; Gastroenterology; Brain, bone; Contents: Plenary lecture; Instrumentation and data analysis; Lung; Miscellaneous; Instruments; Quality control; Cerebral func- Tumours and infection; Bones and joints; The brain; Radio- tion studies. pharmaceuticals and the kidneys; The heart; Panel summary.

STI/PUB/786 (583 pp., 122 figures; 1989) STI/PUB/973 (450 pp., 117 figures; 1996) ISBN 92–0–010089–9 ISBN 92–0–101296–9 Price: 1440 Austrian schillings (€104.65) Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93)

1 LIFE SCIENCES

Radiation Biology NUCLEAR AND ATOMIC DATA FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND RELATED RADIOBIOLOGY Panel Proceedings Series NUCLEAR AND ATOMIC DATA FOR RADIOTHERAPY AND RELATED RADIOBIOLOGY Proceedings of an Advisory Group meeting, Rijswijk, Nether- Panel Proceedings Series lands,16–20 September 1985, in co-operation with the Radio- biological Institute TNO. The meeting had the following specific (See under Medical Physics, below) objectives: to make an inventory of available knowledge on nuclear and atomic data sets relevant to radiotherapy and related radiobiol- ogy; to identify and specify further needs for nuclear and atomic Medical Physics data and their accuracies; to stimulate new experimental and theo- Medical Physics (including Dosimetry) retical work to fill the identified gaps in nuclear reaction, decay and atomic data; to formulate specific technical recommendations for future work. ABSORBED DOSE DETERMINATION ➜NEW IN PHOTON AND ELECTRON BEAMS — Contents: Introduction; Applications and beam production; An International Code of Practice — 2nd Edition Neutron interactions; Pion interactions; Charged particle interac- Technical Reports Series No. 277 tions; Charged particle track structure; Working groups: 1. Beam production and field description; 2. Dosimetry; 3. Interpretation and This second edition contains eight additional pages, summarizing optimization of biological effects. recommended changes resulting from a review of data and proce- dures presented in the first edition. Otherwise, the report remains STI/PUB/741 (454 pp., 141 figures; 1987) unchanged. The report itself represents a step towards a universal ISBN 92–0–131087–0 code advising users in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories Price: 1140 Austrian schillings (€82.85) (SSDLs) and radiation therapy centres throughout the world on how to obtain the absorbed dose from a measurement of exposure or another appropriate quantity. As the numerical result of a physical measurement must be complemented by an assessment of its uncer- RADIOTHERAPY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES tainty, Appendix A to this Code gives a brief summary of a treatment Proceedings Series uncertainties concept by A. Allisy and J.W. Müller from the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 1–5 September 1986. The symposium gathered together specialists from developed and devel- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Radiation quantities and units; oping countries to discuss problems involved in radiotherapy in 3. Equipment; 4. Radiation quality specification and determination; developing countries, including the lack of facilities, aggravated by 5. Measurement chain; 6. Formalism; 7. Determination of absorbed a severe shortage of drugs, and ways of improving the situation. The dose to water; 8. Details on correction factors; 9. The uncertainty in symposium was the first major meeting of its kind to take stock of absorbed dose determination at the reference point; 10. Evaluation the prevailing situation and to assess the magnitude of the various of performance; Appendix A: Evaluation of uncertainties; Appendix problems. B: Introduction to worksheets and flow diagrams. Contents: Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the cervix; Different STI/DOC/010/277/2 (98 pp., 16 figures; 1997) approaches in radiation therapy; Hyperthermia; Chemical modifiers; E ISBN 92–0–100597–0 Dosimetry and technology; Organization of radiation therapy in S ISBN 92–0–304198–2 developing countries. Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) STI/PUB/719 (455 pp., 92 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–010087–2 Price: 1130 Austrian schillings (€82.85) MEASUREMENT ASSURANCE IN DOSIMETRY Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 24–27 May 1993. Accurate THE USE OF PLANE PARALLEL IONIZATION ➜NEW dosimetry is of great importance for applications of radiation in CHAMBERS IN HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON medicine. The symposium covered all the various steps required in AND PHOTON BEAMS — the calibration chain to determine the absorbed dose in radiotherapy. An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Different calibration procedures at primary and secondary standard Technical Reports Series No. 381 laboratories were discussed, and reports were presented on dose intercomparisons based on different national and international This report both complements and extends Technical Reports Series protocols. Analyses of the accuracy of various interaction coeffi- No. 277/2, Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron cients were also presented. The final session dealt with the special Beams — An International Code of Practice, IAEA Technical problems of diagnostic X ray dosimetry. Reports Series No. 277/2. It describes options and how to calibrate plane parallel ionization chambers, against air kerma or absorbed Contents: Status of primary standards for absorbed dose, exposure dose to water standards at cobalt-60 gamma ray energies. The use of and kerma; Intercomparison, dissemination and transfer; Calibra- these chambers to calibrate therapy electron beams, as well as rela- tions and quality assurance programmes; Dose, volume and quality tive dose measurements for photon and electron beams, is presented. specifications; Interaction coefficients and correction factors; Appli- This publication also updates some of the data and concepts used in cation of different protocols for absorbed dose determination; Plane Technical Reports Series No. 277/2. It fills gaps in the latter report parallel chambers; Beam quality dependence; Direct calibration in with respect to plane parallel chambers with a view to improve accu- absorbed dose to water; Diagnostic X ray dosimetry. racy in radiotherapy when these chambers are used.

STI/PUB/930 (691 pp., 167 figures; 1994) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Update of the information in TRS-277;

ISBN 92–0–100194–0 3. Equipment; 4. Beam quality specification; 5. NK based formalism € Price: 1900 Austrian schillings ( 138.08) and determination of ND,air for plane parallel ionization chambers; 6.

2 MEDICAL PHYSICS (INCLUDING DOSIMETRY)

ND,w based formalism and determination of ND,w factors for plane parallel ionization chambers; 7. Use of plane parallel chambers in electron beams; 8. Use of plane parallel chambers in photon beams; 9. The uncertainty in absorbed dose determination at the reference depth using plane parallel chambers in electron beams; 10. A code of practice for the calibration and use of plane parallel ionization chambers; Appendix A: Examples; Appendix B: Stopping power ratios in clinical electron beams; Appendix C: Chamber perturbation factors in electron and photon beams.

STI/DOC/010/381 (125 pp., 21 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–104896–3 Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98)

3 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

➜ Food Irradiation COMBINATION PROCESSES NEW FOR FOOD IRRADIATION ACCEPTANCE, CONTROL OF AND Panel Proceedings Series TRADE IN IRRADIATED FOOD Proceedings Series Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting of the final research co-ordination programme on irradiation in combination Proceedings of a conference jointly organized by FAO, WHO, IAEA with other processes for improving food quality organized by the and the International Trade Centre UNCTAD/GATT, Geneva, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agri- 12–16 December 1988. This publication contains discussions on the culture, Pretoria, South Africa, 27 February to 3 March 1995. The key issues of the wholesomeness of irradiated food, the contribution proceedings contain the most up to date information on the use of of this technology to public health, food security and international irradiation in combination with other food processes for (1) a signif- trade, the control of the process to ensure its correct application for icant extension of the shelf-life of meat, fish, fruits and vegetables; consumer protection, and the acceptance of irradiated food by indus- (2) enhanced microbiological safety of fresh and processed food, try and consumers. The proceedings include the International Docu- including prepared meals; (3) expansion of the range of food irradi- ment on Food Irradiation, highlighting the major issues related to ation applications, from individual food items to ready to eat food the acceptance of irradiated food by consumers, governmental and and shelf-stable meals; and (4) a reduction in energy requirements intergovernmental activities, the control of the process, and trade. for food processing.

Contents: Opening addresses; Keynote addresses; International STI/PUB/1031 (254 pp., 35 figures; 1998) Document on Food Irradiation; Statements by official participants ISBN 92–0–105096–9 on behalf of their governments; Statements by observers concerning Price: 800 Austrian schillings (€58.14) the International Document; Closing remarks.

The International Document on Food Irradiation is reproduced in COST–BENEFIT ASPECTS OF FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESSING English, French, Russian and Spanish. Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/788 (204 pp., 1 figure; 1989) Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA, FAO ISBN 92–0–010189–5 and WHO, Aix-en-Provence, 1–5 March 1993. Natural isotopes are Price: 580 Austrian schillings (€42.15) among the most powerful tools for investigating past and current environmental changes. The purpose of the symposium was to eval- uate the costs and benefits of irradiation for treating various food ASIAN REGIONAL CO-OPERATIVE PROJECT ON items either alone or in combination with other processes. The eval- FOOD IRRADIATION PHASE II: TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER uation covered applications of the technology in terms of reducing Panel Proceedings Series food losses as well as the possible economic impact of irradiation in controlling or reducing certain food-borne illnesses and in expand- This publication includes the final reports of work carried out by ing trade in certain food items. Discussion focused on the economic different institutions under the scope of the Asian Regional Co- oper- benefits of irradiation to control a number of food-borne diseases, ative Project on Food Irradiation (RPFI), Phase II, which were especially those originating from the consumption of food of animal presented at the final FAO/IAEA research co-ordination meeting, origin, and on the potential economic benefit from radiation as a Bangkok, Thailand, 31 October to 4 November 1988. Phase I of the quarantine treatment for fresh fruits and vegetables. Asian RPFI programme demonstrated the technoeconomic feasibil- ity of irradiation for processing of food items of economic impor- Contents: Keynote address; Food safety; Food losses; Irradiation tance to the region, e.g. mangoes, fishery products, onions and spices. facilities; Food trade; Technology transfer; Commercial and new Effective transfer of food irradiation technology to the industry in the applications. region was implemented in Phase II, resulting in successful market testings of several irradiated food items, e.g. potatoes, onions, garlic, STI/PUB/905 (505 pp., 75 figures; 1993) dried fish, spices, apples, oranges, Chinese sausages and Thai ISBN 92–0–000393–1 fermented sausages. Under Phase II, which was carried out from Price: 1400 Austrian schillings (€101.74) 1985 to 1988, the following objectives were covered: (1) disinfesta- tion and decontamination of stored products; (2) improvement in the hygiene of processed seafood; (3) insect disinfestation of fruits for INSECT DISINFESTATION OF FOOD AND quarantine purposes; and (4) sprout inhibition of root crops. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS BY IRRADIATION Panel Proceedings Series STI/PUB/883 (181 pp., 14 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–100492–3 Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting, Beijing, Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34) China, 25–29 May 1987. The proceedings contain the results of the

4 FOOD IRRADIATION — INSECT AND PEST CONTROL investigations presented by the participants of the Co-ordinated tapeworms, roundworms, trichinosis, toxoplasmosis, etc. The Research Programme, and include a review of the papers and a summary report includes the conclusions and recommendations of summary of the conclusions and recommendations. The papers deal the participating researchers. with radiation disinfestation of cereals, beans, pulses, oilseeds, copra, dates and tobacco leaves. The research findings show that the STI/PUB/933 (139 pp., 7 figures; 1993) advantages of this method are that there are no undesirable residues ISBN 92–0–103193–9 in foods, no resistance developed by the insects and no significant Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) changes in the physicochemical properties or nutritive value of the treated products. Another important aspect under consideration was the development of suitable packaging materials for controlling reinfestation of irradiated products. Insect and Pest Control STI/PUB/895 (174 pp., 4 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–111191–6 EVALUATION OF GENETICALLY ALTERED ➜NEW Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) MEDFLIES FOR USE IN STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE PROGRAMMES Panel Proceedings Series RADIATION PRESERVATION OF FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting held in Clear- Technical Reports Series No. 303 water, Florida, 11–13 June 1994. There is an increasing use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) in control of the medfly, Ceratitis capi- This publication includes reports of investigators under the Asian tata. In the early 1980s it was recognized that the release of sterile Regional Co-operative Project on Food Irradiation (RPFI), which males only of the medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) would was launched under the Asian Regional Co-operative Project on have many advantages over releases of both sterile males and Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery Products (RCA), a females in the application of the SIT. This stimulated the develop- project dealing mainly with reducing losses of fish and fishery prod- ment of genetic sexing strains for the medfly mainly through ucts by applying radiation and assessing the economic feasibility of FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research programmes (CRPs). This publi- this technology in developing countries. cation represents the completion of a second CRP on the subject and demonstrates the high efficiency that is now being achieved by STI/DOC/10/303 (139 pp., 19 figures; 1989) strains in the field. ISBN 92–0–115089–X Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) STI/PUB/1038 (112 pp., 22 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–103897–6 Price: 400 Austrian shillings (€29.07) USE OF IRRADIATION AS A QUARANTINE TREATMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES GENETIC SEXING OF THE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY Panel Proceedings Series Panel Proceedings Series

Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting organized Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting, Colymbari, by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Crete, 3–7 September 1988, summarizing the research and develop- Agriculture, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 27–31 August 1990. The Co- ment findings of the IAEA’s programme to develop a genetic sexing ordinated Research Programme (CRP) was initiated in 1985 with the method for the medfly by which only sterile males would be purpose of determining the radiation doses required to provide quar- released. Great progress has been made in medfly genetics, includ- antine security from insects and other pests infesting food and agri- ing the development of experimental genetic sexing strains. cultural commodities in trade, assessing the tolerance of host commodities to the radiation dose(s) required to provide quarantine Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I: Genetics, cytogenetics and popu- security and distributing information on the possible use of irradia- lation genetics; Part II: Genetic sexing of Ceratitis capitata by tion as a quarantine treatment of food and agricultural commodities morphological, biochemical and other means; Part III: Recommen- to interested parties. The results of the work carried out under this dations, Annex and List of Participants. CRP by laboratories in several countries have demonstrated that irradiation is a viable alternative to ethylene dibromide fumigation STI/PUB/828 (224 pp., 26 figures; 1990) of food. These proceedings include the final reports of work carried ISBN 92–0–111190–8 out by the scientists who co-operated in this CRP, as well as review Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) papers presented at the Second Task Force Meeting on Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables held in Bethesda, Maryland, USA, in January 1991. LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON THE USE OF NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN INSECT RESEARCH STI/PUB/873 (220 pp., 13 figures; 1992) AND CONTROL — Third Edition ISBN 92–0–102992–6 Technical Reports Serles No. 336 Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) This manual replaces the Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Isotopes and Radiation in Entomology, Technical Reports Series USE OF IRRADIATION TO CONTROL INFECTIVITY No. 61, published in 1977. An extensive revision of the isotopes part OF FOOD-BORNE PARASITES of the manual has been made and a new section on the sterile insect Panel Proceedings Series technique (SIT) has been added (including an introduction to the history and development of SIT, the theory and mathematical Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting, Mexico City, concepts, the general and specific requirements, case studies and 24–28 June 1991. The purpose of the meeting was to present the laboratory exercises). The manual is intended to help entomologists results of the Co-ordinated Research Programme implemented in and others responsible for the entomological research and control of 1986. These findings established conclusively the potential for insects in developing countries to become familiar with the potential application of food irradiation in the control of liver flukes, use of isotopes and radiation.

5 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

Contents: Part I. Radiation safety; Part II. Radiation and isotopes; future tsetse control/eradication programmes involving the applica- Part III. Radiation detection and assay of radioactivity; Part IV. tion of SIT; (2) to develop methods for evaluating and monitoring Application to entomological problems; Part V. Sterile insect tsetse SIT campaigns; and (3) to develop strategies for incorporating technique; Part VI. Glossary of some basic terms and concepts. SIT into national and regional (area-wide) tsetse and trypanosomia- sis control programmes. Included in this volume are reports of two STI/DOC/10/336 (183 pp., 5 figures; 1992) successful SIT programmes, one in Burkina Faso covering 3000 km2 ISBN 92–0–101792–8 and another in Nigeria covering 1500 km2. Price: 560 Austrian schillings (€40.70) STI/PUB/830 (228 pp., 60 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–111390–0 MANAGEMENT OF INSECT PESTS: NUCLEAR AND Price: 620 Austrian schillings (€45.06) RELATED MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TECHNIQUES Proceedings Series USE OF IRRADIATION TO CONTROL Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and INFECTIVITY OF FOOD-BORNE PARASITES FAO, Vienna, 19–23 October 1992. In the past decade significant Proceedings Series progress has been made in overcoming many of the difficulties of biologically based methods of pest management. Particularly impor- (See under Food Irradiation, p. 5) tant are the advances made in the field of molecular technology and biotechnology. Presentations in this symposium focus on advances and trends in insect control and eradication, genetic engineering and molecular biology, insect genetics, operational SIT programmes, F 1 Mutation Plant Breeding sterility and behaviour, biocontrol, tsetse fly R&D, and quarantine.

Contents: Genetic engineering and molecular biology; Genetics; IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LEGUME PRODUCTION

Operational programmes; F1 sterility and insect behaviour; Biocon- USING INDUCED MUTATIONS trol; Research and development on the tsetse fly; Quarantine. Panel Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/909 (669 pp., 98 figures; 1993) Proceedings of a workshop, Pullman, Washington, 1–5 July 1986. ISBN 92–0–000293–5 The workshop concluded 35 research projects supported and co- Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) ordinated under various programmes since 1970 which dealt with the use of induced mutations for the genetic improvement of 15 different grain legume species carried out in 21 different countries.

RADIATION INDUCED F1 STERILITY IN Thus, these proceedings provide a comprehensive review of the LEPIDOPTERA FOR AREA-WIDE CONTROL potential, as well as a summary of the achievements, of mutation Panel Proceedings Series breeding for crop plants that are extremely important as food crops in developing countries and as important sources of edible oil and Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting organized animal feed in developing and developed countries. by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Phoenix, Arizona, 9–13 September 1991. Genetic Contents: Grain legumes relevant for developing or developed control of lepidopterous pests includes the environmentally benign countries; Limitations of grain legume production to be lifted by use of the sterile insect technique as well as the use of inherited improved cultivars; Technology of mutagenesis, mutation selection sterility, which is especially pronounced in the first filial (F1) gener- and mutant characterization for the various grain legume species; ation following the exposure of the parents to substerilizing doses of Development of mutant cultivars and their performance. ionizing radiation. In the case of inherited sterility, the F1 generation is reared in the field, thereby reducing costs. Some lepidopterous STI/PUB/766 (524 pp., 39 figures; 1988) species can be mass reared in factories, stockpiled in diapause, ISBN 92–0–111188–6 irradiated and activated for release in synchrony with the wild popu- Price: 1300 Austrian schillings (€94.47) lation. This method has been highly successful since 1968 in protecting 0.5 million hectares of cotton in the San Joaquin Valley of California from the pink bollworm. This report presents information INDUCED MUTATIONS AND MOLECULAR mainly on the inital phases in the development of the use of inher- TECHNIQUES FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT ited sterility to manage populations of the corn earworm, codling Proceedings Series moth, Asian corn borer, European corn borer, diamondback moth, cotton leafworm, fall army worm, tropical army worm, gypsy moth, Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and pink bollworm and wild mulberry silkworm. FAO, Vienna, 19–23 June 1995. The aim of the symposium was to review current aspects of mutation and molecular biology tech- STI/PUB/929 (162 pp., 28 figures; 1993) niques for use in crop improvement and to bridge the gap between ISBN 92–0–101793–6 practical plant breeding and molecular techniques. Problems of crop Price: 460 Austrian schillings (€33.43) improvement worldwide, and their possible solution, were discussed. It was concluded that use of all available approaches, including mutation and molecular biology techniques, will be STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE FOR crucial to future plant breeding programmes in order to meet the TSETSE CONTROL AND ERADICATION world’s food production challenges. Panel Proceedings Series Contents: Opening Session; Plant breeding: Problems and current

Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting organized techniques; Seed quality; Apomixis and F1 hybrids; Plant pathology by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and and disease resistance; Genome architecture, genome manipulation Agriculture, Vom, Plateau State, Nigeria, 6–10 June 1988. The and comparative gene mapping; Methylation and gene expression; proceedings contain the final reports (15) of scientists co-operating Molecular markers: Part 1: Application of DNA based marker muta- in a five year co-ordinated research programme. Its main objectives tions for improvement of cereals and other sexually reproduced crop were: (1) to provide a research base and support for ongoing and species; Part 2: Use of novel DNA fingerprinting techniques for the

6 MUTATION PLANT BREEDING — PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY — SOIL FERTILITY AND IRRIGATION detection and characterization of genetic variation in vegetatively NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES AND IN VITRO CULTURE propagated crops; Stress tolerance; Genetic transformation; Looking FOR PLANT IMPROVEMENT into the future: Looking into model plants; Biotechnology in devel- Proceedings Series oping countries; Current application of mutation techniques; Mole- cular markers and genetic transformation for crop improvement Proceedings of a symposium organized by the IAEA and FAO, (poster session); Mutation techniques and biotechnology for crop Vienna, 19–23 August 1985. The symposium examined the useful- improvement (poster session). ness for plant breeding purposes of somaclonal variation, i.e. the occurrence of mutations during in vitro culture with or without the STI/PUB/972 (748 pp., 94 figures; 1995) application of ionizing radiation or other mutagens. Another issue ISBN 92–0–104695–2 was finding ways and means of maintaining the genetic integrity of Price: 2160 Austrian schillings (€156.97) plants under in vitro conditions, such integrity being of vital impor- tance if in vitro techniques are to be used to propagate virus-free clones of economically important plants, or to preserve germplasm in PLANT DOMESTICATION BY INDUCED MUTATION gene banks. In vitro culture techniques considerably accelerate the Panel Proceedings Series plant breeding cycle. This factor and the advantage of using haploids derived from another culture were also discussed at the symposium. Proceedings of an Advisory Group meeting, Vienna, 17–21 No- vember 1986. The need for plant produced industrial raw materials, as Contents: Genetic variation from in vitro culture; Genetic stability well as the fact that more and more people depend upon fewer and of in vitro cultures; In vitro culture with application of mutagens; fewer plant species for their food, led scientists to consider the possi- Haploids; In vitro mutant selection; Use of genetic variation derived bility of domesticating additional plant species, i.e. changing hitherto by in vitro culture; In vitro techniques as aids in mutation breeding; not cultivated plant species into crop plants. As spontaneous single Genetic engineering. gene mutations contributed substantially to domestication, experimen- tal mutagenesis appears to be a promising tool to accelerate the process STI/PUB/698 (529 pp., 91 figures; 1986) of domestication in new crop plants. The purpose of the meeting was ISBN 92–0–010086–4 to consider the possibilities and limitations of induced mutation tech- Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93) nology for the purpose of domestication, to discuss the methodology, identify target species and define the character changes required.

STIIPUB/793 (199 pp., 12 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–111089–8 Soil Fertility and Irrigation Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34)

NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN SOIL–PLANT PLANT MUTATION BREEDING FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT STUDIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE Proceedings Series AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION Proceedings Series Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and FAO, Vienna, 18–22 June 1990. The technology of mutation induc- Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and tion has been accepted by plant breeders as a valuable additional FAO, Vienna, 17–21 October 1994. The objective of the symposium tool for creating improved cultivars for agriculture and horticulture. was to assess the progress being made in the use of nuclear and It was amply demonstrated at the symposium that this technique has related techniques for studying various aspects of soil fertility and been applied with great success in many annual seed propagated plant nutrition, environmental problems, the potential and limitations crops such as rice, barley, wheat, cotton, soybean and pea. The tech- of existing methods, and the possibilities for further development. nological problems identified primarily concerned vegetatively Analytical methods and equipment are discussed, as are isotope dilu- propagated crops and, in general, the logistic difficulties in identify- tion techniques, transfers of fixed N to non-fixing crops, crop water ing desirable mutants in large mutagenized populations. consumption, labelled fertilizer involving fertigation, 13C discrimina- tion, erosion and soil degradation, and global warming and climate Contents: (Vol. 1) Opening session; Mutation breeding in particular change. The proceedings should assist scientists, particularly those in countries; Crop specific mutation breeding; (Vol. 2) Mutation breed- developing countries, to find ways of increasing and sustaining soil ing with particular objectives; Methodology of mutation breeding; fertility and crop production while preserving the environment. Panel: Part 1: The role of plant breeding for the future of mankind and the need for genetic resources and opportunities for mutagene- Contents: Opening session; Recent developments in analytical sis or gene engineering; Part 2: Plant mutation breeding: Its future methods and equipment; Fertilizer use and management studies; role, the methodology needed, training and the research priorities. Biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable cropping systems; Soil organic matter studies and nutrient cycling; Water use and manage- STI/PUB/842 (Vol. 1: 554 pp., 51 figures; Vol. 2: 498 pp., 91 figures; 1991) ment studies; Plant physiological aspects in crop production; Envi- 1: ISBN 92–0–010091–0 ronmental pollution and preservation; Soil conservation, soil erosion 2: ISBN 92–0–010191–7 and desertification; Poster session. Price: Vol. 1: 1480 Austrian schillings (€107.56) Vol. 2: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93) STI/PUB/947 (735 pp., 139 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–100895–3 Price: 2120 Austrian schillings (€154.07)

Plant Biotechnology STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT NUTRITION, SOIL FERTILITY AND INDUCED MUTATIONS AND MOLECULAR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES TECHNIQUES FOR CROP IMPROVEMENT Proceedings Series Proceedings Series Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and (See under Mutation Plant Breeding, p. 6) FAO, Vienna, 1–5 October 1990. The objective of the symposium

7 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE was to evaluate progress in the use of stable isotopes to examine GUIDELINES FOR AGRICULTURAL various aspects of soil fertility and plant nutrition and some envi- COUNTERMEASURES FOLLOWING AN ronmental problems, the potential and limitations of existing ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF RADIONUCLIDES methods, and possibilities for further development. The meeting Technical Reports Series No. 363 focused on the site level rather than the landscape level and, more specifically, on soil–plant relations, although landscape environ- This report is a collation of information and experience gained from mental aspects were also examined. The underlying theme was an the Chernobyl accident in 1986, concerning the transfer of radionu- assessment of current and possible future approaches to two prob- clides, especially 137Cs and 90Sr, through food chains to humans and lems of concern: how to increase or sustain productivity with the ways to effectively reduce them. Accounts of measures taken in minimum inputs, and how to limit environmental damage due to various countries following the Chernobyl accident, which at the inappropriate land management and to industry. time caused significant radioactive contamination of the environ- ment over widely separated areas, some relatively remote from the Contents: New methodologies and approaches in stable isotope site, are included. analysis; Measurement of biological nitrogen fixation using 15N additions; The 15N natural abundance method for measurement of Contents: Part I. Introduction; 1. Introduction; 2. General con- sider- biological nitrogen fixation; Review of papers in Sessions 2 and 3; ations; 3. Developing a strategy for agricultural countermeasures; Applications of 15N methods to measurement of biological nitrogen Part II. Agricultural countermeasures: Scientific basis and practice; fixation; Stable isotopes in soil organic matter studies; Soil nitrogen 4. Introduction; 5. Preventive measures to be applied before and transformations and losses; Nutrient uptake and use by the plant; during the arrival of radioactive fallout; 6. Countermeasures to be Stable isotopes in studies of plant metabolism; 13C/12C discrimina- applied in the first few weeks after deposition; 7. Countermeasures to tion as a measure of water use efficiency; 13C in studies of plant be applied in the medium and long term; 8. Losses of radionuclides carbon balance; Stable isotopes in water transport studies; Sulphur in food by processing and culinary preparation; Part III. Organizing flows and transformations in ecosystems; Atmospheric change and for response; 9. Introduction; 10. Emergency preparedness; aerial pollutants. 11. Response; 12. Public information and information for farmers; Part IV. Contamination in agriculture from past nuclear accidents; STI/PUB/845 (670 pp., 137 figures; 1991) 13. Introduction; 14. Nuclear accident requiring countermeasures ISBN 92–0–010391–X only in the short term; 15. Nuclear accident requiring countermea- Price: 1800 Austrian schillings (€130.81) sures in both the short and long term; Glossary.

STI/DOC/010/363 (115 pp., 1 figure; 1994) ISBN 92–0–100894–5 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07)

Agrochemicals LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON THE USE OF NUCLEAR AND ASSOCIATED TECHNIQUES IN PESTICIDE RESIDUES ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF ➜NEW Technical Reports Series No. 329 CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS Proceedings Series The present revised manual gives a concise yet comprehensive presentation of the basic principles necessary for the proper use of Proceedings of a symposium on the Use of Nuclear and Related nuclear and associated techniques in pesticide residue analysis to Techniques for Studying Environmental Behaviour of Crop Protec- obtain information on the metabolism or fate of pesticide chemicals tion Chemicals jointly organized by the IAEA and FAO, Vienna, in plants, animals, soil, water and non-target organisms. 15 July 1996. Use of pesticides has become an integral component of agricultural systems worldwide. Concerning the environment, Contents: Part I. Properties of radionuclides and radiation; Part II. information must be provided before a product is registered in order Radiation detection and measurement of radioactivity; Part III. to provide assurance that it can be used without unacceptable hazard Radiation protection; Part IV. Tracer methodology; Part V. Radiation to non-target organisms. In addition, post-registration surveillance biology; Part VI. Introduction to practical work; Part VII. Labora- and monitoring studies are necessary to check that the fate and envi- tory exercises; Part Vlll. Appendices; Part IX. Glossary. ronmental effects of pesticides under field conditions are consistent with predictions. Much of the data are generated using radioisotopes STI/DOC/10/329 (264 pp., 40 figures; 1991) and other nuclear or related methods. Developing countries often ISBN 92–0–115091–1 have to rely on data generated elsewhere in order to assess the Price: 780 Austrian schillings (€56.68) acceptability of a compound. The purpose of the symposium was to examine the circumstances under which extrapolation from one environment to another is valid on the basis of data generated under QUANTIFICATION, NATURE AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF BOUND comparable conditions. It also considered ways in which relatively 14C-PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN SOIL, PLANTS AND FOOD simple methods can be used to verify the field applicability of data Panel Proceedings Series obtained under sophisticated experimental conditions. The publication contains the papers presented at a research co- Contents: Opening session; Pesticides in the environment: Interna- ordination meeting held in Gainesville, Florida, 25–29 March 1985. tional perspective; Pesticides in the environment: Regional and The joint FAO/IAEA programme was designed to assist scientists of country situations; Fate and behaviour of pesticides in the terrestrial developing countries to make safe and effective use of nuclear tech- environment; Fate and behaviour of pesticides in the aquatic envi- niques for studying pesticide interactions with various components ronment; Comparison of fate and behavour of pesticides in different of the agricultural ecosystems. The book also contains a report on environments; Effect of pesitcides on non-target species; Maximiz- the results of a collaborative study using a model protocol for the ing the use of environmental data. determination of bound residues in soil and appraisal of the overall programme accomplishments. STI/PUB/1003 (519 pp., 111 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–104596–4 Contents: Papers presented by the authors; FAO/IAEA model Price: 1520 Austrian schillings (€110.46) protocol for the determination of bound residues in soil; Final report

8 ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH on the common experiment; Appraisal of the co-ordinated research ISOTOPE AIDED STUDIES ON GOAT AND programme. SHEEP PRODUCTION IN THE TROPICS Panel Proceedings Series STI/PUB/724 (198 pp., 16 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–111186–X Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting on Improv- Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34) ing Sheep and Goat Productivity with the Aid of Nuclear Tech- niques, Perth, Australia, 20–24 February 1989, reporting the results of a five year co-ordinated research programme. The main objec- STUDIES OF THE MAGNITUDE AND NATURE tives of this programme were (a) to encourage research aimed at OF PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN STORED PRODUCTS, establishing the nutritional value of locally available feedstuffs and USING RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUES assessing strategies for supplementation, and (b) to examine the Panel Proceedings Series reproductive patterns of small ruminants in different environments, with particular emphasis on the seasonality of ovarian and testicular Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting, Ankara, function, and the effects of nutrition and disease on reproductive 30 May to 3 June 1988. The five year co-ordinated research efficiency. programme was established in order to aid developing Member States in their efforts to utilize safely and effectively pesticide chem- STI/PUB/860 (210 pp., 58 figures; 1991) icals to maximize the production of grain and other stored products. ISBN 92–0–111091–X The programme was designed to make safe and effective use of Price: 580 Austrian schillings (€42.15) radiotracer techniques for studying pesticide residues in stored prod- ucts. The present proceedings contain all papers presented at the meeting as well as model protocols for studying chemical residues in stored products and an appraisal of the overall programme ISOTOPE AIDED STUDIES ON LIVESTOCK PRODUCTIVITY IN accomplishments. MEDiTERRANEAN AND NORTH AFRICAN COUNTRIES Panel Proceedings Series STI/PUB/822 (146 pp., 16 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–111090–1 Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting organized Price: 460 Austrian schillings (€33.43) by the IAEA and the Direzione Generale per la Cooperazione Ital- iana allo Sviluppo, Rabat, Morocco, 23–27 March 1987. The production of meat, milk, wool and other products from grazing animals has a long and important tradition in countries around the Animal Production and Health Mediterranean and North Africa. Although there are many millions of both large and small ruminants in these countries, the output of livestock products is increasingly falling short of the demand DOMESTIC BUFFALO PRODUCTION IN ASIA created by human population expansion. To reverse, or at least slow Panel Proceedings Series down, this trend requires that better use be made of existing animal and feed resources — in effect to optimize individual productivity. Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting organized by The strategies to be adopted to optimize productivity need to be the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and developed through both basic and applied research on breeding, Agriculture, Rockhampton, Australia, 20–24 February 1989. This feeding and other management practices. Nuclear techniques, publication reports the results of the second five year co-ordinated employed in conjunction with standard methods, play an important research programme to determine the constraints on buffalo produc- role in developing a proper understanding of animal/environment tion in terms of nutrition, reproduction and disease. Studies on nutri- interactions; they can also be used to examine how such interactions tion focused on the comparative aspects of digestion of tropical can be manipulated to minimize the impact of constraints and forages and crop by-products, and on the effects of supplementation thereby to improve productivity. or treatment of fibrous feeds. In reproduction, emphasis was placed on the evaluation of methods for overcoming prolonged postpartum Contents: Types of ruminant animals and production systems in anoestrus and for improving overall productivity. The studies on Mediterranean and North African countries; Adaptation of animals diseases dealt with trypanosomiasis and rotavirus infection. Field to the environment; Reproduction and nutrition of ruminants, with oriented interdisciplinary research was stressed and many of the focus on indigenous breeds and feedstuffs. trials were carried out under smallholder conditions. STI/PUB/778 (379 pp., 88 figures; 1988) STI/PUB/855 (225 pp., 33 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–111088–X ISBN 92–0–111490–7 Price: 940 Austrian schillings (€68.31) Price: 620 Austrian schillings (€45.06)

FEEDING STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF ISOTOPE AIDED STUDIES ON NON-PROTEIN RUMINANT LIVESTOCK IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES NITROGEN AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS Panel Proceedings Series UTILIZATION BY RUMINANTS Panel Proceedings Series Proceedings of a combined Advisory Group meeting and a research co-ordination meeting, Vienna, 13–17 March 1989, with the main Proceedings of the final research co-ordination meeting, Vienna, objective of reviewing developments in ruminant nutrition research 24–26 March 1986. This publication reports the results of a five-year and identifying developments and techniques that could be of use to programme aimed at (1) evaluating locally available resources, in developing Member States in increasing livestock productivity. The particular agro-industrial by-products as feeds for ruminant animals, proceedings contain a selection of the papers presented at these and (2) formulating rations using these resources to improve the meetings as well as conclusions and recommendations. level of animal production in developing countries.

STI/PUB/823 (233 pp., 20 figures; 1989) STI/PUB/748 (192 pp., 31 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–111189–4 ISBN 92–0–111087–1 Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88)

9 NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN FOOD AND AGRICULTURE

ISOTOPE AND RELATED TECHNIQUES Harsh Environments with the Aid of Nuclear Techniques; Selected IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION AND HEALTH contributions from the seminar for developing countries in Africa Proceedings Series and the Middle East on Research Using Techniques Aimed at Improving Meat, Milk and Wool Production from Ruminant Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and Animals. FAO, Vienna, 15–19 April 1991. The symposium reviewed advances in nutrition and reproduction of ruminant and other herbivorous STI/PUB/725 (216 pp., 15 figures; 1986) animals, as well as in new approaches to disease diagnosis and ISBN 92–0–111086–3 control. Consideration was given to isotope and related techniques Price: 550 Austrian schillings (€39.97) currently employed in research, but more importantly to the appli- cation of research findings in improving the productivity of live- stock reared in tropical and subtropical developing countries, e.g. of ruminant animals whose diets mainly consist of poor quality NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY roughages. Also addressed were advances in the development of AND CONTROL OF PARASITIC DISEASES highly sensitive radioimmunoassay methods for measuring the OF LIVESTOCK concentrations of reproductive and other hormones. In addition, Panel Proceedings Series emphasis was given to developments in the use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assays, not only for diagnosis of diseases of major Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting, Vienna, relevance to developing countries, but also for their applicability in 11–14 May 1987. The aims of this programme were to encourage monitoring the effectiveness of large scale vaccination programmes studies on the development of new vaccines, or on a more extensive and conducting epidemiological surveys. application of the available vaccines, and to stimulate examination of the immunology, pathogenesis and genetics of host–parasite rela- Contents: Animal nutrition; Animal reproduction; Animal health. tionships of veterinary importance in developing countries.

STI/PUB/876 (611 pp., 100 figures; 1991) STI/PUB/792 (208 pp., 38 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–010491–6 ISBN 92–0–111288–2 Price: 1620 Austrian schillings (€117.73) Price: 530 Austrian schillings (€38.52)

LIVESTOCK REPRODUCTION IN LATIN AMERICA STUDIES ON THE REPRODUCTIVE Panel Proceedings Series EFFICIENCY OF CATTLE USING RADIOIMMUNOASSAY TECHNIQUES Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting organized by Panel Proceedings Series the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Bogotá, 19–23 September 1988. The general goals of Proceedings of a final research co-ordination meeting, Vienna, 5–9 this programme, which was part of the ARCAL (Arreglos September 1988. The 13 individual papers presented at the meeting Regionales Cooperativos para la Promoción de la Ciencia y la are included in this publication and represent a synthesis of the work Tecnología Nucleares en América Latina) project, were to charac- carried out under the co-ordinated research programme initiated in terize and improve the reproductive management of milk, meat and 1982 with the aim of stimulating studies to characterize and improve fibre producing livestock maintained under the diverse environmen- the reproductive performance of indigenous cattle under the diverse tal and management conditions prevailing in the Latin American environmental and management conditions prevailing in developing region. In particular, the programme addressed the efficacy of using countries. radioimmunoassay methods to measure reproductive performance on the basis of breeding and production records, behaviour and clin- STI/PUB/829 (178 pp., 26 figures; 1990) ical parameters. ISBN 92–0–111590–3 Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34) Contents: Part I: Milk production systems; Part I(a). Intensive dairying systems; Part I(b). Dual purpose systems; Part II. Beef production systems; Part III: Sheep and goat production systems; Part IV: Camelids. TOWARDS LIVESTOCK DISEASE DIAGNOSIS ➜NEW AND CONTROL IN THE 21st CENTURY STI/PUB/833 (446 pp., 112 figures; 1990) Proceedings Series ISBN 92–0–111290–4 Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) Proceedings of a symposium on Diagnosis and Control of Livestock Diseases Using Nuclear and Related Techniques jointly organized by the IAEA and FAO, Vienna, 7–11 April 1997. The purpose of the NUCLEAR AND RELATED TECHNIQUES FOR symposium was to consider the application of science to livestock IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY OF INDIGENOUS ANIMALS production as a complex of socioeconomic problems. It dealt not IN HARSH ENVIRONMENTS only with the impact of developments in serology and molecular Panel Proceedings Series biology, but also with questions of epidemiology, vaccines, infor- mation networks, geographical information systems and socioeco- Proceedings of a seminar and an Advisory Group meeting, Ankara, nomic factors. 3–8 June 1985. Although emphasis is given to the use of immunoas- say methods (RIA and EIA) for assessing reproductive status and Contents: Opening session; Serological aspects; Molecular aspects; diagnosing infections, the publication also covers the use of radia- Ticks/vaccines/epidemiology; Monitoring/training; Information tion for vaccine production and radioisotopes for measuring water technology/modelling; Satellites/climate; Considerations of impact; and mineral requirements, and various aspects of digestion and Poster presentations metabolism in ruminant livestock. STI/PUB/1023 (602 pp., 70 figures; 1998) Contents: Recommendations of the FAO/IAEA Advisory Group ISBN 92–0–102498–3 meeting on Improving the Productivity of Indigenous Animals in Price: 1800 Austrian schillings (€130.81)

10 NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A Guidebook DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 1 Technical Reports Series No. 295 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion)

This guidebook describes the facilities, equipment and analytical This first volume is devoted to the plasma–material interaction methods required to determine the concentrations of various processes and contains critical data assessments and data collections radionuclides in environmental materials and foodstuffs. for all major particle–surface collision processes related to the partial recycling, impurity generation and material erosion in Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Pathways and samples of interest; tokamak fusion devices. Apart from processes induced by particle 3. Radionuclides of interest; 4. Requirements for laboratories, impact, plasma–material interaction effects related to off-normal equipment and personnel; 5. Collection and preparation of samples; plasma events (e.g. disruptions, runaway electron bombardment) are 6. Analytical methods; 7. Analytical quality control; References: also covered in this volume. A summary of the status of data infor- Sections 1–7; Bibliography: Sections 1–7; Annex I: Method for mation on these effects is also provided. determining gamma emitters; Annex II: Methods for radiochemical analysis of tritium; Annex IV: Methods for radiochemical analysis STI/PUB/023/APID/01 (138 pp., 87 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1991) of plutonium, americium and curium; Annex V: Units, prefixes and Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) symbols; Annex VI: Nuclear accident scenarios; Annex VII: Radionuclide data; Annex VIII: Grass sample collection; Annex IX: Gamma spectrometric systems; Annex X: Potential suppliers of cali- bration sources and reference materials. ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 2 STI/DOC/10/295 (169 pp., 15 figures; 1989) (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) ISBN 92–0–125189–0 Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) Volume 2 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for Fusion is devoted to the atomic and molecular processes taking place in the edge region of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The comprehensive review articles included in this volume discuss exhaustively the current status of the spectroscopic and collision data for fusion plasma edge constituents. The collision processes considered include: electron scattering on plasma edge neutrals, electron impact excitation and ionization of atomic and molecular ions, particle impact induced dissociative and energy transfer reac- tions involving molecular hydrogen isotopes, heavy particle colli- sion processes and ion–molecule reactions. Radiative losses and Physics electron cooling rates for carbon and oxygen plasma impurities are also provided.

ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL STI/PUB/023/APID/02 (134 pp., 60 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1992) INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80)

The purpose of this series of annually published volumes of which the earlier issues were supplements to the Nuclear Fusion journal is to publish original contributions and review articles containing high ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION quality data on the atomic and plasma–material interaction DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 3 processes of interest to thermonuclear fusion research. The scientific (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) scope of the series includes the topics of elementary atomic collision processes in fusion plasmas, involving photons, electrons, ions, Volume 3 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for atoms and molecules, the collision processes of plasma particles Fusion is devoted to atomic collision processes of helium atoms and with surfaces of fusion relevant materials, and thermophysical mate- of beryllium and boron atoms and ions in fusion plasmas. Most of rial response phenomena related to the plasma–material interactions. the articles included in this volume are extended versions of the The review articles provide comprehensive critical analyses and sets contributions presented at the IAEA experts meetings on Atomic of recommended data for a broader class of interaction processes or Data for Helium Beam Fusion Alpha Particle Diagnostics and on the thermophysical response phenomena. The series represents a Atomic Database for Beryllium and Boron, held in Vienna, June medium for direct exchange of expert assessed or generated atomic 1991, or have resulted from the cross-section data analyses and eval- and plasma–material interaction data information between the uations performed by the working groups of these meetings. The atomic/material physics and fusion research communities. volume contains reviews of the most important classes of collision

11 NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION processes of plasma particles with helium atoms and beryllium and iour of fusion plasma-facing materials, in particular carbon, boron ions, and comprehensive sets of recommended cross-section beryllium and tungsten. It is intended to provide fusion reactor data for these processes. designers with a detailed survey and parametrization of existing, critically assessed data for the chemical erosion of plasma-facing STI/PUB/023/APID/03 (127 pp., 26 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1992) materials by particle impact. This volume is the result of a five year Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) Co-ordinated Research Programme on “Plasma-Interaction Induced Erosion of Fusion Reactor Materials” in the period 1992–1997. Part B, which is in preparation, will provide a critical review and data ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION compilation for physical sputtering and radiation-enhanced subli- DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 4 mation induced by fusion plasma particle impact. (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Erosion data derived from tokamaks; Volume 4 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for 3. Carbon-based materials: Selected collection of chemical erosion Fusion contains the result of a critical data evaluation of the cross- data; 4. Comprehensive set of chemical erosion data from various sections of ground state and excited hydrogen atoms colliding with laboratories; Appendix A: List of abbreviations; Appendix B: List of the basic fusion plasma constituents, the electrons and protons, and analytical fitting functions. with the multiply charged ions of major plasma impurities. The primary purpose of the present volume is to provide a complete set STI/PUB/023/APID/07/A (277 pp., 35 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) of the collisional data required for the modelling of neutral hydro- Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) gen beam penetration in a thermonuclear fusion plasma.

STI/PUB/023/APID/04 (180 pp., 77 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1993) Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL ➜NEW INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION Volume 8 DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 5 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 8 provides an exhaustive source of information on elastic scattering, momentum transfer and viscosity cross-sections for colli- Volume 5 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for sions of hydrogenic ions, atoms and molecules, and their isotopes, Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the physical and thermo- in the energy range pertinent to fusion reactor divertor plasma and mechanical properties of presently considered candidate plasma- extending (in its low-energy part) to collision conditions that are facing and structural materials for next-generation thermonuclear relevant for astrophysics. Hydrogen ion–helium atom collisions are fusion reactors. This volume should provide fusion reactor design- also included in this volume. The reported cross-sections are ers with a source of critically assessed material properties data, obtained from extensive quantum-mechanical calculations and can including information on the material response to high heat and be regarded as having very high accuracy. particle fluxes and on the thermohydrodynamic coupling with coolants. Emphasis is given to the presentation of the most recent Contents: Part A: Introduction and theory; Part B: Ion–neutral colli- results for plasma-facing reactor materials. sion systems; Part C: Neutral–neutral collision systems.

STI/PUB/023/APID/05 (268 pp., 197 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1994) STI/PUB/023/APID/08 (699 pp., 37 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) Price: 800 Austrian schillings (€58.14)

ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 6 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion)

Volume 6 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for Fusion includes critical reviews and results of original experimental and theoretical studies on inelastic collision processes among the NUCLEAR GEOPHYSICS AND ➜NEW basic and dominant impurity constituents of fusion plasmas. The ITS APPLICATIONS following processes are considered: electron impact excitation of Technical Reports Series No. 393 excited helium atoms, electron impact excitation and ionization of plasma impurity ions and atoms, electron–impurity–ion recombina- This report aims at providing background information and a tion and excitation, ionization and electron capture in collisions of comprehensive account of the nature of nuclear geophysics, its plasma protons and impurity ions with the main fusion plasma fundamentals, its objectives, its tools for investigation and its wide neutron components H, He and H2 (the latter being always present range of applications benefiting society and industry. It reviews the in the plasma edge or introduced into the plasma by neutral beam achievements and performance of nuclear geophysical measure- injection for heating, fuelling or diagnostic purposes). ments, particularly in applications to mining, industry and agricul- ture. It also analyses many of these important applications for their STI/PUB/023/APID/06 (264 pp., 132 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1995) economic impact and updates the available information on nuclear Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) geophysics by giving an account of the most relevant achievements and concepts introduced during recent years.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of nuclear physics; ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL ➜NEW 3. Parameters obtained by nuclear techniques; 4. Measurement INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, methods; 5. Interpretation; 6. Impact of new technology. Volume 7, Part A STI/DOC/010/393 (200 pp., 42 figures; 1999) Volume 7 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for ISBN 92–0–100699–3 Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the chemical erosion behav- Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42)

12 DOSIMETRY (TECHNIQUES) — NUCLEAR ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

Dosimetry (Techniques) The standardization of dosimetry provides a basis for the regulatory approval of irradiated products and for international clearance for free trade. Papers presented at the meeting discussed the develop- ABSORBED DOSE DETERMINATION IN ➜NEW ment of new techniques, the improvement of reference and routine PHOTON AND ELECTRON BEAMS — dosimetry systems and the quality control and assurance of dosime- An International Code of Practice — 2nd Edition try, giving an authoritative account of the status of high dose Technical Reports Series No. 277 dosimetry throughout the world in 1990.

This second edition contains eight additional pages, summarizing Contents: General aspects; Development of dosimetry techniques; recommended changes resulting from a review of data and proce- Reference dosimetry and review of dosimetry techniques; Quality dures presented in the first edition. Otherwise, the report remains control and assurance of dosimetry. unchanged. The report itself represents a step towards a universal code advising users in Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratories STI/PUB/846 (513 pp., 217 figures; 1991) (SSDLs) and radiation therapy centres throughout the world on how ISBN 92–0–010291–3 to obtain the absorbed dose from a measurement of exposure or Price: 1380 Austrian schillings (€100.29) another appropriate quantity. As the numerical result of a physical measurement must be complemented by an assessment of its uncer- tainty, Appendix A to this Code gives a brief summary of a treatment uncertainties concept by A. Allisy and J.W. Müller from the Bureau MEASUREMENT ASSURANCE IN DOSIMETRY International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). Proceedings Series

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Radiation quantities and units; Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 24–27 May 1993. Accurate 3. Equipment; 4. Radiation quality specification and determination; dosimetry is of great importance for applications of radiation in 5. Measurement chain; 6. Formalism; 7. Determination of absorbed medicine. The symposium covered all the various steps required in dose to water; 8. Details on correction factors; 9. The uncertainty in the calibration chain to determine the absorbed dose in radiotherapy. absorbed dose determination at the reference point; 10. Evaluation Different calibration procedures at primary and secondary standard of performance; Appendix A: Evaluation of uncertainties; Appendix laboratories were discussed, and reports were presented on dose B: Introduction to worksheets and flow diagrams. intercomparisons based on different national and international protocols. Analyses of accuracy of various interaction coefficients STI/DOC/010/277/2 (98 pp., 16 figures; 1997) were also presented. The final session dealt with the special prob- E ISBN 92–0–100597–0 lems of diagnostic X ray dosimetry. S ISBN 92–0–304198–2 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Contents: Status of primary standards for absorbed dose, exposure and kerma; Intercomparison, dissemination and transfer; Calibra- tions and quality assurance programmes; Dose, volume and quality specifications; Interaction coefficients and correction factors; Appli- GUIDELINES ON CALIBRATION OF cation of different protocols for absorbed dose determination; Plane NEUTRON MEASURING DEVICES parallel chambers; Beam quality dependence; Direct calibration in Technical Reports Series No. 285 absorbed dose to water; Diagnostic X ray dosimetry.

The majority of the existing Secondary Standard Dosimetry Labora- STI/PUB/930 (691 pp., 167 figures; 1994) tories (SSDLs) were established primarily to work with X rays and ISBN 92–0–100194–0 gamma rays. Neutron sources are, however, increasingly being Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) applied in industrial processes, research, nuclear power develop- ment and radiation biology and medicine. This publication deals primarily with methods of applying radioactive neutron sources for calibration of instrumentation, and gives an indication of the space, manpower and facilities needed to fulfil the minimum requirements of a calibration laboratory for neutron work. Its intention is to serve Nuclear Analytical Techniques as a guide for centres about to start on neutron dosimetry standard- ization and calibration. APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATION Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Concepts of dosimetry and calibration; IN CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 3. Types of calibration and test measurement; 4. Sources, equipment Proceedings Series and facilities; 5. Procedures and methods; 6. Calibration of beam dosimeters; 7. Reports and records; Appendix I: Basic quantities and Proceedings of a symposium, Karlsruhe, 9–13 March 1992. The units; Appendix II: Glossary; Appendix III: Neutron sources; objective was to review present knowledge of the applications of Appendix IV: Fluence to dose equivalent conversion functions; radiation, radioisotopes and nuclear methods of analysis in the Appendix V: List of symbols; References. monitoring and control of environmental pollution and in reducing emissions of environmentally toxic substances. Isotopes and radia- STI/DOC/10/285 (76 pp., 8 figures; 1988) tion have many characteristics which enable them to make unique ISBN 92–0–115088–1 contributions to the better understanding of environmental Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) processes, as well as to directly protect the environment from the impact of toxic substances. These kinds of application form the focus of this volume.

HIGH DOSE DOSIMETRY FOR RADIATION PROCESSING Contents: Overviews of some main areas of application of nuclear Proceedings Series techniques; Flue gas purification; Radiation processing of liquid and solid wastes; Industrial applications; Radiotracer studies; Major Proceedings of a symposium, the second in its field, Vienna, analytical techniques and new approaches in environmental moni- 5–9 November 1990. Reliable dosimetry is a key parameter for toring and research; Nuclear analytical techniques and their applica- quality assurance of radiation processing and irradiated products. tions: 1. Atmospheric studies; 2. Studies of solid wastes, sediments

13 NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION and soils; 3. Hydrochemical and miscellaneous studies; Panel: NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE EXPLORATION AND Current problems and future trends in the use of isotopes and radia- EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES tion for conservation of the environment. Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/904 (699 pp., 221 figures; 1992) Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 5–8 June 1990. Over the past ISBN 92–0–000492–X decades, many nuclear techniques have been developed and used on Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) an industrial scale for the exploration and exploitation of energy and mineral resources, resulting in very great technical and economic benefits. The major nuclear techniques which are currently employed on a large scale include nucleonics control and on-stream analysis, nuclear well logging and tracer investigations. The advan- tages of nuclear techniques include rapidity, relative simplicity and, GUIDEBOOK ON RADIOISOTOPE TRACERS IN INDUSTRY in some cases, the possibility of use in hostile environments where Technical Reports Series No. 316 no other methods can be used. Furthermore, nuclear measurements and nucleonics control can be made by non-contact processes. The The idea of using tracers (chemical tracers, dyes, etc.) in the inves- purpose of the symposium was to review the latest concepts and tigation of complex physical phenomena has always attracted the developments and to foster an exchange of information leading to attention of scientists and engineers. When radioactive isotopes technology transfer from developed to developing countries. became available it was immediately recognized that they offered an almost ideal solution to tracer selection. Extensive experience has Contents: Nucleonics control systems and on-stream analysers in been gathered all over the world in the application of radioactive the coal industry; On-line nuclear and nuclear related analytical tracers in industry. This guide is devoted to reviewing the present techniques in the mineral industry; Nucleonics control systems and status of the tracer method as such and to its applications to those on-stream mineral analysers; Nuclear borehole logging applications; branches of industry which have derived large benefits from the use Nuclear borehole logging instrumentation, data processing and of this technology. interpretation; Tracer techniques and radiometric methods in the mineral industry; Off-line nuclear activation analysis in the mineral Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. The concept of industry; Summary of the panel discussion: Nuclear and nuclear tracers; Chapter 3. General tracer technology; Chapter 4. Tracer related techniques in the mineral industry — trends and future methodology; Chapter 5. General applications; Chapter 6. Case perspectives. studies; Chapter 7. Current trends in development and applications; Annexes I–VI. STI/PUB/841 (627 pp., 207 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–060091–3 STI/DOC/10/316 (374 pp., 116 figures; 1990) Price: 1660 Austrian schillings (€120.64) ISBN 92–0–165090–6 Price: 1060 Austrian schillings (€77.03)

Research Reactors and Particle Accelerators (Applications) HARMONIZATION OF HEALTH RELATED ➜NEW ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS USING NUCLEAR AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATION Proceedings Series IN CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Proceedings of a symposium held in Hyderabad, India, 4–7 Novem- (See under Nuclear Analytical Techniques, p. 13) ber 1996. The aim of the symposium was to provide an international forum for discussion of the applications of nuclear analytical tech- niques and related isotopic tracer methods, particularly in the area of CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR analytical quality assurance, including validation of analytical RESEARCH REACTORS: DESIGN methods and development of new analytical reference materials. As Safety Series No. 35-S1 these methodologies contribute substantially to the harmonization of data, they are playing an important role in the application of newly This publication presents international consensus principles useful emerging techniques such as quality management and quality assur- in the design of a research reactor. It is complemented by Safety ance standards (e.g. ISO-25 and ISO-9000) in environmental analyt- Series No. 35-S2, Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: ical laboratories. The symposium programme covered a wide variety Operation. Both publications provide basic principles and require- of applications of nuclear (and related) analytical techniques ments for the safety of research reactors and critical assemblies, (mainly neutron activation analysis, energy dispersive X ray fluo- including the essential safety requirements for siting, quality assur- rescence, particle induced X ray emission and inductively coupled ance and regulatory control. These codes supersede the 1984 edition plasma–mass spectrometry) as used in the study of air particulates, of Safety Series No. 35, Safe Operation of Research Reactors and solid waste products, sediments, food, water, human tissues, Critical Assemblies. biomonitors and other kinds of environmental samples. Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety objectives; Contents: Quality systems and strategies; Reference materials: 3. Regulatory supervision; 4. Siting requirements; 5. General design Production, certification and use; Nuclear analytical techniques: requirements; 6. Specific design requirements; Appendix: Selected General aspects and quality assurance/quality control; Nuclear tech- postulated initiating events; Annex: Selected safety functions. niques and applications of quality assurance/quality control: Biolog- ical systems; Nuclear techniques and applications of quality assur- STI/PUB/927 (44 pp., 1992) ance/quality control: Non-biological systems; Poster presentations. E ISBN 92–0–104292–2 F ISBN 92–0–200193–2 STI/PUB/1006 (663 pp., 128 figures; 1997) R ISBN 92–0–400592–0 ISBN 92–0–103697–3 S ISBN 92–0–300292–8 Price: 1960 Austrian schillings (€142.44) Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99)

14 RESEARCH REACTORS AND PARTICLE ACCELERATORS (APPLICATIONS)

CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR programmes; Neutron capture therapy; Neutron activation analysis; RESEARCH REACTORS: OPERATION Applications of small reactors in research and training. Safety Series No. 35-S2 STI/PUB/762 (629 pp., 179 figures; 1988) This publication presents international consensus principles useful ISBN 92–0–050688–7 in the operation of a research reactor. It is complemented by Safety Price: 1560 Austrian schillings (€113.37) Series No. 35-S1, Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: Design. Both publications provide basic principles and requirements for the safety of research reactors and critical assemblies, including NUCLEAR RESEARCH REACTORS ➜NEW the essential safety requirements for siting, quality assurance and IN THE WORLD — December 1998 Edition regulatory control. These codes supersede the 1984 edition of Safety Reference Data Series No. 3 Series No. 35, Safe Operation of Research Reactors and Critical Assemblies. This is the twelfth edition of Reference Data Series No. 3. This booklet contains general information, as of the end of November Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety objectives; 1997, on research reactors in operation, under construction, planned 3. Regulatory supervision; 4. Responsibilities for safe operation; and shut down. The information is collected by the Agency through 5. Safety analysis for operation; 6. Operational limits and condi- questionnaires sent to Member States through the designated tions; 7. Operating procedures; 8. Commissioning; 9. Maintenance, national correspondents. period testing and inspection; 10. Core management and fuel handling; 11. Records and reports; 12. Reactor utilization; 13. Modi- IAEA-RDS-3/12 (119 pp., 11 figures, 9.5 × 17.5 cm; 1998) fications; 14. Radioactive wastes; 15. Radiation protection; ISBN 92–0–100298–X 16. Emergency planning; 17. Security; 18. Quality assurance; Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) 19. Decommissioning; Annex: Examples of operational aspects of research reactors that require particular attention in a quality assur- ance programme. RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF STI/PUB/928 (44 pp.; 1992) THE OPERATION OF ELECTRON E ISBN 92–0–104392–9 LINEAR ACCELERATORS F ISBN 92–0–200293–2 Technical Reports Series No. 188 R ISBN 92–0–400692–7 S ISBN 92–0–300392–4 Electron linear accelerators are being used throughout the world in Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) increasing numbers in a variety of important applications. Foremost among these is their role in the treatment of cancer. Commercial uses include non-destructive testing by radiography, food preserva- DIRECTORY OF NUCLEAR ➜NEW tion, product sterilization and radiation processing of materials such RESEARCH REACTORS 1998 as plastics and adhesives. Scientific applications include investiga- tions in radiation biology, radiation chemistry, nuclear and elemen- This Directory provides administrative, technical and utilization tary particle physics and radiation research. This manual provides information on research reactors, operational or shut down, available authoritative guidance in radiation protection for this important cate- in the IAEA Research Reactor Data Base (RRDB) as of the end of gory of radiation sources. October 1998. General information on reactors which are planned or are under construction is also included. All information was Contents: Introduction; Uses and characteristics of electron linear collected by the IAEA through questionnaires. accelerators; Radiation at electron linear accelerator installations; Radiation shielding; Typical installations; Radiation monitoring and Contents: Part I: Operating reactors; Part II: Shut down reactors; interpretation of measurements; Requirements for an effective Part III: Reactors with unverified information; Part IV: Reactors safety programme; General bibliography; Appendices. under construction; Part V: Planned reactors; Part VI: Decommis- sioned reactors; Part VII: Statistical summary; Part VIII: Abbrevia- STI/DOC/10/188 (327 pp., 75 figures; 1979) tions; Part IX: Sample questionnaire. ISBN 92–0–125179–3 Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42) STI/PUB/1071 (761 pp., 3 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) ISBN 92–0–104998–6 Price: 2520 Austrian schillings (€183.14) RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION OF PROTON ACCELERATORS MULTIPURPOSE RESEARCH REACTORS Technical Reports Series No. 283 Proceedings Series This report serves as a guide for the planning and implementation of Proceedings of a symposium held in Grenoble, 19–23 October 1987. radiation protection programmes for all types of positive ion accel- Research reactors are interdisciplinary tools that can be used in a erators. The basic types of accelerators are briefly described, variety of fields. They also play an important role in the support of followed by a detailed description of several installations covering national and international nuclear programmes. Purpose research the energy range from 10 MeV to 500 GeV. Special emphasis is reactors with high fluxes, such as materials testing and neutron given to the production of ionizing radiation and its transmission beam reactors, have a wide application. Their efficient utilization through shielding, computer techniques for shield design, radiation requires technology groups specialized in the design and fabrication measurement and interpretation and the radiological impact of of irradiation devices, as well as dosimetry and hot cell groups to accelerators on the environment. Extensive references are given so permit insertion and extraction of radioactive material and post-irra- that the book can serve as a source to the published literature. diation examinations. Contents: Introduction; Characteristics of positive ion accelerators; Contents: Neutron beam research and applications of neutron scat- Radiation environment of positive ion accelerators; Radiation tering; Reactor engineering; Irradiation testing of fuel and material measurements at accelerators; Radiation shielding; Accelerator radi- for fission and fusion reactors; Research reactor utilization ation safety programme; Radiological environmental impact of

15 NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION accelerators; Sources of information and bibliography on accelera- Nuclear Data tor radiation protection.

STI/DOC/10/283 (473 pp., 134 figures; 1988) CIAMDA 87 — An Index to the Literature of Atomic and ISBN 92–0–125188–2 Molecular Collision Data Relevant to Fusion Research Price: 1210 Austrian schillings (€87.93) The CIAMDA Series attempts to provide a worldwide bibliograph- ical index of the research publications on collisions between elec- trons, photons, hydrogen isotopes and helium, as well as collisions between these species and other ions, atoms and (a few) molecules SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH REACTORS AND of importance in magnetic-confinement fusion research. The first PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT issue, CIAMDA 80, covered the period from the early 1950s to the Safety Series No. 35-G1 middle of 1979. This update extends the index from the cut-off date of CIAMDA 80 to August 1986. This Safety Guide, a companion document to Safety Series Nos 35- S1 and 35-S2, is part of a set of publications in the IAEA Safety Contents: Introduction; Section I: Major data references; Section II: Series dealing with all the important areas of research reactor safety, Data index for collisions between two partners; Section III: Bibliog- which includes Safety Standards, Safety Guides and Safety Prac- raphy for the data index; Section IV: References not included in the tices. It presents guidelines, approved by international consensus, data index; Section V: Author index. Appendix A: REF codes; for the preparation, review and assessment of the safety documenta- Appendix B: Table IV. List of elements. tion (Safety Series No. 35-S1) and for the preparation of the Safety Analysis Report (SAR) (Safety Series No. 35-S2). In addition, it is STI/PUB/752 (315 pp., 21 × 29.7 cm; 1987) most applicable during the design and construction stage of research ISBN 92–0–039087–0 reactors, as well as during relicensing or reassessment of already Price: 430 Austrian schillings (€31.25) existing reactors.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Requirements for safety assessment in CIAMDA 98 — An Index to the ➜NEW the licensing process for a research reactor; 3. Preparation of the Literature of Atomic and Molecular safety analysis report; 4. Performance of the review and assessment; Collision Data Relevant to Fusion Research Appendix: Contents of a Safety Analysis Report; Annex I: Safety analysis approach and methods; Annex II: Examples of input para- The CIAMDA Series attempts to provide a worldwide bibliographic meters and initial conditions; Annex III: Examples of items to be index of the research publications on collisions between electrons, considered in the reactor description; Annex IV: Typical sources of photons, hydrogen isotopes and helium, as well as collisions radioactive material or radiation fields in a research reactor. between these species and other ions, atoms and molecules of importance in magnetic confinement fusion research. The biblio- STI/PUB/960 (103 pp.; 1994) graphic index in CIAMDA is also useful to researchers working in ISBN 92–0–104594–8 the broader field of atomic and molecular physics. The first issue, Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) CIAMDA 80, covers the period from the early 1950s to the middle of 1979. The second issue, CIAMDA 87, contains bibliographic references from the cut-off date of CIAMDA 80 to August 1986 and includes extended indexations lines and supplementary reference SAFETY IN THE UTILIZATION AND MODIFICATION citations to non-indexed references. The present volume, OF RESEARCH REACTORS CIAMDA 98, contains bibliographic references since September Safety Series No. 35-G2 1986 and in addition contains a section with supplemental (non- indexed) data references. This Safety Guide, part of a set of publications in the IAEA Safety Series dealing with all the important areas of research reactor safety Contents: Introduction; Section I. Data index for collisions between which includes Safety Standards, Safety Guides and Safety Prac- two partners; Section II. Bibliography for the data index; Section III. tices, develops the general concepts presented in Safety Series Nos Supplemental data references; Section IV. Author index; 35-S1 and No. 35-S2 and should be read in conjunction with them. Appendix A. REF codes (reference abbreviations); Appendix B. List It presents guidelines, approved by international consensus, for the of elements. safe utilization and modification of research reactors to ensure that these projects are implemented without undue risks to personnel, the STI/PUB/1069 (635 pp., 21 × 29.7 cm; 1998) public, the environment or the reactor. While the guide is most ISBN 92–0–103998–0 applicable to existing reactors, it is also recommended for use by Price: 940 Austrian schillings (€69.77) organizations planning to put a new reactor into operation.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Organization and responsibilities; CINDA-A (1935–1987) 3. Safety assessment, categorization and approval routes; 4. General and specific safety requirements for design; 5. Pre-implementation An index to literature and computer files on microscopic neutron phase of a utilization or modification project; 6. Implementation data. It is a worldwide bibliography of the literature on microscopic phase of a utilization or modification project; 7. Post-implementa- neutron nuclear data resulting from experiments, theory and evalua- tion phase of a utilization or modification project; 8. Operational tions, and an index to internationally available computer libraries of safety requirements for experiments; 9. Safety considerations in the neutron data. It is thus of interest to every scientist involved in pure handling, dismantling, post-irradiation examination and disposal of or applied neutron physics, such as experimental neutron physics, experimental devices; 10. Safety aspects of out-of-reactor installa- compilation and evaluation of neutron nuclear data, reactor physics, tions; 11. Quality assurance of experiments and modifications; nuclear fusion, neutron dosimetry, radiation protection and shield- Annex I: Categorization criteria; Annex II: Justification of a project. ing, irradiation in medicine and biology, radioisotope production and neutron activation techniques. The present CINDA file contains STI/PUB/961 (47 pp., 1 figure; 1994) more than 230 000 entries. It also includes index lines for experi- ISBN 92–0–104694–4 mental and evaluated numerical data files available from data Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) centres. The entries are sorted by element, isotope and data category.

16 NUCLEAR DATA

The list of data categories comprises microscopic cross-sections, neutron monitoring programme and to evaluate dosimetry results angular distributions and energy spectra from all neutron-induced properly, it is important to know both the energy distribution of the reactions of the energy range from 0 to 50 MeV and above, as well neutrons encountered and the energy dependent response of the as resonance parameters, resonance integrals, level density parame- measuring devices. It is also important for calibration to use such ters, yields of fission neutrons and fission fragments, gamma ray neutron fields whose spectra are appropriate for the particular appli- spectra, and also a few related nuclear reactions such as spontaneous cation. This compendium includes a collection of neutron spectra fission, photo-fission and production of photo-neutrons. CINDA-A, encountered in various occupational environments and the spectra of the archival issue in 5 volumes, contains entries from the literature calibration neutron sources. It also gives the response functions of published between 1935 and 1987. CINDA-A is supplemented by various neutron dosimeters and survey instruments. Finally, it CINDA 90, which covers the literature published from 1988 to includes the calculated energy responses for each of the detectors spring 1990. and spectra given.

Contents: Vol. 1: Introduction; CINDA listing for collective entries Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Dosimetric quanti- ‘Many’ and ‘Fprod’; Molecules and mixtures; Annex; Vol. 2: ties; Chapter 3. Dosimeters and survey instrument response func- CINDA listing for 1 Hydrogen to 30 Zinc; Vol. 3: CINDA listing for tions; Chapter 4. Calibration neutron spectra; Chapter 5. Operational 31 Gallium to 54 Xenon; Vol. 4: CINDA listing for 55 Caesium to spectra; Chapter 6. Monoenergetic neutrons incident on elliptical 83 Bismuth; Vol. 5: CINDA listing for 84 Polonium to 105 phantom. Hahnium. The neutron fluence to dose conversion factor, detector responses CINDA-A (Rev. 1) (Vol. 1: 191 pp., Vol. 2: 923 pp., Vol. 3: 685 pp., and spectra tabulated are available on diskette from: Division of Vol. 4: 667 pp., Vol. 5: 675 pp.; 16.5 × 24 cm; 1990) Publications, International Atomic Energy Agency, P.O. Box 100, 1: ISBN 92–0–039190–7 A-1400 Vienna, Austria. 2: ISBN 92–0–039290–3 3: ISBN 92–0–039390–X STI/DOC/10/318 (274 pp., 61 figures; 1990) 4: ISBN 92–0–039490–6 ISBN 92–0–125290–0 5: ISBN 92–0–039590–2 Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) Price: Vol. 1: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Vol. 2: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) Vol. 3: 900 Austrian schillings (€65.41) Vol. 4: 900 Austrian schillings (€65.41) HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR ACTIVATION DATA Vol. 5: 900 Austrian schillings (€65.41) Technical Reports Series No. 273

The contents of this Handbook are, in general, similar to IAEA CINDA 97 (1988–1997) ➜NEW Technical Reports Series No. 156, Handbook on Nuclear Activation Cross-Sections, published in 1974. However, there are several CINDA 97 is an index to the literature on neutron nuclear data important changes in this version, besides the inclusion of more published after 1987. It supersedes the previous issues CINDA 95 recent data. For example, in Part 1, all the necessary information on and CINDA 96 (Supplement to CINDA 95). The complete CINDA standard reference data is now included. files as of 1 June 1997 are contained in the archival issue CINDA-A (1990) plus the current issue CINDA 97. Contents: Part 1. Standard reference data: 1–1. Nuclear properties; 1–2. Standard monitor reactions for neutrons; 1–3. Production of CINDA 97 (561 pp; 1997) monoenergetic neutrons between 0.1 and 23 MeV: Neutron energies ISBN 92–0–101897–5 and cross-sections; 1–4. The neutron spectrum of spontaneous Price: 840 Austrian schillings (€61.05) fission of californium-252; 1–5. Decay data for radionuclides used as calibration standards. Part 2. Neutron activation: 2–1. Thermal neutron cross-sections and infinite dilution resonance integrals; 2–2. CINDA 99 — Supplement 2 to ➜NEW Data for 14 MeV neutron activation analysis; 2–3. Activation cross- CINDA 97 (1988–1999) sections induced by fast neutrons; 2–4. Californium-252 spectrum averaged neutron cross-sections. Part 3. Charged particle activation: CINDA 99 is the second supplement to CINDA 97, an index to the 3–1. Calculation of excitation functions for charged particle induced literature on neutron nuclear data published after 1987. It supersedes reactions; 3.–2. Activation cross-sections for elements from lithium the first supplement, CINDA 1998. The complete CINDA file as of to sulphur; 3–3. Thick target yields for the production of radioiso- 1 June 1999 is contained in the archival issue CINDA-A (5 volumes, topes. Part 4. Photonuclear activation: 4–1. Photonuclear cross- 1990) plus CINDA 97 and the present issue CINDA 99. sections.

CINDA 99 (178 pp; 1999) STI/DOC/10/273 (811 pp., 519 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–102399–5 ISBN 92–0–135087–2 Price: 310 Austrian schillings (€22.53) Price: 1990 Austrian schillings (€144.62)

HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR DATA FOR BOREHOLE LOGGING AND MINERAL ANALYSIS Technical Reports Series No. 357

COMPENDIUM OF NEUTRON SPECTRA AND This handbook is a compendium of nuclear data to be used for DETECTOR RESPONSES FOR RADIATION neutron borehole logging and neutron activation analysis of mineral PROTECTION PURPOSES samples, meeting the major requirements of the nuclear geophysics Technical Reports Series No. 318 community for microscopic cross-section and decay data.

A wide variety of radiation dosimeters and survey instruments are Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Table of nuclides; used to monitor exposure to neutrons. To establish an adequate Chapter 3. Prompt gamma rays from thermal neutron capture —

17 NUCLEAR MEASUREMENTS, TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTATION

Extracted from the database; Chapter 4. Nuclear decay gamma rays RECOMMENDED DATA ON ATOMIC COLLISION PROCESSES with intensities higher than 5% — An extract from the ENSDF INVOLVING IRON AND ITS IONS radioactivity database; Chapter 5. Spectra of neutron sources; Nuclear Fusion — Special Supplement 1987 Chapter 6. Neutron induced reaction cross-section data for nuclides required for borehole logging and mineral analysis; Chapter This publication contains recommendations given by a group of 7. Neutron source averaged cross sections. experts who attended an Advisory Group meeting in Vienna, 18–20 September 1985. The purpose of the meeting was to review STI/DOC/10/357 (231 pp. + 1 diskette containing approx. 100 pp., the available atomic collision data relevant to fusion plasma model- 78 figures; 1993) ling, with emphasis on processes involving iron and its ions. The ISBN 92–0–102393–6 fourteen experts from five Member States reviewed the status of data Price: 1000 Austrian schillings (€72.67) in the relevant areas of atomic physics and made specific recom- mendations regarding the use of these data.

NUCLEAR AND ATOMIC DATA FOR RADIOTHERAPY Contents: R.A Phaneuf, R.K. Janev, H.T. Hunter: Charge exchange AND RELATED RADIOBIOLOGY processes involving iron ions; M.S. Pindzola, D.C. Griffin, Panel Proceedings Series C. Bottcher, S.M. Younger, H.T. Hunter: Electron impact ionization data for the iron isonuclear sequence; A.E. Kingston, M.A. Lennon: Proceedings of an Advisory Group meeting, Rijswijk, Netherlands, Electron excitation rates for iron ions. 16–20 September 1985, in co-operation with the Radiobiological Institute TNO. The meeting had the following specific objectives: to STI/PUB/023/SPS/1987 (131 pp., 44 figures, 21 × 29.7 cm; 1987) make an inventory of available knowledge on nuclear and atomic ISBN 92–0–139087–4 data sets relevant to radiotherapy and related radiobiology; to iden- Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) tify and specify further needs for nuclear and atomic data and their accuracies; to stimulate new experimental and theoretical work to fill the identified gaps in nuclear reaction, decay and atomic data; to formulate specific technical recommendations for future work.

Contents: Introduction; Applications and beam production; Neutron interactions; Pion interactions; Charged particle interac- tions; Charged particle track structure; Working groups: 1. Beam production and field description; 2. Dosimetry; 3. Interpretation and optimization of biological effects.

STI/PUB/741 (454 pp., 141 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–131087–0 Price: 1140 Austrian schillings (€82.85)

18 EARTH SCIENCES

Uranium Geology, Exploration and Mining CONSTRUCTION AND USE OF CALIBRATION FACILITIES FOR RADIOMETRIC FIELD EQUIPMENT Technical Reports Series No. 309

This report describes facilities primarily designed for uranium ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES IN URANIUM exploration instruments, but also discusses the use of these facilities EXPLORATION AND ORE PROCESSING for the calibration of radiation protection instruments. Technical Reports Series No. 341 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic radiation geophysics; 3. Instru- The purpose of this manual is to assist in the establishment of an ments used in radiation surveys; 4. Quantities and units; 5. Relations analytical laboratory able to perform all the basic chemical and between instrument readings and the corresponding field assay instrumental analyses commonly used in conjunction with uranium values; 6. Calibration systems; 7. Design considerations for calibra- exploration, and mining and ore processing activities, including the tion pads; 8. Construction of calibration pads; 9. Calibration. development of hydrometallurgical processes. It is intended for chemists with a general background in analytical chemistry, but with STI/DOC/10/309 (87 pp., 15 figures; 1989) limited experience in the analytical chemistry of uranium and of ISBN 92–0–145189–X related elements. Price: 290 Austrian schillings (€21.08)

Contents: Introduction; Part I. General aspects of labora- tory operation; Chapter 1. Uranium exploration; Chapter 2. Analyt- ical requirements in uranium ore processing and process develop- GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION FOR URANIUM ment; Chapter 3. Analytical chemistry of uranium; Chapter 4. The Technical Reports Series No. 284 uranium analytical laboratory; Chapter 5. Sample preparation; Chapter 6. Calibration methods and quality control in the uranium The intention has been to introduce the concepts and methods of analytical laboratory; Chapter 7. Statistical techniques for chemical uranium exploration geochemistry in sufficient detail so that the user analysis and process control; References; Part II. Analytical may make effective use of the techniques. methods: Method 1. Analytical procedures for fluorometric determi- nation of labile uranium; Method 2. Determination of uranium in Contents: Chapter 1. Geochemical exploration for uranium; water using a scintrex UA-3 uranium analyser; Method 3. Determi- Chapter 2. General chemistry and geochemistry of uranium; Chapter nation of uranium in geological materials by fluorometry; Method 3. Exploration strategy; Chapter 4. Sample media and sampling 4. Determination of uranium, thorium and potassium by gamma ray techniques; Chapter 5. Sample preparation and storage; Chapter 6. spectrometry; Method 5. Uranium determination by the fission track Geochemical analysis for uranium; Chapter 7. Data and map prepa- method; Method 6. Determination of uranium by delayed neutron ration; Chapter 8. Interpretation of geochemical surveys; Annex I. counting (DNC); Method 7. Determination of uranium in ores, rocks Data recording instructions; Annex ll. Analytical procedures for and mineral processing solutions by XRF analysis; Method 8. Deter- fluorimetric determination of labile uranium. mination of uranium in ores and other samples by UV/VIS spec- trophotometry; Method 9. Determination of uranium (U3O8) in STI/DOC/10/284 (96 pp., 11 figures; 1988) uranium mill products and ores by the lead reduction method; ISBN 92–0–145088–5 Method 10. Atomic emission spectroscopy methods for measure- Price: 310 Austrian schillings (€22.53) ment of impurities in uranium; Method 11. Determination of molybdenum in ore samples and uranium mill products; Method

12. Determination of titanium (TiO2) by UV/VIS spectrometry; Method 13. Determination of vanadium in uranium ores and HANDBOOK ON NUCLEAR DATA FOR BOREHOLE LOGGING uranium mill products by volumetric titration; Method 14. Ammonia AND MINERAL ANALYSIS determination in uranium process solutions; Method 15. Analysis of Technical Reports Series No. 357 mill process solutions for the ferrous/ferric iron ratio, silicon and phosphorus by various analytical techniques; Method 16. Nitrate This handbook is a compendium of nuclear data to be used for and sulphate determinations in uranium process solutions by ion neutron borehole logging and neutron activation analysis of mineral chromatography; Method 17. Determination of radium-226 in solid samples, meeting the major requirements of the nuclear geophysics and liquid samples by alpha spectrometry; Appendix 1: Techniques community for microscopic cross-section and decay data. used for uranium determination and those used for determinations other than uranium; Appendix 2: Laboratory safety. Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Table of nuclides; Chapter 3. Prompt gamma rays from thermal neutron capture — STI/DOC/10/341 (187 pp., 14 figures; 1992) Extracted from the database; Chapter 4. Nuclear decay gamma rays ISBN 92–0–103792–9 with intensities higher than 5% — An extract from the ENSDF Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) radioactivity database; Chapter 5. Spectra of neutron sources;

19 EARTH SCIENCES

Chapter 6. Neutron induced reaction cross-section data for nuclides Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of nuclear physics; required for borehole logging and mineral analysis; Chapter 7. 3. Parameters obtained by nuclear techniques; 4. Measurement Neutron source averaged cross-sections. methods; 5. Interpretation; 6. Impact of new technology.

STI/DOC/10/357 (231 pp. + 1 diskette containing approx. 100 pp., STI/DOC/010/393 (200 pp., 42 figures; 1999) 78 figures; 1993) ISBN 92–0–100699–3 ISBN 92–0–102393–6 Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42) Price: 1000 Austrian schillings (€72.67)

NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE EXPLORATION AND METALLOGENESIS OF URANIUM DEPOSITS EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Panel Proceedings Series Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting, Vienna, Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 5–8 June 1990. Over the past 9–12 March 1987. This volume brings together current knowledge few decades, many nuclear techniques have been developed and on the processes involved in the formation of the various types of used on an industrial scale for the exploration and exploitation of uranium deposits and helps to clarify the underlying common energy and mineral resources, resulting in great technical and factors and principles involved. In addition, it includes reports on economic benefits. The major nuclear techniques which are studies done on various deposit types in different countries. There currently employed on a large scale include nucleonics control and are panel discussions on three specific topics: the formation of on-stream analysis, nuclear well logging and tracer investigations. uranium deposits, the use of metallogenic concepts in uranium The advantages of nuclear techniques include rapidity, relative exploration, and deposit classification schemes and models. simplicity of use and, in some cases, the possibility of use in hostile environments where no other methods can be used. Furthermore, STI/PUB/775 (490 pp., 177 figures; 1989) nuclear measurements and nucleonics control can be made by non- ISBN 92–0–141289–4 contact processes. The purpose of the symposium was to review the Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) latest concepts and developments and to foster an exchange of infor- mation leading to technology transfer from developed to developing countries.

METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION AND ECONOMIC Contents: Nucleonics control systems and on-stream analysers in EVALUATION OF UNDISCOVERED URANIUM the coal industry; On-line nuclear and nuclear related analytical ENDOWMENT AND RESOURCES: An Instruction Manual techniques in the mineral industry; Nucleonics control systems and Technical Reports Series No. 344 on-stream mineral analysers; Nuclear borehole logging applications; Nuclear borehole logging instrumentation, data processing and The present manual is part of the lAEA’s programme on guides on interpretation; Tracer techniques and radiometric methods in the uranium resource assessment and supply. Its purpose is to describe mineral industry; Off-line nuclear activation analysis in the mineral methods of making numerical estimates of undiscovered uranium industry; Summary of the panel discussion: Nuclear and nuclear endowment and of the economic potential of the uranium resources. related techniques in the mineral industry — trends and future It provides guidance on choosing the method(s) most applicable to perspectives. a given situation. STI/PUB/841 (627 pp., 207 figures; 1991) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Geological analogy principles; ISBN 92–0–060091–3 3. Control areas; 4. Approaches to estimation of endowment; Price: 1660 Austrian schillings (€120.64) 5. Probability considerations; 6. Limited information and subjective probability; 7. Deposit density methods; 8. Mineralized rock density methods; 9. Crustal abundance methods; 10. Economic potential evaluation; 11. Criteria for method selection; 12.Utilization of resource estimates; Appendix I: Glossary; Appendix II: Selected PRACTICAL BOREHOLE LOGGING PROCEDURES control area descriptions and gradetonnage curves; Appendix III: FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION, Case studies. WITH EMPHASIS ON URANIUM Technical Reports Series No. 259 STI/DOC/10/344 (145 pp., 24 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–104092–X Borehole logging is a basic tool in the exploration for and Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) delineation of uranium deposits. The radioactivity associated with the uranium can be used for the quantitative evaluation of the uranium content of rocks intercepted by the borehole. This manual is designed to provide an explanation of such procedures in a clear NUCLEAR GEOPHYSICS AND ➜NEW and straightforward manner so as to meet the needs of field ITS APPLICATIONS practitioners. Technical Reports Series No. 393 Contents: Introduction; The borehole: Its characteristics and This report aims at providing background information and a effects; Gross count gamma ray logging; Resistance, resistivity and comprehensive account of the nature of nuclear geophysics, its conductivity; Spontaneous potential; Density logging; Neutron fundamentals, its objectives, its tools for investigation and its wide logging; Field procedures; Logging examples; Appendix 1: Calibra- range of applications benefiting society and industry. It reviews the tion procedure for gross count gamma ray logging; Appendix 2: achievements and performance of nuclear geophysical measure- Correlation factors for gross count gamma ray logging; Appendix 3: ments, particularly in applications to mining, industry and agricul- Glossary and reference data. ture. It also analyses many of these important applications for their economic impact and updates the available information on nuclear STI/DOC/10/259 (44 pp., 21 figures; 1986) geophysics by giving an account of the most relevant achievements ISBN 92–0–145086–9 and concepts introduced during recent years. Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08)

20 URANIUM GEOLOGY, EXPLORATION AND MINING — HYDROLOGY

RECOGNITION OF URANIUM PROVINCES URANIUM EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY Panel Proceedings Series Technical Reports Series No. 359

Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting, London, The purpose of this publication is to update and expand the first 18–20 September 1985. The aim of the project reported in this book edition, which was published in 1983, and to report on advances in was to cover three principal areas of interest: the general nature of uranium ore processing which have taken place since. It includes uranium provinces and their formation; the characteristics of known background information about the principles of the unit operations uranium provinces; and implications for resource evaluation and used in uranium ore processing and summarizes the current state of exploration. The papers presented provide an excellent coverage of the art. It also seeks to preserve the technology and the operating this topic. In addition to the papers, three panels were organized to ‘know-how’ developed over the past ten years. Extensive references cover the three basic themes of the meeting: Information of provide sources for specific technological details. provinces, characteristics of provinces and exploration. Contents: Introduction; Part I. Uranium resources and mining tech- Contents: The general nature of uranium provinces and their forma- nology; Chapter 1. Uranium resources; Chapter 2. Mining technol- tion; Major uranium deposits and their characteristics; Uranium ogy; Part II. Processing technology; Chapter 3. Processing concepts; exploration; Panel discussions. Chapter 4. Ore preparation; Chapter 5. Leaching; Chapter 6. Solid–liquid separation; Chapter 7. Solution purification; Chapter 8. STI/PUB/736 (459 pp., 126 figures; 1988) Product recovery; Chapter 9. By-products; Part III. Waste manage- ISBN 92–0–141088–3 ment and the environment; Chapter 10. Tailings management tech- Price: 1130 Austrian schillings (€82.12) nology; Part IV. Flow sheet examples; Chapter 11. Olympic Dam; Chapter 12. Key Lake; Chapter 13. Rabbit Lake; Chapter 14. Lodève; Chapter 15. Rossing; Chapter 16. Cominak; Chapter 17. White Mesa; Chapter 18. Rosita (in situ leaching). URANIUM DEPOSITS IN ASIA AND THE PACIFIC: GEOLOGY AND EXPLORATION STI/DOC/10/359 (358 pp., 77 figures; 1993) Panel Proceedings Series ISBN 92–0–103593–4 Price: 1100 Austrian schillings (€79.94) Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting, Jakarta, Indonesia, 16–19 December 1985, and one in a series of publications dealing with regional studies being carried out on the uranium geology and resources of the world. It provides a review of the specific explo- WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM DEPOSITS ration techniques that are appropriate for the geological and climatic conditions in Asia. The deposits, promising prospects and explo- This is the first ever geological map of the world’s uranium deposits ration activities in Bangladesh, China, the Indian subcontinent, at a scale of 1:30 000 000. It provides information on potential Indonesia, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, the Philippines, economic uranium deposits containing more than 500 metric tonnes Sri Lanka and Thailand are described. The proceedings also include of uranium with an average grade greater than 0.03% uranium. The the findings of two Working Groups on Uranium Provinces and geological settings and locations of 590 uranium deposits meeting Criteria for Favourability and on Exploration Techniques. the minimum criteria are shown. Shape, colour and size of symbols on the map indicate the deposit type, operational status and size. The Contents: Review papers on uranium deposits and provinces on names of the reported uranium deposits are listed in the legend. It is regional and national scales; Methods and levels of exploration in the most comprehensive compilation of relevant information ever the different countries of the region; Working Group reports. published and includes previously unavailable information on uranium deposits in eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, as STI/PUB/756 (341 pp., 137 figures; 1988) well as in China. ISBN 92–0–141188–X Price: 840 Austrian schillings (€61.05) The maps are available folded or rolled.

STI/PUB/997/FO (1995) ISBN 92–0–004095–0 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) URANIUM DEPOSITS IN MAGMATIC AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS STI/PUB/997/RO (1995) Panel Proceedings Series ISBN 92–0–004095–0 Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting, Salamanca, Spain, 29 September to 3 October 1986. Magmatic and metamorphic rocks continue to be important sources of uranium despite the fact that in recent years interest in them has been eclipsed by the discovery of larger, lower cost deposits in other geological environments. However, many developing countries have geological environments consisting of magmatic and metamorphic rocks favouring these types of uranium deposits. Individual deposits can be quite large and Hydrology economically competitive and constitute worthwhile exploration targets. ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA: WORLD Contents: General characteristics and genesis of uranium deposits SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION IN in magmatic and metamorphic rocks in Europe, North America, PRECIPITATION Asia and Africa; Panel discussions. is a series of Technical Reports, the first of which was published in STI/PUB/767 (253 pp., 89 figures; 1989) 1969, containing data collected by the IAEA/WMO Isotopes-in- ISBN 92–0–141089–1 Precipitation Network of national laboratories set up by the IAEA in Price: 640 Austrian schillings (€46.51) co-operation with the World Meteorological Organization in 1953.

21 EARTH SCIENCES

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 8: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Geological disposal of radioactive WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION waste; 3. Function of the geological barrier in a disposal system; IN PRECIPITATION (1980–1983) 4. Focusing hydrogeological investigations; 5. Hydrogeological Technical Reports Series No. 264 issues in disposal systems; 6. Approaches to characterization of the hydrogeological system; 7. Summary. Contents: Introduction; Data printouts (Late reports, Notes); Numerical station index; Alphabetical station index; Appen- STI/DOC/010/391 (60 pp., 7 figures; 1999) dix 1: Code numbers for tritium laboratories; Appendix 2: Code ISBN 92–0–100299–8 numbers for deuterium and oxygen-18 laboratories. Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

STI/DOC/10/264 (184 pp., 2 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–145186–5 STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA ON Price: 520 Austrian schillings (€37.79) ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN PRECIPITATION Technical Reports Series No. 331

ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 9: This publication contains a statistical evaluation of isotope and WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION meteorological data accumulated during three decades of operation IN PRECIPITATION (1984–1987) of the global network, Isotopes in Precipitation, jointly operated by Technical Reports Series No. 311 the IAEA with the WMO. Monthly precipitation samples and mete- orological data have been collected by the meteorological services Contents: Introduction; Data printouts; Numerical station index; of more than eighty countries. For each of the 180 stations selected Alphabetical station index; Appendix 1: Tritium laboratory code for statistical treatment, numerical data and graphs are presented, numbers; Appendix 2: Deuterium and oxygen-18 laboratory code illustrating the most characteristic features of the accumulated numbers. isotope database.

STI/DOC/10/311 (188 pp., 2 figures; 1990) Contents: Introduction; Statistical data; Data summary; Numerical ISBN 92–0–145090–7 station index; Alphabetical station index; Laboratories which have Price: 580 Austrian schillings (€42.15) co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network.

STI/DOC/10/331 (781 pp., 597 figures; 1992) ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 10: ISBN 92–0–100892–9 WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION Price: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61) IN PRECIPITATION (1988–1991) Technical Reports Series No. 371 ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY ➜NEW This is the tenth and latest volume in the present series. It is mainly OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE concerned with the concentration of the environmental isotopes Proceedings Series (tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18) in monthly samples of precipi- tation taken by a global network of 169 stations in the period Proceedings of a symposium on Isotope Techniques in the Study of 1988–1991. Selected meteorological data, such as the amount of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and precipitation, mean water vapour pressure and surface air tempera- the Atmosphere, Vienna, 14–18 April 1997. The symposium was ture, are also presented. Data before 1988 which were unavailable at structured in five sessions of oral presentations, a poster session and the time of the earlier issues have also been included in the latter part a round table discussion that focused on trends and future require- of this volume as late reports. The great majority of the data comes ments in isotope hydrology and on applications in climate and envi- from the IAEA/WMO Isotopes-in-Precipitation Network, which ronmental research. The major themes covered by the presentations was set up by the IAEA in co-operation with WMO and seven included the use of isotopic tracers in studies of atmospheric and national laboratories. The collection of the precipitation samples is hydrospheric changes and of human impacts on water and the envi- carried out by the meteorological services in 45 countries and terri- ronment. Special emphasis was placed on isotopic archives of tories. Analyses of the network samples are made in co-operating climatic and environmental change. Some contributions addressed laboratories, a full list of which is given at the end of this new technical approaches. publication. Contents: Opening session; Isotopic tracers of the atmosphere; Contents: Introduction; Data printouts; Numerical station index; Isotopic tracers of the hydrosphere; Isotopic studies of man-made Alphabetical station index; Appendix 1: Laboratories which have hydrological impact; Isotopic archives of climatic and environmen- co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network; tal change; New technical approaches; Poster session. Tritium laboratories; Stable isotopes laboratories. STI/PUB/1024 (932 pp., 334 figures; 1998) STI/DOC/10/371 (214 pp., 2 figures; 1994) ISBN 92–0–100598–9 ISBN 92–0–102094–5 Price: 2720 Austrian schillings (€197.67) Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42)

ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF PAST HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION OF ➜NEW AND CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES SITES FOR THE GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL IN THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE ATMOSPHERE OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE Proceedings Series Technical Reports Series No. 391 Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 19–23 April 1993. Natural This report, which has been prepared as part of the IAEA isotopes are among the most powerful tools for investigating past programme on radioactive waste disposal, discusses the approaches and current environmental changes. In particular, stable isotopes used in the hydrogeological investigation of repository sites. It is have proved to be very useful proxy indicators of climate related based on experience gained in Member States on those rock types parameters such as surface air temperature, relative humidity of the considered as having the potential to host a repository. atmosphere and amount of precipitation, whereas radioactive

22 HYDROLOGY isotopes are widely used as a dating tool. The release of radionu- ISOTOPES IN WATER ➜NEW clides during nuclear bomb tests permitted studies of the dynamics RESOURCES MANAGEMENT of transport and mixing processes in the atmosphere. It also allowed Proceedings Series a global tracer experiment on the hydrological and carbon cycles, which substantially contributed to better understanding of these two Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with vital compartments of the global ecosystem. A wide spectrum of UNESCO and held in Vienna, 20–24 March 1995. The main topics themes was discussed at the symposium, covering both the ‘present’ addressed were water resources management, with emphasis on and the ‘past’ of the global atmosphere/hydrosphere system. Case origin and recharge of groundwater, groundwater dynamics and studies as well as methodological aspects of various isotope tech- pollution, modelling approaches and geothermal and palaeowater niques applied in both areas of research were presented. resources. The remaining discussions were concerned with surface water and sediments, unsaturated zones and methodological aspects. Contents: Isotopes in atmospheric studies; Isotopes in the The proceedings contain the papers of 43 oral presentations and the soil–plants–atmosphere system; Degradation of water resources; extended synopses of over 100 poster presentations. Palaeohydrology and palaeowaters; Isotope indicators of climatic changes; Poster presentations. Contents: (Vol. 1) Recent developments; Surface water and sedi- ments; Unsaturated zones; Origin and recharge of groundwater; STI/PUB/908 (623 pp., 190 figures; 1993) (Vol. 2) Dynamics of groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Model- ISBN 92–0–103293–5 ling approaches; Geothermal and palaeowaters. Price: 1740 Austrian schillings (€126.45) STI/PUB/970 (Vol. 1: 463 pp., 185 figures; Vol. 2: 530 pp., 237 figures; 1996) 1: ISBN 92–0–105595–1 ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN WATER 2: ISBN 92–0–100796–5 RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Price: Vol. 1: 1360 Austrian schillings (€98.84) Proceedings Series Vol. 2: 1520 Austrian schillings (€110.46)

Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with UNESCO, Vienna, 30 March to 3 April 1987. Nuclear techniques STUDIES ON SULPHUR ISOTOPE using isotopes are precise tools for studying water resources. They VARIATIONS IN NATURE can provide solutions to the problem of the origin, distribution and Panel Proceedings Series properties of water in a given region, especially when they are used in combination with other tools. The contents of these proceedings Proceedings of an Advisory Group meeting, Vienna, 17–20 June illustrate the fact that isotope hydrology has matured. It is reported 1985. The variations of sulphur isotopes in natural compounds (and that the development of new nuclear techniques is enabling the of oxygen isotopes in sulphates) provide a powerful method of application of isotopes in uses other than hydrology. investigation in various fields of earth sciences such as hydrology, geochemistry, geothermal exploration, volcanology, oceanography, Contents: Thermal water studies; Groundwater dating; Hydrology sedimentology, ore formation and environmental sciences. of arid and semi-arid areas; Field studies with environmental isotopes; Precipitation–surface–groundwater relationships; Pollu- Contents: Summary; Isotopic composition of dissolved oceanic tion; Artificial tracers; Sediment transport; Poster presentations. sulphate; Sulphur isotopes in the water of Lake Neusiedl, Austria; Relationships between the sulphur and oxygen isotope composition STI/PUB/757 (815 pp., 356 figures; 1987) of dissolved sulphate; Sulphur and sulphate-oxygen isotopes in New ISBN 92–0–040087–6 Zealand geothermal systems and volcanic discharges; Isotopic Price: 1990 Austrian schillings (€144.62) composition and origin of sulphur compounds in groundwaters and brines in the Po Valley (northern Italy); Two case studies on the origin of aqueous sulphate in deep crystalline rocks; Sulphur and oxygen isotopic compositions of groundwater — and sabkha — ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN WATER sulphate in the Middle East; Radiolytic oxidation of sulphides and RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 1991 geochemical behaviour of sulphur isotopes in uranium deposits; On 34 32 Proceedings Series bias in S/ S data obtained in SO2 gas in mass spectrometry; Sulphur isotope analyses of trace sulphide and sulphate in various Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with materials using Kiba reagent. UNESCO, Vienna, 11–15 March 1991. The main themes were the use of isotope techniques in solving practical problems of water STI/PUB/747 (124 pp., 42 figures; 1987) resources assessment and development, particularly with respect to ISBN 92–0–141087–7 groundwater protection, and in studying environmental problems Price: 310 Austrian schillings (€22.53) related to water, including the palaeohydrological and palaeoclima- tological aspects. The oral presentations were largely concerned with the current status and trends in groundwater dating. The proceedings contain the papers of 37 oral and the extended synopses of 47 poster presentations.

Contents: Interface processes between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere; Surface water and sediments; Groundwater dating: Problems and new approaches; Groundwater dating: Problems and new approaches — methodological aspects and models; Groundwa- ter; Environmental problems and water pollution; Palaeohydrology and palaeoclimatology; Poster presentations.

STI/PUB/875 (789 pp., 273 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–000192–0 Price: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61)

23 INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

Radiation Processing Radiometry

APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATION GAMMA, X-RAY AND NEUTRON TECHNIQUES IN CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT FOR THE COAL INDUSTRY Proceedings Series Panel Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium, Karlsruhe, 9–13 March 1992. The Proceedings of an Advisory Group meeting in 1984 to review the objective was to review present knowledge of the applications of latest developments and to make recommendations on the most radiation, radioisotopes and nuclear methods of analysis in the promising areas and priorities for future research and development. monitoring and control of environmental pollution and in reducing Potential applications include on-line process measurement of coal emissions of environmentally toxic substances. Isotopes and radia- ash, moisture, calorific value, sulphur and elemental analyses. tion have many characteristics which uniquely contribute to the Improved borehole logging instruments make possible the in situ better understanding of environmental processes, as well as directly determination of ash content and coal seam delineation for resource protect the environment from the impact of toxic substances. These assessment and for mine development planning. kinds of applications form the focus of this volume. STI/PUB/707 (216 pp., 94 figures; 1986) Contents: Overviews of some main areas of application of nuclear ISBN 92–0–161086–6 techniques; Flue gas purification; Radiation processing of liquid and Price: 530 Austrian schillings (€38.52) solid wastes; Industrial applications; Radiotracer studies; Major analytical techniques and new approaches in environmental moni- toring and research; Nuclear analytical techniques and their applica- tions: 1. Atmospheric studies; 2. Studies of solid wastes, sediments Tracers and soils; 3. Hydrochemical and miscellaneous studies; Panel: Current problems and future trends in the use of isotopes and radia- tion for conservation of the environment. GAMMA, X-RAY AND NEUTRON TECHNIQUES FOR THE COAL INDUSTRY STI/PUB/904 (699 pp., 221 figures; 1992) Panel Proceedings Series ISBN 92–0–000492–X Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) (See under Radiometry, above)

GUIDEBOOK ON RADIOISOTOPE TRACERS IN INDUSTRY HIGH DOSE DOSIMETRY FOR Technical Reports Series No. 316 RADIATION PROCESSING Proceedings Series The idea of using tracers (chemical tracers, dyes, etc.) in the inves- tigation of complex physical phenomena has always attracted the Proceedings of a symposium, the second in its field, Vienna, attention of scientists and engineers. When radioactive isotopes 5–9 November 1990. Reliable dosimetry is a key parameter for became available it was immediately recognized that they offered an quality assurance of radiation processing and irradiated products. almost ideal solution to tracer selection. Extensive experience has The standardization of dosimetry provides a basis for the regulatory been gathered all over the world in the application of radioactive approval of irradiated products and for international clearance for tracers in industry. This guide is devoted to reviewing the present free trade. Papers presented at the meeting discussed the develop- status of the tracer method as such and to its applications to those ment of new techniques, the improvement of reference and routine branches of industry which have derived large benefits from the use dosimetry, systems and the quality control and assurance of dosime- of this technology. try, presenting an authoritative account of the status of high dose dosimetry throughout the world in 1990. Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. The concept of tracers; Chapter 3. General tracer technology; Chapter 4. Tracer Contents: General aspects; Development of dosimetry techniques; methodology; Chapter 5. General applications; Chapter 6. Case Reference dosimetry and review of dosimetry techniques; Quality studies; Chapter 7. Current trends in development and applications; control and assurance of dosimetry. Annexes I–VI.

STI/PUB/846 (513 pp., 217 figures; 1991) STI/DOC/10/316 (374 pp., 116 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–010291–3 ISBN 92–0–165090–6 Price: 1380 Austrian schillings (€100.29) Price: 1060 Austrian schillings (€77.03)

24 TRACERS

HARMONIZATION OF HEALTH RELATED ➜NEW NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN THE EXPLORATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS USING EXPLOITATION OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES NUCLEAR AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES Proceedings Series Proceedings Series Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 5–8 June 1990. Over the past Proceedings of a symposium held in Hyderabad, India, 4–7 Novem- decades, many nuclear techniques have been developed and used on ber 1996. The aim of the symposium was to provide an international an industrial scale for the exploration and exploitation of energy and forum for discussion of the applications of nuclear analytical tech- mineral resources, resulting in very great technical and economic niques and related isotopic tracer methods, particularly in the area of benefits. The major nuclear techniques which are currently analytical quality assurance, including validation of analytical employed on a large scale include nucleonics control and on-stream methods and development of new analytical reference materials. As analysis, nuclear well logging and tracer investigations. The advan- these methodologies contribute substantially to the harmonization of tages of nuclear techniques include rapidity, relative simplicity and, data, they are playing an important role in the application of newly in some cases, the possibility of use in hostile environments where emerging techniques such as quality management and quality assur- no other methods can be used. Furthermore, nuclear measurements ance standards (e.g. ISO-25 and ISO-9000) in environmental analyt- and nucleonics control can be made by non-contact processes. The ical laboratories. The symposium programme covered a wide variety purpose of the symposium was to review the latest concepts and of applications of nuclear (and related) analytical techniques developments and to foster an exchange of information leading to (mainly neutron activation analysis, energy dispersive X ray fluo- technology transfer from developed to developing countries. rescence, particle induced X ray emission and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry) as used in the study of air particulates, Contents: Nucleonics control systems and on-stream analysers in solid waste products, sediments, food, water, human tissues, the coal industry; On-line nuclear and nuclear related analytical biomonitors and other kinds of environmental samples. techniques in the mineral industry; Nucleonics control systems and on-stream mineral analysers; Nuclear borehole logging applications; Contents: Quality systems and strategies; Reference materials: Nuclear borehole logging instrumentation, data processing and Production, certification and use; Nuclear analytical techniques: interpretation; Tracer techniques and radiometric methods in the General aspects and quality assurance/quality control; Nuclear tech- mineral industry; Off-line nuclear activation analysis in the mineral niques and applications of quality assurance/quality control: Biolog- industry; Summary of the panel discussion: Nuclear and nuclear ical systems; Nuclear techniques and applications of quality assur- related techniques in the mineral industry — trends and future ance/quality control: Non-biological systems; Poster presentations. perspectives.

STI/PUB/1006 (663 pp., 128 figures; 1997) STI/PUB/841 (627 pp., 207 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–103697–3 ISBN 92–0–060091–3 Price: 1960 Austrian schillings (€142.44) Price: 1660 Austrian schillings (€120.64)

25 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

TOPICAL ISSUES IN NUCLEAR, RADIATION ➜NEW control area descriptions and gradetonnage curves; Appendix III: AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE SAFETY Case studies. Proceedings Series STI/DOC/10/344 (145 pp., 24 figures; 1992) Proceedings of an international conference, Vienna, 31 August – ISBN 92–0–104092–X 4 September 1998. The objective of the conference was to foster the Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) exchange of information on topical issues in nuclear, radiation and radioactive waste safety, with the aim of consolidating an interna- tional consensus on the current status of these issues, priorities for future work, and the need for strengthening international co-opera- RADIATION MONITORING IN THE MINING tion, including recommendations for the IAEA’s future activities. AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES The proceedings contain the opening session addresses, topical issue Safety Series No. 95 papers, keynote presentations, current issue presentations, conclu- sions of the six technical sessions and the conference chairperson’s Over the past decade there have been significant developments in the summary of findings and conclusion, as well as a CD-ROM with all techniques and methods of monitoring radon and radon daughters, contributed papers. thoron and thoron daughters, and radioactive dusts encountered in the mining and milling of radioactive ores. The development of new Contents: Opening session; Safety management; Occupational techniques and methods of measurement has received increased radiation protection: Trends and developments; Backfitting, upgrad- attention owing to the fact that the efficient control of radon and its ing and modernization of nuclear power plants; Radiological protec- daughters in the mining atmosphere, particularly in underground tion principles for situations of chronic exposure to residual radioac- mines, is a difficult task. Epidemiological studies have clearly tive materials: Decommissioning and rehabilitation and reclamation demonstrated that the incidence of lung cancers among underground of land; Radiation safety in the distant future: The issue of the uranium miners, and also among underground non-uranium miners disposal of long lived waste; Regulatory strategies; Current issues; who were exposed to radon and radon daughters in their occupa- Concluding session; Summary of sessions. tions, is higher than that among the general public. This publication is a revision of IAEA Safety Series No. 43, originally issued in STI/PUB/1044 (381 pp., 27 figures; 1999) 1976. The revised version has been limited in coverage to radiation ISBN 92–0–101399–X monitoring and medical surveillance. Price: 1150 Austrian schillings (€83.57) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Administrative requirements; 3. Main physical properties; 4. Strategies for monitoring programmes; 5. Monitoring methods; 6. Personal monitoring; 7. Health related surveillance; Annex I: The licensing process for uranium explo- ration in France; Annex II: The licensing process for uranium and Uranium Mining and Milling thorium mine–mill facilities in Canada. STI/PUB/776 (97 pp., 9 figures; 1989) METHODS FOR THE ESTIMATION AND ECONOMIC ISBN 92–0–123589–5 EVALUATION OF UNDISCOVERED URANIUM Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26) ENDOWMENT AND RESOURCES: An Instruction Manual Technical Reports Series No. 344 SAFE MANAGEMENT OF WASTES FROM THE MINING The present manual is part of the lAEA’s programme on guides on AND MILLING OF URANIUM AND THORIUM ORES: uranium resource assessment and supply. Its purpose is to describe Code of Practice and Guide to the Code methods of making numerical estimates of undiscovered uranium Safety Series No. 85 endowment and of the economic potential of the uranium resources. It provides guidance on choosing the method(s) most applicable to (See under Radioactive Waste Management, p. 74) a given situation.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Geological analogy principles; THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR 3. Control areas; 4. Approaches to estimation of endowment; LIMITING RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS 5. Probability considerations; 6. Limited information and subjective IN THE CASE OF THE MINING AND MILLING OF probability; 7. Deposit density methods; 8. Mineralized rock density RADIOACTIVE ORES methods; 9. Crustal abundance methods; 10. Economic potential Safety Series No. 90 evaluation; 11. Criteria for method selection; 12. Utilization of resource estimates; Appendix I: Glossary; Appendix II: Selected (See under Radiation Protection, p. 66)

26 FUEL FABRICATION AND STORAGE — NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Fuel Fabrication and Storage worldwide situation and the major factors influencing the national policies in this field, and to identify the most important directions that national efforts and international co-operation in this area DESIGN OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES should take. Safety Series No. 116 Contents: Spent fuel storage programmes; Spent fuel storage tech- This guide has been developed through a series of technical meet- nology; Licensing and safety aspects of spent fuel storage; Closing ings and represents an international consensus on useful design prin- session; Poster presentations. ciples. These principles incorporate features which will be effective in maintaining fuel subcritical, removing residual heat, providing STI/PUB/949 (451 pp., 122 figures; 1995) radiation protection and containing radioactive materials for the life- ISBN 92–0–101695–6 time of the facility. It is intended for use by the nuclear power indus- Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93) try, its supporting organizations and related regulatory bodies in identifying and managing all relevant issues on the design aspects for the safe interim storage of spent fuel from nuclear power plants. It complements Safety Series No. 117, Operation of Spent Fuel Nuclear Power Plants Storage, and Safety Series No. 118, Safety Assessment for Spent Fuel Storage Facilities. A COMMON BASIS FOR JUDGING THE SAFETY OF Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General guidance; 3. Specific design NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS BUILT TO EARLIER STANDARDS — requirements; 4. Auxiliary systems; 5. Quality assurance; 6. Inspec- A Report by the International Nuclear tion and maintenance; 7. Decommissioning; Definitions. Safety Advisory Group INSAG Series No. 8 STI/PUB/976 (50 pp.; 1994) ISBN 92–0–104994–3 This report was prepared in response to the recommendation of the Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) IAEA General Conference in 1992 that the Director General develop a process to provide a common basis on which the accept- able level of safety of all operating nuclear power plants built to FUEL HANDLING AND STORAGE SYSTEMS IN earlier standards can be judged. This followed a recommendation NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide made at the IAEA Conference on ‘The Safety of Nuclear Power: Safety Series No. 50-SG-D10 Strategy for the Future’ held in September 1991. The report also provides a basis for allocating responsibilities for, and deciding on (See under Nuclear Power Plants — NUSS programme, p. 39) the best approach to, making a safety assessment, and for selecting criteria to adopt in deciding on what corrective action to take.

OPERATION OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Historical background; 3. Objectives Safety Series No. 117 and scope; 4. Safety standards and practices; 5. Responsibilities; 6. Methods of assessment; 7. Achieving acceptable levels of safety; This guide has been developed through a series of technical meet- 8. Summary and conclusions. ings and represents an international consensus on useful operating principles. These principles incorporate features which will be effec- STI/PUB/991 (19 pp.; 1995) tive in maintaining fuel subcritical, removing residual heat, provid- E ISBN 92–0–102395–2 ing radiation protection and containing radioactive materials for the F ISBN 92–0–203196–7 lifetime of the facility. It is intended for use by the nuclear power R ISBN 92–0–400596–3 industry, its supporting organizations and related regulatory bodies S ISBN 92–0–300396–7 in identifying and managing all relevant issues on the operational Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) aspects for the safe interim storage of spent fuel from nuclear power plants. It complements Safety Series No. 116, Design of Spent Fuel Storage Facilities, and Safety Series No. 118, Safety Assessment for ADVANCES IN THE OPERATIONAL SAFETY ➜NEW Spent Fuel Storage Facilities. OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Proceedings Series Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Key operational activities; 3. Basic safety considerations for operation; 4. Management; 5. Training and Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 4–8 September 1995. The aim qualifications; 6. Commissioning; 7. Operational limits and condi- of the symposium was to provide a forum for exchange on the oper- tions; 8. Operating procedures; 9. Maintenance, testing, examination ational safety of nuclear power plants with the purpose of further and inspection; 10. Radiation and environmental protection; developing tools which permit a systematic comprehension of 11. Quality assurance; 12. Safeguards and physical protection; management and organizational effects on plant safety. The concept 13. Decommissioning; Definitions. of safety culture, the concept of probabilistic safety assessment (PSA), risk analysis and operating experience feedback programmes STI/PUB/977 (54 pp.; 1994) represent such tools. In using these, human factors and organiza- ISBN 92–0–105094–1 tional performance are of major importance. Many of these tools are Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) capable of further development.

Contents: Opening session; Managing and regulating safe SAFETY AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF regulation; Safety performance and lessons learned; Improving SPENT FUEL STORAGE operational safety using probabilistic safety analysis; Enhancing Proceedings Series safety; Rapporteurs’ reports and closing remarks; Poster presentations. Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, Vienna, 10–14 October 1994. The purpose of the symposium was to STI/PUB/974 (631 pp., 120 figures; 1996) provide an opportunity for the exchange of information on the state ISBN 92–0–103596–9 of the art and the prospects of spent fuel storage, to discuss the Price: 1800 Austrian schillings (€130.81)

27 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF ADVANCED principles of safe design and operation for electricity generating REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS UNDER nuclear power plants. It includes the improvements made in the NEUTRON IRRADIATION safety of operating nuclear power plants and identifies the principles Technical Reports Series No. 265 underlying the best current safety policies to be applied in future plants. It presents INSAG’s understanding of the principles underly- The final report of an IAEA co-ordinated research programme ing the best current safety policies and practices of the nuclear involving nine organizations in eight Member States during the power industry. period 1977–1983. The irradiation response of seven steels typical of modern practice, in the form of plants, forgings and submerged Contents: Preamble; 1. Introduction; 2. Objectives; 3. Fundamental arc welds supplied by worldwide suppliers, was determined under principles; 4. Specific principles; Appendix: Illustration of defence light water reactor pressure vessel irradiation conditions. in depth; Index of keywords.

Contents: Introduction; Scientific scope and programme goals; French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. Standard part of phase 2 programme; Irradiation conditions; Exper- imental results; Discussion of results; Conclusions; Appendix A: STI/PUB/1082 (97 pp., 4 figures; 1999) List of participants in the programme; Appendix B: Materials spec- ISBN 92–0–102699–4 ification and identification; Appendix C: Expressions used to define Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) errors in linear regression analyses; Appendix D: Summary of experimental data; List of symbols and abbreviations.

STI/DOC/10/265 (119 pp., 50 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–155186–X DEFENCE IN DEPTH IN NUCLEAR SAFETY — ➜NEW Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) A Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group INSAG Series No. 10 BALANCING AUTOMATION AND HUMAN ACTION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS The present report deals with the concept of defence in depth in Proceedings Series nuclear and radiation safety, discussing its objectives, strategy, implementation and future development. The report is intended for Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, use by governmental authorities and by the nuclear industry and its Munich, 9–13 July 1990. The purpose was to review developments supporting organizations. It is intended to stimulate discussion and and to discuss directions for future efforts. One important aspect of to promote practical action at all levels to enhance safety. nuclear safety in recent years has been the very high rate of devel- opment and subsequent introduction of computer technology. The Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The approach to defence in depth; data acquired by computer systems have to be presented to the oper- 3. Implementation of defence in depth; 4. Enhancement of defence ator in a structured form with priorization capabilities. Further in depth for plants currently operating; 5. Development of defence developments of operator support systems may considerably influ- in depth for future nuclear power plants. ence the interface between human control and automation. To deal with fast transients, automation and real time simulation have to be STI/PUB/1013 (33 pp.; 1996) used. For other abnormal and accident situations, human flexibility E ISBN 92-0–102596–3 may be preferred. Full use must be made of all plant resources, with F ISBN 92-0–201297–0 system state and success path monitoring being of special interest in R ISBN 92-0–400798–2 accident situations. The symposium discussed all aspects of balanc- S ISBN 92-0–301397–0 ing problems, operating, maintenance and testing, including all Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) levels from information processing to full automation.

Contents: Opening session; Invited papers; Conceptions and achievements in automation; Safety implication of automation; Computerized operator support — Part I; Computerized operator DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF ➜NEW support — Part II; Man–machine interaction; Human factors NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS TO consideration in automation; Accident management in automation; FACILITATE DECOMMISSIONING Future trends and needs (Panel discussion). Technical Reports Series No. 382

STI/PUB/843 (599 pp., 137 figures; 1991) This report provides guidance on the planning for decommissioning ISBN 92–0–020091–5 and on the provision of relevant features at the design and construc- Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) tion stages of nuclear power plants. Most of the information presented is equally applicable, however, to planning and imple- menting the decommissioning of research reactors and prototype BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS reactors. The report will be useful in the context of backfitting and — A Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group refurbishment of existing facilities. Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-3 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Policy and strategy considerations; Replaced by: 3. Radiological protection and optimization considerations; 4. Plan- ning for decommissioning; 5. Documentation and records; 6. Basic design aspects; 7. Design features to facilitate decommissioning; BASIC SAFETY PRINCIPLES FOR NUCLEAR ➜NEW 8. Conclusions; Annex I: National experience; Annex II: Problems POWER PLANTS — 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1 — A Report encountered during decommissioning; Annex III: Case study on the by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group evaluation of decommissioning facilitating features; Glossary. INSAG Series No. 12 STI/DOC/010/382 (125 pp., 18 figures; 1997) The present report is a revision of Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-3 ISBN 92–0–100697–7 (1988), updating the statements made on the objectives and Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98)

28 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

DESIGN OF OFF-GAS AND AIR CLEANING SYSTEMS 6. Basic nuclear science and engineering laboratory; 7. Measures for AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS implementing and improving engineering and science education and Technical Reports Series No. 274 training capabilities for nuclear power personnel.

This report is aimed at: (a) quantifying airborne radionuclides in off- STI/DOC/10/266 (312 pp., 6 figures; 1986) gas and ventilation air streams in nuclear power plants; (b) review- ISBN 92–0–155286–6 ing the current status and latest development trends in design for Price: 810 Austrian schillings (€58.86) normal operation and design basis accidents; (c) providing guide- lines for design.

Contents: Introduction; General design principles; LWR nuclear power plants; Other types of reactors; Trends in off-gas and air EQUIPMENT QUALIFICATION IN ➜NEW cleaning system design; References; Appendix A.I: Source term OPERATIONAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: specifications for LWRs; Appendix A.II: Examples of calculations Upgrading, Preserving and Reviewing using the GALE code. Safety Reports Series No. 3

STI/DOC/10/274 (118 pp., 36 figures; 1987) This report is based on information presented at two IAEA Techni- ISBN 92–0–125187–4 cal Committee meetings held within the framework of the IAEA Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Project on Operational Safety Guidance in 1993 and 1994. The document was prepared to provide guidance to Member States in assessing the status of equipment qualification (EQ) in operational nuclear power plants and in preserving this status. It offers methods DEVELOPING SAFETY CULTURE IN ➜NEW and practices for activities which are necessary for a successful NUCLEAR ACTIVITIES — Practical implementation of periodical safety reviews. The report should be of Suggestions to Assist Progress value for all countries that are parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety Reports Series No. 11 Safety, which entered into force on 24 October 1996 and stipulates the review and, where necessary, the upgrading of the safety of This Safety Report supplements Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-4: existing nuclear installations. Safety Culture (1991) in describing practices that have proved valu- able in establishing and maintaining a sound safety culture. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Concepts and process for EQ; 3. Establishing EQ and required design input; 4. Upgrading EQ in Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety Culture; 3. Stages of develop- operational nuclear power plants; 5. Preserving EQ; 6. Assessing ment of safety culture; 4. General practices to develop organiza- effectiveness of the EQ programme; Annex I: Effect of licensing tional effectiveness; 5. Specific practices to develop safety culture; assumptions and equipment locations on the scope of an EQ 6. Assessing progress in the development of safety culture; 7. Detec- programme; Annex II: Examples for developing a list of equipment tion of incipient weakness in safety culture; 8. Concluding remarks; to be qualified; Annex III: Examples of EQ files and documentation; Appendix I: Practices used for developing an improved safety Annex IV: Evaluation of a licensee’s EQ programme for electrical culture that are not specifically mentioned in INSAG-4; Appendix equipment located in a harsh environment; Annex V: Most signifi- II: Key questions for use in discussions when trying to increase cant components related to EQ; Annex VI: Checklist for review of awareness of safety culture; Appendix III: Characteristics of a good licensee EQ documentation files; Annex VII: Physical inspection facilitator; Appendix IV: Safety culture screening matrix; Appendix checklist. V: Index of corrective actions. STI/PUB/1052 (120 pp., 3 figures; 1998) STI/PUB/1064 (57 pp., 4 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–101098–2 ISBN 92–0–104398–8 Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

EVALUATION OF THE SAFETY OF ➜NEW ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION OPERATING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS FOR NUCLEAR POWER: A Guidebook BUILT TO EARLIER STANDARDS — Technical Reports Series No. 266 A Common Basis for Judgement Safety Reports Series No. 12 The guidebook provides recommendations, based on the experience of both developed and developing countries, for upgrading or estab- This Safety Report complements Safety Guide No. 50-SG-O12, lishing national education and training capabilities in engineering Periodic Safety Review of Operational Nuclear Power Plants and science in order to develop qualified personnel for nuclear (1994). It provides practical information for the safety assessment power programmes. Special consideration has been given to the and judgement process for operating nuclear power plants built to specific needs and conditions of developing countries. earlier standards, on the basis of a comparison with current safety standards and operational practices. Contents: Introduction; 1. Important aspects of engineering and science education for nuclear power; 2. Nuclear-oriented Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objectives of safety review; 3. Safety programmes in mechanical, electrical, chemical, nuclear, electronics judgements; Appendix I: Safety review process; Appendix II: engineering and in radiation health physics; 3. Nuclear specializa- Current standards and practices; Appendix III: Operational process tion (S) programmes; 4. Undergraduate (U) and post-graduate (P) evaluation; Appendix IV: The deterministic judgement process; programmes in nuclear-oriented mechanical (U1, P1), electrical Appendix V: The probabilistic assessment process; Annex: Judge- (U2, P2) and chemical (U3, P3) engineering and postgraduate ment examples. programme in nuclear engineering (P4) for graduates of nuclear- oriented mechanical and electrical undergraduate programmes; STI/PUB/1065 (92 pp., 1 figure; 1998) 5. Integrated undergraduate (U) and postgraduate (P) programmes in ISBN 92–0–104498–4 nuclear engineering (U5, P5) and radiation health physics (U6, P6); Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16)

29 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

EXAMPLES OF SAFETY CULTURE PRACTICES ➜NEW fuel cycle facilities; Fire testing of materials; Fire risk assessment; Safety Reports Series No. 1 Closing statement.

This report illustrates the concepts and principles of safety culture as STI/PUB/824 (581 pp., 109 figures; 1989) given in Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-4, Safety Culture — A Report ISBN 92–0–020489–9 by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group (1991). It Price: 1440 Austrian schillings (€104.65) provides a small selection of examples of good and poor safety prac- tice taken from a worldwide collection of safety performance evalu- ations (e.g. IAEA Safety services, national regulatory inspections, utility audits and plant assessments). These documented evaluations collectively provide a database of safety peformance strengths and GAS COOLED REACTOR DESIGN AND SAFETY weaknesses, and related safety culture observations. Technical Reports Series No. 312

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Examples of safety culture practices; The present publication is an update of IAEA Technical Reports 3. Effecting safety culture improvement; Appendix: Safety culture Series No. 235, Status of and Prospects for Gas-Cooled Reactors, observed by the IAEA. published in 1984. It is a compilation of information based on submissions from Member States and is considered current as of the STI/PUB/1039 (30 pp.; 1997) beginning of 1989. It describes the status of gas cooled reactors with ISBN 92–0–104297–3 specific emphasis on the design and safety characteristics of the Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) various concepts that are either incorporated in operating reactors or in reactors being designed and considered for future construction and operation.

Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Status of inter- FEEDBACK OF OPERATIONAL SAFETY EXPERIENCE FROM national gas cooled reactor development; Chapter 3. General NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS features of gas cooled reactors and their safety characteristics; Proceedings Series Chapter 4. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in the United Kingdom; Chapter 5. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in the Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, United States of America; Chapter 6. Gas cooled reactor design and Paris, 16–20 May 1988. Operating experience feedback safety in Japan; Chapter 7. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in programmes have been extensively developed at various levels the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Chapter 8. Gas cooled within the nuclear community, and their effectiveness has also reactor design and safety in Switzerland; Chapter 9. Gas cooled improved greatly as a result of: (a) the setting of more ambitious reactor design and safety in the Federal Republic of Germany; plant targets providing greater margins in accident situations; (b) the Chapter 10. Summary; Annex: Information exchange on gas cooled access to predictive operating data, indicative of the future perfor- reactors. mance of plants; and (c) the careful assessment, or review, of past operating experience to promptly correct the root causes of any STI/DOC/10/312 (234 pp., 97 figures; 1990) adverse trends. The purpose of the symposium was to provide a ISBN 92–0–155090–1 forum for the detailed exchange of experience for the discussion of Price: 700 Austrian schillings (€50.87) various ways of closing the feedback loop, with the ultimate goal of enhancing the level of operational safety at nuclear power plants.

Contents: Opening session; Methods of identification of opera- tional safety issues in nuclear power plants; Methods of analysis of GUIDEBOOK ON THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING operational safety issues; Corrective actions implemented as a result OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER of operating experience; Operational safety experience feedback Technical Reports Series No. 306 systems; Panel discussion: Operational safety of nuclear power plants — future trends; Closing session. This guidebook describes for nuclear technicians: (1) the necessary level and content of conventional education and training; (2) the STI/PUB/785 (695 pp., 174 figures; 1989) level and content of nuclear oriented education and training; (3) ISBN 92–0–020289–6 measures to bridge the gap between the two. The guidebook comple- Price: 1700 Austrian schillings (€123.54) ments or is supplemented by Technical Reports Series No. 200, Manpower Development for Nuclear Power, Technical Reports Series No. 242, Qualification of Nuclear Power Plant Operations Personnel, and IAEA-TECDOC-526, Appendices to the Guidebook on the Education and Training of Technicians for Nuclear Power. FIRE PROTECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING This guidebook seeks to assist policy makers and planners, as well IN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS as those designing and implementing education and training Proceedings Series programmes.

Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 27 February to 3 March 1989. Contents: Introduction; 1. Definition of technicians; 2. Planning Within the last decade there has been considerable development in and implementation of the E&T of technicians for nuclear power; fire protection and nuclear designers now recognize its importance 3. Recommended E&T requirements to enter nuclear oriented E&T; at all design stages. While the principles of fire protection have been 4. Education and training of teachers/trainers for a nuclear power implemented worldwide, problems are still apparent in the descrip- programme; 5. Functions, tasks and number of technicians in a tion of specific aspects of fire behaviour, material properties, system nuclear power programme; 6. Basic and specialized E&T for a performance, etc. The symposium provided a forum for the discus- nuclear power programme; 7. Nuclear science and engineering labo- sion of these and other questions. ratory; 8. Mechanisms for education and training implementation.

Contents: Standards and licensing; National fire safety practices; STI/DOC/10/306 (92 pp., 13 figures; 1989) Fire safety by design; Fire fighting and a panel on: How to manage ISBN 92–0–155689–6 real fires once they occur; Computer fire modelling; Fire safety in Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80)

30 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW OF ➜NEW 9. Conditioning of abnormal radioactive wastes; 10. Storage, trans- A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AGEING port and disposal; References; Annex I: Experience with abnormal MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME wastes and their management in selected power plants; Annex II: Safety Reports Series No. 15 Examples of decision making processes in the management of abnormal wastes. This publication provides information on good practices relating to the implementation and review of an ageing management STI/DOC/10/307 (122 pp., 11 figures; 1989) programme (AMP) for nuclear power plants. AMPs are umbrella ISBN 92–0–125589–6 type, systematic programmes integrating plant operations, inspec- Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62) tion and maintenance and other relevant programmes.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Rationale for an AMP; 3. Description MANAGEMENT OF OPERATIONAL ➜NEW of an AMP; 4. The AMP model and its implementation; 5. Review SAFETY IN NUCLEAR POWER of an AMP; Appendix I: Data collection and record keeping; Appen- PLANTS — A Report by the International dix II: Examples of unanticipated ageing phenomena addressed by Nuclear Safety Advisory Group ageing management teams; Appendix III: Indicators of AMP INSAG Series No. 13 effectiveness. The present report deals with the framework necessary for safety STI/PUB/1072 (35 pp., 3 figures; 1999) management in organizations in order to promote safety culture, by ISBN 92–0–100999–2 systematically addressing the general principles underlying the Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) management of operational safety and by providing guidance on good practices. It also draws on the results of audits and reviews to highlight shortfalls in safety management. IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: A Manual Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Definition of the safety management Technical Reports Series No. 317 system; 3. General features of a safety management system; 4. Specific safety management issues; Appendix: Safety manage- (See under Quality Management, p. 79) ment indicators; Annex: Some examples of the effect of deficiences in safety management.

MAN–MACHINE INTERFACE IN THE Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. NUCLEAR INDUSTRY Proceedings Series STI/PUB/1083 (43 pp., 2 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–102899–7 Proceedings of a conference organized in co-operation with the Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Commission of the European Communities and OECD/NEA, Tokyo, 15–19 February 1988. The conference demonstrated that the development of computer technologies offered great potential in the design of future control rooms for nuclear power plants with MANUAL ON MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMS AND enhanced information processing capabilities. COMPONENTS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY Technical Reports Series No. 268 Contents: Opening remarks; Review of status and outlook; Human behaviour in plant operation; Plant personnel training; Operator This user’s manual provides Member States implementing the IAEA support; Artificial intelligence and accident management; Process Codes and Safety Guides (NUSS) with practical examples of control and human engineering in control rooms; Robots for nuclear management organization, good practices, methods and techniques power plant inspection and maintenance; Human engineering in for the maintenance of systems and components important to safety. controls and control rooms; Transients and accident management; It contains a detailed description of management systems, adminis- Robotics; Final panel; Closing remarks. trative controls and procedures for maintenance activities and some aspects of surveillance and verification activities. STI/PUB/781 (825 pp., 217 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–020588–7 Contents: Introduction; Scope; Maintenance programme; Imple- Price: 2040 Austrian schillings (€148.25) mentation of maintenance programme; Surveillance and verification activities; Annex I: Examples of documents; Annex II: Descriptions of practices. MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL RADIOACTIVE WASTES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS STI/DOC/10/268 (162 pp., 28 figures; 1986) Technical Reports Series No. 307 ISBN 92–0–125386–9 Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) This report discusses the management of abnormal wastes at nuclear facilities. It is intended to give guidance to nuclear power plant oper- ators on the technical means available to enable abnormal wastes to be managed safely, and to provide assistance in the selection of MANUAL ON TRAINING, QUALIFICATION AND appropriate technologies and processes that can be used for abnor- CERTIFICATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE PERSONNEL mal situations. In addition, subjects such as pre-planning and provi- Technical Reports Series No. 262 sions for abnormal waste management, decision making on the management of abnormal wastes and adequate waste characteriza- Examples of typical QA functions to be undertaken and the associ- tion are also discussed. ated qualification requirements, training programmes, training tech- niques and methods of certification of personnel implementing these Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Pre-planning; 3. Abnormal waste functions. Applicable to those participants in a nuclear power management decision making and planning; 4. Characterization of project who are associated with the establishment and implementa- the wastes; 5. Decontamination; 6. Treatment of liquid wastes; tion of the various QA programmes during the life cycle of the 7. Treatment of gaseous wastes; 8. Treatment of solid wastes; project.

31 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. QA programmatic and evaluation Vol. 3: Safety and International Co-operation functions; 3. Inspection and test functions; 4. Training and The need for safety in nuclear power programmes; Interna- qualification; 5. Maintenance of qualification; 6. Records; Annex I: tional co-operation in nuclear safety; Technical aspects in Qualification; Annex II: Training; Annex III: National standards for plant safety; Approaches to safety; Panel: Operational training, qualification and certification; Annex IV: Examples of safety in the 1990s. personnel qualification record forms. STI/PUB/761 (281 pp., 27 figures; 1988) STI/DOC/10/262 (104 pp., 13 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–050288–1 ISBN 92–0–155086–3 Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) Vol. 4: Safety Technology Nuclear safety experience and safety assessment trends; METHODOLOGY FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF Safety and severe accidents; Safety improvements in design AGEING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT and operation; Poster presentations. COMPONENTS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY Technical Reports Series No. 338 STI/PUB/761 (651 pp., 129 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–050388–8 This technical report, one of a series on the management of ageing Price: 1610 Austrian schillings (€117.00) nuclear power plants, presents methodologies for selecting plant components important to safety whose ageing should be assessed Vol. 5: Nuclear Fuel Cycle and for performing ageing management studies. Although the report Waste management in the 1990s; Decontamination and has been developed for the management of ageing of plant compo- decommissioning; Waste management, treatment and nents important to safety, the methodology studies are applicable to disposal; Nuclear fuel cycle — present and future; Enrich- components important to plant life. ment services and advanced reactor fuels; Improvements in reactor fuel utilization and performance; Spent fuel Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Approach to the management of NPP management options: Future needs and economic choices. ageing; 3. Selection of NPP components important to safety for ageing management studies; 4. Methodology for ageing manage- STI/PUB/761 (680 pp., 198 figures; 1988) ment studies; 5. Recommendations for ageing management pilot ISBN 92–0–050488–4 studies; Appendix I: Examples of ageing related component degra- Price: 1680 Austrian schillings (€122.09) dation and failure; Appendix II: Ageing degradation mechanisms and susceptible materials and components; Appendix III: Examples Vol. 6: Indexes and Lists of summary results of ageing management studies from the Contents of all volumes; List of participants; Author and USNRC’s Nuclear Plant Ageing Research Programme; Appendix transliteration indexes; Index of papers and posters by IV: Examples of condition indicator trending as a basis for mitigat- number. ing component ageing. STI/PUB/761 (85 pp.; 1988) STI/DOC/10/338 (50 pp., 13 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–050588–0 ISBN 92–0–102592–0 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99)

NUCLEAR POWER PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 28 September to 2 October NUSS PROGRAMME 1987. These proceedings provide an authoritative and comprehen- (NUCLEAR SAFETY STANDARDS) sive picture of the current status of and trends in nuclear power, nuclear safety and the nuclear fuel cycle. NUSS is an acronym for Nuclear Safety Standards and comprises a set of publications developed under the IAEA Nuclear Safety Stan- dards programme. NUSS publications are developed for landbased Vol. 1: Performance, Overview and Prospects nuclear power plants with thermal neutron reactors. The NUSS Introduction; Summaries of the Conference; The prospects programme constitutes the first comprehensive non-national set of for nuclear power in the 1990s; The need for safety in publications on the safety of nuclear power plants. nuclear power programmes; Performance of nuclear power plants: Outlook for the future; Nuclear power economics and financing. 1. Governmental Organization STI/PUB/761 (275 pp., 51 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–050088–9 Price: 700 Austrian schillings (€50.87) CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: Vol. 2: Achievements in Construction and Operation GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Plant construction achievements; Plant availability achieve- Safety Series No. 50-C-G (Rev. 1) ments; Controlling and financing nuclear power costs; Achievements in technology transfer and infrastructure This code recommends the basic requirements for establishing the development; Advanced systems. governmental organization responsible for regulating the siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation and decommission- STI/PUB/761 (473 pp., 123 figures; 1988) ing of nuclear power plants. This involves the establishment of a ISBN 92–0–050188–5 legal framework for the regulatory body, defining its role and Price: 1180 Austrian schillings (€85.75) responsibilities and those of the applicant/licensee. Further

32 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS requirements are presented with respect to the organization of the CONDUCT OF REGULATORY REVIEW AND regulatory body, its main functions of review and assessment, ASSESSMENT DURING THE LICENSING PROCESS FOR inspection and enforcement, and the development of regulations and NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide guides. Safety Series No. 50-SG-G3

Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. General provisions; This guide discusses the review and assessment process, as well as 3. Role and responsibility of the regulatory body; 4. Organization of the various relationships between the regulatory body and the appli- the regulatory body; 5. Regulations and guides; 6. Licensing cant/licensee, the applicant/licensee’s vendor, other governmental process; 7. Requirements on the application/licensee; 8. Review and bodies, and consultants and advisory committees. It covers the assessment during the licensing process; 9. Licensing decisions; specific stages of the licensing process, i.e. siting, construction, 10. Regulatory inspection and enforcement; 11. Emergency commissioning, operation and decommissioning. preparedness. Contents: Introduction; Objectives of the review and assessment STI/PUB/796 (48 pp., 1 figure; 1988) process; General relationships in the review and assessment process; E ISBN 92–0–123288–8 Exchange of information; Areas for review and assessment; Bases C ISBN 92–0–523090–1 for review and assessment; Method of review and assessment; Inter- F ISBN 92–0–223189–3 national co-operation in review and assessment. R ISBN 92–0–423490–3 S ISBN 92–0–323189–7 STI/PUB/571 (49 pp.; 1980) Price: 170 Austrian schillings (€12.35) E ISBN 92–0–123480–5 C ISBN 92–0–523488–5 F ISBN 92–0–223980–0 R out of print QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING OF STAFF S ISBN 92–0–323681–3 OF THE REGULATORY BODY FOR Price: 170 Austrian schillings (€12.35) NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G1

This guide recommends how to establish a basic organization for INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT BY ➜NEW regulating nuclear power and how to develop it into an enlarged THE REGULATORY BODY FOR organization that can cope with the regulatory requirements of an NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide expanding nuclear programme. It emphasizes the qualifications and Safety Series No. 50-SG-G4 (Rev. 1) training of the staff needed to regulate nuclear power plants. This revised guide, which supplements Safety Series No. 110: The Contents: Introduction; General provision; Qualifications of regu- Safety of Nuclear Installations, and Safety Series No. 50-C-G latory personnel; Training of the regulatory staff; Qualifications and (Rev. 1): Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Governmen- utilization of consultants; Qualifications and utilization of advisory tal Organization, provides guidance on fulfilling the requirements committees. for inspection and enforcement by the regulatory body. It deals with the responsibilities of the regulatory body, the organization of STI/PUB/513 (30 pp.; 1979) inspection programmes, the inspection resources of the regulatory E out of print body, methods of inspection, requirements on the applicant/licensee C ISBN 92–0–523591–1 with regard to regulatory inspection, inspection reports, and regula- F ISBN 92–0–223679–8 tory action and enforcement. R out of print S ISBN 92–0–323080–7 Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Role of the regulatory Price: 120 Austrian schillings (€8.72) body for inspection and enforcement; 3. Organization of the inspec- tion programme; 4. Inspection resources; 5. Methods of inspection; 6. Requirements on the applicant/licensee with regard to regulatory inspection; 7. Inspection reports; 8. Regulatory action and INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT OF enforcement. LICENSING APPLICATIONS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide STI/PUB/1011 (64 pp., 1 figure; 1996) Safety Series No. 50-SG-G2 ISBN 92–0–103296–X Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) This guide recommends the content and format of the information that a regulatory body needs in the course of the licensing process, the channels of communication between the regulatory body and the applicant/licensee, and the classification of documents and the PREPAREDNESS OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES scheduling of their submission. Other sections deal with the infor- FOR EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: mation related to specific licensing stages, i.e. siting, construction, A Safety Guide commissioning, operation and decommissioning. Safety Series No. 50-SG-G6

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Information needed during licens- The guide deals with emergency arrangements for which public ing process; 3. Classification and format of documents; 4. Schedul- authorities are responsible, the interaction with the operating orga- ing of submission. nization emergency plan and the integration into the overall emer- gency planning. Guidance is given on the main aspects of assigning STI/PUB/515 (44 pp.; 1979) responsibility to public authorities, the regulatory body and the E out of print operating organization. F ISBN 92–0–223779–4 R out of print Contents: Introduction; Range of accidents to be considered in S ISBN 92–0–323280–X emergency planning; Responsibilities for emergency planning, orga- Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) nizing and action; Emergency organization; Emergency planning;

33 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Emergency assessments and protective measures; Public informa- 2. Siting tion and instruction; Training and exercises; Co-operation across boundaries; Annexes.

STI/PUB/601 (46 pp.; 1982) CODE ON THE SAFETY OF E ISBN 92–0–123082–6 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: SITING C ISBN 92–0–523587–3 Safety Series No. 50-C-S (Rev. 1) F ISBN 92–0–223183–4 R out of print This code recommends how to evaluate the site related factors that S ISBN 92–0–323183–8 are taken into account to ensure that the plant–site combination does Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) not constitute an unacceptable risk. After defining the roles of the applicant and the regulatory body in site selection, evaluation and approval, general criteria are given for selecting proposed sites and assessing their suitability, for determining site related safety require- ments and for evaluating the acceptability of a site to accommodate a particular nuclear plant. LICENCES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: CONTENT, FORMAT AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS: Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. General; 3. Criteria; A Safety Guide 4. Evaluation of design basis for external events; 5. Site Safety Series No. 50-SG-G8 characteristics influencing the effects of the nuclear power plant on the region. The guide is devoted to the nuclear licence as the principal mecha- nism for linking the legal framework of the regulatory system (i.e. STI/PUB/797 (36 pp., 1 figure; 1988) basic legislation plus compulsory regulations) with the responsibili- E ISBN 92–0–123388–4 ties of the principal parties (regulatory body and applicant/licensee) C ISBN 92–0–523190–8 involved in the regulatory system. It describes the principles of the F ISBN 92–0–223289–X licensing process, covering the major licensing steps, i.e. site R ISBN 92–0–423590–X approval, authorization of construction, commissioning, operation S ISBN 92–0–323289–3 and decommissioning. Price: 130 Austrian schillings (€9.45)

Contents: Introduction; Framework for licenses; Licenses; Autho- rization; Conditions; Annex I: Examples of specific licences in some Member States; Annex II: Examples of the licensing steps in the Federal Republic of Germany for a pressurized-water reactor. EARTHQUAKES AND ASSOClATED TOPICS IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING: STI/PUB/620 (74 pp.; 1982) A Safety Guide E ISBN 92–0–123482–1 Safety Series No. 50-SG-S1 (Rev. 1) F ISBN 92–0–223583–X R out of print This guide puts the main emphasis on determining ground motion as S ISBN 92–0–323283–4 an input to the design of a nuclear power plant and on determining Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) any potential for surface faulting at a selected site. The type of infor- mation required and the investigations to be performed are described in the context of their dependence on the geological, seismological and geotectonical aspects of the region.

Contents: Definitions; Note on the interpretation of the text; REGULATIONS AND GUIDES FOR 1. Introduction; 2. General requirements; 3. Required information NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide and investigations (Database); 4. Construction of a regional Safety Series No. 50-SG-G9 seismotectonic model; 5. Evaluation of design basis ground motions; 6. Potential for surface faulting at the site; 7. Seismically The guide provides information, guidance and recommendations to generated water waves; 8. Potential for permanent ground assist a regulatory body in establishing regulations that are compul- displacements associated with earthquakes and geological sory, and in developing guides that are advisory. The NUSS phenomena; Appendix: Seismic intensity scales. programme, which is based on regulations and guides in Member States, is presented as a frame of reference for safety. The system STI/PUB/871 (60 pp.; 1991) of regulations and guides required in Member States having a E ISBN 92–0–123191–1 nuclear power programme is given, starting with basic legislation. F ISBN 92–0–200194–4 The book covers regulations and guides extensively, citing indus- R ISBN 92–0–400194–1 trial standards and pointing out interrelationships and differences S ISBN 92–0–300294–4 between them. Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

Contents: Introduction; IAEA NUSS programme; System of regulations and guides; Programme of regulations and guides; Establishment of regulations; Establishment of guides; Annex 1: Framework of regulatory documents in certain Member States. SEISMIC ANALYSIS AND TESTING OF STI/PUB/676 (34 pp.; 1984) NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide E ISBN 92–0–123684–0 Safety Series No. 50-SG-S2 F ISBN 92–0–223285–7 R out of print Superseded. Revised version published as Safety Series S ISBN 92–0–323086–6 No. 50-SG-D15, Seismic Design and Qualification for Nuclear Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) Power Plants, see under 3. Design.

34 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION IN used to develop adequate design bases for the plant to prevent such NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING: A Safety Guide effects are also included. Safety Series No. 50-SG-S3 Contents: Introduction; Potential sources of man-induced events The guide addresses the meteorological investigations needed at and associated features; Collection of information and evaluation; different stages in a site survey, in site evaluation and in assessing Administrative aspects; Preliminary screening and detailed evalua- off-site consequences of operational states and accident conditions. tions; Aircraft crashes; Explosions; Release of hazardous fluids; It covers meteorological phenomena and mechanisms involved in Other man-induced events; Annex I: Aircraft crashes; Annex II: the dispersion of radioactive effluents, calculation methods for Chemical explosions; Annex III: Hazards from drifting clouds; concentration and deposition, input data needed for calculations, Annex IV: Fire. meteorological instrumentation requirements, data analysis system requirements and other related topics. STI/PUB/585 (62 pp.; 1981) E ISBN 92–0–123081–8 Contents: Introduction; On-site and off-site meteorological investi- C ISBN 92–0–523590–3 gation programme; Atmospheric dispersion models; Average F ISBN 92–0–723081–X short-term concentration estimates; Meteorological aspects of emer- R out of print gency planning at nuclear power plants; Annex I: Turbulence and S ISBN 92–0–323282–6 atmospheric dispersion; Annex II: Atmospheric stability; Annex III: Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) Equivalent height of plume Dh (non-buoyant plume); Annex IV: Examples of simplified models; Annex V: A direct method for determining stability class (Pasquill method and modifications); HYDROLOGICAL DISPERSION OF RADIOACTIVE Annex VI: Dependence of concentration on sampling time; MATERIAL IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER

Annex VII: Modified Bulk Richardson number method for sy and PLANT SITING: A Safety Guide sz; Annex VIII: Additional graphs for sy and sz. Safety Series No. 50-SG-S6

STI/PUB/549 (107 pp., 16 figures; 1980) This guide deals with the dispersion of normal and accidental E ISBN 92–0–623180–4 releases of radioactive material from nuclear power plants into C ISBN 92–0–523886–4 surface water for a full range of releases, including steady state F out of print (routine releases), instantaneous or puff (accidental releases), and R out of print time dependent long term releases (routine or accidental releases). It S ISBN 92–0–323382–2 describes the information needed, gives recommendations on Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) measurement programmes and the selection and use of appropriate mathematical models for evaluating dispersion.

SITE SELECTION AND EVALUATION FOR Contents: Introduction; Information needed at the site survey stage; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS WITH RESPECT TO Information needed at the site evaluation stage; Modelling of POPULATION DISTRIBUTION: A Safety Guide radionuclide dispersion in surface waters; Appendix A: General Safety Series No. 50-SG-S4 discussion of radionuclide dispersion modelling in surface waters; Appendix B: Models for the initial dilution of radioactive material; This guide presents population distribution data requirements, Appendix C: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion in rivers; examples of territory screening and various approaches to evaluating Appendix D: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion from open population distribution and site selection. It also gives an overview coasts; Appendix E: Models for dispersion of radionuclides in estu- of radiological impact assessment with respect to population data aries; Appendix F: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion in (current and projected), data format (concentric rings and sectors) impoundments; Annex I: Measurement of diffusion coefficients; and supplementary site information. Annex II: Measurement of equilibrium sediment distribution coeffi- cients; Annex III: Examples of accuracy and sensitivity of instru- Contents: Introduction; Data requirements; Territory screening and mentation; Annex IV: Equations of simple models for radionuclide preliminary site selection methods; Radiological impact and final dispersion in rivers, open coasts, estuaries and impoundments; site evaluation; Annex I: Histograms of population distribution Annex V: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in rivers; around some nuclear power plant sites; Annex II: Details of methods Annex VI: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in the near described in Section 3; Annex III: Suggested bases for choice of shore of open coastal areas; Annex VII: Advanced models for radio- method. nuclide dispersion in estuaries; Annex VIII: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in impoundments; Annex IX: Deposited STI/PUB/569 (51 pp., 6 figures; 1980) airborne radioactive material as a source for dispersion in surface E ISBN 92–0–123580–1 waters. C ISBN 92–0–523188–6 F ISBN 92–0–223680–1 STI/PUB/539 (116 pp., 14 figures; 1985) R out of print E ISBN 92–0–123285–3 S ISBN 92–0–323381–4 F ISBN 92–0–223889–8 Price: 170 Austrian schillings (€12.35) R ISBN 92–0–423587–X S ISBN 92–0–323187–0 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16)

EXTERNAL MAN-INDUCED EVENTS IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING: NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING: A Safety Guide HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASPECTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-S5 Safety Series No. 50-SG-S7

This guide discusses the hazardous phenomena associated with This guide deals with the determination of the radionuclide external man-induced events, such as aircraft crashes, explosions, concentration in groundwater resulting from postulated releases release of hazardous fluids using screening distances and probabili- from nuclear power plants. The main emphasis is on the behaviour ties. Their potential effects on the nuclear power plant and methods of radioactive material in groundwater and on the methods for

35 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY assessing the radionuclide movement in various aquifers. This DESIGN BASIS FLOOD FOR movement of radionuclides in the ground is essentially controlled by NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ON the phenomena of transport (bulk motion of groundwater), hydrody- RIVER SITES: A Safety Guide namic dispersion (spread of contaminate front) and ion exchange. Safety Series No. 50-SG-S10A

Contents: Introduction; Site survey stage; Site evaluation stage; This guide presents techniques for determining the design basis Modelling of radionuclide dispersion and retention in groundwater; flood (DBF) to be used for siting nuclear power plants at or near Groundwater monitoring programme; Appendix A: Modelling of non-tidal reaches of rivers and for the protection of nuclear power radionuclide movement in groundwater; Annex I: Considerations plants against floods. Both natural floods and those due to dam fail- related to groundwater availability; Annex II: Analytical solutions of ures are discussed. Flooding could have repercussions on safety; the advective transport and hydrodynamic dispersion equations; consequently the DBF has to be chosen to have a very low proba- Annex III: Accuracy and reliability of measurements in hydrogeol- bility of exceedance per annum. Two types of methods (probabilis- ogy; Annex IV: Examples of methods and frequencies of measure- tic and deterministic) are discussed. ments within the monitoring programme; Special definitions. Contents: Introduction; Preliminary investigation; Detailed STI/PUB/677 (76 pp.; 1984) information; Methodologies for flood analysis; Floods due to E ISBN 92–0–623284–3 precipitation; Floods from sudden releases of natural or artificial F ISBN 92–0–223286–5 storage; Floods from causes other than precipitation and release R ISBN 92–0–423486–5 from storage; Relationship between flow, water level and other flood S ISBN 92–0–323586–8 parameters; Initial conditions and combined events; Flood protec- Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) tion aspects of nuclear power plant siting; Monitoring and forecast- ing for plant protection; Changes in flood characteristics of drainage basins; Annex I: Frequency curve method and its relation to stochas- SAFETY ASPECTS OF FOUNDATIONS OF tic methods; Annex II: Stochastic methods in evaluating runoff NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide floods; Annex III: Causes of floods other than precipitation and Safety Series No. 50-SG-S8 release from storage; Annex IV: Monitoring and forecasting for plant protection. Foundations are the link between plant structures and subsoil. Infor- mation on the geology and subsurface characteristics of the site is an STI/PUB/602 (64 pp.; 1983) input for the design. Without proper adaptation of the design to the E ISBN 92–0–123083–4 subsurface situation, safety may be impaired. This guide addresses F ISBN 92–0–223384–5 the mechanical characteristics of different subsurface materials. R ISBN 92–0–423484–9 S ISBN 92–0–323484–5 Contents: Introduction; Design profiles; Methods of analysis; Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) Discussion of relevant aspects; Programme of investigation; Prelim- inary foundation work; Monitoring of geotechnical parameters; Quality assurance requirements for programmes of investigation; Appendix A: Site investigation programmes; Appendix B: Subsur- face investigation techniques; Appendix C: Laboratory testing DESIGN BASIS FLOOD FOR methods; Appendix D: Foundation soil improvement techniques; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ON Appendix E: Geotechnical instrumentation. COASTAL SITES: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-S10B STI/PUB/727 (70 pp., 1 figure; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–124186–0 Sites vulnerable to coastal flooding are located on open coastal F ISBN 92–0–223090–0 regions directly exposed to or having a shore on a major body of R ISBN 92–0–423390–7 water, semi-enclosed bodies of water such as lagoons, estuaries, S ISBN 92–0–324288–0 rivers, fjords and rias, or enclosed bodies of water such as lakes and Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) reservoirs. Floods due to waves, surges, seiches and tsunamis are discussed, including ways to combine the effects of these to calcu- late design values for run-up and draw-down. SITE SURVEY FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Contents: Introduction; Preliminary investigation; Detailed infor- Safety Series No. 50-SG-S9 mation; Flooding by storm surges and seiches; Tsunami flooding; Wave effects; Reference water level; Ice effects; Combined flooding This guide describes the first stage of the siting process for nuclear events; Design basis for the flood; Shoreline stability; Flood protec- power plants, the site survey, which involves the study and investi- tion aspects of nuclear power plant siting; Monitoring and warning gation of a large region to select one or more preferred candidate for plant protection; Appendix A: Stochastic methodologies in surge sites. It deals only with the safety aspects in the site survey, although analysis; Annex I: Probable maximum storm characteristics and it is recognized that the review of the safety aspects of sites takes storm surge analysis; Annex II: Frequency distribution functions; place in a larger context, including questions related to feasibility. Annex III: Tsunami evaluation; Annex IV: Nearshore wave effects; Annex V: Example of possible combinations of flood-causing Contents: Introduction; Site survey process; Organization of a site events; Annex VI: Monitoring and warning systems. survey; Specific safety-related site characteristics; Documentation; Annex I: Elements of site survey methodology; Annex II: Screening STI/PUB/655 (92 pp., 7 figures; 1983) and ranking of areas and sites; Annex III: Non-safety considerations. E ISBN 92–0–123983–1 F ISBN 92–0–223884–7 STI/PUB/682 (48 pp., 2 figures; 1984) R ISBN 92–0–423085–1 E ISBN 92–0–123884–3 S ISBN 92–0–323784–4 F ISBN 92–0–223086–2 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) R ISBN 92–0–423685–X S ISBN 92–0–323285–0 Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81)

36 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

EXTREME METEOROLOGICAL EVENTS IN 3. Design NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING, EXCLUDING TROPICAL CYCLONES: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-S11A CODE ON THE SAFETY OF This guide provides methods for determining extreme values of NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: DESIGN meteorological variables such as wind speed and temperature, and Safety Series No. 50-C-D (Rev. 1) for determining the design basis events for specific meteorological phenomena such as tornadoes. Secondary effects of tornadoes, e.g. This code establishes the general safety approach in design, sets out tornado-borne missiles, are also discussed as part of the design the basic requirements to ensure the necessary system reliability and basis. defines the mandatory safety features of a nuclear power plant utiliz- ing thermal neutron reactors. The basic nuclear safety requirements Contents: Introduction; General methods; Extreme meteorological for structures, systems and components compiled in this code are variables; Meteorological aspects of the design basis of the ultimate enlarged in the associated safety guides. heat sink and its associated systems; Extreme meteorological phenomena; Meteorological aspects of the probable maximum Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety philosophy; flood; Annex I: Statistics of extremes; Annex II: Normalization of 3. General design criteria; 4. Reactor core; 5. Reactor coolant maximum wind speed data to allow for averaging period, reference system; 6. Information and control facilities; 7. Protection sys- heights and terrain characteristics; Annex III: Precipitation adjust- tem; 8. Emergency power supply; 9. Containment system; 10. Radi- ment from fixed interval data; Annex IV: Screening of meteorologi- ation protection; 11. Fuel handling and storage systems; 12. Design cal information, and its use for cooling pond (ulitmate heat sink) confirmation; Appendix: Postulated Initiating Events (PlEs). evaluation; Annex V: Heat transfer and evaporation calculations for a cooling reservoir associated with the ultimate heat sink; Annex VI: STI/PUB/798 (58 pp., 1 figure; 1988) Tornadoes. E ISBN 92–0–123488–0 C ISBN 92–0–523290–4 STI/PUB/614 (76 pp.; 1981) F ISBN 92–0–223389–6 E ISBN 92–0–123981–5 R out of print F ISBN 92–0–223083–8 S ISBN 92–0–323389–X R out of print Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) S ISBN 92–0–823282–4 Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) SAFETY FUNCTIONS AND COMPONENT CLASSIFICATION FOR BWR, PWR, AND PTR: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-D1 DESIGN BASIS TROPICAL CYCLONE FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide This guide recommends how to classify structures, systems and Safety Series No. 50-SG-S11B components according to their importance to safety. The classifica- tion is translated into graded safety requirements that in turn influ- This guide describes first the general characteristics of tropical ence the design. Twenty safety functions are listed and the method- cyclones with particular emphasis on their pressure and wind struc- ology outlined ranks them according to their importance to safety. tures. The collection of information, the data sources and require- ments are treated in some detail. The subsequent sections deal with Contents: Introduction; Safety functions; Ranking of safety func- a description of the procedures available for evaluating the probable tions; Assignment of safety class requirements; Appendix A: Design maximum tropical cyclone (PMTC), including deterministic and requirements for structural integrity of boundaries of fluid-retaining probabilistic approaches for determining the pressure at the eye of a components. tropical cyclone. STI/PUB/542 (68 pp.; 1979) Contents: Introduction; Collection of information; Procedures for E out of print evaluating the PMTC; Evaluation of other parameters needed to C ISBN 92–0–524086–7 define the PMTC wind field; Determination of the PMTC wind F ISBN 92–0–223580–5 field; Annex I: Tropical cyclone nomenclature; Annex II: Back- R out of print ground for the development of the deterministic method; Annex III: S ISBN 92–0–323380–6 € Deterministic approach to p0; Annex IV: Examples of estimating p0 Price: 170 Austrian schillings ( 12.35) for the South China Sea region by the probabilistic method; Annex

V: p0 relations with heights of pressure levels; Annex VI: Example for evaluation of limits for miminum R for the Probable Maximum FIRE PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: Hurricane (PMH) for the tropical North Atlantic (abstract from A Safety Guide Schwerdt et al.); Annex VII: Derivation of equations for computing Safety Series No. 50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1) the maximum gradient wind speed. This guide points out the necessity of measures for protecting plant STI/PUB/666 (56 pp.; 1984) items which are important to safety against fires of internal and E ISBN 92–0–123184–9 external origin. Fire, being a real threat to nuclear safety, should F ISBN 92–0–223385–3 receive adequate attention from the beginning of the design process R ISBN 92–0–423186–6 throughout the life of a plant. The present guide was developed to S ISBN 92–0–323186–2 enlarge on the general requirements given in the Code on the Safety Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) of Nuclear Power Plants: Design, Safety Series No. 50-SG-D (Rev. 1), published in 1988.

Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. General fire protection requirements; 3. Fire protection design approach; 4. Fire prevention; 5. Fire detection and extinguishing; 6. Mitigation of secondary fire

37 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY effects; 7. Quality assurance; 8. Operational aspects of manual fire EXTERNAL MAN-INDUCED EVENTS IN ➜NEW fighting; Appendix I: Halon fire extinguishing systems; Appendix II: RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Escape routes; Annex I: Additional guidance on the preparation of DESIGN: A Safety Guide fire hazards analyses; Annex II: Fire barriers; Annex III: List of Safety Series No. 50-SG-D5 (Rev. 1) controls; Annex IV: Fire detection systems; Annex V: Automatic sprinkler and water spray systems; Annex VI: Example of possible This guide advises on the protection of nuclear power plants against layout of fire water supply system; Annex VII: Schematic examples the effects of external man-induced events which originate outside of compartment separation for ventilation; Annex VIII: Electrical the site and which have been identified and selected as design basis cable insulation. external man-induced events (DBEMIEs) according to Safety Guide No. 50-SG-S5, to which this guide is complementary. STI/PUB/897 (93 pp., 4 figures; 1992) E ISBN 92–0–101892–4 Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. General design philo- F ISBN 92–0–202087–3 sophy; 3. Aircraft crashes; 4. Fires due to man-induced events; R ISBN 92–0–401498–9 5. Explosions; 6. Hazards from drifting clouds; 7. Corrosive fluid S ISBN 92–0–302398–4 releases; 8. Ship collision; Annex I: Aircraft crashes; Annex II: Gas Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26) cloud explosions.

STI/PUB/984 (70 pp., 9 figures; 1996) E ISBN 92–0–103295–1 F ISBN 92–0–202297–6 PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND R ISBN 92–0–401797–X RELATED FEATURES IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: S ISBN 92–0–300499–8 A Safety Guide Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) Safety Series No. 50-SG-D3

This guide gives design guidance on requirements for the protection system which monitors the relevant plant variables and performs — ULTIMATE HEAT SINK AND DIRECTLY in conjunction with the safety actuation systems and safety system ASSOCIATED HEAT TRANSPORT SYSTEMS support features — all safety tasks that may become necessary when FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide unacceptable. Safety Series No. 50-SG-D6

Contents: Introduction; Extent of the protection system; General The ultimate heat sink and its directly associated heat transport design principles; Safety system monitoring; Safety actuation systems addressed in this guide are required to remove residual heat systems and safety system support features; Design verifica- from the core after reactor shutdown, and during and after appropri- tion; System documentation; Annex I: Information on certain ate operational states and accident conditions. The guide covers definitions. design considerations for various types of ultimate heat sinks and the directly associated heat transport systems, and for various types STI/PUB/551 (55 pp., 4 figures; 1980) and sources of related heat transport fluids. E ISBN 92–0–623280–0 C ISBN 92–0–523588–1 Contents: Introduction; Design principles; Postulated initiating F ISBN 92–0–223681–X events; Design features; Annex I: Typical configurations of an ulti- R out of print mate heat sink and its directly associated heat transport systems; S ISBN 92–0–323781–X Annex II: Typical events to be considered for credible combinations Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) in establishing postulated initiating events for design of UHS.

STI/PUB/581 (62 pp., 8 figures; 1981) E ISBN 92–0–123581–X C ISBN 92–0–523287–4 PROTECTION AGAINST INTERNALLY GENERATED F ISBN 92–0–223482–5 MISSILES AND THEIR SECONDARY EFFECTS R out of print IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide S ISBN 92–0–823382–0 Safety Series No. 50-SG-D4 Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08)

This guide covers the protection of nuclear power plants against missiles that may result from failures of equipment. Missiles from sources outside the plant are not addressed. The recommendations EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS AT given are intended as an aid in assessing design adequacy. Overall NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide aspects of what constitutes adequate protection are thus more exten- Safety Series No. 50-SG-D7 (Rev. 1) sively elaborated than the details of how to accomplish that task. The safety objective, and basic and detailed requirements for the Contents: Introduction; General philosophy; Origin of missiles and fulfillment of its safety function, are presented for the various types appropriate design considerations; Secondary effects; Protective of emergency power systems. AC, DC, non-interruptible AC, methods and means against missiles; Documentation requirements; standby diesel generators and non-electric systems such as steam Annex. turbines for individual pumps and instrument air, and the necessary distribution systems are dealt with. Some guidance is also given for STI/PUB/552 (44 pp., 3 figures; 1980) the main and auxiliary outside grid connections. E ISBN 92–0–123880–0 C ISBN 92–0–523087–1 Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Power supplies; F ISBN 92–0–223780–8 3. General design principles; 4. General design requirements; R out of print 5. Detailed design requirements; 6. Design for surveillance, testing S ISBN 92–0–823181–X and maintenance; 7. Design confirmation; Annex I: Examples of Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) tests, test intervals and monitoring displays; Annex II: Examples of

38 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS electrical power supplies for a nuclear power plant with a single FUEL HANDLING AND STORAGE SYSTEMS reactor. IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-D10 STI/PUB/870 (73 pp., 9 figures; 1991) E ISBN 92–0–123291–8 This guide gives the safety requirements for the activities related to F ISBN 92–0–200493–5 the receipt of fuel at the plant, its inspection and storage before use, R ISBN 92–0–400193–3 the transfer of unirradiated fuel into the reactor, the removal of irra- S ISBN 92–0–300193–X diated fuel and fuel shuttling operations, the storage inspection and Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) preparation of irradiated fuel for shipment off-site, and the handling of transport casks. It covers both on-load and off-load refuelling features and different storage facilities.

SAFETY RELATED INSTRUMENTATION AND Contents: Introduction; General design and safety principles; CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: Handling and storage of unirradiated fuel; Handling and storage of A Safety Guide irradiated fuel and other core components; Handling and transport of Safety Series No. 50-SG-D8 shipping casks; Multireactor considerations; Performance require- ments; Quality assurance and documentation; Annex 1: Typical flow This guide deals primarily with design requirements for instrumen- charts for fuel handling and storage systems. tation and control systems important to safety but not part of the protection system (Safety Series No. 50-SG-D3). It gives STI/PUB/662 (52 pp., 4 figures; 1984) recommendations on instrumentation and control systems for the E ISBN 92–0–123584–4 prevention or termination of plant transients to avoid, if possible, the F ISBN 92–0–223684–4 actuation of safety systems. R ISBN 92–0–423385–0 S ISBN 92–0–323185–4 Contents: Introduction; Extent of the l&C systems; Design basis; Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Design requirements; Documentation; Appendix: Single failure criterion for safety-related l&C systems.

STI/PUB/678 (48 pp., 1 figure; 1984) E ISBN 92–0–623184–7 GENERAL DESIGN SAFETY PRINCIPLES F ISBN 92–0–223085–4 FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide R ISBN 92–0–423485–7 Safety Series No. 50-SG-D11 S ISBN 92–0–323585–X Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) The basic safety approach of defence in depth and high functional system availability is addressed in this guide. Attention is also paid to the safety implications of operator actions and their consideration DESIGN ASPECTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION in the design. FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-D9 Contents: Introduction; Scope; Safety principles; Safety approach; Design requirements; Safety analysis; Equipment qualification; This guide provides principles and practical details on the provisions Quality assurance; Appendix A: Postulated initiating events (PIEs); to be made in the design of nuclear power plants to protect site Annex I: Safety principles used in the development of NUSS docu- personnel and the general public from ionizing radiation during ments; Annex II: Typical listings for the compilation of postulated operational states and accident conditions. The dose limitation initiating events; Annex III: List of safety functions from IAEA systems, including the ALARA principle, are described as the basis Safety Series No. 50-SG-D1. for appropriately addressing the radiation protection features in nuclear power plant design. STI/PUB/730 (56 pp.; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–123286–1 Contents: Introduction; Basic concepts of radiation protection; F ISBN 92–0–223488–4 Radiation protection aspects in design; Sources of radiation during R ISBN 92–0–423488–1 normal operation; Sources of radiation under accident conditions; S ISBN 92–0–323388–1 Protection of site personnel during operational states; Protection of Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) site personnel under accident conditions; Protection of the public under accident conditions; Guidelines for determining radiation dose rates during operational states; Considerations for determining potential doses under accident conditions; Monitoring of radiation during operational states; Monitoring of radiation under accident DESIGN OF THE REACTOR CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS conditions; Process monitoring for radiological protection; Auxil- IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide iary facilities; Annex I. Radioactive releases and exposure limits for Safety Series No. 50-SG-D12 members of the public; Annex II. Depressurization accidents in AGR reactors; Annex III. Zoning of nuclear power plants; Annex IV. Safety requirements for the design of containment systems are Methodology for source and flux calculations; Annex V. Statement presented in a generic form. The various functions of confinement, on the role of quantitative optimization in nuclear power plant radi- isolation, energy management, radionuclide management and ation protection. combustible gas control as well as the structural and leak integrity are covered. Annexes provide examples for the most common design STI/PUB/687 (102 pp., 1 figure; 1985) solutions and other aspects. E ISBN 92–0–123585–2 C ISBN 92–0–523291–2 Contents: Introduction; General design considerations; Design F ISBN 92–0–223387–X basis for the containment system; Design requirements; Tests and R ISBN 92–0–423188–2 inspection; Quality assurance and documentation; Annex I: Exam- S ISBN 92–0–323686–4 ples of containment system design concepts; Annex II: Containment Price: 310 Austrian schillings (€22.53) monitoring instrumentation for early detection of developing

39 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY deviations from normal operation in light water reactors; Annex III: structures and equipment such that they fulfil the purpose foreseen Illustration of categories of isolation features. in the design.

STI/PUB/693 (68 pp., 8 figures; 1985) Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. General concept; E ISBN 92–0–123785–5 3. Seismic design; 4. Seismic qualification: Analysis, testing, earth- F ISBN 92–0–223287–3 quake experience and indirect methods; 5. Seismic instrumentation; R ISBN 92–0–423687–6 Appendix I: Methods of seismic analysis; Appendix II: Modelling S ISBN 92–0–323886–7 techniques; Annex I: Examples of lists of seismic category I and Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) other category items; Annex II: Sloshing and impulse effects in liquid containers.

REACTOR COOLANT AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS STI/PUB/917 (77 pp., 4 figures; 1992) IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide E ISBN 92–0–103592–6 Safety Series No. 50-SG-D13 F ISBN 92–0–201997–5 R ISBN 92–0–401798–8 This guide covers the safety design considerations for various Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) reactor coolant and associated systems for operational states and accident conditions including the selection, sizing and reliability aspects. This includes safety systems such as emergency core cooling, residual heat removal or emergency feedwater systems. The detailed design of particular components, e.g. heat exchangers, pumps and vessels, is not covered. 4. Operation

Contents: Introduction; Extent of the reactor coolant and associated systems; General design principles; Detailed design principles; Quality assurance; Annex I: Reactor coolant and associated systems CODE ON THE SAFETY OF diagrams; Annex II: Main reactor coolant system components; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: OPERATION Annex III: Listing of pressure boundary codes and standards used in Safety Series No. 50-C-O (Rev. 1) some Member States. This code is prepared for those responsible for operating and regu- STI/PUB/731 (70 pp., 6 figures; 1986) lating stationary nuclear power plants. Its safety requirements and E ISBN 92–0–123886–X recommendations cover surveillance, operational limits and condi- F ISBN 92–0–223887–1 tions, commissioning, plant management and site personnel, operat- R ISBN 92–0–423789–9 ing instructions and procedures, maintenance, testing, examination S ISBN 92–0–323587–6 and inspection, modifications, radiological protection, effluent and Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) waste management, emergency arrangements, quality assurance, security, records and reports, and decommissioning.

DESIGN FOR REACTOR CORE SAFETY Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Surveillance by the IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide operating organization and by the regulatory body; 3.Operational Safety Series No. 50-SG-D14 limits and conditions; 4. Commissioning; 5. Structure of the operating organization; 6. Plant management and operating This guide covers the mechanical, chemical, thermal, hydraulic, personnel; 7. Operating instructions and procedures; 8. Mainte- neutronic and irradiation considerations important to the safe design nance, testing, examination and inspection; 9. Core management of a nuclear reactor core. The core features of commonly used and fuel handling; 10. Modifications; 11. Radiation protection; reactor types including light and heavy water reactors, as well as gas 12. Effluent and waste management; 13. Emergency preparedness; cooled reactors, are addressed. 14. Quality assurance programme; 15. Security; 16. Review of oper- ation and feedback of experience; 17. Records and reports; Contents: Introduction; Safety design principles; Core design 18. Decommissioning. requirements; Qualification and testing; Quality assurance in design, manufacture and operation; Annex I: Reactivity coefficients; Annex STI/PUB/799 (42 pp., 1 figure; 1988) II: Pellet-cladding interaction; Annex III: Design considerations for E ISBN 92–0–123588–7 core management; Annex IV: Examples of postulated initiating C ISBN 92–0–523390–0 events which can influence the core design. F ISBN 92–0–223489–2 R ISBN 92–0–423790–2 STI/PUB/732 (52 pp.; 1986) S ISBN 92–0–323489–6 E ISBN 92–0–124086–4 Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) F ISBN 92–0–223787–5 R ISBN 92–0–424088–1 S ISBN 92–0–323787–9 STAFFING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) THE RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND AUTHORIZATION OF OPERATING PERSONNEL: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O1 (Rev. 1) SEISMIC DESIGN AND QUALIFICATION FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide This guide outlines the factors to be considered to ensure that the Safety Series No. 50-SG-D15 operating organization has a sufficient number of qualified site personnel who are aware of their duties and responsibilities. It This guide was originally issued as Safety Guide No. 50-SG-S2. It covers the organization for the nuclear power plant, the educational provides details on the design of a nuclear power plant such that qualifications and experience of the persons recruited, the recruit- earthquakes at the site determined according to Safety Guide No. ment and training schedule, the training of operating personnel, the 50-SG-S1 will not jeopardize its safety. It gives guidance on authorization of persons whose duties have an immediate bearing on methods and procedures for analysing, testing and qualifying safety, and re-training of personnel.

40 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Organizational plan; COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES FOR 3. Recruitment; 4. Training and qualification; 5. Authorization; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide 6. Records; Annex: Nuclear power plant organizational charts. Safety Series No. 50-SG-O4

STI/PUB/874 (59 pp., 5 figures; 1991) This guide deals with the commissioning of all types of nuclear E ISBN 92–0–123391–4 power plants with thermal neutron reactors. Its purpose is to give F ISBN 92–0–203195–9 guidance on good practice, the implementation of which will enable R ISBN 92–0–405095–0 commissioning to proceed safely and provide assurances that the S ISBN 92–0–302095–0 plant has been constructed and can operate according to design Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) intent. The guide covers the programme of tests to be prepared and the responsibility for implementing and reporting on the various parts of the commissioning programme.

Contents: Introduction; Commissioning programme; Principal IN-SERVICE INSPECTION FOR stages of commissioning; Testing procedures; Organization, respon- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide sibilities and audit; Interfaces between construction, commissioning Safety Series No. 50-SG-O2 and operating activities at the site; Deviations during commission- ing; Documentation; Appendix A: Fuel loading; Annex I: Detailed This guide outlines provisions for the preparation of in-service list of commissioning tests; Definitions. inspection programmes for critical systems and components of primary reactor coolant systems. Recommendations cover methods STI/PUB/574 (58 pp.; 1980) and techniques applicable to in-service inspection and the minimum E out of print frequency of examinations and tests. Methods of evaluating the C ISBN 92–0–523187–8 results are described and acceptance standards defined. Methods of F ISBN 92–0–223981–9 preparing the necessary documentation, procedures and records are R ISBN 92–0–323881–6 recommended. S ISBN 92–0–423282–X Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08) Contents: Introduction; Design considerations; In-service examina- tion; Evaluation of examination results; Test requirements; Repair and replacement; Equipment, methods and techniques; Administra- tive aspects; Records; Annex I: In-service inspection of RADIATION PROTECTION DURING OPERATION light-water-cooled reactor plants; Annex II: In-service inspection of OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide heavy-water-cooled pressure-tube reactor plants; Annex III: Safety Series No. 50-SG-O5 In-service inspection of gas-cooled reactor plants with pressure vessels. This guide deals with the protection of site personnel and general public from the effects of ionizing radiation. It outlines how radia- STI/PUB/554 (47 pp.; 1980) tion protection on-site for all operational states of the plant, accident E out of print conditions and emergency situations can be implemented. Among C ISBN 92–0–523387–0 the organizational aspects dealt with are the duties and responsibili- F ISBN 92–0–223880–4 ties of the operating organization, the plant management and the R out of print health physics group. S ISBN 92–0–823081–3 Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) Contents: Introduction; Basic principles of radiation protection; Organizational aspects; Practical aspects of implementation of a radiation protection programme; Effluent release, radioactive waste disposal and environmental monitoring; Storage, handling and transport of radioactive materials; Training; Facilities and equip- OPERATIONAL LIMITS AND CONDITIONS ment; Records; Annex I: Explanatory notes on radiation protection FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide terms and concepts used in this Guide; Annex II: Some specific Safety Series No. 50-SG-O3 limits and requirements summarized from publications of the ICRP.

The concept of operational limits and conditions for the safe opera- STI/PUB/654 (54 pp.; 1983) tion of nuclear power plants is presented. An essential element of the E ISBN 92–0–123783–9 concept is the distinction between safety limits established to retain C ISBN 92–0–523088–X the integrity of fuel cladding and pressure boundary barriers, the F ISBN 92–0–223784–0 settings of safety systems provided to prevent safety limits from R ISBN 92–0–423285–4 being exceeded or to initiate operation of engineered safety systems, S ISBN 92–0–323284–2 and limits and conditions for normal operation established to Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) provide acceptable margins for operation.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Concept of operational limits PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANIZATION and conditions; 3. Contents of operational limits and (LICENSEE) FOR EMERGENCIES AT conditions; 4. Responsibilities of the operating organization; NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide 5. Documentation. Safety Series No. 50-SG-O6

STI/PUB/531 (35 pp.; 1979) This guide outlines, for accidents at nuclear power plants, the prin- E ISBN 92–0–123479–1 cipal elements in devising and implementing emergency plans so C ISBN 92–0–524286–1 that actions in conjunction with national, regional and local govern- F ISBN 92–0–223879–0 ment and other organizations ensure an orderly and timely decision R out of print making process and availability of essential personnel, equipment, S ISBN 92–0–323082–3 supplies and services to limit the consequences of the emergency on Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) the public.

41 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Contents: Introduction; Basis and content of the operating Contents: Definitions; Introduction; Surveillance programme; organization emergency plan; Emergency conditions; Organization Major surveillance requirements; Surveillance frequency and extent; for emergencies; Emergency facilities; Emergency measures; Aid to Implementation of the surveillance programme; Administrative affected personnel; Termination of emergency; Maintaining aspects; Annex: Examples of parameters, systems, structures and emergency preparedness; Records; Annex I: Emergency plan imple- components of different types of reactor plants requiring surveil- menting procedures; Annex II: Example of functional emergency lance. organization on site; Annex III: Example of types of emergency equipment in the control room; Annex IV: Example of Emergency STI/PUB/849 (61 pp.; 1990) Control Centre equipment; Annex V: Example of types of emer- E ISBN 92–0–123290–X gency equipment stored on site; Annex VI: Example of logic C ISBN 92–0–500292–5 diagram of site emergency arrangements; Annex VII: Use of stable F ISBN 92–0–200595–8 iodine tablets for thyroid protection; Annex VIII: Example of types R ISBN 92–0–400492–4 of emergency medical supplies available at the plant; Annex IX: S ISBN 92–0–323691–0 Emergency kit and ambulance supplies; Annex X: Contamination Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€7.44) control in transportation of casualties.

STI/PUB/618 (76 pp.; 1982) E out of print MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS C ISBN 92–0–523691–8 FOR SAFE OPERATION: A Safety Guide F ISBN 92–0–223184–2 Safety Series No. 50-SG-O9 R out of print S ISBN 92–0–823482–7 This guide identifies the main objectives and responsibilities of Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) management with respect to the safe operation of nuclear power plants. It discusses the factors to be considered in structuring the operating organization to meet these objectives, in assigning the responsibilities to units and individuals within the organization in an MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: unambiguous manner, in establishing the management program-mes A Safety Guide for ensuring that all safety requirements are met and in providing the Safety Series No. 50-SG-O7 (Rev. 1) services and facilities needed for the accomplishment of these tasks.

The guide covers the organizational and procedural aspects of effec- Contents: Introduction; Management objectives and respon-sibili- tive maintenance for safe operation of nuclear power plants, but does ties; Structuring the operating organization; Management not provide detailed technical advice on the maintenance of particu- programmes; Information and liaison; Supporting functions; Appen- lar items. It gives guidance on preventive and remedial measures dix A: Development of instructions and procedures; Appendix B: necessary to ensure safety. Experience from OSART missions and Development of operating and maintenance procedures. from the use of the Manual on Maintenance of Systems and Compo- nents Important to Safety was used for the revision. The sections on STI/PUB/660 (56 pp., 3 figures; 1984) the maintenance programme, administrative control and modifica- E ISBN 92–0–123984–X tions have been revised and a new section on the feedback of expe- C ISBN 92–0–523791–4 rience has been developed. F ISBN 92–0–223984–3 R ISBN 92–0–423386–9 Contents: Definitions; Note on the interpretation of the text; S ISBN 92–0–323085–8 1. Introduction; 2. Maintenance programme; 3. Organization and Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) responsibilities for maintenance; 4. Administrative controls; 5. Maintenance facilities; 6. Replacements and repairs; 7. Modi- fications; 8. Stores; 9. Feedback of experience; 10. Records; Surveil- SAFETY ASPECTS OF CORE MANAGEMENT AND lance, review and audit programme; Annex: Administrative aspects FUEL HANDLING FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: of maintenance work. A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O10 STI/PUB/848 (53 pp.; 1990) E ISBN 92–0–123190–3 This guide addresses the safety objectives of core management, the C ISBN 92–0–523491–5 tasks which have to be accomplished to meet these objectives and F ISBN 92–0–200192–8 the activities undertaken to perform these tasks. These include the R ISBN 92–0–400392–8 preparation of specifications for procurement, loading, utilizing, S ISBN 92–0–323591–4 unloading and testing of fuel and core components. Maintenance Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) and surveillance requirements, the prediction and monitoring of core conditions to evaluate the nuclear and thermal performance, and further safety aspects are covered.

SURVEILLANCE OF ITEMS IMPORTANT TO Contents: Introduction; Core management; Handling of unirradi- SAFETY IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: ated fuel; Implementation of the fuelling plan; Irradiated fuel A Safety Guide storage; Core component handling; Preparation for fuel dispatch; Safety Series No. 50-SG-O8 (Rev. 1) Surveillance related to core management; Administrative and orga- nizational aspects; Records; Annex I: Baseline information relating This guide provides guidance and recommendations on surveillance to core management. activities to ensure that structures, systems and components impor- tant to safety are available to perform their functions in accordance STI/PUB/685 (40 pp., 1985) with design intent and assumptions. The section on the surveillance E ISBN 92–0–123085–0 programme, its implementation, and the surveillance frequency and F ISBN 92–0–223486–8 extent have been improved. The safety aspects of special tests and R ISBN 92–0–423387–7 experiments, surveillance activity optimization and early ageing S ISBN 92–0–323286–9 surveillance are emphasized. Price: 170 Austrian schillings (€12.35)

42 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR 5. Quality Assurance RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS AND WASTES ARISING IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O11 QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SAFETY IN ➜NEW This guide covers the provisions to be made by the operating orga- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND OTHER nization prior to and during the commissioning and operating phases NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS: of a nuclear power plant in order to keep the radiological impact on Code and Safety Guides Q1–Q14 the environment and the radiation exposure of the general public as Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q low as is reasonably achievable. It discusses the main sources of radioactive wastes and the means available for their minimization, The revised Safety Code and its corresponding Safety Guides the classification and segregation of these wastes and the waste replace Safety Series No. 50-C-QA (Rev. 1), Code on the Safety of monitoring programmes on-site. Nuclear Power Plants: Quality Assurance, and Safety Series Nos 50- SG-QA1 to 50-SG-QA11, and present new simplified basic require- Contents: Introduction; Objectives of the waste management ments and implementation methods for quality assurance in a programme; Control of waste production; Waste treatment; Waste nuclear context. They provide recommendations to regulatory storage; Waste transport; Effluent releases and environmental moni- bodies in establishing regulatory requirements and in verifying their toring; Abnormal conditions; Administration and organization; implementation, clearly formulate the responsibilities of the licensee Annex I: Operating procedures; Annex II: Monitoring parameters of in achieving improved quality and safety performance, and give waste treatment systems; Annex III: Waste treatment systems. guidance on methods for fulfilling the basic requirements in a manner consistent with worldwide industry standards. STI/PUB/734 (52 pp.; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–123686–7 Contents: Glossary; Code; Safety Guides. C ISBN 92–0–523391–9 F ISBN 92–0–223687–9 STI/PUB/1016 (364 pp., 6 figures; 1996) R ISBN 92–0–424188–8 E ISBN 92–0–103696–5 S ISBN 92–0–323487–X F ISBN 92–0–201998–3 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) R ISBN 92–0–400898–9 Price: 1040 Austrian schillings (€75.58)

PERIODIC SAFETY REVIEW OF OPERATIONAL NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O12

This guide supplements Safety Series No. 110: The Safety of Nuclear Installations, a safety fundamentals publication, and Safety Series No. 50-C-O (Rev. 1): Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Operation. It primarily provides guidance on the conduct of SAFETY PRACTICE SERIES a periodic safety review (PSR) of an operational nuclear power WITHIN THE NUSS PROGRAMME plant. A PSR is designed to take a comprehensive account of improvements in safety standards and operating practices, cumula- tive effects of plant ageing, modifications and feedback of operating APPLICATION OF THE SINGLE FAILURE CRITERION experience, and developments in science and technology that have Safety Series No. 50-P-1 occurred over a ten year period. PSRs provide the means for deter- mining necessary or worthwhile changes aimed at maintaining high The relationship between the single failure criterion (see Safety levels of plant safety and harmonizing the safety of older plants with Series No. 50-C-D (Rev. 1), 3. Design) and system performance reli- that of modern plants. ability is explained in order to determine the scope of the criterion’s application. A detailed discussion follows on the application princi- Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Rationale for and objec- ples, the conditions during maintenance and testing of consequential tive of periodic safety review; 3. Review strategy; 4. Safety factors failures, the relation to common cause failures and exemptions to the in a periodic safety review; 5. Roles and responsibilities; 6. Review criterion. The last section deals with single failure analysis procedure; 7. Basis for acceptability of continued plant operation; 8. methodology. Post-review activities; Appendix: Elements of review. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Overview of relationship between the STI/PUB/963 (50 pp., 4 figures; 1994) single failure criterion and reliability; 3. Application of the single E ISBN 92–0–103894–1 failure criterion; 4. In-service maintenance and testing; 5. Conse- F ISBN 92–0–202197–X quential failures; 6. Common cause failures; 7. Exemptions to the R ISBN 92–0–404796–8 single failure criterion; 8. Single failure analysis; Appendix: Exam- S ISBN 92–0–301596–5 ples of methods for the determination of permissible outage times; Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Bibliography.

STI/PUB/819 (62 pp., 9 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–123790–1 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

IN-SERVICE INSPECTION OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Safety Series No. 50-P-2

Out of print.

43 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

DATA COLLECTION AND RECORD KEEPING FOR THE Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety assessment and licensing; MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AGEING 3. Safety assessment and review guidance; 4. Reference list Safety Series No. 50-P-3 of recommended information for the safety assessment; 5. Biblio- graphy. This publication provides guidance on data requirements and an effective and practical system for data collection and record keeping STI/PUB/887 (85 pp.; 1992) in relation to the evaluation and management of ageing and service ISBN 92–0–105092–5 life of nuclear power plant components. The application of the guid- Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) ance will contribute to the safe and reliable operation of nuclear power plants and will facilitate international information exchange on ageing related component failures, malfunctions and degradation, since data collected using the same ground rules are easier to INSPECTION OF FIRE PROTECTION MEASURES AND FIRE exchange and compare. FIGHTING CAPABILITY AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Safety Series No. 50-P-6 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General data needs for the evaluation and management of ageing; 3. Attributes of an effective data collec- This publication outlines practices for inspecting the fire protection tion and record keeping system; 4. General recommendations for measures at nuclear nuclear power plants in accordance with Fire implementing the proposed data collection and record keeping Protection in Nuclear Power Plants, published in 1992. The book system; Appendix I: Component specific data needs; Appendix II: includes a comprehensive fire safety inspection checklist of the Examples of effective data collection and record keeping systems; specific elements to be addressed when evaluating the adequacy and Appendix III: Guidance for implementation of an advanced data effectiveness of the fire protection measures and manual fire fight- collection and record keeping system; References; Glossary. ing capability available at operating nuclear power plants. It is recommended that this safety practice report be used in conjunction STI/PUB/902 (47 pp., 1 figure; 1991) with Safety Guide No. 50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1). ISBN 92–0–123591–7 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Methodology; 3. Evaluation and conclusions; 4. Inspection checklist.

STI/PUB/967 (70 pp.; 1994) PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING PROBABILISTIC ISBN 92–0–103994–8 SAFETY ASSESSMENTS OF Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (LEVEL 1) Safety Series No. 50-P-4

This safety practice report provides guidance on conducting a Level TREATMENT OF EXTERNAL HAZARDS IN PROBABILISTIC 1 PSA for internal events in nuclear power plants. The main empha- SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS sis is on the procedural steps of the PSA rather than the details of the Safety Series No. 50-P-7 corresponding methods. The report is intended to assist technical persons managing or performing PSAs. A particular aim is to This Safety Practice provides guidance on conducting a probabilis- promote a standardized framework, terminology and form of docu- tic safety assessment (PSA) for external hazards in nuclear power mentation for PSAs so as to facilitate external review of the results. plants, with application to the four specific types of hazard that are The report not only describes methods, but also considers advan- encountered and analysed most frequently: earthquakes, high winds, tages and limitations of various approaches and indicates those most floods and man induced events. The methodology itself is general widely used to date. and can be applied equally well to other types of hazard. Informa- tion is provided on the inclusion of external hazards in a Level 1 or Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Management and organization; Level 2 PSA. A particular aim of the present publication, which is 3. Identification of sources of radioactive releases and accident part of a set of IAEA publications in preparation, is to promote a initiators; 4. Accident sequence modelling; 5. Data assessment and standardized framework, terminology and form of documentation parameter estimation; 6. Accident sequence quantification; 7. Docu- for conducting a PSA so as to facilitate external review and to inter- mentation of the analysis: Display and interpretation of results; pret the results of such studies. Appendix I: Example of a typical schedule for a Level 1 PSA; Appendix II: Contents of work specification. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Initiating events analysis; 3. Plant response analysis; 4. Analysis of in-plant accident phenomena and STI/PUB/888 (175 pp., 8 figures; 1992) ex-plant consequences. ISBN 92–0–102392–8 Price: 540 Austrian schillings (€39.24) STI/PUB/968 (58 pp., 4 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–104794–0 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF EMERGENCY POWER SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING PROBABILISTIC SAFETY Safety Series No. 50-P-5 ASSESSMENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (LEVEL 2): Accident Progression, Containment Analysis This publication contains the questions which must be posed by the and Estimation of Accident Source Terms safety assessor when reviewing the safety of an emergency power Safety Series No. 50-P-8 system in the design of a nuclear power plant. lt relates directly to the safety requirements as laid down in Safety Series No. 50-SG-D7 This Safety Practice provides guidance on how to conduct a Level 2 so that it is possible to confirm the compliance of a design to the probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) of a nuclear power plant for safety requirements. An extensive reference list of relevant interna- the use of those performing or managing Level 2 PSAs. Emphasis is tional and national technical standards provides further guidance on placed on the procedural steps of a PSA rather than on detailed acceptable design solutions. methods. The aim is to standardize the framework, terminology and

44 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS forms of documentation for Level 2 PSAs to facilitate their external ASSESSMENT OF THE OVERALL FIRE SAFETY ➜NEW review. This report complements Safety Series No. 50-P-4, Proce- ARRANGEMENTS AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS dures for Conducting Probabilistic Safety Assessments of Nuclear Safety Series No. 50-P-11 Power Plants (Level 1). This Safety Practice supplements Safety Guide No. 50-SG-D2 (Rev. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Management and organization; 1), Fire Protection in Nuclear Power Plants, by providing a detailed 3. Familiarization with the plant and identification of design aspects fire safety inspection checklist. This list is intended for use by qual- important to severe accidents; 4. Interface with Level 1 PSA: Group- ified fire safety specialists in assessing the adequate implementation ing of sequences; 5. Accident progression and containment analysis; and effectiveness of the overall fire safety arrangements of an oper- 6. Source terms for severe accidents; 7. Documentation of the analy- ating nuclear power plant. The present publication should be used in sis: Presentation and interpretation of results; Appendix I: Example conjunction with the above mentioned Safety Guide. of a typical schedule for a Level 2 PSA; Appendix II: Computer codes for severe accidents; Appendix III: Severe accident phenom- Contents: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Background; 1.2. Objective; ena; Annex I. TC1 sequence for the Peach Bottom nuclear power 1.3. Scope; 1.4. Structure; 2. Methodology: 2.1. Document review; plant; Annex II. TMLU sequence for the Zion nuclear power plant. 2.2. Personnel interviews; 2.3. Direct observation; 2.4. Interpreta- tion issues; 3. Evaluation and conclusions; 4. Inspection checklist. STI/PUB/969 (132 pp., 7 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–102195–X STI/PUB/1007 (96 pp.; 1996) Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) ISBN 92–0–100996–8 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16)

EVALUATION OF FIRE HAZARD ANALYSES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING ➜NEW Safety Series No. 50-P-9 PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (LEVEL 3): This publication provides a detailed list of the issues, and of some of Off-Site Consequences and the limitations, to be considered when evaluating the adequacy and Estimation of Risks to the Public effectiveness of the fire hazard analysis of a nuclear power plant. It Safety Series No. 50-P-12 is intended for assessors of fire hazard analyses. It further gives a broad description of the methodology to be used by operators in This report on Level 3 Probabilistic Safety Assessments (PSAs) preparing a fire hazard analysis for their own plant. It supplements completes the series on procedures for conducting PSAs of nuclear the broad concepts of Safety Series No. 50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1), Fire power plants. It provides insights into the relative importance of Protection in Nuclear Power Plants, and should be used in conjunc- accident prevention and mitigative measures, expressed in terms of tion with that guide. the adverse consequences for the health of the public and the conta- mination of land, air, water and foodstuffs. The relative effectiveness Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Fire hazard analysis; 3. Methodology; of emergency response planning aspects of off-site accident 4. Fire assessment and recommendations; Annex: Normal operation management and their economic impacts are another important part (selectivity) of electrical circuit protection. of a Level 3 PSA.

STI/PUB/985 (38 pp., 1 figure; 1995) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Probabilistic consequence analysis; 3. ISBN 92–0–103095–9 Performing a Level 3 PSA; 4. Managing a Level 3 PSA; Annex I: Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Current developments in probabilistic consequence analysis; Annex II: Selection of a consequence analysis code; Annex III: Sample structure for a Level 3 PSA report.

HUMAN RELIABILITY ANALYSIS IN PROBABILISTIC STI/PUB/1009 (68 pp., 4 figures; 1996) SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS ISBN 92–0–103996–4 Safety Series No. 50-P-10 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

This document presents a practical approach for incorporating human reliability analysis (HRA) into probabilistic safety assessment (PSA). It describes the steps needed and the documentation that should be provided both to support the PSA itself and to ensure effective communication of important information arising from the studies. It also describes a framework ON-SITE HABITABILITY IN THE EVENT OF for analysing those human actions which could affect safety and for AN ACCIDENT AT A NUCLEAR FACILITY relating such human influences to specific parts of a PSA. Safety Series No. 98

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Framework of HRA in the context of (See under Accident Response, p. 69) PSA; 3. Summary of the HRA process; 4. Integrating HRA into the PSA structure; 5. Pre-incident tasks and errors (Category A); 6. Inci- dent initiating errors (Category B); 7. Post-incident actions POTENTIAL EXPOSURE IN NUCLEAR (Category C); 8. Documentation to support the PSA; 9. Issues relat- SAFETY — A Report by the International ing to the incorporation of HRA into PSA; References; Bibliogra- Nuclear Safety Advisory Group phy; Annex I: Example of the quantification and incorporation of INSAG Series No. 9 Category A actions; Annex II: Examples of the incorporation of Category C actions/errors into PSA structures (fault trees and event The present report deals with the concept of potential exposure in trees); Glossary of acronyms. nuclear and radiation safety, discussing policy aspects, safety assess- ments, risk considerations and probabilities. STI/PUB/994 (99 pp., 16 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–103395–8 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Aspects of risk; 3. Policy for nuclear Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) and radiation safety; 4. Safety assessments and risk considerations;

45 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

5. The implications of low probabilities; 6. Balancing potential and QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR NUCLEAR normal exposures; 7. Conclusions; Annex. Probability theory and its POWER PLANT OPERATION: A Manual application in probabilistic safety assessment. Technical Reports Series No. 315

STI/PUB/992 (29 pp.; 1995) This manual has been developed to assist plant managers in E ISBN 92–0–102495–9 fulfilling their responsibility with regard to the control and direction F ISBN 92–0–201696–8 of quality and of quality assurance activities in nuclear power plant R ISBN 92–0–401996–4 operation. It emphasizes quality objectives for nuclear power plant S ISBN 92–0–300797–2 operations and gives highlighted practices complemented by typical Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) examples of forms and procedures. The selected activities comprise those where it was felt that practical advice is generally needed.

PREPARATION OF FIRE HAZARD ➜NEW Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Quality management; 3. Competence ANALYSES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS of personnel; 4. Operations; 5. Maintenance; 6. Deficiencies and Safety Reports Series No. 8 corrective actions; 7. Technical support; 8. Radiological safety; 9. Emergency preparedness; 10. Feedback; Appendix A: Summary The present report provides a framework for preparing a compre- of plant superintendent’s involvement and reviews listed in the hensive fire hazard analysis for new or existing nuclear power manual; Appendix B: Typical organization of nuclear power plant plants, and includes a detailed description of the issues to be consid- operations, showing the functions allocated to superintendents and ered in determining the adequacy of fire protection with respect to managers; Annex I: Model of the implementation process of a plant nuclear safety. It supplements Safety Guide No. 50-SG-D2 quality assurance programme; Annex II: Quality seminar for super- (Rev. 1) (1992): Fire Protection in Nuclear Power Plants. visors; Annex III: Typical nuclear power plant interfaces; Annex IV: Development of personnel; Annex V: Sample of a jumper record; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Fire hazard analysis; 3. Methods to be Annex VI: Control room panel checksheet; Annex VII: Key features followed in preparing the fire hazard analysis; 4. Data collection; of a significant event report (SER) procedure; Annex VIII: Example 5. Analysis of fire growth; 6. Consequence analysis; 7. Evaluation of of a significant event report; Annex IX: Significant event classifica- the adequacy of fire safety; 8. Considerations before making tion code; Annex X: Work authorization; Annex XI: Application for improvements in fire safety; 9. Repetition of analysis; Annex I: operator administered work permit or condition guarantee; Annex Sample data collection tables; Annex II: Prefire fire fighting strat- XII: Work permit; Annex XIII: Work permit or condition guarantee; egy; Annex III: Effect of the ventilation systems; Annex IV; Direct, Annex XIV: ‘Order to operate’ form; Annex XV: ‘Do not operate’ indirect and secondary effects of the fire and fixed fire extinguishing tags; Annex XVI: Human performance worksheet; Annex XVII: systems; Annex V: Other effects of a fire; References; Bibliography: Mechanical/maintenance work report; Annex XVIII: Deficiency Fire safety engineering calculations. report; Annex XIX: ‘Proposed change’ form; Annex XX: Typical quality assurance auditing schedule; Annex XXI: Typical perfor- STI/PUB/1059 (64 pp., 5 figures; 1998) mance measures. ISBN 92–0–102798–2 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) STI/DOC/10/315 (129 pp., 15 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–155190–8 Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52)

PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT — A Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-6

Probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) has contributed significantly RADIONUCLIDE SOURCE TERMS FROM SEVERE to the understanding of how best to ensure the safety of nuclear ACCIDENTS TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS power plants. By means of PSA, a nuclear power plant, including its WITH LIGHT WATER REACTORS — A Report by the safety systems and installations, can be analysed in its entirety. The International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group rapid development of the method has resulted in its extensive use. Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-2 This report reviews the general bases of PSA, emphasizing its merits and limits as well as the general lines of the future development of This report presents the views of the IAEA’s International Nuclear that methodology and its applications. Safety Advisory Group INSAG on the source term issue for LWRs of existing designs. The report considers the present status of source Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Capabilities and limitations of the term research and analysis and their implications. It identifies prob- methodology of PSA; 3. Further development of methodology; lems which remain to be resolved and indicates areas where work 4. Guidelines for presentation and interpretation of PSA results; 5. should be initiated to improve safety. How should PSA be used in the future?; 6. Conclusions. Contents: Introduction; Purpose; Probabilistic safety analysis; STI/PUB/916 (23 pp.; 1992) General issues; High source term sequences; Early containment E ISBN 92–0–102492–4 failure; Remobilization of fission products; Bypass of containment; F ISBN 92–0–200294–0 Other issues; Reduction of risk and source term through accident R ISBN 92–0–300494–7 prevention, management and mitigation; Conclusions; Bibliogra- S ISBN 92–0–400394–4 phy; Appendix: Implications of the source term from the Chernobyl Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) accident.

STI/PUB/770 (13 pp.; 1987) PROVISION OF OPERATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION E ISBN 92–0–123187–3 SERVICES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS F ISBN 92–0–223088–9 Safety Series No. 103 R ISBN 92–0–423388–5 S ISBN 92–0–323088–2 (See under Radiation Protection, p. 62) Price: 120 Austrian schillings (€8.72)

46 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

REACTIVITY ACCIDENTS and to make available to all those involved in maintaining the safety Technical Reports Series No. 354 of nuclear power plants information on effective methods, practices and criteria for safety review and operating experience feedback The present report consists of two parts. The first and larger part systems. (Sections 1–4) provides an overview of reactivity accidents: how they can arise, the basic principles of the defence against them, Contents: Opening session; Elements of the nuclear power safety methods of analysis and acceptance criteria. The second part strategy; Ongoing safety reviews; Periodic safety reviews: Regula- summarizes more recent work on ‘beyond-design-basis’ reactivity tory perspective; Periodic safety reviews: Utility perspective; Safety accidents. assessment methods and experience; Safety reviews of special issues; Feedback of operating experience I; Information databases Contents: 1. Background and overview; 2. Design basis accidents; and operating experience feedback; Feedback of operating experi- 3. Experiments on fuel behaviour; 4. Methods for analysing design ence II; Summary of the panel and the symposium. basis accidents; 5. Beyond-design-basis accidents; 6. Conclusions. STI/PUB/1005 (665 pp., 104 figures; 1997) STI/DOC/10/354 (52 pp.; 1993) ISBN 92–0–105296–0 ISBN 92–0–101493–7 Price: 1920 Austrian schillings (€139.53) Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99)

SAFE ENCLOSURE OF SHUT DOWN RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN THE EVENT OF A NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY Technical Reports Series No. 375 Proceedings Series This publication gives a concise description of factors (safety- (See under Accident Response, p. 71) related, technical and economical) that are relevant to the selection of a decommissioning strategy, with particular reference to the safe enclosure option as a precursor to the dismantling of a nuclear installation. It is complemented by data on selected shut down REGULATORY INSPECTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION installations. Aspects such as radioactive inventory, reasons for the OF QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMMES: A Manual chosen decommissioning strategy and systems kept operational or Technical Reports Series No. 296 on stand-by are highlighted.

(See under Quality Management, p. 79) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective; 3. Scope; 4. Structure; 5. Considerations influencing the choice of decommissioning strat- egy; 6. General overview of strategies and regulatory considerations; 7. Radiological considerations in safe enclosure; 8. Preparation for REGULATORY PRACTICES AND SAFETY STANDARDS safe enclosure; 9. Management of safe enclosure; 10. Public safety FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS and environmental aspects; 11. Summary and conclusions; Appen- Proceedings Series dix: Problems of the application of safe enclosure in relation to various plant conditions; Annex A. Description of selected cases of Proceedings of a symposium, jointly organized by the Federal safe enclosure. Republic of Germany, IAEA and OECD/NEA, Munich, 7–10 No- vember 1988. The overall emphasis was placed on the international STI/DOC/010/375 (112 pp., 11 figures; 1995) aspects of nuclear safety. ISBN 92–0–100495–8 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Contents: Opening session; National regulatory practices and safety standards; National regulatory systems; Implementation of regulatory practices (technical issues); Implementation of regulatory practices (operational aspects); Development and trends in safety SAFE MANAGEMENT OF THE OPERATING ➜NEW standards and practices; International aspects; Implementation of LIFETIMES OF NUCLEAR POWER developments in safety standards and practices (Panel I); Interna- PLANTS — A Report by the International tional harmonization of safety standards and practices — Need, Nuclear Safety Advisory Group possibilities and limitations (Panel II). INSAG Series No. 14

STI/PUB/803 (583 pp., 66 figures; 1989) The present report deals with a general approach to the safe manage- ISBN 92–0–020389–2 ment of the operating lifetimes of nuclear power plants, which Price: 1440 Austrian schillings (€104.65) requires a continuing quest for excellence. It also responds to the concerns about maintaining adequate safety levels at ageing plants, even beyond their design lifetimes.

REVIEWING THE SAFETY OF ➜NEW Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General safety objective; 3. Ageing EXISTING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS processes; 4. Considerations related to design and construction; Proceedings Series 5. Comparison with the design basis; 6. Review of the reference safety levels; 7. Safety reviews; 8. Infrastructure support for safe Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with management of the operating lifetimes; 9. Management OECD/NEA, Vienna, 8–11 October 1996. The symposium was a responsibilities. follow-up to the 1991 International Conference on The Safety of Nuclear Power: Strategy for the Future and will be remembered as Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. the initiating force behind the Convention on Nuclear Safety, which entered into force on 24 October 1996. The goal was to review the STI/PUB/1085 (23 pp., 1999) progress made in implementing the recommendations of the 1991 ISBN 92–0–103099–1 Conference relating to the safety of existing nuclear power plants, Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17)

47 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE AGEING AND SELECTED SAFETY ASPECTS OF WWER-440 ➜NEW MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS MODEL 213 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Proceedings Series Final Report of the IAEA Project on Evaluation of Safety Aspects Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 29 June to 3 July 1987. The for WWER-440 Model 213 Nuclear Power Plants — Reference symposium, the first one organized by the IAEA on this subject, was Plant: Bohunice NPP V2 (Slovakia) to provide a forum for the exchange of technical information on the approaches to ageing at nuclear power plants and the activities being In 1991, the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) of the former carried out to mitigate age related effects and for the exchange of Czechoslovakia requested that an evaluation of the safety aspects of technical and economic information on approaches to plant life the WWER-440 model 213 nuclear power plant be undertaken under extension. the auspices of the IAEA. The prime objective of the project was to co-ordinate and integrate assistance given to national organizations Contents: General safety aspects of ageing; Conceptual approach to in studying selected aspects of safety for the same type of reactors. the safety aspects of NPP ageing; Methods for critical components Consequently, the study integrated these results. This report and systems determination; Methods and provisions to handling provides a comprehensive review of the conduct and the final results ageing phenomena during NPP operation; General aspects of NPP of the project. It summarizes both the detailed material published life extension; Technological aspects of NPP life extension. earlier in IAEA-TECDOCs (Nos 742, 803, 810, 811 and 848) and other material. It will be useful to everyone working in the field of STI/PUB/759 (449 pp., 105 figures; 1988) WWER safety, and in particular to experts planning, executing or ISBN 92–0–020088–5 reviewing studies related to WWER safety. Price: 1100 Austrian schillings (€79.94) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Plant design features; 3. Design basis; 4. Experimental design verification; 5. Design basis accident analy- SAFETY CULTURE — A Report by the sis; 6. Analysis of external and internal hazards; 7. Beyond design International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group basis accident analysis and accident management; 8. Operational Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-4 experience; 9. Concluding summary; Annex I. List of working mate- rials and internal reports (1991–1994); Annex II: List of project This report by the IAEA’s International Nuclear Safety Advisory meetings and expert assignments; Annex III: Design basis accidents Group INSAG describes the concept of ‘Safety Culture’ in proposed for safety reassessment of WWER-440-213 NPPs; connection with nuclear plant safety in relation to both organi- Annex IV: International peer review summary. zations and individuals engaged in nuclear power activities. It provides a basis for judging the effectiveness of the safety culture in STI/PUB/1012 (444 pp., 33 figures; 1996) specific cases in order to identify potential improvements. ISBN 92–0–101196–2 Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93) Contents: Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Definition and character of Safety Culture; 3.1. Requirements at policy level; 3.2. Requirements on managers; 3.3. Response of individuals; 4. Tangible evidence; 4.1. Government and its organizations; 4.2. Operating organization; SEVERE ACCIDENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 4.3. Supporting organizations; 5. Concluding comments; Appendix: Proceedings Series Safety Culture indicators. Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, STI/PUB/882 (31 pp., 1 figure; 1991) Sorrento, Italy, 21–25 March 1988. The contents of the pro- ceed- E ISBN 92–0–123091–5 ings represent a wide spectrum of topics and should provide an F ISBN 92–0–223191–5 understanding of the issue of beyond the design basis accidents, R out of print quite frequently called ‘severe accidents’. The papers give an S ISBN 92–0–323491–8 overview of different national approaches, with the overall empha- Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) sis on preventive, mitigative and accident management measures. The most important outcome of the symposium was a clear aware- ness of accident management questions which were among the most SAFETY ISSUES FOR ADVANCED ➜NEW controversial issues discussed. PROTECTION, CONTROL AND HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE SYSTEMS Contents: (Vol. 1) National positions and practices on severe acci- IN OPERATING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS dents; Accident initiation and analysis; Non-water-cooled nuclear Safety Reports Series No. 6 power reactors; (Vol. 2) Accident research and development; Acci- dent management. This Safety Report identifies and describes safety and licensing issues reflecting international experience and practices and offers STI/PUB/782 (Vol. 1: 505 pp., 148 figures; Vol. 2: 772 pp., good practices and effective safety approaches to digital instrumen- 225 figures; 1988) tation and control (I&C) retrofits in operating nuclear power plants. 1: ISBN 92–0–020188–1 It provides valuable guidance to all those involved in upgrading 2: ISBN 92–0–020288–8 protection, control and human–machine interface systems in nuclear Price: Vol. 1: 1250 Austrian schillings (€90.84) power plants. Vol. 2: 1870 Austrian schillings (€135.90)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety categorization and standards; 3. Safety issues of advanced systems; 4. Methodologies to address safety issues; 5. Safety approaches for the human–machine inter- SOFTWARE IMPORTANT TO SAFETY IN face; 6. Safety aspects of the upgrade process for advanced protec- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS tion, control and human–machine interface systems; Glossary. Technical Reports Series No. 367

STI/PUB/1057 (61 pp., 2 figures; 1998) This report provides guidance on current practices, documenting ISBN 92–0–104598–0 their strengths and weaknesses in dealing with the important issues Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) of software engineering that nuclear power plant system designers,

48 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS software producers and regulators are facing. It focuses on safety SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE WITH DRY STORAGE critical applications of general purpose processors controlled by OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND UPDATE OF custom developed software; however, it should also have application WET STORAGE EXPERIENCE in safety related applications and in other types of computers. Technical Reports Series No. 290

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Applicability of existing safety princi- This report presents data on the dry storage of spent nuclear fuel and ples to software important to safety in nuclear power plants; 3. The recent information on wet storage, transportation and rod consolida- engineering context; 4. Management; 5. Modelling for requirement tion. The amount of spent fuel arisings will increase significantly in analysis and design; 6. Documentation; 7. Programming; 8. Verifi- the next one or two decades. In view of the large quantities of spent cation and validation; 9. Testing; 10. Figures of merit; 11. Mainte- fuel discharged from nuclear power plants and the expected future nance; 12. Tool support; 13. Use of existing software; 14. Personnel discharges, many countries are involved in the construction of qualification and training; 15. Balance in software based systems; storage facilities and in the development of effective methods for Annex I: Existing standards and standardization work relating to spent fuel surveillance and monitoring to ensure reliable and safe software important to safety in nuclear power plants; Annex II: operation. Application of software based systems important to safety in nuclear power plants: Experience of Member States. Contents: Summary and conclusions; 1. Introduction; 2. Key considerations in the dry storage of zirconium alloy clad fuel; STI/DOC/010/367 (169 pp., 1 figure; 1994) 3. Spent fuel description and history; 4. Dry storage technology; ISBN 92–0–101594–1 5. Spent fuel behaviour during storage; 6. Performance of facilities Price: 560 Austrian schillings (€40.70) and test programmes; 7. Other experience/developments (wet and dry); 8. Update on wet storage; 9. Transport; Appendix A: Ques- tionnaire, glossary, and acronyms and abbreviations; Appendix B: Special cases; Appendix C: Proposed dry storage facilities; Appen- SOURCE TERM EVALUATION FOR ACCIDENT CONDITIONS dix D: Synopsis of USSR experience in spent fuel storage and trans- Proceedings Series portation; Appendix E: Detailed description of casks in use and under development in the USA; Appendix F: Report of Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with the BNFL/PNTL and NTL transport flasks (casks) (United Kingdom); United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Battelle Colum- Bibliography. bus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, from 28 October to 1 November 1985. Five topics related to source term evaluation were selected for STI/DOC/10/290 (206 pp., 39 figures; 1988) review and discussion, namely in-vessel release, retention in the ISBN 92–0–155388–9 primary circuit, ex-vessel release, retention in the containment and Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) release from the plant.

Contents: Opening session; In-vessel release; Retention in the SYSTEMS FOR REPORTING UNUSUAL EVENTS primary circuit; Ex-vessel release; Retention in containment; IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Containment challenges (Panel A); Release from the plant; Regula- Safety Series No. 93 tory implications (Panel B). This publication provides guidance for establishing a system for the STI/PUB/700 (777 pp., 212 figures; 1986) collection, assessment and distribution of information on unusual ISBN 92–0–020086–9 events of safety significance in nuclear power plants, on a national Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) and international basis. It also describes the concepts, contents and procedures of the IAEA Incident Reporting System (IAEA-IRS). It is directed to both the utility personnel and the regulatory staff of nuclear power plants.

SUMMARY REPORT ON THE POST-ACCIDENT REVIEW Contents: Introduction; Part I: A national system; Part II: IAEA MEETING ON THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT — A Report Incident Reporting System (IAEA-IRS); Appendix I: Unusual event by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group reporting categories; Appendix II: Standard format and contents of Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-1 IRS reports; Appendix III: Checklist for the preparation of an IRS report; Appendix IV: Classification of lessons learned; Annex I: This report was prepared after the Post-Accident Review Meeting on Coded watchlist; Annex II: Dictionary of codes; Definitions. the Chernobyl Accident, Vienna, 25–29 August 1986. A team of Soviet experts who presented a report on the accident at the Cher- STI/PUB/801 (66 pp.; 1989) nobyl nuclear power station on 26 April 1986 jointly with INSAG members and other associated experts prepared this agreed report on E out of print the accident and formulated recommendations for follow-up actions F ISBN 92–0–223390–X by the IAEA. R out of print S ISBN 92–0–323090–4 Contents: Executive summary; Introduction; 1. The accident at Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Chernobyl Unit 4; 2. The radionuclide release from the accident; 3. The response at the site; 4. Radiation protection aspects of the acci- dent; 5. Safety issues to be pursued; 6. General observations and THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT: UPDATING OF provisional conclusions; 7. Recommendations; Annex: RBMK reac- INSAG-1 — A Report by the International tors at Chernobyl nuclear power station Units 3 and 4. Nuclear Safety Advisory Group Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-7 STI/PUB/740 (106 pp., 12 figures; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–123186–5 The purpose of this report is to update findings of the International F ISBN 92–0–223487–6 Nuclear Safety Advisory Group’s Summary Report on the Post- R ISBN 92–0–423088–6 Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident (INSAG-1), S ISBN 92–0–323287–7 published in September 1986, in the light of further information that Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) has been revealed since that meeting. INSAG stands by the general

49 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY conclusions of INSAG-1 about the accident’s causes and their impli- ated reactors, by far the most prevalent types. It concludes that for cations for the safety of the Chernobyl type light water cooled these types of reactors, levels of safety are in reasonable agreement graphite moderated RBMK reactors. However, the new information, with the present INSAG quantitative targets for probabilities of core which derives from studies made in the then USSR on the physical melt and radioactive releases. The report is directed at an educated origins of the accident, has led INSAG to shift the emphasis of its general public. conclusions from the actions of the operating staff to faulty design of the reactor’s control rods and safety systems. Deficiencies in the Contents: Summary; Prologue; 1. Important elements of the history regulation and management of safety matters throughout the Soviet of nuclear plant safety; 2. Current reactor safety principles; 3. Safety nuclear power industry have also been revealed and are discussed. of nuclear plants; 4. Nuclear fuel cycle; 5. Features desired in future Two detailed Soviet reports on the causes and circumstances of the plants; 6. Continued improvement of nuclear power plant safety; Chernobyl accident, translated into English by the IAEA, and a 7. Conclusions; Appendix I: IAEA safeguards against proliferation statement of measures that have been taken to enhance the safety of of nuclear weapons; Appendix II: Nuclear reactor radiation and its RBMK reactors are included. effects; Appendix III: Relative health risks in electricity generation.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Features of the reactor; 3. The STI/PUB/910 (83 pp., 1 figure; 1992) accident; 4. More recent analyses of the fault scenario; 5. Views of E ISBN 92–0–100192–4 INSAG; 6. Conclusions on factors contributory to the accident; F ISBN 92–0–200393–1 Appendix: Measures to improve the safety of RBMK plants; Annex R ISBN 92–0–400294–8 I: Report by a commission to the USSR State Committee for the S ISBN 92–0–300293–6 supervision of safety in industry and nuclear power; Annex II: Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) Report by a working group of USSR experts.

STI/PUB/913 (135 pp., 16 figures; 1992) THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER: E ISBN 92–0–104692–8 STRATEGY FOR THE FUTURE F ISBN 92–0–201796–4 Proceedings Series R ISBN 92–0–400593–9 S ISBN 92–0–300194–8 Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 2–6 September 1991. The Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) conference was directed to decision makers on nuclear safety and energy policy at the technical policy level. Its objective was to review the nuclear power safety issues on which international THE ROLE OF PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT consensus would be desirable, to address the concerns on nuclear AND PROBABILISTIC SAFETY CRITERIA IN safety expressed by the United Nations World Commission on Envi- NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY ronment and Development, and to formulate recommendations for Safety Series No. 106 future actions by national and international authorities to advance nuclear safety to the highest level, including proposals for future (See under Safety Analysis, p. 78) IAEA activities. The major issues under discussion were: funda- mental principles for the safe use of nuclear power; ensuring and enhancing safety of operating plants; approach to nuclear power THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS: plants built to earlier safety standards; the next generation of nuclear A Safety Fundamental power plants; and final disposal of radioactive waste. Safety Series No. 110 Contents: Opening speeches; Issue overviews, summary discus- This Safety Fundamentals publication presents an international sions of substantive topics, conclusions and recommendations; consensus on the basic concepts underlying the principles for the Major findings of the conference and president’s closing statement; regulation, management of safety and operation of nuclear installa- Background papers; Authorities of the conference and list of tions. It forms a top level publication in the hierarchy of the IAEA participants. Safety Series. In conjunction with this publication, Safety Stan- dards, Safety Guides and Safety Practices provide detailed require- STI/PUB/880 (272 pp., 2 figures; 1992) ments and recommendations for activities relating to siting, design, ISBN 92–0–100292–0 quality assurance, operation and regulation of nuclear installations. Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety objectives; 3. Legislative and regulatory framework; 4. Management of safety; 5. Technical TREATMENT OF INTERNAL FIRES ➜NEW aspects of safety; 6. Verification of safety; Definitions; Annex: The IN PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT concept of risk: Methods of risk evaluation and limitation. FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Safety Reports Series No. 10 STI/PUB/938 (26 pp.; 1993) E ISBN 92–0–101893–2 This Safety Report provides information on good practices in F ISBN 92–0–200593–1 conducting probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) for fires in land R ISBN 92–0–400693–5 based nuclear power plants. It has been developed in response to the S ISBN 92–0–300493–9 increasing attention being given to PSA worldwide and is intended Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) to facilitate the implementation of the risk based approach to fire safety assessment for both new and operating nuclear power plants.

THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER — A Report by Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General overview of a fire PSA the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group project; 3. Preparation phase (Tasks 1–4); 4. Screening phases Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-5 (Tasks 5 and 6); 5. Detailed analysis (Task 7); 6. Special issues; 7. Analysis of the results (Tasks 8 and 9); 8. Documentation of the This report gives an account of the history of nuclear power plant analysis (Task 10); 9. Ex-core sources of radioactive material; safety, covering the important elements from safety in the earliest Appendix I: Information required from and in addition to the inter- days to lessons learned from accidents and current reactor safety nal events PSA model; Appendix II: Essential equipment malfunc- principles. The report concentrates on light and heavy water moder- tions resulting form fire induced damage to non-essential circuits;

50 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS — RESEARCH REACTORS

Appendix III: Use of detailed analysis methods; Appendix IV: Fire STI/PUB/928 (44 pp.; 1992) propagation event tree; Appendix V: Potential for loss of the alter- E ISBN 92–0–104392–9 nate shutdown capability during a control room fire. F ISBN 92–0–200293–2 R ISBN 92–0–400692–7 STI/PUB/1062 (78 pp., 15 figures; 1998) S ISBN 92–0–300392–4 ISBN 92–0–103298–6 Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26)

USE OF PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF RESEARCH REACTORS FOR OPERATIONAL SAFETY — PSA ‘91 AND PREPARATION OF THE SAFETY ANALYSIS REPORT Proceedings Series Safety Series No. 35-G1

(See under Safety Analysis, p. 78) This Safety Guide, a companion document to Safety Series Nos 35- S1 and 35-S2, is part of a set of publications in the IAEA Safety Series dealing with all the important areas of research reactor safety including Safety Standards, Safety Guides and Safety Practices. It Research Reactors presents guidelines, approved by international consensus, for the preparation, review and assessment of the safety documentation (Safety Series No. 35-S1) and for the preparation of the Safety CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR Analysis Report (SAR) (Safety Series No. 35-S2). In addition, it is RESEARCH REACTORS: DESIGN most applicable during the design and construction stage of research Safety Series No. 35-S1 reactors, as well as during relicensing or reassessment of already existing reactors. This publication presents international consensus principles useful in the design of a research reactor. lt is complemented by Safety Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Requirements for safety assessment in Series No. 35-S2, Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: the licensing process for a research reactor; 3. Preparation of the Operation. Both publications provide an overview on basic princi- safety analysis report; 4. Performance of the review and assessment; ples and requirements for the safety of research reactors and critical Appendix: Contents of a Safety Analysis Report; Annex I: Safety assemblies, including the essential safety requirements for siting, analysis approach and methods; Annex II: Examples of input para- quality assurance and regulatory control. These codes supersede the meters and initial conditions; Annex III: Examples of items to be 1984 edition of Safety Series No. 35, Safe Operation of Research considered in the reactor description; Annex IV: Typical sources of Reactors and Critical Assemblies. radioactive material or radiation fields in a research reactor.

Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety objectives; STI/PUB/960 (103 pp.; 1994) 3. Regulatory supervision; 4. Siting requirements; 5. General design ISBN 92–0–104594–8 requirements; 6. Specific design requirements; Appendix: Selected Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) postulated initiating events; Annex: Selected safety functions.

STI/PUB/927 (44 pp.; 1992) E ISBN 92–0–104292–2 SAFETY IN THE UTILIZATION AND F ISBN 92–0–200193–6 MODIFICATION OF RESEARCH REACTORS R ISBN 92–0–400592–0 Safety Series No. 35-G2 S ISBN 92–0–300292–8 Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) This Safety Guide, part of a set of publications in the IAEA Safety Series dealing with all the important areas of research reactor safety including Safety Standards, Safety Guides and Safety Practices, CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR develops the general concepts presented in Safety Series Nos 35-S1 RESEARCH REACTORS: OPERATION and 35-S2 and should be read in conjunction with them. It presents Safety Series No. 35-S2 guidelines, approved by international consensus, for the safe utiliza- tion and modification of research reactors to ensure that these This publication presents international consensus principles useful projects are implemented without undue risks to personnel, the in the operation of a research reactor. lt is complemented by Safety public, the environment or the reactor. While the guide is most Series No. 35-S1, Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: applicable to existing reactors, it is also recommended for use by Design. Both publications provide an overview on basic principles organizations planning to put a new reactor into operation. and requirements for the safety of research reactors and critical assemblies, including the essential safety requirements for siting, Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Organization and responsibilities; quality assurance and regulatory control. These codes supersede the 3. Safety assessment, categorization and approval routes; 1984 edition of Safety Series No. 35, Safe Operation of Research 4. General and specific safety requirements for design; 5. Pre- Reactors and Critical Assemblies. implementation phase of a utilization or modification project; 6. Implementation phase of a utilization or modification project; Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety objectives; 7. Post-implementation phase of a utilization or modification 3. Regulatory supervision; 4. Responsibilities for safe operation; project; 8. Operational safety requirements for experiments; 5. Safety analysis for operation; 6. Operational limits and condi- 9. Safety considerations in the handling, dismantling, post- tions; 7. Operating procedures; 8. Commissioning; 9. Maintenance, irradiation examination and disposal of experimental devices; period testing and inspection; 10. Core management and fuel 10. Safety aspects of out-of-reactor installations; 11. Quality assur- handling; 11. Records and reports; 12. Reactor utilization; 13. Modi- ance of experiments and modifications; Annex I: Categorization fications; 14. Radioactive wastes; 15. Radiation protection; criteria; Annex II: Justification of a project. 16. Emergency planning; 17. Security; 18. Quality assurance; 19. Decommissioning; Annex: Examples of operational aspects of STI/PUB/961 (47 pp., 1 figure; 1994) research reactors that require particular attention in a quality assur- ISBN 92–0–104694–4 ance programme. Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

51 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Radiation Sources and Accelerators an international consensus. They provide the basis for the require- ments in IAEA Safety Standards for the control of occupational, public and medical exposures and for the safety of sources. The EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS FOR Safety Fundamentals also provide an insight into the general system ACCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS of protection and safety for those at senior levels in government and USED IN MEDICINE, INDUSTRY, RESEARCH AND TEACHING regulatory bodies and those responsible for making decisions relat- Safety Series No. 91 ing to the uses of radiation in medicine, industry, agriculture, research and other areas. (See under Accident Response, p. 68) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Biological effects of irradiation; 3. Objectives of protection and safety; 4. Principles for practices; PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR ➜NEW 5. Principles for intervention; 6. Implementation principles; 7. Infra- MATERIALS: Experience in Regulation, structure for protection and safety; Definitions. Implementation and Operations STI/PUB/1000 (24 pp.; 1996) Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 10–14 November 1997, which E ISBN 92–0–105295–2 aimed at fostering the exchange of information, practices and expe- Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) rience in order to assist States, where appropriate, in upgrading their programmes for the physical protection of nuclear materials and combating illicit trafficking. It focused on the regimes, equipment and procedures currently used to minimize the possibilities of unau- thorized removal of nuclear materials, whether by terrorists, crimi- RADIATION SAFETY OF GAMMA AND nals or facility employees, and to protect against sabotage. ELECTRON IRRADIATION FACILITIES Safety Series No. 107 Contents: Opening session; Contemporary and emerging issues; Experience in regulation I; Experience in regulation II; Implementa- Since the 1950s, gamma and electron beam facilities have been used tion at facilities; Programme assessment and co-operation I; for medical, industrial and research purposes, and their safety record Programme assessment and co-operation II; Hardware/software; has been very good. With the publication of this book, international, Illicit trafficking in nuclear materials; Transportation; Future consid- harmonized safety guidance is available for all those involved in the erations and summary of sessions. design, control and safe use of this type of irradiation facility. Subject areas such as the classification of irradiators, regulatory STI/PUB/1037 (527 pp., 31 figures; 1998) control and special procedures are covered and the safety philoso- ISBN 92–0–101398–1 phy for all types of irradiators is explained. Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Types of irradiators; 3. Radiation safety objectives; 4. Safety philosophy; 5. Design requirements; RADIATION PROTECTION AND SAFETY ➜NEW 6. Regulatory control; 7. Responsibilities of the operating organiza- IN INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY tion; 8. Responsibilities of designers and manufacturers, importers Safety Reports Series No. 13 and suppliers, and constructors and installers; 9. The transport, loading and unloading of sources; 10. Special safety requirements This Safety Report summarizes good and current state of the art for electron accelerator facilities; 11. Emergency response planning; practices in industrial radiography and provides technical advice on References; Glossary. radiation protection and safety. It contains information explaining the responsibilities of regulatory authorities, operating organiza- STI/PUB/896 (64 pp., 6 figures; 1992) tions, workers, equipment manufacturers and client organizations, ISBN 92–0–101692–1 with the intention of enhancing radiation protection and safety. Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objectives of radiation protection and safety; 3. Organizational responsibilities; 4. Types of exposure devices; 5. Design and use of shielded enclosures (fixed facilities); RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE 6. Site radiography procedures; 7. Storage, movement and transport OPERATION OF ELECTRON LINEAR ACCELERATORS of radiographic sources and exposure devices; 8. Emergency Technical Reports Series No. 188 response planning; References; Glossary. (See under Radiation Protection, p. 64) STI/PUB/1066 (61 pp., 15 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–100399–4 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION OF PROTON ACCELERATORS RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE ➜NEW Technical Reports Series No. 283 SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES: A Safety Fundamental (See under Radiation Protection, p. 65) Safety Series No. 120

Jointly sponsored by FAO, IAEA, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO and WHO SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES AND ➜NEW SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS This Safety Fundamentals publication provides a coherent set of Proceedings Series objectives and principles for protection against ionizing radiation and for ensuring safety in the use of radiation sources. The Proceedings of an international conference jointly organized by the protection objective and the safety objective, together with the EC, IAEA, Interpol and WCO and held in Dijon, France, eleven principles that have to be applied to achieve them, represent 14–18 September 1998. The conference was the first of its kind

52 RADIATION SOURCES AND ACCELERATORS — TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL devoted to this subject and brought together radiation safety experts, Transport of Radioactive Material regulators, and customs and police officers, in order to foster infor- mation exchange through a review of the state of the art and open discussions. The need was expressed for the formulation of interna- ADVISORY MATERIAL FOR THE IAEA REGULATIONS tional recommendations concerned with the effective operation of FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL national systems for ensuring the safety of radiation sources and the (1985 Edition) — Third Edition security of radioactive materials. These proceedings contain the (As Amended 1990): A Safety Guide keynote address, the invited papers, summaries of discussions and Safety Series No. 37 session summaries. Together with IAEA-TECDOC-1045, published in 1998 prior to the conference, they constitute the complete record This publication is an updated version of the Third Edition of the of the conference. Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (1985 Edition) and replaces all previous Contents: Opening session; The problem; Response from interna- publications of Safety Series No. 37. It includes the changes to tional organizations; The regulatory control of radiation sources, Safety Series No. 37 contained in Supplement 1988 to the Regula- including systems for notification, authorization (registration and tions for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material as well as some licensing) and inspection; Safety assessment techniques applied to modifications adopted by a Review Panel convened in Vienna in radiation sources: Design and technological measures, including July 1989. defence in depth and good engineering practice; Managerial measures, including safety culture, human factors, quality assur- Contents: Section I. Introduction; Section II. General provisions; ance, qualified experts, training and education; Learning from oper- Section III. Activity and fissile material limits; Section IV. Prepara- ational experience; International co-operation, including reporting tion, requirements and controls for shipment and for storage in systems and databases; Verification of compliance, monitoring of transit; Section V. Requirements for radioactive materials and for compliance: Assessment of the effectiveness of national packagings and packages; Section VI. Test procedures; Section VII. programmes for the safety of sources, including development of Approval and administrative requirements; Appendix I: List of regu- performance indicators; Measures to prevent breaches in the secu- latory documents of international and regional international organi- rity of radioactive materials (from production to disposal), experi- zations; Appendix II: Contamination control; Appendix III: Half-life ence with criminal acts involving radioactive materials; Detection and specific activity of radionuclides, and specific activity of and identification techniques for illicitly trafficked radioactive uranium and thorium; Appendix IV: Quality assurance in the safe materials (I and II); Response to detected cases and seized radioac- transport of radioactive material; Appendix V: Guide for quality tive materials, strengthening of the awareness, training, and assurance programme; Appendix VI: Example calculations for exchange of information; Summaries by chairpersons of the techni- establishing minimum segregation distance requirements; Appendix cal sessions. VII: Acceleration values and calculation methods for package tie- down forces; Appendix VIII: Example of a radiation protection STI/PUB/1042 (399 pp., 9 figures; 1999) programme for exclusive use vessels; Appendix IX: Influence of ISBN 92–0–101499–6 brittle fracture on material integrity; Appendix X: Criticality safety Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) assessments.

STI/PUB/868 (206 pp., 8 figures; 1990) E ISBN 92–0–124090–2 C ISBN 92–0–500493–6 THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN SOREQ F out of print R out of print (See under Accident Response, p. 71) S ISBN 92–0–323291–5 Price: 620 Austrian schillings (€45.06)

THE SAFE MANAGEMENT OF ➜NEW CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ➜NEW SOURCES OF RADIATION: PRINCIPLES WASTE FORMS AND PACKAGES AND STRATEGIES — A Report by the Technical Reports Series No. 383 International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group INSAG Series No. 11 This report provides guidance on the determination and verification of key waste characteristics and covers all parameters of waste This INSAG report deals with the general principles governing the forms and packages needed to certify compliance with a specific safety of all sources of radiation and with the application of these disposal scenario. It describes the different methods available for the principles. It seeks to demonstrate that, at the conceptual level, the characterization of chemical, physical and biological waste proper- distinction traditionally made between nuclear safety and radiation ties as well as of properties related to radioactivity, indicating the protection is not justified. This report is primarily intended for the advantages and disadvantages of each individual method. The report non-specialist who needs to take decisions about the safe manage- addresses characterization of all types of radioactive waste except ment of sources of radiation and who wishes to gain a better under- for spent fuel intended for direct disposal. standing of the approach followed in managing the safety of these sources. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Categories of waste forms and pack- ages; 3. Basis for waste characterization; 4. Important parameters of Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Risk and risk management; 3. The waste packages; 5. Overview of the characterization process; control of radiation risk; 3. The management of specific sources of 6. Sampling; 7. Characteristics related to radioactivity; 8. Chemical radiation; 5. Summary and conclusions. characteristics; 9. Physical characteristics; 10. Mechanical charac- teristics; 11. Thermal characteristics; 12. Biological properties; Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. 13. Conclusions.

STI/PUB/1080 (27 pp.; 1999) STI/DOC/010/383 (138 pp., 17 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–102199–2 ISBN 92–0–100497–4 Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88)

53 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

COMPLIANCE ASSURANCE FOR EXPLANATORY MATERIAL FOR THE THE SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL IAEA REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT Safety Series No. 112 OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL (1985 Edition) — Second Edition (As Amended 1990) The 1985 Edition of the IAEA’s Regulations for the Safe Transport Safety Series No. 7 of Radioactive Material reinforced the requirement placed on competent authorities to establish compliance assurance This publication is an updated version of the Second Edition of the programmes that aim at ensuring that the Regulations are met in Explanatory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Trans- practice. This book is intended to provide further guidance on devel- port of Radioactive Material (1985 Edition) and replaces all previ- oping and implementing compliance assurance programmes to be ous versions of Safety Series No. 7. It includes the changes used by competent authorities. It should also be useful to those contained in the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive competent authorities with established programmes seeking greater Material, 1985 Edition, Supplement 1988, as well as modifications harmony in the international implementation of the Regulations. adopted by the Review Panel that was convened in July 1989. Additionally, it should assist the users of the Regulations in their It explains the provisions of the Regulations with the aim of helping interactions with competent authorities. to promote compliance and public acceptance.

Contents: Section I. Introduction; Section II. Responsibilities and Contents: Section I. Introduction; Section II. General provisions; functions of the competent authority; Section III. Regulations and Section III. Activity and fissile material limits; Section IV. Prepara- guides; Section IV. Compliance assurance; Section V. Approvals and tion, requirements and controls for shipment and for storage in approval certificates; Section VI. International co-operation between transit; Section V. Requirements for radioactive materials and for competent authorities concerning packages and shipments on packagings and packages; Section VI. Test procedures; Section VII. foreign territory; Annex I: Example of the organization of a compli- Approval and administrative requirements; Appendix I: The Q ance assurance programme; Annex II: Information to be included in system for the calculation of A1 and A2 values; Appendix II: Deriva- applications for approvals; Annex III: Examples of approval certifi- tion of allowable release rates for type B packages; References. cates issued by the competent authority; Annex IV: Model of competent authority procedures for auditing a quality assurance STI/PUB/867 (124 pp., 5 figures; 1990) programme; Annex V: Example/model of a check list for auditing a E ISBN 92–0–123990–4 quality assurance programme; Annex VI: Example/model of a check C ISBN 92–0–500393–X list for inspecting transport documentation; Annex VII: Example/ F ISBN 92–0–200392–0 model of a check list for inspecting transport operations; R out of print Annex VIII: Example/model of a check list for inspecting package S ISBN 92–0–323191–9 manufacture; Annex IX: Example/model of a check list for inspect- Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) ing maintenance and servicing operations.

STI/PUB/953 (98 pp., 2 figures; 1994) HYPERTRANS! ISBN 92–0–100394–3 A Hypertext Guide to the IAEA Transport Regulations, Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Safety Series Nos 6, 7, 37 and 80

HyperTrans! is a hypertext software guide to IAEA Safety Series EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING AND Nos 6, 7, 37 and 80. It contains their full texts and links all internal PREPAREDNESS FOR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS reference within each document as well as the reference between INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL documents. The text can be easily accessed either by searching and Safety Series No. 87 finding all occurrences in a document or by using one or more keywords connected by parameters. The use of HyperTrans! This safety guide is intended to expand the scope of and requires: (a) a 386 (or later) microprocessor running DOS; (b) a complement the available Agency literature in the areas of the trans- minimum 4 MB of free space on the hard disk; and (c) a VGA port of radioactive materials and emergency planning and prepared- monitor. ness for radiological emergencies. lt provides detailed guidance on how to respond promptly to a transport accident involving radio- STI/DAT/1 (1 manual, 1 diskette 3.50”, 2 diskettes 5.25”; 1994) active materials in order to mitigate its consequences. Special atten- ISBN 92–0–102794–X tion is given to such problems as how to identify the presence of Price: 2200 Austrian schillings (€159.88) radioactive materials, their quantity and risk; how to assess the radi- ological consequences of an accident; and what measures should be taken in order to keep public exposures to a minimum and restore QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR THE the situation to normal as soon as possible. SAFE TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Safety Series No. 113 Contents: Section I. Introduction; Section II. Transport regulations; Section III. Emergency response planning; Section IV. Conse- This publication provides guidance and gives detailed advice on quences of transport accidents; Section V. Response to transport methods and practical examples to develop quality assurance (QA) accidents; Section Vl. Responsibilities for emergency planning and programmes for the safe transport of radioactive material. It further preparedness; Section VII. Training, exercises and updating; Section promotes a flexible approach to the development of a QA VIII. Public information; Appendix I: Markings, labels, placards and programme and may be used to prepare such a programme for a documents; Appendix II: Examples of response to transport acci- specific application by selection of appropriate features. dents; Appendix III: Examples of some emergency response guides and procedures; Bibliography. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Development of a quality assurance programme; 3. Quality assurance standards; 4. Elements of a quality STI/PUB/773 (116 pp., 12 figures; 1988) assurance programme; Appendix: Graded approach; Annex I: Two E ISBN 92–0–123088–5 comparative examples of quality assurance programme develop- F out of print ment; Annex II: References to examples of quality assurance stan- R out of print dards; Annex III: Example of a documented quality assurance S ISBN 92–0–323089–0 programme description for an infrequent consignor; Annex IV: Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) Example of a documented quality assurance programme description

54 TRANSPORT OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL for an infrequent carrier; Annex V: Example of a document control For numbering purposes, the Safety Standards Series is subdivided procedure for a small organization; Annex VI: Example of a docu- into the areas of nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport ment control procedure for a complex organization; Annex VII: safety (TS) and waste safety (WS), and also general safety (GS; that Example of an internal audit procedure in a small organization; is, of relevance in two or more of the four areas). Annex VIII: Example of a flask maintenance procedure in a complex organization; Annex IX: Examples of poor interface control. SAFE TRANSPORT STI/PUB/958 (92 pp., 4 figures; 1994) ISBN 92–0–103694–9 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT ➜NEW OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL — 1996 Edition (Revised): Safety Requirements REGULATIONS FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT Safety Standards Series No. TS-R-1 (ST-1, Revised) OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL — 1985 Edition (As Amended 1990) This publication, Safety Standards Series No. TS-R-1, is an updated Safety Series No. 6 version of Safety Standards Series No. ST-1, which was a revised version of Safety Series No. 6 superseding all previous edition. It This publication is an updated version of the 1985 Edition of the also includes the revision of Safety Series No. 80, Schedules of Transport Regulations and replaces all previous publications of Requirements for the Transport of Specified Types of Radioactive IAEA Safety Series No. 6. It includes the Supplements 1986 and Material Consignments (As Amended in 1990). These Regulations, 1988 to the Regulations and the minor changes adopted by the first published in 1961, establish standards of safety with the review Panel meeting in Vienna in July 1989. purpose of providing an acceptable level of control of the radiation, criticality and thermal hazards to persons, property and the environ- This edition of the Regulations serves as the basis for regulatory ment that are associated with the transport of radioactive material. requirements in international modal regulatory documents and will Through the worldwide adoption of these regulations for all modes continue to do so until the end of 2001 when the 1996 Edition of the of transport, a very high standard of safety in the transport of Regulations (TS-R-1 (ST-1, Revised)) will serve as that basis. radioactive material has been achieved.

Contents: Section I. Introduction; Section II. General provisions; Contents: Section I: Introduction; Section II: Definitions; Section III. Activity and fissile material limits; Section IV. Prepara- Section III: General provisions; Section IV: Activity limits and tion, requirements and controls for shipment and for storage in material restrictions; Section V: Requirements and controls for transit; Section V. Requirements for radioactive materials and for transport; Section VI: Requirements for radioactive materials and packagings and packages; Section VI. Test procedures; Section VII. for packagings and packages; Section VII: Test procedures; Section Approval and administrative requirements; Appendix I: Excerpts VIII: Approval and administrative requirements; Reference; Sched- from list of United Nations numbers, proper shipping name and ules of Requirements for the Transport of Specified Types of description and subsidiary risks; Appendix II: Conversion factors Radioactive Material Consignments; Annex I: Summary of approval and prefixes. and prior notification requirements; Annex II: Conversion factors and prefixes. STI/PUB/866 (112 pp., 6 figures; 1990) E ISBN 92–0–123890–8 STI/PUB/1098 (220 pp., 7 figures; 2000) C ISBN 92–0–500193–7 E ISBN 92–0–100500–8 F out of print F ISBN 92–0–204497–X Safety Standards Series No. ST-1 is R out of print R ISBN 92–0–401598–5 still valid. Changes introduced into S ISBN 92–0–323091–2 S ISBN 92–0–302697–5 } Safety Standards Series No. TS-R-1 Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62) (ST-1, Revised) will be reflected in an errata sheet included in the publication. Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES SCHEDULES OF REQUIREMENTS FOR THE The IAEA Safety Standards Series comprises publications of a regu- TRANSPORT OF SPECIFIED TYPES OF latory nature covering nuclear safety, radiation protection, radio- RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL CONSIGNMENTS active waste management, the transport of radioactive materials, the (As Amended 1990) — Companion Document safety of nuclear fuel cycle facilities and quality assurance. These to Safety Series No. 6 publications are issued under the terms of Article III of the Agency’s Safety Series No. 80 Statute, which authorizes the Agency to establish standards of safety for protection against ionizing radiation. The Safety Standards This publication replaces the previous issue of Safety Series No. 80. Series supersedes the Safety Series, in which over 200 publications It includes the changes to Safety Series No. 80 contained in Supple- were issued. Safety Standards Series publications are categorized ment 1988 to the Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive into: Material as well a some modifications adopted by the Review Panel meeting held in Vienna in July 1990. • Safety Fundamentals (F; blue lettering), stating basic objec- tives, concepts and principles of safety and protection; Contents: Schedule 1: Limited quantities of radioactive material in expected packages; Schedule 2: Instruments in articles in expected • Safety Requirements (R; red lettering), establishing the packages; Schedule 3: Articles manufactured from natural uranium, requirements that must be fulfilled to ensure safety for depleted uranium or natural thorium as excepted packages; Sched- particular activities or applications; and ule 4: Empty packagings as excepted packages; Schedule 5: Low specific activity material (LSA-1); Schedule 6: Low specific activ- • Safety Guides (G; green lettering), recommending actions, ity material (LSA-II); Schedule 7: Low specific activity material conditions or procedures for complying with these safety (LSA-III); Schedule 8: Surface contaminated objects (SCO-I and requirements. SCO-II); Schedule 9: Material in Type A packages; Schedule

55 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

10: Material in Type B(U) packages; Schedule 11: Material in Type assessment models; National and international programmes; Poster B(M) packages; Schedule 12: Fissile material; Schedule 13: Mater- presentations. ial transported under special arrangement; Annex I: Other provi- sions relating to Schedules 1–13; Annex II: Summary of approval STI/PUB/907 (487 pp., 116 figures; 1993) and prior notification requirements; Annex III: Transport index ISBN 92–0–000193–9 limits for freight containers and conveyances. Price: 1400 Austrian schillings (€101.74)

STI/PUB/869 (108 pp., 1990) E ISBN 92–0–124190–9 GUIDANCE FOR REGULATION OF C ISBN 92–0–500293–3 UNDERGROUND REPOSITORIES FOR F out of print DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES R ISBN 92–0–423091–6 Safety Series No. 96 S ISBN 92–0–323391–1 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Most countries regulate the disposal of radioactive wastes by a regu- latory body whose purpose is to review and analyse the safety of all stages of the disposal programme. This regulatory function may be performed either by a single national authority or a system of Waste Repositories authorities. This publication should be used as a guide to developing regulatory requirements for licensing waste disposal facilities. lt is an update of IAEA Safety Series No. 51. CONTAINERS FOR PACKAGING OF SOLID AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Basic considerations; Technical Reports Series No. 355 4. Stages in the development of a repository; 5. Regulatory functions; 6. Repository siting and design; 7. Construction and This report aims to review the main requirements for waste commissioning; 8. Operation; 9. Shutdown; 10. Subsequent control containers and to provide advice on the design, fabrication, and future use of the site. qualification tests and handling of the different types of containers used in the management of low and intermediate level solid radio- STI/PUB/774 (30 pp.; 1989) active wastes. It contains the requirements that have to be met in the ISBN 92–0–123689–1 container design in order to comply with the waste package accep- Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) tance requirements established by the regulatory authorities for the handling, storage, transport and disposal of radioactive waste. It further highlights the importance of international standardization for HYDROGEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION ➜NEW waste container requirements, which would facilitate the use of OF SITES FOR THE GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL common handling systems and allow operating experience and OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE performance data to be readily interchangeable. Technical Reports Series No. 391

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Role of the container in waste manage- This report, which has been prepared as part of the IAEA ment; 3. Container design requirements; 4. Materials for containers; programme on radioactive waste disposal, discusses the approaches 5. Cost considerations; 6. Quality assurance and control; 7. Quali- used in the hydrogeological investigation of repository sites. It is fication tests; 8. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix I: based on experience gained in Member States on those rock types Examples of containers; Appendix II: Corrosion assessments of considered as having the potential to host a repository. metallic containers; Appendix III: Specification of a test for thermal cycling resistance in France; Appendix IV: A qualification proce- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Geological disposal of radioactive dure for fibre reinforced concrete containers in France. waste; 3. Function of the geological barrier in a disposal system; 4. Focusing hydrogeological investigations; 5. Hydrogeological issues STI/DOC/10/355 (67 pp., 18 figures; 1993) in disposal systems; 6. Approaches to characterization of the hydro- ISBN 92–0–101993–9 geological system; 7. Summary. Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) STI/DOC/010/391 (60 pp., 7 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–100299–8 GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL AND Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) HIGH LEVEL AND ALPHA BEARING WASTES Proceedings Series NATURAL ANALOGUES IN PERFORMANCE Proceedings of a symposium organized jointly with CEC and ASSESSMENTS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF OECD/NEA, Antwerp, Belgium, 19–23 October 1992. The purpose LONG LIVED RADIOACTIVE WASTES of the symposium was to review the progress being made in national Technical Reports Series No. 304 and international programmes towards the demonstration of safe disposal of radioactive wastes. The technical presentations A unique and scientifically most difficult aspect of predictive safety addressed disposal in all the principal geological media currently analysis of repositories for long lived wastes is the extrapolation of under consideration: clay, crystalline rock, salt and volcanic tuff. short term field and laboratory data to the long periods of time The programmes described ranged from national screening surveys required by regulatory agencies for performance assessment. on a broad, regional scale to detailed site specific investigations in Natural analogues may be the only way of obtaining data on the underground research laboratories. cumulative effect of the migration of radionuclides over the time- scales of interest. This report briefly summarizes the state of the art Contents: Keynote address; Programmes of international organiza- in this field for technical specialists and may also serve as an intro- tions; Site characterization programmes and methods; Repository duction to the subject for managers. design concepts, construction techniques and engineered barrier design; Characterization and acceptance of high level and alpha Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Natural analogues in performance bearing wastes; Repository concepts for direct disposal of spent assessment; 3. Potential roles of analogues in performance assess- fuel; Developing, testing and validating repository performance ments; 4. Analogues: Their applications and limitations; 5. Discus-

56 WASTE REPOSITORIES — RADIATION PROTECTION sion of the quantitative and qualitative roles of analogues; 6. Conclu- design and construction of underground repositories for radioactive sions and recommendations; Appendix A: Use of natural and archae- wastes and to consider developments of future importance. Forty- ological analogues in performance assessment of the KBS-3 copper nine papers were presented, covering general approaches and regu- canister; Appendix B: The Cigar Lake uranium deposit: An analogue latory aspects, disposal in shallow ground and rock cavities, disposal for nuclear fuel waste disposal; Appendix C: Uranium isotope studies in deep geological formations and safety assessments. combined with groundwater dating as a natural analogue. Contents: Keynote address: Are we ready to construct and operate STI/DOC/10/304 (58 pp., 4 figures; 1989) an underground repository? General approaches and regulatory ISBN 92–0–125489–X aspects; Disposal in shallow ground and rock cavities; Disposal in Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) deep formations: Investigations on sites; Disposal in deep forma- tions: Repository designs; Safety assessment; PaneI: Performance and safety assessments and their interactions with field investiga- SAFETY PRINCIPLES AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA tions of deep geological repositories; Overview of symposium. FOR THE UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES STI/PUB/715 (727 pp., 217 figures; 1986) Safety Series No. 99 ISBN 92–0–020286–1 Price: 1780 Austrian schillings (€129.36) This report is to provide basic guidance on protection of humans and the environment from the hazards associated with deep geological disposal of high level radioactive wastes. It reflects the need for internationally harmonized criteria. It sets out a basic safety philos- Radiation Protection ophy for use in planning such disposals, the main objective being the isolation of the radioactive wastes from the human environment for considerable periods of time. The safety principles contained in this ACCIDENTAL OVEREXPOSURE ➜NEW book are generally consistent with the recent recommendations of OF RADIOTHERAPY PATIENTS IN the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) SAN JOSÉ, COSTA RICA and the Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD (OECD/NEA). (See under Accident Response, p. 67) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Definitions; 3. Safety principles; 4. Technical criteria; 5. Assurance of compliance with the safety objectives; 6. Other considerations. ASSESSMENT OF DOSES TO THE ➜NEW PUBLIC FROM INGESTED RADIONUCLIDES STI/PUB/854 (28 pp.; 1989) Safety Reports Series No. 14 E ISBN 92–0–123989–0 F ISBN 92–0–223290–3 This Safety Report provides practical information as a basis for radi- R ISBN 92–0–423990–5 ation protection of the public in the event of accidental releases of S ISBN 92–0–323190–0 radionuclides to the environment, transfer from environmental Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) media into foodstuffs and ingestion by members of the public. It offers the scientific basis for the values of committed effective doses per unit intake of radionuclides via ingestion and their application, SEALING OF UNDERGROUND REPOSITORIES providing the information necessary to assess the radiological impli- FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTES cations, in terms of doses to population groups, of the measured Technical Reports Series No. 319 concentrations of radionuclides in foodstuffs independent of the source of exposure. For high level and alpha bearing radioactive wastes, the disposal concept most generally agreed upon is the emplacement of the condi- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Entry of radionuclides into the food tioned waste in deep underground repositories in stable geological chain; 3. Food consumption and dose assessment; 4. Dose formations. The report reflects the general consensus that long lived coefficients for ingested radionuclides; 5. Dose assessment from radioactive wastes can be isolated safely from the human environment measurements on individuals; Annex I. Food consumption in differ- in such repositories located in deep geological formations. One of the ent countries; Annex II. Committed equivalent tissue doses per unit most important tasks in the development of underground disposal activity ingested by adults; Annex III. Activity in total body, thyroid systems is the plugging of boreholes and the sealing of shafts exca- and excreta after acute and chronic intake by ingestion of selected vated for either exploratory or operational purposes. Several countries radionuclides. have outlined proposals and identified geological formations for detailed examination as potential host media for waste repositories. STI/PUB/1067 (87 pp., 13 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–100899–6 Contents: 1. Introduction and scope; 2. Background information; Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26) 3. Performance specifications; 4. Materials and methods; 5. Longevity; 6. Design factors; 7. Design of sealing systems; 8. Performance testing; References; Glossary. COMPENDIUM OF NEUTRON SPECTRA AND DETECTOR RESPONSES FOR RADIATION PROTECTION PURPOSES STI/DOC/10/319 (125 pp., 38 figures; 1990) Technical Reports Series No. 318 ISBN 92–0–125390–7 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) A wide variety of radiation dosimeters and survey instruments are used to monitor exposure to neutrons. To establish an adequate neutron monitoring programme and to evaluate dosimetry results SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND properly, it is important to know both the energy distribution of the REPOSITORIES FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTES neutrons encountered and the energy dependent response of the Proceedings Series measuring devices. It is also important for calibration to use neutron fields whose spectra are appropriate for the particular application. Proceedings of a symposium, Hannover, Germany, 3–7 March 1986. This compendium includes a collection of neutron spectra encoun- The purpose was to review advances made in the area of siting, tered in various occupational environments and the spectra of

57 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY calibration neutron sources. It also gives the response functions of DIRECT METHODS FOR MEASURING ➜NEW various neutron dosimeters and survey instruments. Finally, it RADIONUCLIDES IN THE HUMAN BODY: includes the calculated energy responses for each of the detectors A Safety Practice and spectra given. Safety Series No. 114

Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: Dosimetric quanti- This Safety Practice provides information on the establishment and ties; Chapter 3: Dosimeters and survey instrument response func- operation of facilities for the measurement of body activity by direct tions; Chapter 4. Calibration neutron spectra; Chapter 5. Operational methods, both in general application and in a range of specific situ- spectra; Chapter 6. Monoenergetic neutrons incident on elliptical ations. Emphasis is placed on measurements of body radioactivity phantom. made in programmes of internal dosimetry for occupationally exposed persons, or in investigations following incidents. Assess- If you are interested in obtaining the free diskette on the neutron ments of larger groups following general contamination of the envi- fluence to dose conversion factors, detector responses and spectra ronment are also addressed. tabulated, please mention this in the order form. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Conditions for using direct methods STI/DOC/10/318 (274 pp., 61 figures; 1990) for measuring radionuclides in the human body; 3. Techniques of ISBN 92–0–125290–0 investigation; 4. Analysis of data from measurements; 5. Practical Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) details; References; Annex I. Indices of statistical significance and sensitivity; Annex II. Use of semiconductor detector in the investi- gation of internal contamination with complex mixtures of radio- nuclides; Annex III. Investigation of whole body 137Cs with mobile DERIVED INTERVENTION LEVELS FOR APPLICATION equipment; Annex IV. Investigation of internal contamination with IN CONTROLLING RADIATION DOSES TO THE PUBLIC 60Co; Annex V. Estimation of whole body 137Cs with a scanning IN THE EVENT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR array of NaI(T1) detectors installed for assessment of fission and RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY — activation products; Annex VI. Assessment of 125I and 131I in the Principles, Procedures and Data thyroid; Annex VII. Investigation of internal contamination with Safety Series No. 81 241Am; Annex VIII. Assessment of uranium in the lungs.

This publication provides practical support to the guidance STI/PUB/993 (110 pp., 44 figures; 1996) contained in IAEA Safety Series No. 72, Principles for Establishing ISBN 92–0–100896–1 Intervention Levels for the Protection of the Public in the Event of a Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency there is a need to deter- mine the levels of projected dose at which it may be necessary to introduce relevant protective measures. However, more practical EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PLANTS quantities are needed for the comparison of measurement results AND ANIMALS AT LEVELS IMPLIED BY CURRENT made in environmental materials and in foodstuffs. These derived RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS intervention levels (DlLs) need to be determined for the radionu- Technical Reports Series No. 332 clides of potential radiological importance. This report gives guid- ance in elaborating the principles, procedures and methodologies Releases of waste gases and liquids into the environment from facil- relevant to the evaluation of DILs. ities using radioactive materials are controlled so that people living in the vicinity are adequately protected from exposure to ionizing Contents: Introduction; Intervention levels and principles underly- radiations. It is implicitly assumed that protecting humans will also ing their estimation; Procedures for establishing derived interven- protect the environment in which they live. Although this assump- tion levels for exposure due to a single radionuclide and single expo- tion has never been formally defended, neither has it been seriously sure pathway; Estimation of derived intervention levels and their challenged. This report examines the validity of the assumption for practical application; Annex 1: Derived intervention levels for the case of radioactive releases to the terrestrial and freshwater envi- selected nuclides and exposure pathways; Annex 2: Definition of ronments and also for solid waste disposal underground. symbols used. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Summary of the available information STI/PUB/751 (105 pp., 3 figures; 1986) on the effects of ionizing radiation on populations; 3. Estimated dose E out of print to plants and animals under current radiation protection standards; 4. F out of print Summary and conclusions; References. R ISBN 92–0–424189–6 S ISBN 92–0–323288–5 STI/DOC/10/332 (74 pp., 2 figures; 1992) Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) ISBN 92–0–100992–5 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

DESIGN ASPECTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF RADIOACTIVE RELEASES Safety Series No. 50-SG-D9 Proceedings Series

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 39) Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 8–12 May 1995. This was the first major IAEA meeting for more than a decade to deal specifically with the transfer of radionuclides in the environment. Its purpose was to review the information that has become available in recent DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ➜NEW years, notably as a result of the Chernobyl accident but also gained OF RADIATION INJURIES from studies of the discharges from civil and military nuclear facil- Safety Reports Series No. 2 ities in the early nuclear age. This information has been used for improving the reliability of environmental model predictions, and (See under Accident Response, p. 68) the main results of the IAEA/CEC programme on Validation of

58 RADIATION PROTECTION

Environmental Model Predictions (VAMP) were presented. In HEALTH SURVEILLANCE OF PERSONS ➜NEW addition, progress in the IAEA programme on the International OCCUPATIONALLY EXPOSED TO Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP) was summarized. IONIZING RADIATION: GUIDANCE FOR OCCUPATIONAL PHYSICIANS Contents: Global impact assessments; New roles for environmental Safety Reports Series No. 5 monitoring; Radionuclide releases to the atmosphere; Radionuclide releases to the aquatic environment; Radionuclides in the terrestrial This Safety Report specifies features of work under radiation condi- environment; Radionuclide transfer in the freshwater environment; tions, the general rules of radiological protection for occupational Environmental model testing; Radiological impact assessment; exposure and the organization of the medical surveillance of Environmental remediation; Topical discussions. workers occupationally exposed to radiation. It supersedes IAEA Safety Series No. 83, Radiation Protection in Occupational Health: STI/PUB/971 (874 pp., 178 figures; 1995) Manual for Occupational Physicians (1987). ISBN 92–0–104495–X Price: 2480 Austrian schillings (€180.23) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Modes of exposure; 3. Protection against occupational exposure; 4. Application of radiological protec- tion principles; 5. Health surveillance and medical records; 6. Medical management of accidentally exposed workers; Refer- ences; Annex: Health effects of ionizing radiation; Glossary. EXTENSION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION TO SOURCES STI/PUB/1056 (37 pp., 1 figure; 1998) OF POTENTIAL EXPOSURE E ISBN 92–0–103898–4 Safety Series No. 104 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

The principles of radiation protection recommended by the Interna- tional Commission on Radiological Protection for the normal oper- INTERNATIONAL BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS ➜NEW ation of a radiation source constitute a dose limitation system that FOR PROTECTION AGAINST IONIZING has three components: namely, the justification of a practice, the RADIATION AND FOR THE SAFETY optimization of radiation protection and the limitation of individual OF RADIATION SOURCES: A Safety Standard doses. This report describes how the application of these principles Safety Series No. 115 may be extended to unexpected or accidental situations by changing from the dose based system of radiation protection to a unified Jointly sponsored by FAO, IAEA, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO and approach within a probabilistic framework. WHO

Contents: Summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Basic principles; 3. Con- These Standards are based on the latest assessments of the biological cepts and quantities; 4. Measures of societal risk; 5. Justification; effects of irradiation made by the United Nations Scientific Commit- 6. Optimization of potential exposures; 7. Limitation of individual tee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, and on the recommendations risk; 8. Conclusions. of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group. The Standards repre- STI/PUB/834 (30 pp.; 1990) sent an international consensus on qualitative and quantitative ISBN 92–0–123590–9 requirements for protection and safety for: planned practices such as Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) nuclear power generation and the use of radiation and radioactive materials in medicine and industry; intervention in existing situations such as chronic exposure to natural sources of radiation or exposure following an accident; control of radiation sources, including notifi- cation and authorization, and criteria for exemption. Consensus guid- GUIDELINES ON CALIBRATION OF ance is also given on: occupational radiaton protection; protection of NEUTRON MEASURING DEVICES patients in radiography, fluoroscopy, computer tomography, Technical Reports Series No. 285 mammography and nuclear medicine; protection of members of the public from exposure to radioactive materials released to the envi- The majority of the existing Secondary Standard Dosimetry Labora- ronment; prevention of incidents giving rise to potential exposures; tories (SSDLs) were established primarily to work with X rays and and intervention in a radiological emergency. gamma rays. Neutron sources are, however, increasingly being applied in industrial processes, research, nuclear power develop- Contents: Preamble: Principles and fundamental objectives; Princi- ment, and radiation biology and medicine. This publication deals pal requirements: 1. General requirements; 2. Requirements for prac- primarily with methods of applying radioactive neutron sources for tices; 3. Requirements for intervention. Appendices: Detailed calibration of instrumentation and gives an indication of the space, requirements: Occupational exposure; Medical exposure; Public manpower and facilities needed to fulfil the minimum requirements exposure; Potential exposure: Safety of sources; Emergency expo- of a calibration laboratory for neutron work. Its intention is to serve sure situations; Chronic exposure situations; Schedules: Exemptions; as a guide for centres about to start on neutron dosimetry standard- Dose limits; Guidance levels of dose, dose rate and activity for ization and calibration. medical exposure; Dose levels at which intervention is expected to be undertaken under any circumstances; Guidelines for intervention Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Concepts of dosimetry and calibration; levels and action levels in emergency exposure situations; Guide- 3. Types of calibration and test measurement; 4. Sources, equipment lines for action levels in chronic exposure situations; Glossary; Index. and facilities; 5. Procedures and methods; 6. Calibration of beam dosimeters; 7. Reports and records; Appendix I: Basic quantities and STI/PUB/996 (353 pp.; 1996) units; Appendix II: Glossary; Apendix III: Neutron sources; E ISBN 92–0–104295–7 Appendix IV: Fluence to dose equivalent conversion functions; A ISBN 92–0–104195–7 Appendix V: List of symbols; References. C ISBN 92–0–505196–9 F ISBN 92–0–204497–X STI/DOC/10/285 (76 pp., 8 figures; 1988) R ISBN 92–0–401598–7 ISBN 92–0–115088–1 S ISBN 92–0–300397–5 Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) Price: 1080 Austrian schillings (€78.49)

59 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

THE BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS ➜NEW LOW DOSES OF IONIZING RADIATION: ➜NEW ON DISKETTE BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND Safety Series No. 115 REGULATORY CONTROL: Invited Papers and Discussions This Windows based software program contains the text and data Proceedings Series from the English printed version of Safety Series No. 115. The user of the program should be generally familiar with the organization Proceedings of a conference jointly organized with WHO, in co- and content of the Standards. The program enables the user to search operation with UNSCEAR, Seville, Spain, 17–21 November 1997. for and retrieve any topic directly through the ‘Contents’ tree, with The purpose of the conference was to foster information exchange access based on keyword searches, a subject index or cross-refer- on the health effects of low doses of ionizing radiation, the regula- encing. The definitions of the main concepts can be found in the tory approach to the control of low level radiation exposure, and the ‘Glossary’ list. Text may be printed directly, or used in the develop- connection between these matters and the so-called linear, no thresh- ment of other documents through the normal ‘copy and paste’ old assumption concerning the effects of low doses. Windows feature. The software requires an IBM compatible Personal Computer with an 80386 processor or better, more than 4 Contents: Opening session; Reports form international organiza- MB internal memory, at least 4 MB free memory on hard disk and tions on biological effects of ionizing radiation; Reports on related Windows 3.11 or Windows ‘95. international conferences; Molecular mechanisms of radiation effects: Point and clastogenic mutations (Forum 1); Adaptive Contents: Preamble: Principles and fundamental objectives; Princi- responses: Enhanced repair and apoptosis (Forum 2); Multistage pal requirements: 1. General requirements; 2. Requirements for processes of radiation induced malignancies; Mechanisms of initia- practices; 3. Requirements for intervention. Appendices: Detailed tion, promotion and progression (Forum 3); Hereditary effects requirements: Occupational exposure; Medical exposure; Public (Forum 4); Epidemiological evidence (Forum 5); Radiobiological exposure; Potential exposure: safety of sources; Emergency expo- issues in the application of epidemiological evidence (Forum 6); sure situations; Chronic exposure situations; Schedules: Exemp- Effects of low doses on human health: Radiation risk estimates tions; Dose limits; Guidance levels of dose, dose rate and activity for (Forum 7); From the scientific evidence to radiation protection medical exposure; Dose levels at which intervention is expected to (Special session); Control measures for practices causing exposure be undertaken under any circumstances; Guidelines for intervention (Forum 8); Reduction of existing doses by intervention (Forum 9); levels and action levels in emergency exposure situations; Guide- Chronic exposure situations: Radiological criteria for restoration of lines for action levels in chronic exposure situations. Glossary; land (Forum 10); Regulatory control and scientific research; Index. Summary session; Closing session.

STI/DAT/2 (1997) STI/PUB/1030 (439 pp., 36 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–100997–6 ISBN 92–0–102698–6 Price: single user: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93) multiuser: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60)

MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A Guidebook Technical Reports Series No. 295

This guidebook describes the facilities, equipment and analytical methods required to determine the concentrations of various INTERVENTION CRITERIA IN A NUCLEAR radionuclides in environmental materials and foodstuffs. OR RADIATION EMERGENCY Safety Series No. 109 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Pathways and samples of interest; 3. Radionuclides of interest; 4. Requirements for laboratories, This Safety Guide represents an international consensus and under- equipment and personnel; 5. Collection and preparation of samples; standing on principles for intervention and numerical values for 6. Analytical methods; 7. Analytical quality control; References: generic intervention levels. It became clear during the Chernobyl Sections 1–7; Bibliography: Sections 1–7; Annex I: Method for Project that there was a need for clarification of the international determining gamma emitters; Annex II: Methods for radiochemical guidance on intervention and, moreover, for a simple set of inter- analysis of strontium; Annex III: Method for radiochemical analysis nally consistent intervention levels having some generic application of tritium; Annex IV: Methods for radiochemical analysis of pluto- internationally. The recommendations in this publication are the nium, americium and curium; Annex V: Units, prefixes and symbols; basis for the standards and numerical guidance related to interven- Annex VI: Nuclear accident scenarios; Annex VII: Radionuclide tion that are contained in the International Basic Safety Standards data; Annex VIII: Grass sample collection; Annex IX: Gamma spec- for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radi- trometric systems; Annex X: Potential suppliers of calibration ation Sources (jointly sponsored by FAO, IAEA, ILO, OECD/NEA, sources and reference materials. PAHO and WHO). STI/DOC/10/295 (169 pp., 15 figures; 1989) Contents: 1. Introduction; Part I: Background and principles; ISBN 92–0–125189–0 Part II: Application to members of the public; Part III: Application Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) to workers; Annex I: Technical analysis to assist in the selection of generic intervention levels; Annex II: Application of generic inter- vention levels; Annex III: Risk perspectives.

STI/PUB/900 (117 pp., 16 figures; 1994) MEDICAL HANDLING OF E ISBN 92–0–103094–0 ACCIDENTALLY EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS F ISBN 92–0–201699–2 Safety Series No. 88 R ISBN 92–0–401698–1 S ISBN 92–0–303396–3 This manual is the first of three Safety Series publications dealing Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) with assessment and treatment of over-exposures which will

60 RADIATION PROTECTION constitute an articulated system of documents covering all aspects of niques for the systematic appraisal of operational radiation protec- diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. It establishes a set of general tion programmes. criteria and recommendations to aid specialists involved in the medical handling of overexposed persons. STI/PUB/806 (55 pp., 8 figures; 1990) ISBN 92–0–123090–7 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Accidental external exposure; Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) 3. Procedures to follow in the event of an external overexposure; 4. Radioactive contamination; 5. Organization, planning and train- ing; 6. Medical advice following accidental occupational exposures; OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION Appendix 1: Internationally available radiation assistance Proceedings Series programmes; Appendix 2: Centres for treatment of accidentally exposed individuals and for training; Appendix 3: Specimen of acci- Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, dent report form; Appendix 4: Early clinical symptoms associated Vienna, 10–14 March 1986. The purpose of the symposium was to with partial body exposure; Appendix 5: Definitions. discuss whether the optimization principle was being successfully applied in practical radiation protection, to illustrate the methodolo- STI/PUB/771 (97 pp., 7 figures; 1988) gies developed and to appraise the role of optimization in radiation ISBN 92–0–123788–X protection by identifying its potential and its limitations. Price: 310 Austrian schillings (€22.53) Contents: The role of radiation protection; Application of the principle of radiation protection; Methods and techniques in the optimization of radiation protection; Closing session.

METHODS FOR REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL STI/PUB/716 (606 pp., 92 figures; 1986) EXPOSURES DURING THE DECOMMISSIONING ISBN 92–0–020386–8 OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES Price: 1490 Austrian schillings (€108.28) Technical Reports Series No. 278

This is a review of methods for reducing occupational exposures during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities. The report focuses PRINCIPLES FOR LIMITING RELEASES OF on water cooled nuclear power plants but, in addition, other major RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS INTO THE nuclear facilities are briefly discussed in this regard. ENVIRONMENT: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 77 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Basic considerations; 4. Methods for reducing occupational exposures; 5. Health physics This publication is a complete revision of Safety Series No. 45, Prin- programme; 6. Optimization of exposure reduction techniques; 7. ciples for Establishing Limits for the Release of Radioactive Mate- Effects on waste management; 8. Relevant experience; 9. Applica- rials into the Environment (1978), and its Annex (1982). It is tion to other facilities; 10. Summary. concerned with the subject of limiting releases of radioactive efflu- ents during normal, controlled operations of nuclear installations. It STI/DOC/10/278 (42 pp.; 1987) does not deal with releases during accidents where it is only possi- ISBN 92–0–125387–7 ble to limit exposures by intervention. In practice, a choice must be Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) made between releasing radioactive materials directly from an installation, storing them, treating and disposing of them by some means, or a combination of these methods.

Contents: Concepts and quantities; Assessment of individual dose; ONE DECADE AFTER CHERNOBYL — ➜NEW Assessment of collective dose; Setting release limits; References; Summing up the Consequences Explanation of terms. of the Accident Proceedings Series STI/PUB/728 (32 pp., 3 figures; 1986) E out of print (see under Accident Response, p. 70) C ISBN 92–0–523690–X F ISBN 92–0–223587–2 R ISBN 92–0–423089–4 S ISBN 92–0–323387–3 Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) OPERATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION: A GUIDE TO OPTIMIZATION Safety Series No. 101 PRINCIPLES FOR THE EXEMPTION OF The purpose of this publication is to provide practical guidance on RADIATION SOURCES AND PRACTICES the application of the dose limitation system contained in the Basic FROM REGULATORY CONTROL Safety Standards for Radiation Protection, Safety Series No. 9, to Safety Series No. 89 operational situations both in large nuclear installations and in much smaller facilities, with special reference to the principles of opti- The need for a consistent international approach to exclusion and mization. It supersedes Safety Series No. 13. exemption of radiation sources and practices from regulatory control has become increasingly evident, especially for sources which may Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Dose limitation system; 3. Optimiza- be transported from one country to another, such as consumer prod- tion and its practical application to operational radiation protection; ucts containing very small amounts of radioactive material. This 4. Major elements of an effective operational radiation protection safety guide represents a first international consensus on the subject programme; Annex I: Review of selected parts of the Basic Safety of exemption principles. It recommends a procedure which might be Standards with special reference to operational radiation protection; followed in implementing the IAEA/NEA(OECD)/ILO/WHO Basic Annex II: Optimization of radiation protection; Annex III: Tech- Safety Standards for Radiation Protection.

61 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic concepts; 3. Definitions of prac- 1: ISBN 92–0–102194–1 tice and source; 4. Principles for exemption; 5. Application of the 2: ISBN 92–0–103096–7 principles for exemption to a single practice; 6. Preparation and 3: ISBN 92–0–101197–0 administration of exemptions; Annex: Examples of definitions of Price: Vol. 1: 640 Austrian schillings (€46.51) some practices and sources. Vol. 2: 1360 Austrian schillings (€98.84) Vol. 3: 760 Austrian schillings (€55.23) STI/PUB/817 (23 pp.; 1988) E ISBN 92–0–123888–6 F ISBN 92–0–223689–5 RADIATION MONITORING IN THE MINING R ISBN 92–0–423889–5 AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES S ISBN 92–0–323689–9 Safety Series No. 95 Price: 130 Austrian schillings (€9.45) (See under Uranium Mining and Milling, p. 26)

PROVISION OF OPERATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION SERVICES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS RADIATION PROTECTION AND THE ➜NEW Safety Series No. 103 SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES: A Safety Fundamental This publication gives guidance on the radiation protection services Safety Series No. 120 that are needed during the operation of a nuclear power plant to achieve acceptable performance in radiation safety and on the opti- (See under Radiation Sources and Accelerators, p. 52) mization process that must be applied to these sevices to comply with the ALARA principle. It presents a broad overview of environ- mental monitoring, radioactive waste management, emergency plan- RADIATION PROTECTION DURING OPERATION OF ning, the transportation of radioactive material and the analytical NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide services associated with the assessment of internal and external radi- Safety Series No. 50-SG-O5 ation doses. (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 41) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. A review of the system of dose limita- tion for radiation protection; 3. Development of a general opera- tional radiation protection programme; 4. Organization and manage- RADIATION PROTECTION IN NUCLEAR ENERGY ment; 5. Personnel selection and training; 6. Occupational radiation Proceedings Series control; 7. Public radiation control; 8. Review of major factors affecting the optimization of operational radiation protection in a Proceedings of a conference, Sydney, Australia, 18–22 April 1988. nuclear power plant; Annex I: Practical seven stage framework for The purpose of the conference was to exchange views on the the optimization of a complete operational programme; Annex II: principles of radiation protection, to highlight issues of current Example of a policy statement for radiation protection. importance, to examine the problems encountered in applying the principles of radiation protection and, where possible, to identify STI/PUB/808 (60 pp., 2 figures; 1990) generic solutions. The important topics covered were the interface ISBN 92–0–123490–2 between nuclear safety and radiation protection, practices exempted Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) from regulatory control, a review of the dosimetry of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors, derived intervention levels and the experience gained from the Chernobyl and Goiânia accidents. An RADIATION AND SOCIETY: ➜NEW additional feature of the conference was the inclusion of two key COMPREHENDING RADIATION RISK discussion sessions on the linear dose–response relationship and on Proceedings Series education and training in radiation protection.

Proceedings of an international conference, Paris, 24–28 October Contents: (Vol. 1) Opening session; Nuclear safety and radiation 1994. Upon a request by the IAEA, the Swedish Risk Academy protection; Evolution of radiation protection principles; Regulation commissioned a set of background papers on issues relating to the of radiation protection; Optimization and decision aiding; The comprehension of radiation risk to serve as a scientific input for the dose–response relationship: Implications for nuclear energy; Panel conference. The papers cover topics of importance for risk assess- 1. The dose–response relationship in practice: Problems and solu- ment and for comprehending and communicating on radiation risk. tions; (Vol. 2) Occupational radiation protection; Limitation of radioactive releases; Safe disposal of radioactive wastes; Radio- Contents: (Vol. 1) 1. Introduction; 2. Comprehending radiation risk; logical impact of nuclear facilities; Accident response planning; 3. The concept of probability; 4. Risk perception; 5. Interpreting Accident experiences; Panel 2. Radiation protection education and epidemiological results; 6. Problems in radiation risk assessment; 7. training; Summary of the Conference and closing remarks. Cause structure of global mortality; 8. Radiation levels; 9. Problems in risk comparisons; 10. Risk communication; 11. Risk and ethics. STI/PUB/783 (Vol. 1: 494 pp., 72 figures; Vol. 2: 522 pp., 68 figures; 1988) (Vol. 2) Background papers prepared for the conference by IPSN; 1: ISBN 92–0–020388–4 Poster presentations: Assessment of radiation exposure levels; 2: ISBN 92–0–020488–0 Assessment of radiation health effects; Impact of radiation on the Price: Vol. 1: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) environment; Perception of radiation risk; Managing radiation risk; Vol. 2: 1300 Austrian schillings (€94.47) The nuclear weapons legacy; Cancer and leukaemia clusters; Radon in homes; Radioactive waste disposal and the environment; Cher- nobyl health effects. (Vol. 3) Conference summary; Opening RADIATION PROTECTION INFRASTRUCTURE addresses; Technical sessions; Case study sessions; Special lecture, Proceedings Series closing adresses; Media forums, media and policy makers forum, decision makers session. Proceedings of a symposium, Munich, 7–11 May 1990. The expand- ing application of ionizing radiation in medicine, industry and STI/PUB/959 (Vol. 1: 196 pp., 7 figures; 1994; Vol. 2: 455 pp., research calls for vigorous promotion of effective radiation protec- 84 figures; 1996; Vol. 3: 249 pp., 13 figures; 1997) tion efforts, not only to prevent any unsafe practices but also to

62 RADIATION PROTECTION assess correctly and provide authoritative information on the safety stan. The objectives of the study were to assess the current and of adopted practices. The purpose of the symposium was to review potential future radiation doses to the residents of the Semipalatinsk experience gained in Member States with existing infrastructures for nuclear test site area and adjacent settlements, to advise on remedial ensuring radiation safety and to discuss how safety standards could action, where appropriate, and to recommend whether further radio- most effectively be applied in the national context. logical evaluation of the area is warranted.

Contents: Regulation and licensing; National infrastructures; Contents: 1. Summary; 2. The Semipalatinsk test site; 3. Back- Education and training; Personnel dosimetry services; Control ground; 4. Programme of IAEA assistance; 5. Perspective on global programmes; Services and special issues; International activities; nuclear weapons testing; 6. Radiological conditions at the Semi- Panel: The role of the IAEA in strengthening radiation protection palatinsk test site; 7. Estimates of present and future doses to infrastructures. persons in and around the test site; 8. Radiation protection criteria; 9. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix: Method of assess- STI/PUB/840 (512 pp., 48 figures; 1990) ing radiation doses. ISBN 92–0–020390–6 Price: 1360 Austrian schillings (€98.84) STI/PUB/1063 (43 pp., 10 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) ISBN 92–0–104098–9 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES

This series comprises reports on assessments made by the IAEA in RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF ➜NEW areas around the world that are contaminated by radioactive residues THE WESTERN KARA SEA from past activities conducted without applying international radia- Radiological Assessment Reports Series tion protection standards. Such residues result from peaceful activi- ties such as uranium mining and milling as well as from military This report presents the findings of the International Arctic Seas activities that were outside the scope of international standards, Assessment Project (IASAP), which was designed to address including the production and testing of nuclear weapons. concerns over the potential health and environmental impacts of high level radioactive waste dumped in the shallow waters of the Arctic Seas. The following aspects were covered: (i) examination of the current radiological situation in Arctic waters due to the dumped RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT BIKINI ATOLL: ➜NEW wastes; (ii) evaluation of potential future releases from the dumped PROSPECTS FOR RESETTLEMENT wastes; (iii) prediction of environmental transport of potential Radiological Assessment Reports Series releases and assessment of the associated radiological impact on humans and biota; and (iv) examination of the feasibility, costs and The general concern about the state of the environment has focused benefits of possible remedial measures. the attention of many countries in recent years on the need to reme- diate areas affected by radioactive residues. The present assessment Contents: Executive summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Radiological was requested by the Government of the Republic of the Marshall protection and decision making; 3. The Arctic environment; 4. The Islands, with the purpose of obtaining an independent view of the radioactive source term; 5. Environmental modelling for radiologi- radiological situation on Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear weapons cal impact assessment; 6. Possible remedial actions; 7. Analysis of testing in the period 1946–1958. In particular, questions were posed the need for remedial actions; 8. Conclusions and recommendations. about whether the former inhabitants should be permitted to return to their homes and about the nature and extent of any remedial STI/PUB/1068 (124 pp., 38 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) actions which might be necessary. This report presents the results ISBN 92–0–104298–1 and conclusions of a meeting of international experts convened by Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) the IAEA and chaired by K. Lokan, Australia, in December 1995 to review the available information on the subject. THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION AT THE Contents: 1. Summary; 2. The Marshall Islands; 3. Background: ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA Nuclear weapon testing in the Marshall Islands and its aftermath at Reports by an International Advisory Committee Bikini Atoll; 4. The international review; 5. Radiological concepts in Radiological Assessment Reports Series the context of nuclear weapon testing; 6. Present environmental radiological conditions at Bikini Atoll; 7. Estimates of potential radiation doses to people resettling Bikini island under present The Study of the Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and conditions; 8. Radiation protection criteria; 9. Habitability of Bikini Fangataufa was conducted at the request of the Government of islands; 10. Conclusions and recommendations; References; Adden- France to determine whether, as a consequence of French nuclear dum: IAEA corroboratory monitoring mission to Bikini island. tests conducted above and beneath these atolls, radiological hazards could arise, now or in the future; and to recommend the form, scale STI/PUB/1054 (67 pp., 11 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) and duration of any monitoring, remedial action or follow-up action ISBN 92–0–100398–6 that might be required. An International Advisory Committee was Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) convened by the Director General of the IAEA to provide scientific direction and guidance on the conduct of the Study. The first meeting of the IAC was held in April 1996 and its final meeting in RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT THE ➜NEW February 1998. In addition to IAEA Secretariat staff, 55 scientists SEMIPALATINSK TEST SITE, KAZAKHSTAN: from 18 countries and four international organizations participated Preliminary Assessment and in the Study, including the environmental sampling and surveillance Recommendations for Further Studies campaigns, which involved 18 laboratories in 12 countries. Radiological Assessment Reports Series The results of the Study are presented in four separate publications: This report presents the findings of a study of the current radio- The Main Report; the Executive Summary (which is also incorpo- logical conditions at the former nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk, rated in the Main Report); the Summary Report; and the Technical Kazakhstan, conducted by a team of international experts under the Report. The Main Report is the primary publication of the Study and auspices of the IAEA at the request of the Government of Kazakh- provides a comprehensive scientific account, together with findings,

63 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY conclusions and recommendation. The Executive Summary is repro- atolls; 5. Inventory of residual radioactive material in the geosphere duced from the original document presented to the IAEA Board of of the atolls; 6. Transport of residual radioactive material through Governors. The Summary Report provides an extended synopsis of the geosphere; 7. Effects of hypothetical disruptive events; 8. Trans- the Study for the benefit of a wider audience, and includes its find- port of residual radioactive material through the marine environ- ings, conclusions and recommendation in full. The Main Report is ment; Part C: Results I; 9. Radiation doses and their potential for supported by the detailed Technical Report in six volumes, which is impact on human health; 10. Potential impact of radiation doses on intended for the scientific specialist. biota; 11. The need for remediation; Perspective; Part D: Conclu- sions and recommendations; 12. Findings; 13. Conclusions; An international Conference was held from 29 June to 3 July 1998 14. Recommendation; References; Annex I: Retrospective assess- to present the Study to the scientific community. The proceedings ment of the radiation doses attributable to atmospheric testing at the can be obtained with the Technical Report. atolls; Annex II: Ciguatera: Incidence and cause; Annex III: Ioniz- ing radiation: Levels and biological effects; Annex IV: Some fission The Executive Summary and the Summary Report are available and fusion physics and the testing of nuclear weapons; Glossary. separately as priced publications. Purchasers of the Main Report (which incorporates the Executive Summary) will also receive the Purchasers of the Main Report will automatically receive the Summary Report at no extra cost, and may obtain the Technical Summary Report at no extra cost. Report in six volumes and the Conference proceedings at no extra charge by returning the reply card included with the Main Report. STI/PUB/1028 (282 pp., 132 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) E ISBN 92–0–101198–9 F ISBN 92–0–203498–2 THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA: Executive Summary Report by an International Advisory Committee THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW Radiological Assessment Reports Series AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA: Summary Report SITUATION RADIOLOGIQUE Report by an International Advisory Committee SUR LES ATOLLS DE MURUROA Radiological Assessment Reports Series ET DE FANGATAUFA: Synthèse Rapport par un Comité consultatif international The Summary Report provides a synopsis of the Study for the Collection Rapports d’évaluations radiologiques benefit of a wider audience, and includes its findings, conclusions and recommendation in full. It explains the background to the Study, The Executive Summary, which is incorporated in the Main Report giving data on the French nuclear weapon tests, and summarizes the and also available separately, presents a synopsis of the Main Report Study’s assessment of the environmental legacy of weapon testing at for the benefit of persons with executive, managerial or administra- the two atolls. The Study’s estimates of consequent radiation doses tive responsibilities, together with its findings, conclusions and at present and in the future are summarized. The basis in radiation recommendation. It is issued as one single publication in English protection for the Study’s conclusions and recommendation is and French. presented in brief. Additional material to aid understanding and provide perspective is included in 14 text boxes. Contents/Table des matières: Introduction/Introduction; Objec- tive/Objectif; Framework/Cadre; Conduct of the Study/ Conduite de Contents: Introduction; The nuclear weapon tests conducted by l’étude; Reports resulting from the Study/Rapports résultant de France in the South Pacific; The Study and the International Advi- l’étude; Findings/Résultats; Conclusions/Conclusions; Recommen- sory Committee; Assessment of present radiological conditions; dation/Recommandation; Participants in the Study/Personnes ayant Assessment of future radiological conditions; Estimated doses due participé à l’étude. to residual radioactive material; Conclusions and recommendation; Annex: French nuclear tests at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. STI/PUB/1028/ES (26 pp., 21 × 30 cm; 1998) ISBN 92–0–001898–X STI/PUB/1029 (62 pp., 26 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) E ISBN 92–0–101298–5 F ISBN 92–0–203598–9 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA: Main Report Report by an International Advisory Committee Radiological Assessment Reports Series RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE OPERATION OF ELECTRON LINEAR ACCELERATORS The Main Report, which incorporates the bilingual (English/ Technical Reports Series No. 188 French) Executive Summary (see above), gives a comprehensive scientific account of the Study, together with data on the French Electron linear accelerators are being used throughout the world in nuclear weapon tests. It presents the results of the Study’s assess- increasing numbers in a variety of important applications. Foremost ment of the environmental legacy of weapon testing at the atolls and among these is their role in the treatment of cancer. Commercial estimates of consequent radiation doses at present and in the future, uses include non-destructive testing by radiography, food preserva- drawing on the supporting detailed Technical Report. The findings, tion, product sterilization and radiation processing of materials such conclusions and recommendation are presented, together with an as plastics and adhesives. Scientific applications include investiga- account of their basis in radiation protection and further background tions in radiation biology, radiation chemistry, nuclear and elemen- material to provide perspective. tary particle physics and radiation research. This manual provides authoritative guidance in radiation protection for this important cate- Contents: Executive Summary; Part A: Background: 1. The Study; gory of radiation sources. 2. Geography, geology and history of the atolls; 3. Nuclear testing programme; Part B: Present and predicted radiological situations: Contents: Introduction; Uses and characteristics of electron linear 4. Inventory of residual radioactive material in the biosphere at the accelerators; Radiation at electron linear accelerator installations;

64 RADIATION PROTECTION

Radiation shielding; Typical installations; Radiation monitoring and for protection against ionizing radiation. The Safety Standards interpretation of measurements; Requirements for an effective Series supersedes the Safety Series, in which over 200 publications safety programme; General bibliography; Appendices. were issued. Safety Standards Series publications are categorized into: STI/DOC/10/188 (327 pp., 75 figures; 1979) ISBN 92–0–125179–3 • Safety Fundamentals (F; blue lettering), stating basic objec- Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42) tives, concepts and principles of safety and protection;

• Safety Requirements (R; red lettering), establishing the RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY ASPECTS OF THE requirements that must be fulfilled to ensure safety for OPERATION OF PROTON ACCELERATORS particular activities or applications; and Technical Reports Series No. 283 • Safety Guides (G; green lettering), recommending actions, This report serves as a guide for the planning and implementation of conditions or procedures for complying with these safety radiation protection programmes for all types of positive ion accel- requirements. erators. The basic types of accelerators are briefly described, followed by a detailed description of several installations covering For numbering purposes, the Safety Standards Series is subdivided the energy range from 10 MeV to 500 GeV. Special emphasis is into the areas of nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport given to the production of ionizing radiation and its transmission safety (TS) and waste safety (WS), and also general safety (GS; that through shielding, computer techniques for shield design, radiation is, of relevance in two or more of the four areas). measurement and interpretation, and the radiological impact of accelerators on the environment. Extensive references are given so the book can serve as a source to the published literature.

Contents: Introduction; Characteristics of positive ion accelerators; RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY Radiation environment of positive ion accelerators; Radiation measurements at accelerators; Radiation shielding; Accelerator radi- ation safety programme; Radiological environmental impact of For Safety Requirements see Safety Series No. 115, INTER- accelerators; Sources of information and bibliography on accelera- NATIONAL BASIC SAFETY STANDARDS FOR PROTECTION AGAINST tor radiation protection. IONIZING RADIATION AND THE SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES, p. 59. STI/DOC/10/283 (473 pp., 134 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–125188–2 Price: 1210 Austrian schillings (€87.93) OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION ➜NEW PROTECTION: Safety Guide Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.1 SAFE HANDLING OF TRITIUM Technical Reports Series No. 324 The present Safety Guide provides general guidance on the estab- lishment of an effective radiation protection programme for occupa- This publication contains information on the dosimetry and tional exposure, appropriate for the sources of radiation likely to be monitoring of tritium, the use of protective clothing for work with encountered in a range of industries, medical institutions, educa- tritium, safe practices in tritium handling laboratories and details of tional and research establishments and nuclear fuel cycle facilities. tritium compatible materials. The information has been compiled The report further provides the necessary guidance to meet the from experience in the various applications of tritium and should requirements as laid down in Safety Series No. 115, International represent valuable source material to all users of tritium, including Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation those involved in fusion R&D. and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (1996).

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Radiological hazards and dosimetry; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Framework for occupational radiation 3. Tritium monitoring; 4. Personal protective clothing; 5. Properties protection; 3. Dose limitation; 4. Optimization of radiation protec- and compatibility of materials for safe practice in tritium containing tion for practices; 5. Radiation protection programmes; 6. Interven- systems; 6. Management of tritiated wastes; 7. Safe handling of tion in emergencies; 7. Health surveillance. tritium in laboratories; Annex I: Gaseous tritium light source manu- facturing; Annex II: Commercial radiochemical manufacturing; Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. Annex III: Safe handling of tritium in low and medium level univer- sity and medical facilities; Annex IV: Tritium safe handling in heavy STI/PUB/1081 (73 pp., 2 figures; 1999) water reactors. ISBN 92–0–102299–9 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) STI/DOC/10/324 (130 pp., 37 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–125391–5 Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL ➜NEW EXPOSURE DUE TO INTAKES OF RADIONUCLIDES: Safety Guide Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.2

SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES The present Safety Guide addresses the assessment of exposure due to intakes of radionuclides in the workplace and reflects the major The IAEA Safety Standards Series comprises publications of a regu- changes which have occurred in international practice in internal latory nature covering nuclear safety, radiation protection, radioac- dose assessment over the past decade. The report further provides tive waste management, the transport of radioactive materials, the the necessary guidance to meet the requirements as laid down in safety of nuclear fuel cycle facilities and quality assurance. These Safety Series No. 115, International Basic Safety Standards for publications are issued under the terms of Article III of the Agency’s Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Statute, which authorizes the Agency to establish standards of safety Sources (1996).

65 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Dosimetric quantities; 3. Monitoring THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT programmes; 4. Direct methods; 5. Indirect methods; 6. Biokinetic Assessment of Radiological Consequences models for internal dosimetry; 7. Interpretation of measurements; and Evaluation of Protective Measures: 8. Dose record keeping and reporting; 9. Quality assurance; Appen- Reports by an International Advisory Committee dix I: Suggested criteria for individual monitoring; Appendix II: Detection limits for measurement methods; References; Annex I: Basic data. The International Chernobyl Project was launched in 1990 at the request of the Government of the USSR to assess the environmental Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. and health situation in the areas of the Soviet Union contaminated by the Chernobyl accident and to evaluate the measures taken by the STI/PUB/1077 (85 pp., 7 figures; 1999) authorities to safeguard the health of the population still living in these ISBN 92–0–101999–8 areas. Some 200 scientists from 25 countries and 7 international and Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) regional organizations participated in this Project. An International Advisory Committee was set up to oversee the Project and approve its conclusions and recommendations. Almost 50 missions to the USSR ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE ➜NEW were carried out in order to obtain the best available information and DUE TO EXTERNAL SOURCES OF RADIATION: to make an independent assessment of the situation. Safety Guide Safety Standards Series No. RS-G-1.3 The results of the International Chernobyl Project are presented in two main documents: The full Technical Report, which contains, in The present Safety Guide addresses the assessment of exposure to addition to the conclusions and recommendations of the Project, all external sources of radiation in the workplace and the monitoring of the relevant methodologies and the data upon which they are based, workers and the workplace in such situations. It also reflects the and the Overview, which gives a summary of the methodologies major changes over the past decade in international practice in exter- presented in the Technical Report together with the conclusions and nal dose assessment. It further provides the necessary guidance to recommendations. While the Technical Report is intended for the meet the requirements as laid down in Safety Series No. 115, Inter- scientific community, the Overview is intended for decision makers, national Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing concerned groups and the informed public. Three maps showing the Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (1996). distribution of surface ground contamination by plutonium, stron- tium and caesium released by the Chernobyl accident and deposited Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Dosimetric quantities; 3. Monitoring in the Byelorussian SSR, the Russian SFSR and the Ukraine are programmes; 4. Dosimetric specifications; 5. Type testing; 6. Pre- attached to the Overview. A third document, containing the use and periodic testing; 7. Performance testing; 8. Dose record proceedings of an International Conference which took place in keeping and reporting; 9. Quality assurance; Appendix: Monitoring Vienna in May 1991, presents the Project results to the scientific for skin contamination and assessment of skin dose; References; community and to the media. The Proceedings should be read in Annex I: Summary of recommended radiation weighting factors and conjunction with either the Overview or the Technical Report. Q–L relationships; Annex II: Instrumentation for individual moni- toring; Annex III: Instrumentation for workplace monitoring; Annex IV: Reference conditions and standard test conditions; Annex V: THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: Data relevant to type testing of personal dosimeters and area moni- An Overview tors in terms of the operational quantities; Annex VI: Examples of IEC standards on radiation monitoring equipment. Contents: Chapter 1: The International Chernobyl Project; Chapter 2: Environmental contamination; Chapter 3: Radiation Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. exposure of the population; Chapter 4: Health impact; Chapter 5: Protective measures; Appendix: Historical portrayal; Epilogue; STI/PUB/1076 (89 pp., 5 figures; 1999) International Advisory Committee. ISBN 92–0–101799–5 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) STI/PUB/884 (57 pp., 23 figures, 3 surface contamination maps, 21 × 24 cm; 1991) E ISBN 92–0–129091–8 R out of print Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR LIMITING RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS IN THE CASE OF THE MINING AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: Safety Series No. 90 Proceedings of an International Conference held in Vienna, 21–24 May 1991, for presentation This publication provides general guidance on the application of and discussion of the Technical Report Safety Series No. 77 (1986), Principles for Limiting Releases of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment, to the setting of limits Contents: Programme of the Conference; Director General’s for the release of radioactive substances during normal operation of opening address; Chairman’s opening address; Introductory address the mining and milling of radioactive ores, as well as general guid- by the Head of the USSR delegation; M. Rosen: The International ance on assessing the resulting individual and collective doses. Chernobyl Project; P. Waight: WHO’s International Programme on the Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident (IPHECA); Session 2: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic concepts; 3. Sources of radionu- Environmental contamination; Session 3: Radiation exposure of the clide releases from uranium mining and milling facilities; population; Sessions 4 and 5: Health impact; Session 6: Protective 4. Methodology for calculating doses to individuals resulting from measures; Section 7: Management of contaminated agricultural releases; 5. Optimization of release control; 6. Guidance for appli- areas; Panel discussion: The lessons learned; The Director General’s cation; Appendix. closing remarks; Chairman’s closing remarks.

STI/PUB/779 (78 pp., 7 figures; 1989) STI/PUB/894 (93 pp., 21 × 29.7 cm; 1991) ISBN 92–0–123089–3 ISBN 92–0–129391–7 Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

66 RADIATION PROTECTION — ACCIDENT RESPONSE

THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: STI/DOC/010/368 (127 pp., 15 figures; 1994) Technical Report ISBN 92–0–101694–8 Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) Contents: Part A. Introduction; Part B. Broadening understanding; Part C. Historical portrayal; Part D. Environmental contamination; Part E. Radiation exposure of the population; Part F. Health impact; Part G. Protective measures; Part H. Conclusions and recommenda- ACCIDENTAL OVEREXPOSURE ➜NEW tions; Annex I: 137Cs and 90Sr contamination levels; Annex II: Ques- OF RADIOTHERAPY PATIENTS IN tions put to experts. SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA

STI/PUB/885 (640 pp., 238 figures, 21 × 29.7 cm; 1991) This report summarizes the assessment made of an accidental over- E ISBN 92–0–129191–4 exposure of radiotherapy patients that occurred at the San Juan de R ISBN 92–0–400192–5 Dios Hospital in San José, Costa Rica, in August and Septem- Price: 1800 Austrian schillings (€130.81) ber 1996. The assessment was carried out by an Expert Team convened by the IAEA in July 1997 at the request of the Govern- ment of Costa Rica. The findings of the Expert Team’s assessment are presented in two parts: (1) an evaluation of the doses to patients THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN GOIÂNIA by analysing the treatment records and physical measurements; and (2) a medical examination of patients, together with the autopsy (See under Accident Response, p. 71) findings for those who died. Thirty cross-sectional images are repro- duced that show the dose reconstructions made for some of the patients. The purpose of the report is to foster information exchange THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN SAN SALVADOR with a view to preventing similar accidents in the future.

(See under Accident Response, p. 71) Contents: Preface; Executive Summary; 1. Overview of radio- therapy and radiation protection; Part I. Background; 2. History of the accident; 3. Expert Assessment organized by the IAEA; Part II. THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN SOREQ Findings of the Expert Team; 4. Assessment of the dosimetry and the status of the equipment and the facility; 5. Medical effects of radia- (See under Accident Response, p. 71) tion exposure of the patients; Part III. Conclusions and recommen- dations; 6. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix I: Results of the dosimetric findings and the status of the equipment and the THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN TAMMIKU ➜NEW facility; Appendix II: Data on patients; Annex: Records on the participation of the San Juan de Dios Hospital in the IAEA/WHO (see under Accident Response, p. 72) TLD postal dose quality audit; Addendum: Reconstruction of the doses to normal tissue for patients with marked adverse effects.

THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN ➜NEW STI/PUB/1027 (176 pp., 45 figures; 1998) THE REPROCESSING PLANT AT TOMSK E ISBN 92–0–102098–8 S ISBN 92–0–302799–8 (see under Accident Response, p. 72) Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60)

AN ELECTRON ACCELERATOR ACCIDENT ➜NEW IN HANOI, VIET NAM Accident Response On 17 November 1992 a radiological accident occurred at an elec- tron accelerator facility in Hanoi, Viet Nam. An individual entered ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMMES IN the irradiation room without the operators’ knowledge and unwit- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Guidebook tingly exposed his hands to the X ray beam. His hands were seri- Technical Reports Series No. 368 ously injured and one hand had to be amputated. The report details the circumstances of the accident, its medical consequences and the This guidebook provides a systematic, structured approach to the governmental response. development and implementation of plant specific accident manage- ment programmes. It describes the major elements of accident Contents: 1. Introduction: 1.1. Background to the IAEA post- management and their relationships, presents possible methods and accident review; 2. Regulatory control in Viet Nam; 3. The techniques to solve specific problems and gives practical examples. irradiation facility: 3.1. Facility origins and layout; 3.2. Accelerator Its main emphasis is on generic accident management guidelines, design and operation; 3.3. Safety systems and procedures; 4. The including evaluation of vulnerabilities, accident management strate- accident and the response: 4.1. The accident; 4.2. The response; gies, symptom oriented emergency operating procedures, system 5. Medical management: 5.1. Before hospitalization; 5.2. In hospital utilization, training and organization. in Hanoi; 5.3. Specialized treatment in Paris; 6. Assessment of the dose to the patient: 6.1. Post-accident measurements at the facility; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic principles of accident manage- 6.2. Materials exposed in the accident; 7. Lessons learned: 7.1. ment; 3. Framework for the development and implementation of an Conclusions; 7.2. Recommendations to organizations operating irra- accident management programme; 4. Summary and conclusions; diation facilities; 7.3. General recommendations to regulatory References; Annex I: Accident management directing principles; authorities; 7.4. Recommendation to medical authorities; Annex II: Example of a guideline for the development of an accident 7.5. Recommendations to equipment suppliers; Annex. management programme; Annex III: Example of application of the development of an accident management programme to a severe STI/PUB/1008 (36 pp., 15 figures; 1996) accident; Annex IV: Assessment of vulnerabilities; Annex V: Acci- E ISBN 92–0–100496–6 dent management procedures and guidance. Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

67 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

CLEANUP OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED large volumes of contaminated materials, with the objective of mini- AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT mizing the consequences of such an accident. It is closely linked to Technical Reports Series No. 300 Technical Reports Series No. 300, Cleanup of Large Areas Contam- inated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident (1989), and No. 327, Plan- Experience at Chernobyl showed that the main long term radiologi- ning for Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a cal consequence to the population will probably be external expo- Nuclear Accident (1991). sure from radioactive fallout deposited on the ground. The present text provides an overview of the methodology and technology avail- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose; 3. Scope; 4. Waste character- able for cleaning up large areas and gives preliminary guidance on istics and quantities; 5. Treatment of wastes; 6. Scenarios for the the planning, implementation and management of such cleanups. transportation and disposal of wastes; 7. Loading and transportation of large volumes of waste; 8. Disposal of large volumes of waste; 9. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purposes of the report; 3. Scope; Disposal of facility operation, closure and surveillance; 10. Review 4. Planning the cleanup; 5. Managing the cleanup; 6. Characterizing of operational experience; 11. Radiation protection and safety plan; the affected area; 7. Deposition of contamination on surfaces; 12. Conclusions; Appendix A: Radiological criteria required to 8. Characterizing the contamination; 9. Stabilization of contamina- implement the cleanup of large areas after an accident at a nuclear tion; 10. Decontamination techniques and equipment; 11. Interdic- facility; Appendix B: A generic method for estimating costs of waste tion of an area; 12. Application of cleanup technology to situations loading, transportation and disposal; Appendix C: Experience in involving high radiation fields; 13. Loading and transporting large Canada with the transportation and long term management of volumes of wastes; 14. Disposal of large volumes of wastes; radioactively contaminated soils; Appendix D: Experience in the 15. Radiation protection and safety; 16. Conclusions and recom- USA with the transportation and disposal of radium contaminated mendations; Annex A: The cleanup after the accident at the Cher- waste; Appendix E: Transportation and disposal of large volumes of nobyl nuclear power plant. contaminated material arising from cleanup after the Chernobyl accident. STI/DOC/10/300 (135 pp., 31 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–125289–7 STI/DOC/10/330 (69 pp., 18 figures; 1992) Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) ISBN 92–0–100792–2 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

DERIVED INTERVENTION LEVELS FOR APPLICATION IN CONTROLLING RADIATION DOSES TO THE PUBLIC IN THE EVENT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY PLANNING AND PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY: PRINCIPLES, PROCEDURES AND DATA FOR ACCIDENTS INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE Safety Series No. 81 MATERIALS USED IN MEDICINE, INDUSTRY, RESEARCH AND TEACHING (See under Radiation Protection, p. 58) Safety Series No. 91

The widespread use of radiation sources in medicine, agriculture, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT ➜NEW industry, research and teaching, in spite of all the precautions taken, OF RADIATION INJURIES may cause accidents which result in injury or death of persons and Safety Reports Series No. 2 damage to property. All practical steps to prevent such accidents must be taken and emergency actions planned in advance in order to The main purpose of this report is to assist physicians involved in limit injuries and damage. Emergency plans should be sufficiently the early medical handling of radiation victims to apply prompt broad to cover unforeseen or very improbable accidents as well as diagnostic measures and emergency treatment. Special emphasis is those that are considered more likely. Such plans should be estab- given to localized radiation injuries, which are the most frequently lished by the users of radioactive materials as well as by local emer- occurring direct health effects observed from ionizing radiation. The gency agencies and national competent authorities. lessons learned from the accidents at Chernobyl (Ukraine, 1986), Goiânia (Brazil, 1987), San Salvador (El Salvador, 1989), Soreq Contents: Introduction; Accident analysis and action levels; Protec- (Israel, 1990) and Nesvizh (Belarus, 1991) on the early medical tive measures; Planning for an emergency response; Procedures for handling of radiation injuries have been incorporated into this implementation; Medical aspects; Public information; Training and report. exercises; Maintaining and updating the emergency plans; Appen- dix I: Examples of accidents involving radioactive materials; Appen- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Types of accidental exposure and their dix II: Sample radiography contingency plan; Appendix III: medical management; 3. External exposure; 4. Contamination with A mobile intervention unit. radionuclides; 5. Combined radiation injuries; 6. Consulting system; 7. Record keeping; References; Annex I: Accidental exposure form STI/PUB/804 (92 pp., 9 figures; 1989) samples; Annex II: Diagnosis and treatment of persons exposed to ISBN 92–0–123189–X caesium-137: The Goiâna experience Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80)

STI/PUB/1040 (59 pp.; 1998) ISBN 92–0–100498–2 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) EMERGENCY PLANNING AND ➜NEW PREPAREDNESS FOR RE-ENTRY OF A NUCLEAR POWERED SATELLITE: DISPOSAL OF WASTE FROM THE CLEANUP A Safety Practice OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED Safety Series No. 119 AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Technical Reports Series No. 330 Although the probability of nuclear powered satellite re-entries is small, the present guidebook was prepared to assist States in plan- The problem of ground contamination in the case of a severe nuclear ning for possible re-entry events and to provide international accident is one of special concern. This report gives guidance on consensus guidance for responding to such a situation. In particular, planning and management of safe transportation and disposal of this document provides guidance for specific actions to be taken

68 ACCIDENT RESPONSE from the time of the announcement of an impending re-entry event LESSONS LEARNED FROM ACCIDENTS IN ➜NEW through the locating, monitoring and recovery phases. INDUSTRIAL IRRADIATION FACILITIES

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Risks associated with re-entry of an The purpose of this publication is to present the results of a review NPS; 3. Emergency planning and preparedness; Annex I: Guidance of accidents in industrial radiography which have either been for local organizations response (local police, civil defence, fire- reported to regulatory authorities or to professional associations, or fighting); Annex II: Guidance for hospitals; Annex III: Guidance for been published in scientific journals. Use of ionizing radiation in local agriculture organizations; Annex IV: Guidance on approaching medicine, industry and research for technical development contin- debris; Annex V: Example criteria for protective actions with respect ues to increase throughout the world. Although this industry has a to direct exposure to widely dispersed radioactive particles from good safety record, there is a potential for accidents with serious reactor powered satellites; Annex VI: Example guidance on decision consequences to human health because of the high dose rates criteria for protective actions with respect to direct exposure to produced by these sources. Five fatal accidents occurred between widely dispersed radioactive particles; Annex VII: Guidance on 1975 and 1994. Such accidents have prompted the present review, establishment of screening centres following re-entry; Annex VIII: carried out by a team of manufacturers, regulatory authorities and Guidance concerning food use folllowing re-entry; Annex IX: Guid- operating organizations. Having closely looked at the circumstances ance concerning water use following re-entry. of each accident, the apparent deficiencies in design, safety and regulatory systems, and personnel performance, the team made a STI/PUB/1014 (61 pp., 4 figures; 1996) number of recommendations. The findings of extensive research ISBN 92–0–104296–5 pertaining to the lessons that can be learned from irradiation acci- Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) dents are presented.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Brief description of accidents; 3. Major causes of accidents and lessons learned; 4. Prevention and EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING AND remedial actions; Annex: Accidents with fatal consequences and PREPAREDNESS FOR TRANSPORT ACCIDENTS with severe radiation injuries; References. INVOLVING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Safety Series No. 87 STI/PUB/1015 (52 pp., 10 figures; 1996) E ISBN 92–0–102696–X (See under Transport of Radioactive Material, p. 54) R ISBN 92–0–403597–8 S ISBN 92–0–303497–8 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

GUIDELINES FOR AGRICULTURAL COUNTERMEASURES FOLLOWING AN ACCIDENTAL RELEASE LESSONS LEARNED FROM ACCIDENTS IN ➜NEW OF RADIONUCLIDES INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY Technical Reports Series No. 363 Safety Reports Series No. 7

This report is a collation of information and experience gained from This Safety Report contains the findings of extensive research in the Chernobyl accident in 1986 concerning the transfer of radionu- terms of the lessons that can be learned from accidents which have clides, especially 137Cs and 90Sr, through food chains to man and the occurred in industrial radiography, both in developed and develop- ways to effectively reduce them. Included are accounts of measures ing countries. The review was carried out by a team of regulatory taken in various countries following the Chernobyl accident, which authorities, manufacturers and safety advisers. The objectives were at the time caused significant radioactive contamination of the envi- to draw lessons from the initiating events of the accidents, the ronment over widely separated areas, some relatively remote from contributing factors and the consequences, and to identify several the site. measures that, if implemented, would improve safety performance in industrial radiography. Contents: Part I. Introduction; 1. Introduction; 2. General consid- erations; 3. Developing a strategy for agricultural countermeasures; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Primary causes of reported accidents; Part II. Agricultural countermeasures: Scientific basis and practice; 3. Lessons learned; 4. Prevention and remedial actions; Annex I: 4. Introduction; 5. Preventive measures to be applied before and Radiation protection training programme for radiographers; during the arrival of radioactive fallout; 6. Countermeasures to be Annex II: Considerations for the safety operating procedures; Annex applied in the first few weeks after deposition; 7. Countermeasures III: Emergency plan; References; Glossary. to be applied in the medium and long term; 8. Losses of radionu- clides in food by processing and culinary preparation; Part III. Orga- STI/PUB/1058 (57 pp.; 1998) nizing for response; 9. Introduction; 10. Emergency preparedness; ISBN 92–0–103098–3 11. Response; 12. Public information and information for Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) farmers; Part IV. Contamination in agriculture from past nuclear accidents; 13. Introduction; 14. Nuclear accident requiring counter- measures only in the short term; 15. Nuclear accident requiring countermeasures in both the short and long term; Glossary. MEDICAL HANDLING OF ACCIDENTALLY EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS STI/DOC/010/363 (115 pp., 1 figure; 1994) Safety Series No. 88 ISBN 92–0–100894–5 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) (See under Radiation Protection, p. 60)

ON-SITE HABITABILITY IN THE EVENT OF AN iNTERVENTION CRITERIA IN A ACCIDENT AT A NUCLEAR FACILITY NUCLEAR OR RADIATION EMERGENCY Safety Series No. 98 Safety Series No. 109 In this report the term ‘habitability’ is used to describe a condition (See under Radiation Protection, p. 60) that determines whether or not occupancy by operating or

69 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY emergency response personnel of a ‘vital’ area of a nuclear installa- PLANNING FOR CLEANUP OF LARGE AREAS tion during an accident is possible on a continuous or transient basis. CONTAMINATED AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Improvements and corrective measures in habitability can be Technical Reports Series No. 327 designed into new installations or implemented at existing facilities. The report provides guidance assessing habitability in existing The present report is the second of three IAEA publications dealing installations and at the design stage for new plants and suggests with the cleanup of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear actions to improve habitability in the event of an accident. accident. It is mainly a planning and management document, outlin- ing the broad strategic and tactical approach to cleanup, the manage- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Key elements of a habitability assess- ment structure and other key requirements. The report also shows ment methodology; 3. A generic methodology for habitability how the various subplans interface and interact to ensure that assessment; 4. Improvement of habitability; 5. Assessment and cleanup can be performed safely, efficiently and as quickly as possi- improvement of habitability after an accident has occurred; Appen- ble under adverse conditions. dix A: Example of assessing and improving habitability for a radio- logical type of accident scenario; Appendix B: Example of assessing Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose; 3. Scope; 4. Responsibilities and improving habitability for a non-radiological type of accident for emergency planning and management; 5. Planning and manag- scenario. ing the cleanup; 6. Data management; 7. Geographical co-ordinate grid system; 8. Radiological survey plan; 9. Compliance with STI/PUB/812 (74 pp., 4 (3 colour) figures; 1989) release criteria; 10. Logistic support; 11. Quality assurance plan; 12. ISBN 92–0–123889–4 Training and exercises; 13. Updating the preliminary cleanup plan. Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) 14. Radiation protection and safety of workers; 15. Summary; Appendix A: Brief review of cleanup methodology and technology; Appendix B: Examples of data management systems which could be applied to the cleanup of large areas.

STI/DOC/10/327 (56 pp., 8 figures; 1991) ONE DECADE AFTER CHERNOBYL — ➜NEW ISBN 92–0–125691–4 Summing Up the Consequences Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) of the Accident Proceedings Series

Proceedings of an international conference, jointly sponsored by the European Commission, IAEA and WHO, and held in co- PLANNING THE MEDICAL RESPONSE ➜NEW operation with UNDHA, UNESCO, UNEP, UNSCEAR, FAO and TO RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS OECD/NEA, Vienna, 8–12 April 1996. Two major objectives were Safety Reports Series No. 4 to reach agreement on established scientific facts and to clarify their interpretation in order to promote comprehension of the This Safety Report was jointly sponsored by the IAEA and WHO. It consequences of the Chernobyl accident and to help dispel misap- outlines the roles and tasks of health authorities and hospital admin- prehensions. Background papers were prepared by teams of scien- istrators in emergency preparedness for radiological accidents and tists from around the world who collaborated to ascertain and provides information relevant to the integration of medical prepared- present the current state of knowledge on the health and environ- ness into emergency plans. mental consequences of the accident. Nuclear safety aspects and the accident’s social and economic impact were also considered, as Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Classification of possible radiological well as the conclusions drawn at related conferences and in other accidents; 3. Basic medical response to radiological accidents; national and international projects. The conference was attended by Annex I: Major radiation accidents (1945–1997) in nuclear industry, more than 800 experts in the field of radiation protection and non-nuclear industry, research and medicine involving workers as nuclear safety, including medical, environmental and engineering well as members of the public; Annex II: List of international specialists. The conference did much to achieve a broad consensus consulting centres; Annex III: Plan of an ideal reception centre for on the accident’s consequences and to consolidate a common radiation casualties. understanding of their nature and magnitude. In particular, the results of the conference will assist those countries most affected by STI/PUB/1055 (31 pp.; 1998) the consequences in developing well informed and balanced poli- ISBN 92–0–102598–X cies for their alleviation. The proceedings contain a summary of the Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) conference results and the texts of oral presentations and discus- sions, while an IAEA technical document (TECDOC) will repro- duce material from 181 poster presentations as well as the List of Participants. PREPAREDNESS OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES FOR Contents: Summary of the conference results; Opening session; EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: Briefing seminar: Updating sessions; Keynote presentations. Tech- A Safety Guide nical symposium: Topical session 1: Clinically observed effects; Safety Series No. 50-SG-G6 Topical session 2: Thyroid effects; Topical session 3: Long term health effects; Topical session 4: Other health related effects: (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 33) Psychological consequences, stress, anxiety; Topical session 5: Consequences for the environment; Topical session 6: Social, economic, institutional and political impact; Topical session 7: Nuclear safety remedial measures; Topical session 8: The conse- quences in perspective: Prognosis for the future; Concluding session PREPAREDNESS OF THE OPERATING ORGANIZATION of the technical symposium; Panel discussion; Closing session. (LICENSEE) FOR EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide STI/PUB/1001 (555 pp., 42 figures; 1996) Safety Series No. 50-SG-O6 ISBN 92–0–103796–1 Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 41)

70 ACCIDENT RESPONSE

RECOVERY OPERATIONS IN THE EVENT OF A Contents: Executive summary; Part I. The accident: 1. Introduction; NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY 2. Background information; 3. Description of the accident; 4. Initial Proceedings Series actions upon discovery of the accident; Part II. The human conse- quences: Dealing with the people affected; 5. Medical response; 6. Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 6–10 November 1989. The Dosimetry; Part III. The environmental contamination: Assessment purpose was to provide a forum for review of actual experience and remedial actions; 7. Introduction and account of actions taken; gained and lessons learned from recovery techniques and operations 8. Environmental assessments; 9. Decontamination; 10. Waste in response to serious accidents at nuclear facilities and accidents disposal; Part IV. Observations and recommendations; Appendices associated with radioactive materials, and also to consider the devel- and annexes. opment of emergency planning and preparedness resources. A special feature of the symposium programme was a full session on STI/PUB/815 (132 pp., 25 figures + 32 colour photographs; 1988) an accident involving a chemical explosion in a high level waste E ISBN 92–0–129088–8 tank at a plutonium extraction plant in the Southern Urals in the F ISBN 92–0–229089–X USSR in 1957. R ISBN 92–0–429089–7 S ISBN 92–0–329089–3 Contents: Recovery operations from accidents with radioactive Price: 430 Austrian schillings (€31.25) materials; On-site recovery operations (nuclear facilities); Offsite recovery operations (nuclear facilities); The accident in the Southern Urals in 1957; Lessons learned from radiological accidents. THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN SAN SALVADOR

STI/PUB/826 (657 pp., 123 figures; 1990) On 5 February 1989, a radiological accident occurred at an indus- ISBN 92–0–020290–X trial irradiation facility near San Salvador, El Salvador. Medical Price 1750 Austrian schillings (€127.18) products are sterilized at the facility by irradiation by means of an intensely radioactive cobalt-60 source in a movable source rack. This source rack became stuck in the irradiation position. The oper- THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT AT THE ➜NEW ator bypassed the irradiator’s degraded safety systems and entered IRRADIATION FACILITY IN NESVIZH the radiation room with two other workers to free the source rack manually. The three men were exposed to high radiation doses and On 26 October 1991, a fatal radiological accident occurred at an developed the acute radiation syndrome. They received initial hospi- industrial sterilization facility in Nesvizh, Belarus. Following a jam tal treatment in San Salvador and subsequent, more specialized in the internal product transport system, the operator entered the treatment in Mexico City. The legs and feet of two men were so seri- irradiation chamber to clear the fault. In doing so, he bypassed a ously injured that amputation was required. The worker who had number of safety features, leaving the controls in a position such that been most exposed died six and a half months after the accident exposure was imminent. It was estimated that he received a whole from lung damage due to irradiation complicated by injury sustained body dose of 11 Gy, with localized areas of up to 20 Gy. Despite during treatment. The report describes the accident and the response intensive medical treatment, he died 113 days later. The significant to it and presents lessons derived for operators and suppliers of irra- feature of this case was related to the medical management. In its diators, national authorities, medical staff and international organi- post-accident review, the IAEA also brought to light other circum- zations. Detailed information on dosimetric and medical aspects of stances of the accident. The present report documents the causes and the accident is presented in appendices and annexes. consequences of the accident and defines the lessons learned with a view to assisting those people with responsibility for the safety of Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The background in El Salvador; 3. The such facilities and those medical authorities who might be involved irradiation facility; 4. The accident; 5. The response to the accident; in the management of a radiation event. 6. Factors contributory to the accident; 7. Generic lessons learned; Addendum; Photographs; Appendix I: Dosimetric analysis; Appen- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Irradiation facility; 3. Radiation dix II: Medical treatment; Annexes I and II: Patients A and B: Nutri- accident; 4. Dose estimation; 5. Lessons learned; 6. Medical tional reports by the Angeles del Pedregal hospital in Mexico City. management; Annex I: Estimation of whole body dose from blood cell counts; Annex II: Results of cytogenetic analyses; Annex III: STI/PUB/847 (94 pp., 24 colour photographs, 20 figures; 1990) List of drugs, doses and administration dates. E ISBN 92–0–129090–X F ISBN 92–0–229090–3 STI/PUB/1010 (76 pp., 37 figures; 1996) R ISBN 92–0–400292–1 ISBN 92–0–101396–5 S ISBN 92–0–329091–5 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71)

THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN SOREQ IN GOIÂNIA On 21 June 1990 a fatal radiological accident occurred at an indus- The Government and authorities in Brazil were faced with a tragic trial irradiation facility at Soreq, Israel. An operator entered the irra- accident in Goiânia resulting from the misuse of a strongly radio- diation room by circumventing safety systems and was acutely active medical teletherapy source not under radiation protection exposed, with an estimated whole body dose of 10–20 Gy. The acci- surveillance. The present report is divided into four parts: a chronol- dent, like earlier accidents at similar irradiators, was the conse- ogy of destruction of the source, discovery of the accident and initial quence of the contravention of operating procedures. An IAEA response; a description of the human consequences and the dosime- review team investigated the causes of the accident. This report try and treatment of seriously exposed and contaminated persons; an presents its findings and recommendations and describes the clinical account of the assessment of the environmental contamination and management of the patient, particularly of the haematological phase. the remedial actions taken; and observations and recommendations. The medical treatment included the use of emerging therapies with Appendices and annexes give an assessment of the effectiveness of haematopoietic growth factor drugs which may rescue the overex- international co-operation in the emergency response, and provide posed patient, albeit in this case only temporarily. The report is further information on: public communications; radiological survey intended for regulatory authorities responsible for the regulation and equipment; guidelines for the discharge of patients; radiological inspection of irradiators, operating organizations and physicians protection; chemical decontamination; and the lessons learned. who may need to treat overexposed patients.

71 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The irradiation facility; 3. Regulatory materials in the deep sea, the IAEA has undertaken to republish the control; 4. The accident; 5. Actions and lessons; 6. Overview of the report in its Technical Reports Series with the concurrence of the medical aspects; 7. Medical management of the patient; 8. Findings other technical bodies of GESAMP. of the post-mortem investigation; 9. Lessons to be learned. Contents: Introduction; General requirements for ocean models for STI/PUB/925 (78 pp., 14 figures + 32 illustrations; 1993) contaminant transport; Oceanographic processes relevant to deep- ISBN 92–0–101693–X sea contaminant transport; Survey of existing and potential models; Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) Recommended models; Future research needs; Appendix I: Geochemical properties and observations of the deep ocean; Appen- dix II: Natural history of the ocean; Appendix III: Quantitative esti- THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT ➜NEW mates of various biological processes; Appendix IV: A simple finite IN TAMMIKU ocean diffusive model; Appendix V: Parametrization of boundary scavenging processes; Appendix VI: Vertical, one-dimensional, one- In October 1994 three members of the public entered the radioactive and two-layer boundary scavenging models; Appendix VII: The waste repository at Tammiku, Estonia, without authorization and effects of strong local scavenging; Appendix VIII. A two-dimen- removed a metal container enclosing a radiation source, which one sional ocean dispersion model; Appendix IX. A hybrid vertical scav- of them placed in his pocket. This action resulted in the death of one enging model; Appendix X. Estimation of concentra-tions in food person and injury to a number of others. The purpose of this report chains; References; Glossary; List of basic symbols used. is to provide information to help to ensure that similar accidents can be avoided in the future. STI/DOC/10/263 (166 pp., 32 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–125186–6 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Radiation protection infrastructure in Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) Estonia; 3. The accident; 4. Recovery of the source; 5. Subsequent actions; 6. Dosimetry; 7. Medical aspects; 8. Generic lessons learned; Annex I: Physical dosimetry; Annex II: Biological dosime- APPLICATION OF EXEMPTION PRINCIPLES TO THE try; Annex III: Medical findings.. RECYCLE AND REUSE OF MATERIALS FROM NUCLEAR FACILITIES: A Safety Practice Russian and Spanish editions in preparation. Safety Series No. 111-P-1.1

STI/PUB/1053 (59 pp., 7 figures; 1998) This Safety Practices publication, a part of the lAEA’s Radioactive E ISBN 92–0–100698–5 Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme, provides guid- Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) ance on those application of internationally agreed principles for determining those levels of radionuclides in materials below which they can be exempted from regulatory control and can be recycled THE RADIOLOGICAL ACCIDENT IN ➜NEW or reused without any further restriction. lt illustrates a methodology THE REPROCESSING PLANT AT TOMSK by which practical exempt quantities for the recycle and reuse of these materials may be derived and gives typical exempt values On 6 April 1993 a major radiological accident occurred at a pluto- based on a generic assessment. nium extraction facility at a location then known as Tomsk-7, Russian Federation. The accident blew the concrete cover off the Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Exemption from regulatory control reaction vessel and led to widespread contamination of the site and applied to recycle and reuse; 3. Recycle and reuse as options; the surrounding area up to a distance of 28 km. The report describes 4. Methods for dose assessment; 5. Recycle scenarios and related the events leading up to the accident and the radiological conse- assumptions; 6. Derived exemption levels; 7. Additional considera- quences. It provides a detailed description of the decontamination tions and discussion of the results; 8. Summary; References; Appen- and recovery operations and gives an analysis of their effectiveness. dix I. Methods for estimating individual and collective doses from external exposures to radionuclides during recycle and reuse; Contents: Preamble; 1. Introduction; 2. Background information; Appendix II. Methods for estimating individual and collective doses 3. Fuel reprocessing at the radiochemical works; 4. The accident and from inhalation and ingestion of radioactive materials; Appendix III. its cause; 5. Radiological situation after the accident; 6. SCE site; Estimated individual and collective effective dose equivalents by 7. Surrounding area; 8. Recommendations. scenario and pathway for concentrations of 1 Bq/g of each reference radionuclide for the recycle and reuse of contaminated materials. Russian and Spanish editions in preparation. STI/PUB/924 (204 pp., 3 figures; 1992) STI/PUB/1060 (77 pp., 33 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–104992–7 E ISBN 92–0–103798–8 Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) Price: 320 Austrian Schillings (€23.26)

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DEEP SEA DISPOSAL OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ON Radioactive Waste Management LIVING MARINE RESOURCES Technical Reports Series No. 288

AN OCEANOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE DISPERSION In revising the definition of high level radioactive waste unsuitable OF WASTES DISPOSED OF IN THE DEEP SEA for dumping at sea, calculations of water concentrations in and near Technical Reports Series No. 263 a dump site have been made and used to estimate doses to ‘typical’ marine species living at or near the sea floor at a depth of 4000 m. This document was originally approved by GESAMP (the These calculations show that there are radionuclides that can give IMO/FAO/UNESCO/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP Joint Group of rise to significant doses to these typical species and that future revi- Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution) in March sions of the Definition and Recommendations under the Convention 1983 at its thirteenth session for publication as GESAMP Reports on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and and Studies No. 19. Recognizing that its usefulness is far broader Other Matter will have to consider impacts on the marine ecosystem than its application to calculations of concentrations of radioactive in setting limits for dumping.

72 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nature of the deep sea ecosystem; be met and provides recommendations for the procedure of process 3. Naturally occurring and fallout radionuclides in the marine envi- selection and equipment design. ronment; 4. Effects of radiation on aquatic organisms; 5. Methods of dosimetry for aquatic organisms and an estimate of the background Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Design and operational objectives; dose rate in the deep sea; 6. Derivation of dose rates to organisms 3. Basic safety aspects; 4. System requirements; 5. Conceptual based on the IAEA definition of high level radioactive waste unsuit- design; 6. Subsystem requirements; 7. Component requirements; able for dumping at sea; 7. Dose rates arising from actual sea 8. Controls and instrumentation; 9. Building and physical arrange- dumping operations; 8. Summary and conclusions; Appendix: Equa- ment; 10. System testing and commissioning; 11. System operation; tions and parameters used for calculations and results. 12. Documentation; Annex I: Waste source and characteristics; Annex II: Basic incineration concepts; Annex III: Basic off-gas STI/DOC/10/288 (127 pp., 10 figures; 1988) treatment concepts. ISBN 92–0–125488–1 Price: 370 Austrian schillings (€26.89) STI/PUB/921 (66 pp., 1 figure; 1992) ISBN 92–0–103292–7 Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) DEFINITION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND DISPOSAL OF WASTE FROM THE CLEANUP OTHER MATTER, 1972–1986 Edition: A Safety Guide OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED Safety Series No. 78 AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Technical Reports Series No. 330 Under the terms of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, the IAEA is the (See under Accident Response, p. 68) organization with the responsibility for defining high level radioac- tive wastes or other high level radioactive matter which is unsuitable for dumping at sea. The IAEA established a provisional Definition ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL SYSTEM FOR and Recommendations in 1972 and a revised version in 1978. The RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT: present Safety Series document contains the second revised Defini- A Safety Standard tion and Recommendations, which were established in 1985. Safety Series No. 111-S-1

Contents: Scope; 1. Introduction to the Definition and Recom- The objective of this Safety Standard is to assist in developing a mendations; 2. Definition of high level radioactive waste or other national system for radioactive waste management, to identify the high level radioactive matter unsuitable for dumping at sea; key responsibilities of the parties involved and to delineate essential 3. Recommendations required by Annex II of the Convention features of such a system. The document encompasses all aspects of pertaining to the dumping of radioactive wastes; Annex I. Derivation radioactive waste management from waste minimization to disposal. of the quantitative definition of wastes unsuitable for dumping at It details the responsibilities of Member States, regulatory bodies sea; Annex II. Comparison with previous Definition and Recom- and operators, and describes other important features such as mendations; Annex III. Summary of meetings and documentation. processes for safety, environmental impact assessment and licens- ing. It is based on the principles set out in the RADWASS Safety STI/PUB/733 (73 pp.; 1986) Fundamentals document, Safety Series No. 111-F. E ISBN 92–0–123586–0 F ISBN 92–0–223987–8 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective and principles of radioactive R ISBN 92–0–424388–0 waste management; 3. National framework for radioactive waste S ISBN 92–0–323887–5 management; 4. Responsibilities associated with radioactive waste Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) management; 5. Important features of radioactive waste manage- ment; Annex: Basic steps in radioactive waste management.

DESIGN AND OPERATION OF HIGH LEVEL STI/PUB/990 (28 pp., 1 figure; 1995) WASTE VITRIFICATION AND STORAGE FACILITIES E ISBN 92–0–103495–4 Technical Reports Series No. 339 C ISBN 92–0–502396–5 F ISBN 92–0–200296–7 This report gives an up to date review of high level waste vitrifica- R ISBN 92–0–405495–6 tion and storage facilities currently in an advanced stage of S ISBN 92–0–304995–9 implementation. Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. HLLW; 3. Solidification processes; 4. Current vitrification processes; 5. Glass canister handling proce- FACTORS RELEVANT TO THE RECYCLING dures generally implemented in the vitrification plants; 6. Safety OR REUSE OF COMPONENTS ARISING considerations; 7. Summary. FROM THE DECOMMISSIONING AND REFURBISHMENT OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES STI/DOC/10/339 (95 pp., 45 figures; 1992) Technical Reports Series No. 293 ISBN 92–0–103192–0 Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71) The decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear facilities is a topic of interest because of the large number of older nuclear facil- ties which are, or soon will be, retired from service. This publication DESIGN AND OPERATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE INCINER- provides a review of the engineering, social, scientific and adminis- ATION FACILITIES trative factors relevant to the safe recycling or reuse of components Safety Series No. 108 arising from decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities.

The purpose of this safety guide is to provide safety guidance for the Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Recycling in industry; design and operation of radioactive waste incineration facilities. The 4. Recycling or reuse of nuclear components; 5. Decontamination guide emphasizes the design objectives and system requirements to for recycling or reuse; 6. Factors to be considered in the recycling or

73 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY reuse of components; 7. Life extension of facilities; 8. Safety in Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Strategic planning; 3. Stabilizing the recycling or reuse; Summary and conclusions; Annex. Monitoring fuel; 4. Data management and analysis; 5. Initial waste manage- for compliance with release criteria. ment; 6. Initial decontamination; 7. Fuel removal; 8. Fuel condi- tioning, transport and interim storage; 9. Abnormal waste; Condi- STI/DOC/10/293 (75 pp., 17 figures; 1988) tioning to disposal; 10. Preparation for the decommissioning of fuel ISBN 92–0–125888–7 damaged plants; 11. Conclusions; Annex A: Nuclear Power Plant Price: 250 Austrian Schillings (€18.17) A-1 (Czechoslovakia) experience.

STI/DOC/10/321 (75 pp., 3 figures; 1991) GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL ISBN 92–0–125191–2 AND HIGH LEVEL AND ALPHA BEARING WASTES Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) Proceedings Series

(See under Waste Repositories, p. 56) METHODOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF DECOMMISSIONING NUCLEAR FACILITIES MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL RADIOACTIVE WASTES Technical Reports Series No. 267 AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 307 This report is a review of the current state of the methodology and technology of decommissioning nuclear facilities including remote (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 31) systems technology.

Contents: Introduction; Scope; Definitions of the basic stages of MANAGEMENT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL decommissioning; Consideration affecting decommissioning RADIOACTIVE WASTES 1988 choices; Methodology and technology of decommissioning; Proceedings Series Decommissioning safety; Facilitation of decommissioning; Infor- mation database; Conclusions and recommendations: Annex A: Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with the CEC, Stock- Inventory of nuclear facilities of interest to decommissioning; holm, Sweden, 16–20 May 1988. The symposium addressed all Annex B: Disassembly techniques; Annex C: Remotely controlled main stages in the management of radioactive wastes, namely treat- equipment for decommissioning. ment, conditioning, waste form characterization and disposal. At the symposium the substantial progress in the development of these STI/DOC/10/267 (107 pp., 21 figures; 1986) systems was indicated. In this context the construction of a deep ISBN 92–0–125286–2 repository with complementary regulatory arrangements in Sweden Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) was an important milestone in the establishment of waste manage- ment facilities. The various contributions represent a wide spectrum of problems associated with the management of radioactive wastes in different countries, describe national waste management policies METHODS FOR REDUCING OCCUPATIONAL in Member States, and present new ideas, approaches and problems, EXPOSURES DURING THE DECOMMISSIONING for example problems of management of mixed hazardous wastes OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES which contain not only radioactive materials but also other chemi- Technical Reports Series No. 278 cally hazardous or aggressive non-radioactive components. (See under Radiation Protection, p. 61) Contents: (Vol. 1) National and international waste management programmes and policies; Disposal options and performance and safety assessment; Waste characterization, quality control and acceptance criteria; Treatment and conditioning of solid wastes OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR RADIOACTIVE (including volume reduction); Treatment and conditioning of mixed EFFLUENTS AND WASTES ARISING IN hazardous wastes and institutional wastes; (Vol. 2) Treatment and NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide conditioning of liquid wastes; Disposal and safety assessment; Safety Series No. 50-SG-O11 Waste characterization and acceptance criteria; Treatment and conditioning of radioactive wastes. (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 43)

STI/PUB/784 (Vol. 1: 459 pp., 92 figures; Vol. 2: 314 pp., 73 figures; 1989) 1: ISBN 92–0–020089–3 2: ISBN 92–0–020189–X PRINCIPLES FOR THE EXEMPTION OF Price: Vol. 1: 1370 Austrian schillings (€99.56) RADIATION SOURCES AND PRACTICES Vol. 2: 780 Austrian schillings (€56.68) FROM REGULATORY CONTROL Safety Series No. 89

(See under Radiation Protection, p. 61) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERELY DAMAGED NUCLEAR FUEL AND RELATED WASTE Technical Reports Series No. 321 SAFE MANAGEMENT OF WASTES This report provides a comprehensive review of management FROM THE MINING AND MILLING OF URANIUM insights and principles on on-site, post-accident activities at nuclear AND THORIUM ORES: power plants experiencing significant fuel damage. It combines Code of Practice and Guide to the Code information on emergency response procedures and off-site plans Safety Series No. 85 with a discussion of on-site experience. lt provides a reference text on the requirements that arise after the critical phase of emergency This publication is an update of IAEA Safety Series No. 44, response. published in 1976, necessitated by a number of developments in the

74 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT technical and regulatory aspects of the management of wastes result- SITING OF GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES: ing from the mining and milling of uranium and thorium ores. It A Safety Guide consists of two parts: a Code of Practice (Part I) and a Guide to the Safety Series No. 111-G-4.1 Code (Part II). The Code sets forth the requirements for the safe and responsible handling of the wastes, while the Guide presents further This safety guide, published under the IAEA’s Radioactive Waste guidance in the use of the Code together with some discussion of the Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme, defines the process to technology and concepts involved. be used and guidelines to be considered in selecting sites for deep geological disposal of radioactive wastes. It also addresses the Contents: Part 1. Code of Practice: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective; social, economic and environmental factors to be considered in site 3. Scope; 4. Definitions; 5. Wastes from the mining and milling of selection. All data needed for the application of the guidelines are radioactive ores, their radiological impact and control by also specified. waste management; 6. Principles of radiological protection; 7. Responsibilities; 8. Design of waste management facilities; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety approach; 3. The siting process; 9. Collection, storage and treatment of wastes; 10. Operation of 4. Site selection guidelines and data needs; Glossary. waste management facilities; 11. Decommissioning of mines, mills and waste management facilities; 12. Monitoring, surveillance and STI/PUB/952 (32 pp.; 1994) maintenance. Part 2. Guide to the Code: 1. Introduction; 2. Objec- ISBN 92–0–101294–2 tive; 3. Scope; 4. Definitions; 5. Wastes from the mining and milling Price: 180 Austrian schillings €(13.08) of radioactive ores, their radiological impact and control by waste management; 6. Principles of radiological protection; 7. Responsi- bilities; 8. Design of waste management facilities; 9. Collection, THE PRINCIPLES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT: storage and treatment of wastes; 10. Operation of waste manage- A Safety Fundamental ment facilities; 11. Decommissioning of mines, mills and waste Safety Series No. 111-F management facilities; 12. Monitoring, surveillance and mainte- nance; References. This Safety Fundamentals document should serve as a guide and should complement national standards and criteria in the develop- STI/PUB/772 (70 pp., 2 figures; 1987) ment of radioactive waste management programmes in Member E ISBN 92–0–123587–9 States. It encompasses all aspects of radioactive waste management F ISBN 92–0–224188–0 from waste minimization to disposal and sets out objectives and R ISBN 92–0–423689–2 principles for the protection of human health and the environment, S ISBN 92–0–323488–8 present and future. Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective of radioactive waste mana- gement; 3. Fundamental principles of radioactive waste mana- gement; Annex: Basic steps in radioactive waste management.

STI/PUB/989 (24 pp., 1 figure; 1995) SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR E ISBN 92–0–103595–0 SPENT FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES C ISBN 92–0–502296–9 Safety Series No. 118 F ISBN 92–0–200196–0 R ISBN 92–0–405395–X This Safety Practice has been developed through a series of techni- S ISBN 92–0–304995–9 cal meetings and addresses the management of all issues relevant to Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) the safe storage of spent fuel from nuclear power plants. Comple- menting Safety Series No. 116, Design of Spent Fuel Storage Facil- ities, and Safety Series No. 117, Operation of Spent Fuel Storage Facilities, it describes accepted international approaches for main- taining fuel subcritical, removing residual heat, providing radiation protection and containing radioactive materials for the lifetime of the facility. It is primarily intended to provide details on the safety SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES assessment of interim spent fuel storage facilities that are not an integral part of an operating nuclear power plant. The IAEA Safety Standards Series comprises publications of a regulatory nature covering nuclear safety, radiation protection, Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety assessment; 3. Safety assess- radioactive waste management, the transport of radioactive materi- ment of operational states; 4. Safety assessment of accidents; 5. als, the safety of nuclear fuel cycle facilities and quality assurance. Safety Analysis Report; Annex: Contents of a Safety Analysis These publications are issued under the terms of Article III of the Report. Agency’s Statute, which authorizes the Agency to establish stan- dards of safety for protection against ionizing radiation. The Safety STI/PUB/981 (68 pp.; 1994) Standards Series supersedes the Safety Series, in which over 200 ISBN 92–0–105194–8 publications were issued. Safety Standards Series publications are Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) categorized into:

• Safety Fundamentals (F; blue lettering), stating basic objec- tives, concepts and principles of safety and protection;

• Safety Requirements (R; red lettering), establishing the SAFETY PRINCIPLES AND TECHNICAL CRITERIA requirements that must be fulfilled to ensure safety for FOR THE UNDERGROUND DISPOSAL OF particular activities or applications; and HIGH LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES Safety Series No. 99 • Safety Guides (G; green lettering), recommending actions, conditions or procedures for complying with these safety (See under Waste Repositories, p. 57) requirements.

75 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

For numbering purposes, the Safety Standards Series is subdivided Predisposal Management of Radioactive into the areas of nuclear safety (NS), radiation safety (RS), transport Waste, Including Decommissioning safety (TS) and waste safety (WS), and also general safety (GS; that is, of relevance in two or more of the four areas).

DECOMMISSIONING OF ➜NEW NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND RESEARCH REACTORS: Safety Guide Safety Standards Series No. WS-G-2.1

This Safety Guide addresses the subject of how to meet the require- WASTE SAFETY ments for decommissioning of nuclear power plants and research Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste reactors laid down in the Safety Requirements publication, Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-2, Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decommissioning. It provides guid- ance to national authorities and operating organizations on the NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL OF ➜NEW planning and safe management of the decomissioning of such RADIOACTIVE WASTE: Safety Requirements installations. Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-1 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Key issues specific to decommission- This Safety Requirements publication sets out the basic safety ing; 3. Selection of a decommissioning option; 4. Facilitating requirements related to the disposal of radioactive wastes in near decommissioning; 5. Planning and safety assessment for decommis- surface repositories. As a Safety Requirements publication it is sioning; 6. Critical tasks of decommissioning; 7. Management supported by a number of associated Safety Guides which provide during decommissioning; 8. Completion of decommissioning; guidance on the implementation of the requirements. Its principles References; Annex I: Example of the contents of a final radiological are derived from the Safety Fundamentals publication, Safety Series survey report; Annex II: Example of documented plans and manage- No. 111-F, The Principles of Radioactive Waste Management. It ment systems for implementation of decommissioning. includes requirements for the protection of human health, for the assessment procedures needed to ensure that safety is achieved, and Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. technical requirements for waste acceptance and for siting, design, construction, operation and closure of the repository as well as for STI/PUB/1079 (41 pp., 1999) the post-closure phase. ISBN 92–0–102599–8 Price: Austrian Schillings 200.00 (€14.35) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Requirements for the protection of human health and the environment; 3. Safety assessment and compliance with safety requirements; 4. Organizational and techni- cal safety requirements; 5. Waste acceptance requirements; 6. Char- acteristics of an acceptable site; 7. Design of disposal facilities; 8. Construction; 9. Operation; 10. Closure; 11. Post-closure phase; 12. Quality assurance; Annex: Dose and risk criteria for the post- closure phase. DECOMMISSIONING OF MEDICAL, ➜NEW Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. INDUSTRIAL AND RESEARCH FACILITIES: Safety Guide STI/PUB/1073 (29 pp., 1999) Safety Standards Series No. WS-G-2.2 ISBN 92–0–101099–0 Price: 170 Austrian schillings (€12.35) This Safety Guide addresses the subject of how to meet the Safety Guides requirements for the decommissioning of medical, industrial and research facilities where radioactive materials and sources are produced, received, used and stored, as laid down in the Safety Requirements publication, Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-2, SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR NEAR SURFACE ➜NEW Predisposal Management of Radioactive Waste, Including Decom- DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE: Safety Guide missioning. It provides guidance to national authorities and oper- Safety Standards Series No. WS-G-1.1 ating organizations, particularly to those in developing countries (as such facilities are predominant in these countries), on the This Safety Guide provides recommendations on how to meet the planning and safe management of the decommissioning of such requirements related to safety assessment in the Safety Require- facilities. ments publication, Safety Standards Series No. WS-R-1, Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste (1999). It addresses the Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Key issues specific to decommission- subject of safety assessment for near surface disposal of radioactive ing; 3. Decommissioning options; 4. Facilitating decommissioning; waste and provides guidance on approaches to performing safety 5. Planning and safety assessment for decommissioning; 6. Critical assessments in the context of near surface repositories. tasks of decommissioning; 7. Management during decommission- ing; 8. Completion of decommissioning; References; Annex I: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General considerations for safety Example of the contents of a decommissioning plan; Annex II: assessment; 3. Guidelines for safety assessment; 4. Confidence Safety assessment specific for decommissioning; Annex III: building. Example of the contents of a final radiation survey report.

Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned. Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish editions planned.

STI/PUB/1075 (28 pp., 1 figure; 1999) STI/PUB/1078 (37 pp., 2 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–101299–3 ISBN 92–0–102099–6 Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08)

76 SAFETY ANALYSIS

Safety Analysis effects of the Chernobyl accident on the environment and on human health has provided new data pertaining to large scale contamina- tion. Papers at the symposium covered a wide range of subjects, AN OCEANOGRAPHIC MODEL FOR THE DISPERSION including monitoring of radioactive contaminants in the environ- OF WASTES DISPOSED OF IN THE DEEP SEA ment, levels of radioactive contamination of farmland, agricultural Technical Reports Series No. 263 crops and dairy products in subsequent years, and methods for mini- mizing contamination of feed and food. (See under Radioactive Waste Management, p. 72) Contents: Vol. 1: Part I: Radioactive contamination of the envi- ronment: (a) General; (b) Air; (c) Soil; (d) Water; Part II: Monitor- ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DEEP SEA DISPOSAL ing of radioactivity: (a) General; (b) Strategies and policy; (c) OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTE ON Methods and techniques. Vol. 2: Part III: Radioactive contamination LIVING MARINE RESOURCES of agricultural land and agricultural produce; Part IV: Countermea- Technical Reports Series No. 288 sures to reduce radionuclide contamination of food chains; Part V: Radiation exposure of populations; Part VI: Radionuclides and inter- (See under Radioactive Waste Management, p. 72) national trade in food; Special Session: Hot particles; Summary of the symposium: Important issues with significance for the future.

DEFENCE IN DEPTH IN NUCLEAR SAFETY — ➜NEW STI/PUB/825 (Vol. 1: 497 pp., 144 figures; Vol. 2: 451 pp., 70 figures; A Report by the International Nuclear 1990) Safety Advisory Group 1: ISBN 92–0–020090–7 INSAG Series No. 10 2: ISBN 92–9–020190–3 Price: Vol. 1: 1340 Austrian schillings (€97.38) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, INSAG Series, p. 28) Vol. 2: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21)

EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY OF PREDICTIONS MADE PLANTS AND ANIMALS AT LEVELS IMPLIED BY USING ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFER MODELS: CURRENT RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS A Safety Practice Technical Reports Series No. 332 Safety Series No. 100

(See under Radiation Protection, p. 58) This safety practice publication provides guidance on the available methods for evaluating the reliability of environmental transfer model predictions. It provides a practical introduction to the subject, ELECTRICITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT and particular emphasis has been given to worked examples in the Proceedings Series text. It is Intended to supplement existing IAEA publications on environmental assessment methodology. Although the book Proceedings of a senior expert symposium jointly organized by addresses the subject of environmental dose assessment, the CEC, CMEA, ECE, IAEA, IEA, IIASA, OECD/NEA, UNEP, methods described are of general application and are equally useful IBRO, WHO and WMO in co-operation with the Government of in other areas where modelling techniques are applied. Finland, Helsinki, Finland, 13–17 May 1991. The objective of the symposium was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the envi- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General aspects of model reliability ronmental and health factors as well as the economic factors evaluation; 3. Practical approaches to the evaluation of model relia- involved in supplying electricity services, and to suggest a frame- bility; Appendix I: Statistical equations; Appendix II: Latin hyper- work within which these issues should be taken into account in cube sampling; Appendix III: Examples of parameter uncertainty making future plans and decisions on electricity production and use. analyses; Glossary. The potential role of different ways of meeting electricity service requirements was also analysed, taking into consideration both STI/PUB/835 (106 pp., 17 figures; 1989) demand side and supply options in the light of their comparative ISBN 92–0–124089–9 economic, environmental and health related impacts. Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71)

Contents: Opening session; Energy and electricity supply and demand: Implications for the global environment; Energy sources HANDBOOK OF PARAMETER VALUES FOR THE and technologies for electricity generation; Comparative PREDICTION OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSFER IN environmental and health effects of different energy systems for TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENTS electricity generation; Incorporation of environmental and health Technical Reports Series No. 364 impacts into policy, planning and decision making for the electricity sector; Luncheon sessions; Policy aspects of electricity and the envi- This handbook has been produced in collaboration with the Interna- ronment; Key issues and findings and round table on challenges for tional Union of Radioecologists. It should serve as a convenient and international co-operation. authoritative reference for radionuclide transfer parameter values used in biospheric assessment models. It supplements Safety Series STI/PUB/877 (501 pp., 65 figures; 1991) No. 57 (1982), ‘‘Generic Models and Parameters for Assessing the ISBN 92–0–150091–2 Environmental Transfer of Radionuclides from Routine Releases’’. Price: 1300 Austrian schillings (€94.47) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Agricultural systems — vegetation; 3. Agricultural systems — milk, meat and eggs; 4. Freshwater ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION ecosystems — fish; 5. Natural ecosystems; 6. Food processing trans- FOLLOWING A MAJOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENT fer parameters. Proceedings Series STI/DOC/010/364 (74 pp., 3 figures; 1994) Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with FAO, UNEP and ISBN 92–0–101094–X WHO, Vienna, 16–20 October 1989. Scientific research on the after- Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

77 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

HUMAN RELIABILITY ANALYSIS IN PROBABILISTIC THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT: UPDATING OF INSAG-1 — SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS A Report by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Safety Series No. 50-P-10 Group Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-7

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 45) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, INSAG Series, p. 49)

NATURAL ANALOGUES IN PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENTS FOR THE DISPOSAL Of LONG LIVED RADIOACTIVE WASTES THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT Technical Reports Series No. 304 Assessment of Radiological Consequences and Evaluation of Protective Measures: (See under Waste Repositories, p. 56) Reports by an International Advisory Committee

PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING PROBABILISTIC SAFETY THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: ASSESSMENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (LEVEL 2): An Overview Accident Progression, Containment Analysis and Estimation of Accident Source Terms THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: Safety Series No. 50-P-8 Technical Report

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 44) THE INTERNATIONAL CHERNOBYL PROJECT: Proceedings of an International Conference

(See under Radiation Protection, pp. 66–67) PROCEDURES FOR CONDUCTING ➜NEW PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENTS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (LEVEL 3): Off-Site Consequences and Estimation THE ROLE OF PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT of Risks to the Public AND PROBABILISTIC SAFETY CRITERIA IN Safety Series No. 50-P-12 NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY Safety Series No. 106 (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 45) This safety report establishes guidelines on the role that probabilis- tic safety assessment can play as part of an overall safety assurance programme in nuclear power plants. It also describes a framework RADIONUCLIDE SOURCE TERMS FROM for probabilistic safety criteria (PSC) and provides guidance for the SEVERE ACCIDENTS TO NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS establishment of PSC values. WITH LIGHT WATER REACTORS — A Report by the International Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The role of PSA; 3. PSA management, Nuclear Safety Advisory Group methodology and documentation; 4. Development of PSC; Refer- Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-2 ences; Glossary.

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 46) STI/PUB/911 (27 pp., 1 figure; 1992) ISBN 92–0–101492–9 Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63)

REACTIVITY ACCIDENTS Technical Reports Series No. 354 TREATMENT OF EXTERNAL HAZARDS IN PROBABILISTIC (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 47) SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Safety Series No. 50-P-7

SEVERE ACCIDENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 44) Proceedings Series

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 48) USE OF PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT FOR OPERATIONAL SAFETY — PSA ‘91 SOURCE TERM EVALUATION FOR ACCIDENT CONDITIONS Proceedings Series Proceedings Series Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with ANS, ENS and (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 49) OECD/NEA, Vienna, 3–7 June 1991. During recent years the devel- opment of PSA has been directed towards its use as a practical tool for the enhancement of operational safety. Only plant specific analy- SUMMARY REPORT ON THE POST-ACCIDENT REVIEW sis can provide a basis for meaningful risk management. The impor- MEETING ON THE CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT — A Report tance of human interventions in the recovery from degraded states of by the International Nuclear Safety Advisory Group operation, the importance of inclusion of external events in PSA, the Safety Series No. 75-INSAG-1 determination of potentials for common cause failures and the importance of treating and communicating the uncertainties have (See under Nuclear Power Plants, INSAG Series, p. 49) already been well established within the PSA community. Also,

78 QUALITY MANAGEMENT — LEGAL AND GOVERNMENTAL ASPECTS risks during low power level and shutdown states have become more QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR THE SAFE TRANSPORT recognized. OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Safety Series No. 113 Contents: Opening remarks and invited papers; Methodology; Regulatory applications; PSA use and applications — Part I; Appli- (See under Transport of Radioactive Material, p. 54) cations to process facilities and international activities; Operating experience and ageing; PSA use and applications — Part II; PSA results and insights — Part I; Common cause and external events; PSA results and insights — Part II; Human factors; Living PSA; QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR NUCLEAR PSA level 2 and level 3; Poster presentations; Summary, conclusions POWER PLANT OPERATION: A Manual and recommendations; Closing session. Technical Reports Series No. 315

STI/PUB/878 (859 pp., 250 figures; 1992) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 46) ISBN 92–0–000292–7 Price: 2280 Austrian schillings (€165.69)

REGULATORY INSPECTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAMMES: A Manual Technical Reports Series No. 296

Quality Management Guidance in the organization and performance of regulatory inspec- tion functions regarding the implementation of quality assurance programmes in all stages of the nuclear power plant project. The IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE manual is intended primarily for the management personnel and CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: A Manual upper staff from regulatory bodies, but it will also be helpful to Technical Reports Series No. 317 management personnel from nuclear utilities and vendors.

This manual was developed to serve as guidance on non- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Techniques and methods of inspection; conformance and corrective actions which have been identified as 3. Performance of regulatory inspections of quality assurance the major problems in the implementation of an effective quality programmes; 4. Inspection reports; 5. Periodic evaluation of effec- assurance programme. The scope of this manual, while fully tiveness of and trends in quality assurance programme performance; addressing the requirements in the governing NUSS programme 6. Enforcement of compliance with the quality assurance documents, also covers corrective action processes which would programme; 7. Manpower requirements and technical qualifications more generally assist users in developing good practices for of quality assurance regulatory inspectors; Appendix I: Inspection improved performance in all areas of safety, reliability and econom- procedure on document control; Appendix II: Inspection procedure ics, and it offers a practical model and illustrative examples of the on procurement control; Appendix III: Inspection procedure on means by which effective measures and actions can be implemented. receipt, storage and handling of materials and equipment; Appen- dix IV: Inspection procedure on control of measuring and test equip- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Description of corrective action ment; Appendix V: Inspection procedure on non-conformance process; 3. Identification of deficiencies; 4. Assessing and correcting control; Appendix VI: Inspection procedure on corrective action; deficiencies; 5. Root cause analysis; 6. Verification and follow-up; Appendix VII: Inspection procedure on record system; 7. Implementing procedures; 8. Trend analysis; 9. Summary; Defin- Appendix VIII: Inspection procedure on auditing; Annex I: Example itions; Annex A: Example of a hold for QA clearance tag; Annex B: of inspection report cover page for licensee inspection; Annex II: Examples of non-conformance report forms; Annex C: Example of Example of inspection report cover page for vendor inspection; a reject tag; Annex D: Example of a checklist for reviewing non- Annex III: Example of legal framework for enforcement measures; conformance dispositions; Annex E: Examples of a stop work notice Annex IV: Example of severity level categorization for enforcement and stop work notice tag; Annex F: Examples of a deficiency report purposes; Annex V: Example of a system of civil penalties for form and deficiency report–work order forms; Annex G: Example of enforcement purposes. a list defining a significant event for a nuclear power plant; Annex H: Example of a method for evaluating personnel caused STI/DOC/10/296 (132 pp.; 1989) deficiencies; Annex I: Example of a procedure for escalation to ISBN 92–0–155089–7 higher levels of management to achieve corrective action; Annex J: Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) Example of a status report for corrective actions; Annex K: Example of a non-conformance control implementing procedure; Annex L: Example of a corrective action request implementing procedure; Annex M: Example of an implementing procedure on tracking and trending of quality problems; Annex N: Example of a method of coding of non-conformance data for defect analysis; Annex O: Legal and Governmental Aspects Example of reports available from a defect analysis programme.

STI/DOC/10/317 (137 pp., 2 figures; 1990) GUIDANCE FOR REGULATION OF UNDERGROUND REPOSITO- ISBN 92–0–155290–4 RIES FOR DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) Safety Series No. 96

(See under Waste Repositories, p. 56) QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SAFETY IN ➜NEW NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND OTHER NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS: CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER Code and Safety Guides Q1–Q14 PLANTS: GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q Safety Series No. 50-C-G (Rev. 1)

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 43) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 32)

79 NUCLEAR AND RADIOLOGICAL SAFETY

QUALIFICATIONS AND TRAINING OF STAFF RADIATION PROTECTION INFRASTRUCTURE OF THE REGULATORY BODY FOR Proceedings Series NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G1 (See under Radiation Protection, p. 62)

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 33)

REGULATORY PRACTICES AND SAFETY STANDARDS FOR INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED IN SUPPORT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OF LICENSING APPLICATIONS FOR Proceedings Series NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G2 (See under Nuclear Power Plants, p. 47)

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 33)

STRENGTHENING RADIATION AND CONDUCT OF REGULATORY REVIEW AND NUCLEAR SAFETY INFRASTRUCTURES ASSESSMENT DURING THE LICENSING PROCESS IN COUNTRIES OF THE FORMER USSR FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G3 Proceedings of a forum organized by UNDP and the IAEA, Vienna, 4–7 May 1993. These proceedings represent the first step of the UN (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 33) project to provide to the countries of the former USSR an integrated package of assistance to strengthen the overall national infrastruc- ture for radiation protection as well as for nuclear safety, including the establishment of an adequate legal framework. INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT BY THE ➜NEW REGULATORY BODY FOR NUCLEAR Contents: Opening speeches; Presentations and discussions; Report POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide of the Joint Secretariat. Safety Series No. 50-SG-G4 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/939 (143 pp., 6 figures; 1993) (See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 33) E ISBN 92–0–102793–1 R ISBN 92–0–400493–2 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) PREPAREDNESS OF PUBLIC AUTHORITIES FOR EMERGENCIES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G6

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 33)

LICENCES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: CONTENT, FORMAT AND LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G8

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 34)

REGULATIONS AND GUIDES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-G9

(See under Nuclear Power Plants, NUSS programme, p. 34)

80 NUCLEAR POWER

ELECTRICITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT STI/PUB/761 (473 pp., 123 figures; 1988) Proceedings Series ISBN 92–0–050188–5 Price: 1180 Austrian schillings (€85.75) Proceedings of a Senior Expert symposium jointly organized by CEC, CMEA, ECE, IAEA, IEA, IIASA, OECD/NEA, UNEP, Vol. 3: Safety and International Co-operation IBRO, WHO, and WMO, in co-operation with the Government of The need for safety in nuclear power programmes; Interna- Finland, Helsinki, 13–17 May 1991. The objective of the sympo- tional co-operation in nuclear safety; Technical aspects in sium was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the plant safety; Approaches to safety; Panel: Operational environmental and health factors as well as the economic factors safety in the 1990s. involved in supplying electricity services, and to suggest a frame- work within which these issues should be taken into account in STI/PUB/761 (281 pp., 27 figures; 1988) making future plans and decisions on electricity production and use. ISBN 92–0–050288–1 The potential role of different ways of meeting electricity service Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) requirements was also analysed, taking into consideration both demand side and supply options in the light of their comparative Vol. 4: Safety Technology economic, environmental and health related impacts. Nuclear safety experience and safety assessment trends; Safety and severe accidents; Safety improve-ments in Contents: Opening session; Energy and electricity supply and design and operation; Poster presentations. demand: Implications for the global environment; Energy sources and technologies for electricity generation; Comparative environ- STI/PUB/761 (651 pp., 129 figures; 1988) mental and health effects of different energy systems for electricity ISBN 92–0–050388–8 generation; Incorporation of environmental and health impacts into Price: 1610 Austrian schillings (€117.02) policy, planning and decision making for the electricity sector; Luncheon sessions; Policy aspects of electricity and the environ- Vol. 5: Nuclear Fuel Cycle ment; Key issues and findings and round table on challenges for Waste management in the 1990s; Decontamination and international co-operation. decommissioning; Waste management, treatment and disposal; Nuclear fuel cycle — present and future; Enrich- STI/PUB/877 (501 pp., 65 figures; 1991) ment services and advanced reactor fuels; Improvements in ISBN 92–0–150091–2 reactor fuel utilization and perfor-mance; Spent fuel Price: 1300 Austrian schillings (€94.47) management options: Future needsand economic choices.

STI/PUB/761 (680 pp., 198 figures; 1988) NUCLEAR POWER PERFORMANCE AND SAFETY ISBN 92–0–050488–4 Proceedings Series Price: 1680 Austrian schillings (€122.09)

Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 28 September to Vol. 6: Indexes and Lists 2 October 1987. These proceedings provide an authoritative and Contents of all volumes; List of participants; Author and comprehensive picture of the current status of and trends in nuclear transliteration indexes; Index of papers and posters by power, nuclear safety and the nuclear fuel cycle. number.

Vol. 1: Performance, Overview and Prospects STI/PUB/761 (85 pp.; 1988) Introduction; Summaries of the Conference; The prospects ISBN 92–0–050588–0 for nuclear power in the 1990s; The need for safety in Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) nuclear power programmes; Performance of nuclear power plants: Outlook for the future; Nuclear power economics and financing.

STI/PUB/761 (275 pp., 51 figures; 1988) NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS IN THE WORLD — ➜NEW ISBN 92–0–050088–9 April 1999 Edition Price: 700 Austrian schillings (€50.87) Reference Data Series No. 2

Vol. 2: Achievements in Construction and Operation This is the nineteenth edition of Reference Data Series No. 2, which Plant construction achievements; Plant availability achieve- presents the most recent reactor data available to the Agency. It ments; Controlling and financing nuclear power costs; contains summarized information as of the end of 1998 on: (1) Achievements in technology transfer and infrastructure power reactors operating or under construction, and shut down; and development; Advanced systems. (2) performance data on reactors operating in the Agency’s Member

81 NUCLEAR POWER

States, as reported to the Agency. The information is collected by the STI/PUB/931 (517 pp., 36 figures; 1994) Agency through questionnaires circulated to Member States by ISBN 92–0–101894–0 means of the designated national correspondents. The replies are Price: 1520 Austrian schillings (€110.46) used to maintain the Agency’s Power Reactor Information System (PRIS).

IAEA-RDS-2/19 (78 pp., 6 figures, 9.5 × 17.5 cm; 1999) BID INVITATION SPECIFICATIONS FOR ISBN 92–0–101599–2 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS — A Guidebook Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) Technical Reports Series No. 275

This Guidebook constitutes a complement to a series of technical THE NUCLEAR POWER OPTION guidebooks: Technical Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants, Proceedings Series Technical Reports Series No. 204 (1981); Guidebook on the Intro- duction of Nuclear Power, Technical Reports Series No. 217 (1982); Proceedings of an international conference, Vienna, 5–8 September and Economic Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants, 1999 1994. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the present and Edition, Technical Reports Series No. 369 (2000). These provide, in future importance of the nuclear power option as a source for energy particular, information on the process of plant acquisition and advice based on proven, accepted, economically competitive and environ- on the principal activities involved in the planning and implementa- mentally benign technologies. The safe and reliable operation of tion of nuclear power projects, as well as on the infrastructure existing nuclear power plants, the demonstration of convincing solu- requirements and development needs for the successful implemen- tions to the storage and disposal of radioactive waste, a predictable tation of a nuclear power programme. These reports are directed to licensing process and supportive government policies are essential the special needs of developing countries. prerequisites to achieving a wider public acceptance of nuclear power, which presently is the most important factor deciding its Contents: Introduction; Part 1. Information provided by the owner; future application. Part 2. Information requested from the bidders; Appendix A. IAEA Account System for Nuclear Power Plants; Appendix B. Technical Contents: Plenary session; National and regional overviews; Learn- questionnaires; Appendix C. Abbreviations; Bibliography. ing from experience: I. Operation and maintenance; II. Construc- tion, quality assurance and decommissioning; III. Improving perfor- STI/DOC/10/275 (165 pp.; 1987) mance; Issues affecting the nuclear power option: I. Public accep- ISBN 92–0–155187–8 tance; II. Irradiated fuel and waste management; III. Safety; IV. Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34) Economics, environment and liability; Timely preparation: I. Providing resources; II. Government strategies; Panel discussion; Closing statements. CHOOSING THE NUCLEAR POWER OPTION: ➜NEW STI/PUB/946 (763 pp., 107 figures; 1995) FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED ISBN 92–0–100395–1 Price: 2160 Austrian schillings (€156.97) This guide was prepared on the basis of experience gained with nuclear power programmes in Members States and the current real- ities of the world nuclear regime. It provides information on politi- cal, governmental, economic, financial, technical and safety issues associated with planning and implementing a nuclear power Nuclear Power Planning and Economics programme. The main areas in which policies must be developed are highlighted, as are the roles and responsibilities of the government, the plant owner and the national industry. This publication is ADVANCED NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS: intended to serve as a guide to decision makers and governments DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, SAFETY AND considering the introduction of nuclear power programmes. STRATEGIES FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT Proceedings Series Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nuclear power: Status and prospects; 3. Nuclear safety and radiation protection; 4. Nuclear fuel cycle; Proceedings of a symposium organized by the IAEA and hosted by 5. Management of radioactive waste and decommissioning of the Korea Electric Power Corporation on behalf of the Government nuclear facilities; 6 Environmental aspects; 7. Legal and regulatory of the Republic of Korea, in co-operation with the CEC, the Euro- aspects; 8. Financing of nuclear power; 9. Public acceptance and pean Nuclear Society, the Korea Atomic Industrial Forum, the participation in decision making; 10. National policies of impor- Korean Nuclear Society, the OECD/NEA and the World Energy tance to nuclear power development; 11. Conclusion. Council, Seoul, 18–22 October 1993. The purpose of the sympo- sium was to provide a forum for discussions on the need for nuclear STI/PUB/1050 (72 pp., 8 figures; 1998) power, on the features of advanced nuclear power systems and their ISBN 92–0–104197–7 design objectives and safety approaches, taking into consideration Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) the views of regulatory bodies, on identifying barriers to the deploy- ment of these systems, and on reviewing options for international co-operation. ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF BIDS FOR ➜NEW Contents: Opening session; Introduction and overviews of other NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS - 1999 Edition relevant conferences; Design and safety objectives of advanced Technical Reports Series No 396 nuclear power systems; Panel: Regulatory experience and views on safety aspects of advanced reactors; Barriers and strategies for the This report is an update of Technical Reports Series No. 269, deployment of advanced nuclear power systems; Panel: Evaluation Economic Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants; A Guide- of barriers and strategies for the deployment of advanced nuclear book (1986). It contains state of the art information, advice and power systems; Options for international co-operation for the recommendations on the different principles, methods and guide- deployment of advanced nuclear power systems; Panel: The role of lines which should be used and applied when conducting an international organizations; Closing session. economic evaluation of nuclear power plant bids. Annex I lists an

82 NUCLEAR POWER PLANNING AND ECONOMICS improved IAEA cost account system for nuclear power plants and FINANCING ARRANGEMENTS FOR NUCLEAR Annex II describes the improved and updated software package for POWER PROJECTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: economic bid evaluation, BIEDVAL-3, which is more flexible and A Reference Book user-friendly than the previous version and can be found on the CD- Technical Reports Series No. 353 ROM accompanying this report. This report outlines the general characteristics of financing a nuclear Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Outline of the complete bid evaluation power project and presents innovative approaches for power gener- process and description of the economic bid evaluation; 3. Contract ation financing. It discusses the special conditions and requirements approaches; 4. Basis for the economic bid evaluation; 5. Evaluation of nuclear power projects and their financing complexities. The methods; 6. Sources of financing, financing proposals and aspects of availability of adequate and secure financial resources is one of the the economic evaluation of financing proposals; 7. Implementation most crucial constraints in the implementation of nuclear power of the economic bid evaluation; 8. Technology transfer; Appendix I: projects in developing countries. Possible ways and means of Further considerations on evaluation methods; Appendix II: List of dealing with these constraints are presented. typical bid documentation; Annex I: IAEA account system for nuclear power plants; Annex II: IAEA computer program for Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. The status of nuclear economic bid evaluation. power and special circumstances related to the financing of nuclear power projects; Chapter 3. Costs and economic feasibility of STI/DOC/010/396 (224 pp., 21 figures; 2000) nuclear power plants; Chapter 4. Conventional approaches for ISBN 92-0-100400-1 financing power generation projects in developing countries; Price: 710 Austrian schillings ( 51.60) Chapter 5. Experience gained and lessons learned; Chapter 6. Alter- native approaches for mobilizing financial resources; Chapter 7. Conclusions; References; Glossary; Annex I: Issues affecting the financing of nuclear power plants and the actions proposed for ELECTRICITY, HEALTH AND THE ➜NEW various actors; Annex II: Alternative Energy fund of Egypt; Annex ENVIRONMENT: COMPARATIVE III: Sector understanding on export credits for nuclear power plants; ASSESSMENT IN SUPPORT OF Annex IV: Aliaga thermal power project in Turkey; Annex V: BOT DECISION MAKING project development cycle. Proceedings Series STI/DOC/10/353 (189 pp., 17 figures; 1993) Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the EC, ESCAP, ISBN 92–0–100993–3 IAEA, IIASA, OECD/NEA, OPEC, UNEP, UNIDO, IBRD and Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) WMO, Vienna, 16–19 October 1995. The symposium was convened as part of the inter-agency joint project on databases and method- ologies for comparative assessment of different energy sources for GUIDEBOOK ON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT electricity generation (DECADES). Its objective was to enhance and SUPPORT FOR NUCLEAR POWER strengthen information sharing and co-operation between interested Technical Reports Series No. 298 and affected parties in the field of electricity demand analysis and supply planning, aiming at implementing sustainable policies in the This guidebook summarizes the experience of individual countries power sector, taking into account economic, social, health and envi- on the role of the R&D organization in developing their nuclear ronmental aspects. power programmes.

Contents: Opening session; Key issues in the decision making Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The role of the R&D organization; process; Assessment of health and environmental impacts; Inte- 3. Establishing the R&D organization; 4. Managing the R&D orga- grated frameworks for comparative assessment; Implementation of nization; References; Appendix I: The role of R&D in developing comparative assessment; Implementation of comparative assess- Canada’s nuclear power programmes; Appendix II: Indian experi- ment: Country case studies; Comparative assessment in decision ence in R&D activities for nuclear power; Appendix III: Spanish making; Poster presentations; Towards sustainable electricity poli- experience in R&D activities for the nuclear power programme; cies: Challenges for international co-operation (Summary of Round Appendix IV: The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and Table). the United Kingdom Nuclear Power Programme; Appendix V: The Electric Power Research Institute and its nuclear R&D STI/PUB/975 (857 pp., 186 figures; 1996) programme. ISBN 92–0–102496–7 Price: 2440 Austrian schillings (€177.32) STI/DOC/10/298 (91 pp., 6 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–155189–4 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80)

ENERGY, ELECTRICITY AND NUCLEAR ➜NEW POWER ESTIMATES FOR THE PERIOD HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ➜NEW UP TO 2020 — July 1999 Edition ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEMS: Reference Data Series No. 1 PROCEDURES FOR COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT Technical Reports Series No. 394 This is the nineteenth edition of Reference Data Series No. 1, containing the most recent estimates of energy, electricity and The present report is intended to assist in the design and implemen- nuclear power trends up to the year 2020. Nuclear data are based on tation of comparative risk assessment studies for the estimation of actual statistical data collected by the IAEA’s Power Reactor Infor- health and environmental impacts of various electricity generation mation System (PRIS). Energy, electricity and population data for options. It sets out the framework for carrying out such assessments 1998 are estimates based on information from the Statistical Office and identifies the major technical issues and uncertainties in the of the United Nations. assessment process.

IAEA-RDS-1/19 (53 pp., 10 figures, 9.5 × 17.5 cm; 1999) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Impacts and impact assessment: Basic ISBN 92–0–101899–1 concepts; 3. Methodological approach for estimating health and Price: 130 Austrian schillings (€9.45) environmental impacts; 4. Calculation and use of impact indicators

83 NUCLEAR POWER for comparative assessment; 5. Key methodological issues; Appen- Nuclear Power Operations dix I: Global climate change; Appendix II: Energy security.

STI/DOC/010/394 (193 pp., 8 figures; 1999) CODE ON THE SAFETY OF ISBN 92–0–102999–3 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: OPERATION Price: 630 Austrian schillings (€45.78) Safety Series No. 50-C-O (Rev. 1)

This code is prepared for those responsible for operating and regu- lating stationary nuclear power plants. Its safety requirements and NUCLEAR DESALINATION OF SEA WATER ➜NEW recommendations cover surveillance, operational limits and condi- Proceedings Series tions, commissioning, plant management and site personnel, operat- ing instructions and procedures, maintenance, testing, examination Proceedings of a symposium on Desalination of Sea Water with and inspection, modifications, radiologial protection, effluent and Nuclear Energy organized by the IAEA and hosted by KAERI on waste management, emergency arrangements, quality assurance, behalf of the Government of the Republic of Korea in co-operation security, records and reports, and decommissioning. with the Global Technology Centre and the International Desalina- tion Association and held in Teajon, 26–30 May 1997. The sympo- Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Surveillance by the sium provided a forum for the review of the latest technological operating organization and by the regulatory body; 3. Operational experience, design and development of nuclear desalination limits and conditions; 4. Commissioning; 5. Structure of the operat- systems, and their future prospects. Amongst the wide variety of ing organization; 6. Plant management and operating personnel; topics discussed were the activities carried out by some selected 7. Operating instructions and procedures; 8. Maintenance, testing, organizations and institutes, the experience gained in existing examination and inspection; 9. Core management and fuel handling; nuclear desalination plants and their facilities, national and bilateral 10. Modifications; 11. Radiation protection; 12. Effluent and waste programmes, including research, design and development, forecasts management; 13. Emergency preparedness; 14. Quality assurance for the future and the challenges that lie ahead. programme; 15. Security; 16. Review of operation and feedback of experience; 17. Records and reports; 18. Decommissioning. Contents: Opening session: Opening statements; Overviews; National programmes and activities. Panel 1: The challenges of STI/PUB/799 (42 pp., 1 figure; 1988) international co-operation; Technical aspects; Desalination using E ISBN 92–0–123588–7 nuclear, fossil and other energy sources; Opportunities for C ISBN 92–0–523390–0 desalination systems using nuclear energy. Panel 2: Why are there F ISBN 92–0–223489–2 not more desalination plants using nuclear energy? R ISBN 92–0–423790–2 S ISBN 92–0–323489–6 STI/PUB/1025 (557 pp., 119 figures; 1997) Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) ISBN 92–0–104097–0 Price: 1680 Austrian schillings (€122.09) COMMISSIONING PROCEDURES FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O4 NUCLEAR POWER PROJECT MANAGEMENT: A Guidebook This guide deals with the commissioning of all types of nuclear Technical Reports Series No. 279 power plants with thermal neutron reactors. Its purpose is to give guidance on good practice, the implementation of which will enable This guidebook provides specific advice and guidance to project commissioning to proceed safely and provide assurances that the management for the construction of nuclear power plants. While plant has been constructed and can operate according to design operating performance of nuclear power plants has been improving intent. The guide covers the programme of tests to be prepared and in recent years and has generally been comparable to or better than the responsibility for implementing and reporting on the various that of fossil fired plants in the same size ranges, performance parts of the commissioning programme. during construction has been variable. Although additional licensing requirements, public intervention and funding problems have been Contents: Introduction; Commissioning programme; Principal blamed for most of the delays and cost increases, there is growing stages of commissioning; Testing procedures; Organization, respon- recognition that lack of proper project management has been a major sibilities and audit; Interfaces between construction, commissioning factor. and operating activities at the site; Deviations during commission- ing; Documentation; Appendix A: Fuel loading; Annex I: Detailed Contents: Introduction; Project management — preparatory phase; list of commissioning tests; Definitions. Project management — execution phase; Appendix I: Sample outline of project manual; Appendix II: Manpower for utility project STI/PUB/574 (58 pp.; 1980) management; Appendix III. Manpower for main contractor project E out of print management; Appendix IV. Computerized treatment of project C ISBN 92–0–523187–8 schedules; Bibliography; Glossary. F ISBN 92–0–223981–9 R ISBN 92–0–323881–6 STI/DOC/10/279 (148 pp., 18 figures; 1988) S ISBN 92–0–423282–X ISBN 92–0–155088–X Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08) Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07)

DATA COLLECTION AND RECORD KEEPING FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AGEING Safety Series No. 50-P-3

This publication provides guidance on data requirements and an effective and practical system for data collection and record keeping

84 NUCLEAR POWER OPERATIONS in relation to the evaluation and management of ageing and service Contents: Introduction; Design considerations; In-service exam- life of nuclear power plant components. The application of the guid- ination; Evaluation of examination results; Test requirements; ance will contribute to the safe and reliable operation of nuclear Repair and replacement; Equipment, methods and techniques; power plants and will facilitate international information exchange Administrative aspects; Records; Annex I: In-service inspection of on ageing related component failures, malfunctions and degradation, light-water-cooled reactor plants; Annex II: In-service inspection of since data collected using the same ground rules are easier to heavy-water-cooled pressure-tube reactor plants; Annex III: In- exchange and compare. service inspection of gas-cooled reactor plants with pressure vessels.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General data needs for the evaluation STI/PUB/554 (47 pp.; 1980) and management of ageing; 3. Attributes of an effective data collec- E out of print tion and record keeping system; 4. General recommendations for C ISBN 92–0–523387–0 implementing the proposed data collection and record keeping F ISBN 92–0–223880–4 system; Appendix I: Component specific data needs; Appendix II: R out of print Examples of effective data collection and record keeping systems; S ISBN 92–0–823081–3 Appendix III: Guidance for implementation of an advanced data Price: 160 Austrian schillings (€11.63) collection and record keeping system; References; Glossary.

STI/PUB/902 (47 pp., 1 figure; 1991) ISBN 92–0–123591–7 MAINTENANCE OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O7 (Rev. 1)

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF The guide covers the organizational and procedural aspects of effec- COMPUTERIZED OPERATOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS tive maintenance for safe operation of nuclear power plants, but does IN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS not provide detailed technical advice on the maintenance of particu- Technical Reports Series No. 372 lar items. It gives guidance on preventive and remedial measures necessary to ensure safety. Experience from OSART missions and (See under Reactor Technology, p. 88) from the use of the manual on maintenance of systems and compo- nents important to safety was used for the revision. The sections on the maintenance programme, administrative control and modifica- FEEDBACK OF OPERATIONAL SAFETY EXPERIENCE FROM tions have been revised and a new section on the feedback of expe- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS rience developed. Proceedings Series Contents: Definitions; Note on the interpretation of the text; Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, 1. Introduction; 2. Maintenance programme; 3. Organization and Paris, 16–20 May 1988. Operating experience feedback responsibilities for maintenance; 4. Administrative controls 5. Main- programmes have been extensively developed at various levels tenance facilities; 6. Replacements and repairs; 7. Modifications; within the nuclear community and their effectiveness also has 8. Stores; 9. Feedback of experience; 10. Records; Surveillance, improved greatly as a result of: (a) the setting of more ambitious review and audit programme; Annex: Administrative aspects of plant targets providing greater margins in accident situations; maintenance work. (b) access to predictive operating data, indicative of the future performance of plants; and (c) the careful assessment, or review, of STI/PUB/848 (53 pp.; 1990) past operating experience to promptly correct the root causes of any E ISBN 92–0–123190–3 adverse trends. The purpose of the symposium was to provide a C ISBN 92–0–523491–5 forum for the detailed exchange of experience for the discussion of F ISBN 92–0–200192–8 various ways of closing the feedback loop, with the ultimate goal of R ISBN 92–0–400392–8 enhancing the level of operational safety at nuclear power plants. S ISBN 92–0–323591–4 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Contents: Opening session; Methods of identification of opera- tional safety issues in nuclear power plants; Methods of analysis of operational safety issues; Corrective actions implemented as a result of operating experience; Operational safety experience feedback MAN–MACHINE INTERFACE IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY systems; Panel discussion: Operational safety of nuclear power Proceedings Series plants — future trends; Closing session. Proceedings of a conference organized in co-operation with CEC STI/PUB/785 (695 pp., 174 figures; 1989) and OECD/NEA, Tokyo, 15–19 February 1988. The conference ISBN 92–0–020289–6 demonstrated that the development of computer technologies Price: 1700 Austrian schillings (€123.54) offered great potential in the design of future control rooms for nuclear power plants with enhanced information processing capabilities. IN-SERVICE INSPECTION FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Contents: Opening remarks; Review of status and outlook; Human Safety Series No. 50-SG-O2 behaviour in plant operation; Plant personnel training; Operator support; Artificial intelligence and accident management; Process This guide outlines provisions for the preparation of in-service control and human engineering in control rooms; Robots for nuclear inspection programmes for critical systems and components of power plant inspection and maintenance; Human engineering in primary reactor coolant systems. Recommendations cover methods controls and control rooms; Transients and accident management; and techniques applicable to in-service inspection and the minimum Robotics; Final panel; Closing remarks. frequency of examinations and tests. Methods of evaluating the results are described and acceptance standards defined. Methods of STI/PUB/781 (825 pp., 217 figures; 1988) preparing the necessary documentation, procedures and records are ISBN 92–0–020588–7 recommended. Price: 2040 Austrian schillings (€148.25)

85 NUCLEAR POWER

MANAGEMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS OPERATIONAL LIMITS AND CONDITIONS FOR FOR SAFE OPERATION: A Safety Guide NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-O9 Safety Series No. 50-SG-O3

This guide identifies the main objectives and responsibilities of The concept of operational limits and conditions for the safe opera- management with respect to the safe operation of nuclear power tion of nuclear power plants is presented. An essential element of the plants. It discusses the factors to be considered in structuring the concept is the distinction between safety limits established to retain operating organization to meet these objectives, in assigning the the integrity of fuel cladding and pressure boundary barriers, the responsibilities to units and individuals within the organization in an settings of safety systems provided to prevent safety limits from unambiguous manner, in establishing the management programmes being exceeded or to initiate operation of engineered safety systems, for ensuring that all safety requirements are met and in providing the and limits and conditions for normal operation established to services and facilities needed for the accomplishment of these tasks. provide acceptable margins for operation.

Contents: Introduction; Management objectives and responsibili- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Concept of operational limits and ties; Structuring the operating organization; Management conditions; 3. Contents of operational limits and conditions; programmes; Information and liaison; Supporting functions; Appen- 4. Responsibilities of the operating organization; 5. Documentation. dix A. Development of instructions and procedures; Appendix B. Development of operating and maintenance procedures. STI/PUB/531 (35 pp.; 1979) E out of print STI/PUB/660 (56 pp., 3 figures; 1984) C ISBN 92–0–524286–1 E ISBN 92–0–123984–X F ISBN 92–0–223879–0 C ISBN 92–0–523791–4 R out of print F ISBN 92–0–223984–3 S ISBN 92–0–323082–3 R ISBN 92–0–423386–9 Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) S ISBN 92–0–323085–8 Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) SAFETY ISSUES FOR ADVANCED ➜NEW PROTECTION, CONTROL AND MANUAL ON MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMS HUMAN–MACHINE INTERFACE SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS IMPORTANT TO SAFETY IN OPERATING NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 268 Safety Reports Series No. 6

This user’s manual provides Member States implementing the IAEA This Safety Report identifies and describes safety and licensing Codes and Safety Guides (NUSS) with practical examples of issues reflecting international experience and practices and offers management organization, good practices, methods and techniques good practices and effective safety approaches to digital instrumen- for the maintenance of systems and components important to safety. tation and control (I&C) retrofits in operating nuclear power plants. It contains a detailed description of management systems, adminis- It provides valuable guidance to all those involved in upgrading trative controls and procedures for maintenance activities and some protection, control and human–machine interface systems in nuclear aspects of surveillance and verification activities. power plants.

Contents: Introduction; Scope; Maintenance programme; Imple- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety categorization and standards; mentation of maintenance programme; Surveillance and verification 3. Safety issues of advanced systems; 4. Methodologies to address activities; Annex I. Examples of documents; Annex II. Descriptions safety issues; 5. Safety approaches for the human–machine inter- of practices. face; 6. Safety aspects of the upgrade process for advanced protec- tion, control and human–machine interface systems; Glossary. STI/DOC/10/268 (162 pp., 28 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–125386–9 STI/PUB/1057 (61 pp., 2 figures; 1998) Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) ISBN 92–0–104598–0 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH ➜NEW NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS IN MEMBER STATES IN 1998 Reactor Technology This report is the thirtieth in the Agency’s series of annual reports on operating experience with nuclear power stations in Member States. ADVANCED NUCLEAR POWER SYSTEMS: It is a direct output from the Agency’s Power Reactor Information DESIGN, TECHNOLOGY, SAFETY AND System (PRIS) and contains data on electricity production, overall STRATEGIES FOR THEIR DEVELOPMENT plant operating performance and plant outage during 1998 for indi- Proceedings Series vidual plants. In addition to annual performance data and outage information, the report contains a historical summary of perfor- (See under Nuclear Power Planning and Economics, p. 82) mance and outages during the lifetime of individual plants and figures illustrating worldwide performance and statistical data.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nuclear power station units in ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF ADVANCED Member States; 3. Definitions; 4. Figures; 5. Abbreviations; 6. Data REACTOR PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS sheets on individual nuclear power station units. UNDER NEUTRON IRRADIATION Technical Report Series No. 265 STI/PUB/1087 (818 pp., 4 figures, 21 x 30 cm; 1999) ISBN 92–0–103199–8 The final report of an IAEA co-ordinated research programme Price: 2350 Austrian Schillings (€170.78) involving nine organizations in eight Member States during the

86 REACTOR TECHNOLOGY period 1977–1983. The irradiation response of seven steels typical protection; 11. Fuel handling and storage systems; 12. Design of modern practice, in the form of plants, forgings and submerged confirmation; Appendix: Postulated Initiating Events (PlEs). arc welds supplied by worldwide suppliers, was determined under light water reactor pressure vessel irradiation conditions. STI/PUB/798 (58 pp., 1 figure; 1988) E ISBN 92–0–123488–0 Contents: Introduction; Scientific scope and programme goals; C ISBN 92–0–523290–4 Standard part of Phase 2 programme; Irradiation conditions; F ISBN 92–0–223389–6 Experimental results; Discussion of results; Conclusions; Appen- R out of print dix A: List of participants in the programme; Appendix B: Materi- S ISBN 92–0–323389–X als specification and identification; Appendix C: Expressions used Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) to define errors in linear regression analyses; Appendix D: Summary of experimental data; References; List of symbols and abbreviations. COOLANT TECHNOLOGY OF WATER COOLED REACTORS: An Overview STI/DOC/10/265 (119 pp., 50 figures; 1986) Technical Reports Series No. 347 ISBN 92–0–155186–X Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) This report is a survey of coolant technology in water cooled reac- tors which focuses on the following objectives: (a) man-sievert reduction; (b) plant life extension; (c) fuel life extension; (d) general safety and materials reliability.

BALANCING AUTOMATION AND HUMAN ACTION Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Description of reactor coolant IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS systems; 3. Chemistry of primary coolant in water cooled reactors; Proceedings Series 4. Corrosion in the primary coolant systems of water cooled reac- tors; 5. Activity transport mechanisms of water cooled reactors; Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, 6. Decontamination of water cooled reactors; 7. Areas for future Munich, Germany, 9–13 July 1990. The purpose was to review research and development; 8. Conclusions. developments and to discuss directions for future efforts. One important aspect of nuclear safety in recent years has been the very STI/DOC/010/347 (71 pp., 34 figures; 1993) high rate of development and subsequent introduction of computer ISBN 92–0–100193–2 technology. The data acquired by computer systems have to be Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) presented to the operator in a structured form with prioritization capabilities. Further developments of operator support systems may considerably influence the interface between human control and automation. To deal with fast transients, automation and real time DECONTAMINATION OF WATER COOLED REACTORS simulation have to be used. For other abnormal and accident situa- Technical Reports Series No. 365 tions, human flexibility may be preferred. Full use must be made of all plant resources, with system state and success path monitoring This publication is the first comprehensive review of decontamina- being of special interest in accident situations. The symposium tion processes used throughout the world on water cooled reactors, discussed all aspects of balancing problems, operating, maintenance i.e. PWRs, BWRs, HWRs and WWERs, operating under reduced and testing, including all levels from information processing to full dose while under maintenance and repair. It focuses on the follow- automation. ing objectives: man-sievert reduction, plant life extension, fuel life extension, and general safety and materials reliability. In addition, Contents: Opening session; Invited papers; Conceptions and special attention has been given to full system decontamination achievements in automation; Safety implication of automation; which is being developed in response to reactor ageing. Technical Computerized operator support — Part I; Computerized operator issues such as materials compabitility, waste generation or reconta- support — Part II; Man–machine interaction; Human factors mination after decontamination are also addressed. consideration in automation; Accident management in automation; Future trends and needs (Panel discussion). Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nature of oxides and contamination; 3. Physical, mechanical and electrochemical decontamination STI/PUB/843 (599 pp., 137 figures; 1991) processes; 4. Chemical decontamination processes; 5. Review of ISBN 92–0–020091–5 experience; 6. Technical issues. Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) STI/DOC/010/365 (73 pp., 27 figures; 1994) ISBN 92–0–101394–9 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

CODE ON THE SAFETY OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: DESIGN Safety Series No. 50-C-D (Rev. 1) DESIGN FOR REACTOR CORE SAFETY IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide This code establishes the general safety approach in design, sets out Safety Series No. 50-SG-D14 the basic requirements to ensure the necessary system reliability and defines the mandatory safety features of a nuclear power plant utiliz- This guide covers the mechanical, chemical, thermal, hydraulic, ing thermal neutron reactors. The basic nuclear safety requirements neutronic and irradiation considerations important to the safe design for structures, systems and components compiled in this code are of a nuclear reactor core. The core features of commonly used enlarged in the associated safety guides. reactor types including light and heavy water reactors, as well as gas cooled reactors, are addressed. Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Safety philosophy; 3. General design criteria; 4. Reactor core; 5. Reactor coolant Contents: Introduction; Safety design principles; Core design system; 6. Information and control facilities; 7. Protection system; requirements; Qualification and testing; Quality assurance in design, 8. Emergency power supply; 9. Containment system; 10. Radiation manufacture and operation; Annex 1. Reactivity coefficients;

87 NUCLEAR POWER

Annex II. Pellet–cladding interaction; Annex III. Design considera- FAST BREEDER REACTORS: EXPERIENCE tions for core management; Annex IV. Examples of postulated initi- AND TRENDS ating events which can influence the core design. Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/732 (52 pp.; 1986) Proceedings of a symposium, Lyons, France, 22–26 July 1985. The E ISBN 92–0–124086–4 purpose was to review experience gained in the field of LMFBRs, F ISBN 92–0–223787–5 taking into account the constructional, operational, technological, R ISBN 92–0–424088–1 economic and fuel cycle aspects, and to consider developmental S ISBN 92–0–323787–9 trends and international co-operation in fast breeder reactor design Price: 210 Austrian schillings (€15.26) and utilization.

Contents: (Vol. 1) Experience of LMFBR construction and operation and resultant development strategies; LMFBR plant startup and commissioning tests and general behaviour; Core perfor- DESIGN MEASURES TO FACILITATE ➜NEW mance experience for high burnup and core design trends; Experi- IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFEGUARDS ence and trends in the LMFBR fuel cycle; Core design and behav- AT FUTURE WATER COOLED iour; Fuel and materials. (Vol. 2) Component design, performance, NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS maintenance and repair; LMFBR plant design options and trends for Technical Reports Series No. 392 general layout; LMFBR components and plant design trends.

This report presents guidelines to the designers of water cooled STI/PUB/697 (Vol. 1: 487 pp., 168 figures; Vol. 2: 657 pp., 301 figures; power reactors which will minimize the impact of IAEA safeguards 1986) on plant operations and ensure efficient and effective acquisition of 1: ISBN 92–0–050086–2 safeguards data to the mutual benefit of the Member State, the plant 2: ISBN 92–0–050186–9 operator and the IAEA. These guidelines incorporate the IAEA’s Price: Vol. 1: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) experience in establishing and carrying out safeguards at currently Vol. 2: 1610 Austrian schillings (€117.00) operating nuclear power plants, the ongoing development of safe- guards techniques and the feedback of experience from plant opera- tors and designers on the impact of IAEA safeguards on plant oper- ation. FLOW INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN LIQUID METAL FAST BREEDER REACTORS Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The IAEA’s safeguards function for Technical Reports Series No. 297 current and future nuclear power plants; 3. Summary of the political and legal foundations of the IAEA’s safeguards system; 4. The tech- In the nuclear industry, flow induced vibrations are assessed early in nical objective of safeguards and the supply and use of required the design process and the results are incorporated in the design design information; 5. Safeguards approaches for nuclear power procedures. This report is a general survey of experimental and plants; 6. Design implications of experience in safeguarding nuclear calculational methods in this area of structural mechanics. It was power plants; 7. Guidelines for design provisions for future water written by Dr. R.J. Gibert of CEA, France. cooled reactors to facilitate the implementation of safeguards; Appendix I: Summary of information requested in the IAEA’s Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Fluidelastic phenomena: Design Information Questionnaire; Appendix II: IAEA safeguards General description; 4. Methods used for the prediction of LMFBR instrumentation commonly used for power reactors; Glossary. vibrations; 5. Impact on the design; 6. Measurement and vibrational monitoring; 7. Conclusions and recommendations; References. STI/DOC/010/392 (94 pp., 8 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–104798–3 STI/DOC/10/297 (126 pp., 90 figures; 1989) Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) ISBN 92–0–155289–0 Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62)

DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF GAS COOLED REACTOR DESIGN AND SAFETY COMPUTERIZED OPERATOR SUPPORT SYSTEMS Technical Reports Series No. 312 IN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS Technical Reports Series No. 372 An update of Technical Reports Series No. 235, Status of and Prospects for Gas Cooled Reactors, published in 1984; a This report addresses the development and implementation of compilation of information based on submissions from Member computerized operator support systems (COSS) in nuclear installa- States describing the status of gas cooled reactors with specific tions. It discusses the requirements of operators in information emphasis on the design and safety characteristics of the various management and job performance in control room environments. concepts that are either operating or are being designed and consid- The design methodology described presents good practice ered for future construction and operation. approaches derived from the experience gained and the lessons learned during actual development of the COSS. Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction; Chapter 2. Status of interna- tional gas cooled reactor development; Chapter 3. General features Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Computerized operator support of gas cooled reactors and their safety characteristics; Chapter 4. systems; 3. Operational requirements; 4. Design methodology; Gas cooled reactor design and safety in the United Kingdom; 5. Verification and validation; 6. Implementation; 7. Licensing Chapter 5. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in the United States considerations; Appendix I: Classification scheme for man–machine of America; Chapter 6. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in activities; Appendix II: Techniques. Japan; Chapter 7. Gas cooled reactor design and safety in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; Chapter 8. Gas cooled reactor design STI/DOC/010/372 (43 pp., 8 figures; 1994) and safety in Switzerland; Chapter 9. Gas cooled reactor design and ISBN 92–0–103394–X safety in the Federal Republic of Germany; Chapter 10. Summary; Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Annex: Information exchange on gas cooled reactors.

88 REACTOR TECHNOLOGY

STI/DOC/10/312 (234 pp., 97 figures; 1990) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Source terms; 3. Design principles; ISBN 92–0–155090–1 4. Control of airborne contamination in design basis accidents; Price: 700 Austrian schillings (€50.87) 5. Control of airborne contamination in severe accidents; 6. Experi- ence and trends; 7. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix: Testing of off-gas cleaning equipment for nuclear power plants. IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW OF ➜NEW A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AGEING STI/DOC/10/358 (117 pp., 48 figures; 1993) MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME ISBN 92–0–102993–4 Safety Reports Series No. 15 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07)

This publication provides information on good practices relating to the implementation and review of an ageing management REACTOR COOLANT AND ASSOCIATED SYSTEMS programme (AMP) for nuclear power plants. AMPs are umbrella IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide type, systematic programmes integrating plant operations, inspec- Safety Series No. 50-SG-D13 tion and maintenance and other relevant programmes. This guide covers the safety design considerations for various Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Rationale for an AMP; 3. Description reactor coolant and associated systems for operational states and of an AMP; 4. The AMP model and its implementation; 5. Review accident conditions including the selection, sizing and reliability of an AMP; Appendix I: Data collection and record keeping; Appen- aspects. This includes safety systems such as emergency core dix II: Examples of unanticipated ageing phenomena addressed by cooling, residual heat removal or emergency feedwater systems. The ageing management teams; Appendix III: Indicators of AMP effec- detailed design of particular components, e.g. heat exchangers, tiveness. pumps and vessels, is not covered.

STI/PUB/1072 (35 pp., 3 figures; 1999) Contents: Introduction; Extent of the reactor coolant and associated ISBN 92–0–100999–2 systems; General design principles; Detailed design principles; Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) Quality assurance; Annex I: Reactor coolant and associated systems diagrams; Annex II: Main reactor coolant system components; Annex III: Listing of pressure boundary codes and standards used in MODERN INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL ➜NEW some Member States. FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 387 STI/PUB/731 (70 pp., 6 figures; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–123886–X This report replaces Technical Reports Series No. 239, Nuclear F ISBN 92–0–223887–1 Power Plant Instrumentation and Control: A Guidebook (1984), in R ISBN 92–0–423789–9 particular by changing the emphasis from guidance to summarizing S ISBN 92–0–323587–6 operating experience and discussing new technologies. It provides Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) an up to date overview of nuclear power plant instrumentation and control technology and the background against which such systems are implemented. It is directed to meet the needs of instrumentation SAFETY RELATED INSTRUMENTATION AND and control engineers, but also of nuclear power plant designers and CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: regulators. A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 50-SG-D8 Contents: 1. General introduction; Part I. Requirements, constraints and recent issues; Part II. Design concepts; Part III. Recent develop- This guide deals primarily with design requirements for instrumen- ments in instrumentation and control; Part IV. Instrumentation and tation and control systems that are important to safety, but are not control in a new nuclear power plant; Part V. Examples of current part of the protection system (Safety Series No. 50-SG-D3). It gives instrumentation and control systems. recommendations on instrumentation and control systems for the prevention or termination of plant transients to avoid, if possible, the STI/DOC/010/387 (629 pp., 122 figures; 1999) actuation of safety systems. ISBN 92–0–101199–7 Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) Contents: Introduction; Extent of the I&C systems; Design basis; Design requirements; Documentation; Appendix: Single failure criterion for safety related I&C systems. NUCLEAR DESALINATION OF SEA WATER ➜NEW Proceedings Series STI/PUB/678 (48 pp., 1 figure; 1984) E ISBN 92–0–623184–7 (See under Nuclear Power Planning and Economics, p. 84) F ISBN 92–0–223085–4 R ISBN 92–0–423485–7 S ISBN 92–0–323585–X OFF-GAS AND AIR CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) ACCIDENT CONDITIONS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 358 VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION OF ➜NEW Air cleaning systems are subjected to major challenges under acci- SOFTWARE RELATED TO NUCLEAR dent conditions and the potential large source terms require the POWER PLANT INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL highest environmental protection from atmospheric release. The Technical Reports Series No. 384 objective of this report is to consider the principles involved and to survey existing systems and equipment for the mitigation of the This report provides practical guidance on the methods available for consequences of abnormal plant operations, including severe acci- verification of the software and validation of computer based dents beyond the design basis. Some experiences under abnormal systems in nuclear power plants, and on how and when these conditions and international trends in the development of accident methods can be effectively applied. It will be of particular interest to air cleaning are also included. all those involved in the development, implementation, maintenance

89 NUCLEAR POWER and use of software and computer based instrumentation and control have prevented or corrected problems related to selected manage- systems in nuclear power plants. ment issues.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety classification and types of soft- Contents: Executive summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Generic issues ware; 3. Software related activities and documents; 4. Verification related to effective management; 3. Effective practices; Annex 1: by phase; 5. Validation; 6. Licensing; 7. Conclusions; Appendix I: Designation of responsibility; Annex 2: Teamwork and effective Techniques for verification and validation; Appendix II: Single communication; Annex 3: Effectiveness of engineering activities; failure criterion; Appendix III: Experience. Annex 4: Surveillance of items important to safety and reliability; Annex 5. Peer evaluation; Annex 6. Working level self-assessment; STI/DOC/010/384 (126 pp., 7 figures; 1999) Annex 7: Corrective action programme; Annex 8: Monitoring of ISBN 92–0–100799–X corrective actions; Annex 9: Performance oriented quality depart- Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) ment; Annex 10: Assessment overview group; Annex 11: Integrated performance indicator system; Annex 12: Operating experience feedback; Annex 13: Self-assessment by the quality department; Annex 14: Focus on performance assessment; Annex 15: Quality maintenance teams; Annex 16: Performance enhancement stan- Quality Assurance dards; Annex 17: Performance based quality training; Annex 18: Prioritization of work; Annex 19: Profit centre concept; Annex 20: Departmental meeting policy; Annex 21: Plant modification infor- IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE mation system; Annex 22: Negotiated business plan; Annex 23: CORRECTIVE ACTIONS: A Manual Improvement of personnel qualification; Annex 24: Computerized Technical Reports Series No. 317 maintenance management system; Annex 25: Information manage- ment; Annex 26: Feedback to design; Annex 27: Definition of inter- This manual was developed to serve as guidance on non- faces; Annex 28: Teamwork and communication; Annex 29: Under- conformance and corrective actions which have been identified as standing of management goals; Annex 30: Relationship with the the major problems in the implementation of an effective quality regulator; Annex 31: Interface with the regulator; Annex 32: assurance programme. The scope of this manual, while fully Personal performance appraisal; Annex 33: Business plan of the addressing the requirements in the governing NUSS programme nuclear organization; Annex 34: Management development training; documents, also covers corrective action processes which would Annex 35: Supervisory development programme; Annex 36: Moni- more generally assist users in developing good practices for toring of equipment condition; Annex 37: Career path programme. improved performance in all areas of safety, reliability and econom- ics, and it offers a practical model and illustrative examples of the STI/DOC/010/369 (100 pp.; 1994) means by which effective measures and actions can be implemented. ISBN 92–0–103194–7 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Description of corrective action process; 3. Identification of deficiencies; 4. Assessing and correcting deficiencies; 5. Root cause analysis; 6. Verification and follow-up; MANUAL ON TRAINING, QUALIFICATION 7. Implementing procedures; 8. Trend analysis; 9. Summary; Defin- AND CERTIFICATION OF itions; References; Annex A: Example of a hold for QA clearance QUALITY ASSURANCE PERSONNEL tag; Annex B: Examples of non-conformance report forms; Technical Reports Series No. 262 Annex C: Example of a reject tag; Annex D: Example of a checklist for reviewing non-conformance dispositions; Annex E: Examples of Examples of typical QA functions to be undertaken and the a stop work notice and stop work notice tag; Annex F: Examples of associated qualification requirements, training programmes, training a deficiency report form and deficiency report–work order forms; techniques and methods of certification of personnel implementing Annex G: Example of a list defining a significant event for a nuclear these functions. Applicable to those participants in a nuclear power power plant; Annex H: Example of a method for evaluating person- project who are associated with establishment and implementation nel caused deficiencies; Annex I: Example of a procedure for esca- of the various QA programmes during the life cycle of the project. lation to higher levels of management to achieve corrective action; Annex J: Example of a status report for corrective actions; Annex K: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. QA programmatic and evaluation Example of a non-conformance control implementing procedure; functions; 3. Inspection and test functions; 4. Training and Annex L: Example of a corrective action request implementing qualification; 5. Maintenance of qualification; 6. Records; Annex I: procedure; Annex M: Example of an implementing procedure on Qualification; Annex II: Training; Annex III: National standards for tracking and trending of quality problems; Annex N: Example of a training, qualification and certification; Annex IV: Examples of method of coding of non-conformance data for defect analysis; personnel qualification record forms. Annex O: Example of reports available from a defect analysis programme. STI/DOC/10/262 (104 pp., 13 figures; 1986) ISBN 92–0–155086–3 STI/DOC/10/317 (137 pp., 2 figures; 1990) Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) ISBN 92–0–155290–4 Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR SAFETY IN ➜NEW NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND OTHER MANAGEMENT FOR EXCELLENCE IN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS: NUCLEAR POWER PLANT Code and Safety Guides Q1–Q14 PERFORMANCE: A Manual Safety Series No. 50-C/SG-Q Technical Reports Series No. 369 The revised Safety Code and its corresponding Safety Guides The objective of this report is to facilitate a recognition of priority replace Safety Series No. 50-C-QA (Rev. 1), Code on the Safety of management issues which, when not adequately recognized and Nuclear Power Plants: Quality Assurance, and Safety Series Nos 50- addressed, can result in problems in operational performance at SG-QA1 to 50-SG-QA11, and present new simplified basic require- nuclear power plants. It provides a number of effective practices, ments and implementation methods for quality assurance in a reflecting the positive experience of nuclear power companies, that nuclear context. They provide recommendations to regulatory

90 QUALITY ASSURANCE — QUALIFICATION AND TRAINING OF PERSONNEL bodies in establishing regulatory requirements and in verifying their programmes in all stages of the nuclear power plant project. The implementation, clearly formulate the responsibilities of the licensee manual is intended primarily for the management personnel and in achieving improved quality and safety performance, and give upper staff from regulatory bodies but it will also be helpful to guidance on methods for fulfilling the basic requirements in a management personnel from nuclear utilities and vendors. manner consistent with worldwide industry standards. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Techniques and methods of inspection; Contents: Glossary; Code; Safety Guides. 3. Performance of regulatory inspections of quality assurance programmes; 4. Inspection reports; 5. Periodic evaluation of effec- STI/PUB/1016 (364 pp., 6 figures; 1996) tiveness of and trends in quality assurance programme performance; E ISBN 92–0–103696–5 6. Enforcement of compliance with the quality assurance F ISBN 92–0–201998–3 programme; 7. Manpower requirements and technical qualifications R ISBN 92–0–400898–9 of quality assurance regulatory inspectors; Appendix I: Inspection Price: 1040 Austrian schillings (€75.58) procedure on document control; Appendix II: Inspection procedure on procurement control; Appendix III: Inspection procedure on receipt, storage and handling of materials and equipment; Appendix QUALITY ASSURANCE INTEGRATED IV: Inspection procedure on control of measuring and test equip- TRAINING PACKAGES: A Manual ment; Appendix V: Inspection procedure on non-conformance Technical Reports Series No. 340 control; Appendix VI: Inspection procedure on corrective action; Appendix VII: Inspection procedure on record system; The competence of the personnel to establish and implement an Appendix VIII: Inspection procedure on auditing; Annex I: Example effective quality assurance programme is essential for attaining and of inspection report cover page for licensee inspection; Annex II: maintaining the safety, reliability and economic performance of a Example of inspection report cover page for vendor inspection; nuclear installation. This manual offers training packages covering Annex III: Example of legal framework for enforcement measures; quality assurance principles and practices which can be adjusted to Annex IV: Example of severity level categorization for enforcement suit different levels of management and working personnel and can purposes; Annex V: Example of a system of civil penalties for be adapted to national variables and differing needs in the field of enforcement purposes. quality assurance. STI/DOC/10/296 (132 pp.; 1989) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General description; 3. Programmes of ISBN 92–0–155089–7 classroom training; 4. Lecture syllabuses for classroom training; Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) 5. On the job training; Appendix I: Typical training for inspection and test personnel performing non-destructive examination; Appendix II: Typical training on the operating principles of an LWR power plant.

STI/DOC/10/340 (121 pp.; 1992) ISBN 92–0–103692–2 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07)

QUALITY MANAGEMENT FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OPERATION: A Manual Qualification and Training of Personnel Technical Reports Series No. 315

This manual has been developed to assist plant managers in ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE EDUCATION fulfilling their responsibility with regard to the control and direction FOR NUCLEAR POWER: A Guidebook of quality and quality assurance activities in nuclear power plant Technical Reports Series No. 266 operation. It emphasizes quality objectives for nuclear power plant operations and gives highlighted practices complemented by typical The guidebook provides recommendations, based on the experience examples of forms and procedures. The selected activities comprise of both developed and developing countries, for upgrading or estab- those where it was felt that practical advice is generally needed. lishing national education and training capabilities in engineering and science in order to develop qualified personnel for nuclear Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Quality management; 3. Competence power programmes. Special consideration has been given to the of personnel; 4. Operations; 5. Maintenance; 6. Deficiencies and specific needs and conditions of developing countries. corrective actions; 7. Technical support; 8. Radiological safety; 9. Emergency preparedness; 10. Feedback; Appendix A: Summary Contents: Introduction; 1. Important aspects of engineering and of plant superintendent’s involvement and reviews listed in the science education for nuclear power; 2. Nuclear oriented manual; Appendix B: Typical organization of nuclear power plant programmes in mechanical, electrical, chemical, nuclear, electronics operations, showing the functions allocated to superintendents and engineering and in radiation health physics; 3. Nuclear specializa- managers; Annexes I–XXI. tion (S) programmes; 4. Undergraduate (U) and postgraduate (P) programmes in nuclear oriented mechanical (U1, P1), electrical (U2, STI/DOC/10/315 (129 pp., 15 figures; 1990) P2) and chemical (U3, P3) engineering and postgraduate ISBN 92–0–155190–8 programme in nuclear engineering (P4) for graduates of nuclear Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) oriented mechanical and electrical undergraduate programmes; 5. Integrated undergraduate (U) and post-graduate (P) programmes in nuclear engineering (U5, P5) and radiation health physics (U6, P6); REGULATORY INSPECTION OF THE 6. Basic nuclear science and engineering laboratory; 7. Measures for IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE implementing and improving engineering and science education and PROGRAMMES: A Manual training capabilities for nuclear power personnel. Technical Reports Series No. 296 STI/DOC/10/266 (312 pp., 6 figures; 1986) Guidance in the organization and performance of regulatory inspec- ISBN 92–0–155286–6 tion functions regarding the implementation of quality assurance Price: 810 Austrian schillings (€58.86)

91 NUCLEAR POWER

GUIDEBOOK ON THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUALITY ASSURANCE INTEGRATED TRAINING OF TECHNICIANS FOR NUCLEAR POWER PACKAGES: A Manual Technical Reports Series No. 306 Technical Reports Series No. 340

This guidebook describes for nuclear technicians: (1) the necessary (See under Quality Assurance, p. 90) level and content of conventional education and training; (2) the level and content of nuclear oriented education and training; (3) measures to bridge the gap between the two. The guidebook comple- STAFFING OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND ments or is supplemented by Technical Reports Series No. 200, THE RECRUITMENT, TRAINING AND AUTHORIZATION Manpower Development for Nuclear Power; Technical Reports OF OPERATING PERSONNEL: A Safety Guide Series No. 242, Qualification of Nuclear Power Plant Operations Safety Series No. 50-SG-O1 (Rev. 1) Personnel; and IAEA-TECDOC-526, Appendices to the Guidebook on the Education and Training of Technicians for Nuclear Power. This guide outlines the factors to be considered to ensure that the This guidebook seeks to assist policy makers and planners, as well operating organization has a sufficient number of qualified site as those designing and implementing education and training personnel who are aware of their duties and responsibilities. It programmes. covers the organization for the nuclear power plant, the educational qualifications and experience of the persons recruited, the recruit- Contents: Introduction; 1. Definition of technicians; 2. Planning ment and training schedule, the training of operating personnel, the and implementation of the E&T of technicians for nuclear power; authorization of persons whose duties have an immediate bearing on 3. Recommended E&T requirements to enter nuclear oriented E&T; safety, and re-training of personnel. 4. Upgrading the E&T of technicans who will enter nuclear oriented E&T; 5. Education and training of teachers/trainers for a nuclear Contents: Definitions; 1. Introduction; 2. Organizational plan; power programme; 6. Functions, tasks and number of technicians in 3. Recruitment; 4. Training and qualification; 5. Authorization; a nuclear power programme; 7. Basic and specialized E&T for a 6. Records; Annex: Nuclear power plant organizational charts. nuclear power programme; 8. Nuclear science and engineering labo- ratory; 9. Mechanisms for education and training implementation. STI/PUB/874 (59 pp., 5 figures; 1991) E ISBN 92–0–123391–4 STI/DOC/10/306 (92 pp., 13 figures; 1989) F ISBN 92–0–203195–1 ISBN 92–0–155689–6 R ISBN 92–0–405095–0 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) S ISBN 92–0–302095–0 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

MANUAL ON TRAINING, QUALIFICATION AND CERTIFICATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE PERSONNEL Technical Reports Series No. 262

(See under Quality Assurance, p. 90)

NUCLEAR POWER PLANT PERSONNEL ➜NEW TRAINING AND ITS EVALUATION: A Guidebook Technical Reports Series No. 380

This guidebook is a revision and update of the IAEA Guidebook on Training to Establish and Maintain the Qualification and Compe- tence of Nuclear Power Plant Operations Personnel, IAEA- TECDOC-525, published in 1989. It incorporates the experience gained since the introduction of the Systematic Approach to Train- ing (SAT) for nuclear power plant personnel six years ago and emphasizes a broader concept of competence which includes not only technical knowledge and skills but also knowledge, skills and attitudes related to human factors. In addition to the training of oper- ating personnel, the Guidebook deals with the role and responsibil- ities of management; the training of management and maintenance personnel; organizations involved in training; and more effective and efficient methods of SAT analysis.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The role of management; 3. The role of training organizations and the organization of training; 4. SAT methodology overview; 5. Analysis; 6. Design; 7. Development; 8. Implementation; 9. Evaluation; 10. SAT applications; 11. IAEA activities and technical co-operation in NPP personnel training and qualification.

STI/DOC/010/380 (138 pp., 18 figures; 1996) ISBN 92–0–101496–1 Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88)

92 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

NUCLEAR COMMUNICATIONS: A HANDBOOK FOR NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE IN THE 1990s AND GUIDING GOOD COMMUNICATIONS PRACTICES BEYOND THE CENTURY: SOME TRENDS AND AT NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE FACILITIES FORESEEABLE PROBLEMS Technical Reports Series No. 305 The purpose of this handbook is to serve as a guideline in applying good communications practices concerning nuclear fuel This publication contains comprehensive analyses of selected stages cycle facilities. It provides a compact source of information for of the nuclear fuel cycle with an outlook to the near future and with people involved in plant operation and management and identifies emphasis on the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the and addresses questions that members of the public may have about approaches discussed. Its aim is to highlight selected subjects of different aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. international interest and establish a starting point for productive discussions on the future of the nuclear fuel cycle worldwide. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Energy, society and the environment; 3. The nuclear fuel cycle and the environment; 4. Specific issues, Contents: Trends in the nuclear fuel cycle: Development in the questions and responses; Appendices: I. Uranium exploration and 1990s and international co-operation; Uranium supply and demand: mining: Examples of codes of conduct and practices; II. Organizing Are there reasons for anxiety? AVLIS technology: Principal advan- communication for a new facility: A case study; III. Consultants and tages and problems; Use of MOX fuels: The reasons to start; Fabri- advisory group members. cation, characterization and quality control of nuclear fuel ceramics.

STI/PUB/966 (72 pp., 21 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1994) STI/DOC/10/305 (145 pp., 73 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–103794–5 ISBN 92–0–155589–X Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52)

SAFE HANDLING AND STORAGE ➜NEW OF PLUTONIUM Safety Reports Series No. 9

NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND REACTOR ➜NEW This Safety Report updates IAEA Safety Series No. 39, Safe STRATEGIES: ADJUSTING TO NEW REALITIES Handling of Plutonium (1974), and provides an overview of modern Proceedings Series practices for handling and storing separated plutonium. It provides descriptions of plutonium and its properties, and of the biological Key issue papers from a symposium held in co-operation with the effects on humans of plutonium. The principles underlying the safe EC, the OEC/NEA and the Uranium Institute, 3–6 June 1997, design and operation of plutonium handling/storage facilities and Vienna. The purpose of the symposium was to provide a forum for the licensing of such facilities are also covered. discussion of the new realities facing the nuclear fuel cycle and to consider options on how these could be addressed. Amongst the new Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Current and future plutonium activities realities are the facts that: nuclear capacities have increased less than and inventories; 3. Nuclear, physical and chemical properties of projected; the debate on the choice of the most appropriate fuel plutonium; 4. Plutonium in the environment; 5. Pathways to humans cycle is still ongoing; military stocks of weapon plutonium and and the biological effects of plutonium; 6. Licensing, controls and highly enriched uranium have been released; and the amount of regulatory limits; 7. Safety aspects of design; 8. Operational safety; plutonium in the world is continuously increasing. The data 9. Summary; Annex I. Examples of plutonium plant design; Annex contained in these key issue papers should assist to inform decision II. Radiological safety data for plutonium handling; Annex III. Crit- makers and the public and lead to a more objective discussion of the icality safety parameters; Glossary. different options in the nuclear fuel cycle. STI/PUB/1061 (136 pp., 17 figures; 1998) Contents: Key issue paper No. 1: Global energy outlook; Key issue ISBN 92–0–102998–5 paper No. 2: Present status and immediate prospects of plutonium Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) management; Key issue paper No. 3: Future fuel cycle and reactor strategies; Key issue paper No. 4: Safety, health and environmental implications of the different fuel cycles; Key issue paper No. 5: THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE INFORMATION ➜NEW Non-proliferation and safeguards aspects; Key issue paper No. 6: SYSTEM: A Directory of Nuclear Fuel Cycle International co-operation. Facilities — 1996 Edition

STI/PUB/1026 (311 pp., 45 figures; 1997) The Nuclear Fuel Cycle Information System (NFCIS) is an ISBN 92–0–103797–X international directory of civilian nuclear fuel cycle facilities. Its Price: 960 Austrian schillings (€69.77) purpose is to provide information on existing and planned

93 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT commercial nuclear fuel cycle facilities, including some pilot and Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose; 3. Scope; 4. Objectives of laboratory scale facilities (altogether 433 facilities throughout the decommissioning/closeout programmes; 5. Regulatory control for world). The information contained in NFCIS, a computerized data- decommissioning/closeout; 6. Site characterization; 7. Planning and base, is obtained through questionnaires from IAEA Member States technical considerations; 8. Implementation of the decommission- or other authoritative published sources. The individual records ing/closeout plan; 9. Radiation protection, health and safety contain information on the name and location of each facility, programmes during decommissioning/closeout activities; 10. Post- together with technical information such as process and nameplate closeout monitoring and surveillance programmes; 11. Cost esti- capacity, startup and shutdown dates. The addresses of the technical mating and financing for decommissioning/closeout; 12. Documen- operator and of the major shareholder are usually also provided. tation for decommissioning/closeout; 13. QA programme for decommissioning/closeout; 14. Summary and conclusions; Annex I: Contents: Introduction; The nuclear fuel cycle industry; Nuclear Examples of national regulatory requirements, regulations and crite- fuel cycle processes and facilities; Scope of the nuclear fuel cycle ria for mill tailings and the decommissioning/closeout of uranium information system; The NFCIS database; Glossary; The Nuclear mines/mills; Annex II: Examples of national criteria for the exemp- Fuel Cycle Directory. tion, release or cleanup of radioactive sites, buildings, equipment and materials from the decommissioning/closeout of uranium STI/PUB/978 (307 pp., 1 figure; 1996) mines/mills; Annex III: Geotechnical, hydrological, environmental ISBN 92–0–101096–6 and economic rating matrix; Annex IV: Checklist for revegetation of Price: 920 Austrian schillings (€66.86) decommissioned uranium tailings; Annex V: Longevity requirements; Annex VI: National experience in the decommission- ing/closeout of facilities and residues from the mining and milling of radioactive ores.

STI/DOC/010/362 (186 pp., 14 figures; 1994) Uranium Ore Processing ISBN 92–0–100694–2 Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60)

CURRENT PRACTICES FOR THE MANAGEMENT AND CONFINEMENT OF URANIUM MILL TAILINGS Technical Reports Series No. 335 DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECTS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF URANIUM CONCENTRATES The present report provides an updated and comprehensive Panel Proceedings Series overview of the subject and supersedes Technical Reports Series No. 209, Current Practices and Options for Confinement of Uranium Proceedings of a meeting, Vienna, 25–28 November 1985. The Mill Tailings, published in 1981. The present worldwide production meeting was designed to bring together specialists from developed of uranium mill tailings exceeds 20 million tonnes annually. lt is and developing countries to discuss the problems of planning and therefore essential that the environmental and health risks from implementing complete mining-metallurgical projects for uranium these materials are reduced to an acceptable level. This report high- and to review selected case histories in project development. lights new technological developments in this field as well as oper- ational and managerial experience arising from the application of Contents: Development of projects for the production of uranium these methods. concentrates: An overview; International co-operation in radiation protection practices in the mining and milling of uranium; A milling Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Mining and milling uranium and conversion pilot plant at Ningyo Toge, Japan; Construction of a ores; 4. Factors in the management of uranium mill tailings; new plant in Gabon by the Compagnie des mines d’uranium de 5. Release of pollutants from uranium mill tailings to the human Franceville: Three years’ experience of operation; A new unit for environment; 6. Environmental considerations in mill process selec- purification of uranium solution in the Lodève mill; Development tion; 7. Impoundment siting and design options; 8. Treatment of status of projects for uranium production; The Key Lake project; liquid effluents and monitoring; 9. Stabilization and rehabilitation of Development of a system for the automation of a grinding circuit; impoundments; 10. Application of radiological protection princi- Test procedures for the metallurgical evaluation of uranium ores; ples; 11. Assessing the long term safety of closeout options; The uranium mill of the Compagnie minière Dong-Trieu: Project 12. Summary and conclusions; References; Additional bibliograph- preparation and implementation; Development of uranium ical references; Appendix I: An example of the use of mathematical operations in Saskatchewan; Computer system for optimizing a models to assess the long term safety of mill tailings closeout uranium extraction process; In-place leaching of uranium at Denison options; Appendix II: Abbreviated checklist of considerations rele- Mines Ltd; Techniques for heap and in situ leach simulation on vant to the design, construction and closeout of uranium mill tailings uranium ores; The Chemwes uranium plant: A case history; Annex: impoundments; Glossary. National reports on the current status of uranium ore processing in Canada, Columbia, Mexico, the United States of America and STI/DOC/10/335 (140 pp., 26 figures; 1992) Yugoslavia. ISBN 92–0–101292–6 Price: 460 Austrian schillings (€33.43) STI/PUB/738 (243 pp., 82 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–141187–1 Price: 620 Austrian schillings (€45.06) DECOMMISSIONING OF FACILITIES FOR MINING AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES AND CLOSEOUT OF RESIDUES Technical Reports Series No. 362 GUIDEBOOK ON DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION and OPERATION OF PILOT PLANTS FOR The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the factors URANIUM ORE PROCESSING involved and assistance in planning and implementing the decom- Technical Reports Series No. 314 missioning of mining and milling facilities and the closeout of mines, tailings piles, mining debris and leach residues. Restoration The design, construction and operation of a pilot plant are often of the site, vicinity properties and groundwater is also part of the important stages in the development of a project for the production report. of uranium concentrates. The main purpose of this guidebook is to

94 URANIUM ORE PROCESSING — FUEL FABRICATION AND PERFORMANCE discuss the objectives of a pilot plant and its proper role in the URANIUM EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGY overall project. Since building and operating a pilot plant is very Technical Reports Series No. 359 costly, it is important that such a plant be built only after several prerequisites have been met. This book discusses the rationale for a The purpose of this publication is to update and expand the first pilot plant and provides guidelines with suggested solutions for a edition, which was published in 1983, and to report on advances in variety of problems that may be encountered. uranium ore processing which have taken place since. It includes background information about the principles of the unit operations Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Process selection and design; 3. Basic used in uranium ore processing and summarizes the current state of engineering; 4. Project administration; Appendix I: Example of a the art. It also seeks to preserve the technology and the operating uranium pilot plant; Appendix II: General and radiological safety; ‘know-how’ developed over the past ten years. Extensive references Annex: Basic data; References; Bibliography. provide sources for specific technological details.

STI/DOC/10/314 (81 pp., 7 figures; 1990) Contents: Introduction; Part I. Uranium resources and mining tech- ISBN 92–0–145290–X nology; Chapter 1. Uranium resources; Chapter 2. Mining technol- Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) ogy; Part II. Processing technology; Chapter 3. Processing concepts; Chapter 4. Ore preparation; Chapter 5. Leaching; Chapter 6. Solid–liquid separation; Chapter 7. Solution purification; Chapter 8. Product recovery; Chapter 9. By-products; Part III. Waste manage- MANUAL ON LABORATORY TESTING FOR ment and the environment; Chapter 10. Tailings management tech- URANIUM ORE PROCESSING nology; Part IV. Flow sheet examples; Chapter 11. Olympic Dam; Technical Reports Series No. 313 Chapter 12. Key Lake; Chapter 13. Rabbit Lake; Chapter 14. Lodève; Chapter 15. Rossing; Chapter 16. Cominak; Chapter 17. Laboratory testing of uranium ores is an essential step in the White Mesa; Chapter 18. Rosita (in situ leaching). economic evaluation of uranium occurrences and in the develop- ment of a project for the production of uranium concentrates. STI/DOC/10/359 (358 pp., 77 figures; 1993) Although these tests represent only a small proportion of the total ISBN 92–0–103593–4 cost of a project, their proper planning, execution and interpretation Price: 1100 Austrian schillings (€79.94) are of crucial importance. This manual discusses the objectives of metallurgical laboratory ore testing, shows the specific role of these tests in the development of a project and provides practical instruc- tions for performing the tests and for interpreting their results. Fuel Fabrication and Performance Guidelines on the design of a metallurgical laboratory, on the equip- ment required to perform the tests and on laboratory safety are also given. DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE OF WWER FUEL ➜NEW Technical Reports Series No. 379 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Sampling and characterization; 3. Size reduction; 4. Leaching; 5. Solid–liquid separation and washing; This report is the first of its kind presenting compiled information on 6. Uranium recovery from leach solutions; 7. Uranium recovery by all aspects of fuel for pressurized water reactors (WWERs or ion exchange; 8. Uranium recovery by solvent extraction; 9. Precip- VVERs) of the two sizes in use, WWER-440 and WWER-1000. It itation; 10. Alternative techniques; 11. Flow sheets and material covers design principles, and detailed design and fabrication balances; 12. Report writing; Appendix I: Laboratory safety; Appen- processes, as well as fuel performance under normal operation, high dix II: Guidelines for laboratory design; Appendix III: Suggested burnup effects, effects of load following, effects of reactivity inser- laboratory equipment and supplies. tion accidents, fuel defect experience and fuel performance model- ling. It is intended to serve as a comprehensive reference on the STI/DOC/10/313 (149 pp., 40 figures; 1990) design and performance of WWER fuel. ISBN 92–0–145190–3 Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. WWER fuel element design; 3. Fuel element fabrication processes; 4. Fuel element performance in normal operation; 5. High burnup effects; 6. Effects of load following; 7. Effects of operational transients and loss of coolant MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF RADON accidents (LOCAs); 8. Effects of reactivity insertion accidents; RELEASES FROM URANIUM MILL TAILINGS 9. Fuel defect experience; 10. Fuel performance modelling; Technical Reports Series No. 333 11. Future prospects; 12. Summary.

The present report provides a comprehensive overview of the STI/DOC/010/379 (80 pp., 28 figures; 1996) release, control and monitoring of radon. lt complements Technical ISBN 92–0–104096–2 Reports Series No. 335, Current Practices for the Management and Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26) Confinement of Uranium Mill Tailings, which provides a general account of the siting, design and construction of tailings impoundments. GUIDEBOOK ON DESTRUCTIVE ➜NEW EXAMINATION OF WATER REACTOR FUEL Contents: Notation; 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose and scope; Technical Reports Series No. 385 3. Factors controlling radon releases; 4. Methods for calculating radon releases from uranium tailings piles; 5. Measurement of radon This guidebook gives a complete survey of destructive techniques concentration and flux; 6. Conducting a radon monitoring available to perform microstructural examinations, elemental and programme; 7. Summary; Annex A: Mathematical development of isotopic analyses and measurement of physical, chemical and radon diffusion equations; Annex B: Refined methods of radon flux mechanical properties of irradiated fuel and structural materials, and calculation; References; Glossary. describes asociated refabrication and instrumentation techniques. Non-destructive examination (NDE) data are verified by destructive STI/DOC/10/333 (59 pp., 10 figures; 1992) examination (DE) data. The data were submitted to the IAEA by hot ISBN 92–0–101092–3 laboratories from 12 countries and one international organization Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) (CEC/ITU) during the period 1992–1995. Together with IAEA

95 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Technical Reports Series No.322 (1991), Guidebook on non- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The nuclear fuel cycle; 3. Fuel and fuel destructive examination of water reactor fuel, it presents the most element fabrication; 4. Quality control; 5. Fuel element design and comprehensive summary of post-irradiation examination techniques performance; 6. Major developments and water reactor fuel perfor- to date. mance experience in selected countries; 7. Fuel management: Incen- tives to improve fuel utilization; 8. Conclusions. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Microstructural studies; 3. Elemental analysis; 4. Isotopic analysis; 5. Measurement of physical STI/DOC/10/299 (137 pp., 20 figures; 1989) properties; 6. Measurement of mechanical properties; 7. Refabrica- ISBN 92–0–155389–7 tion and instrumentation; 8. Verification of non-destructive tech- Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) niques by destructive methods; 9. Conclusions.

STI/DOC/010/385 (61 pp., 16 figures; 1997) REVIEW OF FUEL FAILURES IN ➜NEW ISBN 92–0–100897–X WATER COOLED REACTORS Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) Technical Reports Series No. 388

The purpose of this report is to provide a combined presentation of GUIDEBOOK ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE the worldwide experience gained on fuel failures in water cooled EXAMINATION OF WATER REACTOR FUEL reactors and to give statistical data on fuel failures for the period Technical Reports Series No. 322 1987 to 1994. It contains detailed descriptions of primary and secondary failure mechanisms which occurred in ‘western’ type The guidebook gives a complete survey of non-destructive tech- boiling and pressurized water reactors (BWRs and PWRs), Soviet niques available for application in the spent fuel pool as well as in type pressurized light water reactors (WWERs) and Canadian type hot cells, thereby supplementing an earlier publication, IAEA- heavy water reactors (CANDUs). It also includes information on TECDOC-245. It provides information on methods of examining detection, examination and analysis of fuel failures as well as on fuel water reactor fuel and a basis for further innovations. failure prevention and management in plant operation.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Defect surveillance and detection; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Historical remarks on fuel failure and 3. Visual inspection; 4. Dimensional measurements; 5. Oxide layer design evolution; 3. World overview on fuel failures in 1987–1994; thickness and crud measurements; 6. Gamma scanning; 7. Neutron 4. Detection, examination and analysis of fuel failures; 5. Mecha- radiography and X ray radiography; 8. Fission gas determination; nisms and root causes of fuel failures; 6. Secondary fuel failures; 9. Transfer, collection, documentation and storage of post-irradia- 7. Fuel failure prevention and management in plant operation; tion data; 10. Conclusions. Conclusions and recommendations.

STI/DOC/10/322 (80 pp., 35 figures; 1991) STI/DOC/010/388 (167 pp., 66 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–155091–X ISBN 92–0–102298–0 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) Price: 560 Austrian schillings (€40.70)

IMPROVEMENTS IN WATER REACTOR FUEL WATER REACTOR FUEL EXTENDED BURNUP STUDY TECHNOLOGY AND UTILIZATION Technical Reports Series No. 343 Proceedings Series This report details the results of the Water Reactor Fuel Extended Proceedings of a symposium, Stockholm, 15–19 September 1986. Burnup Study (WREBUS), the first internationally conducted study The aim of the symposium was to exchange information on achieve- of its kind. The report assesses the economic effects of burnup ments made and future work. It was shown that water reactor fuels extension, evaluates uranium utilization for PWRs and BWRs (e.g. perform reliably and meet performance requirements. The factors the need for higher enrichments and possible fuel design changes) which could limit performance under high burn-up conditions and and considers environmental, safety and licensing implications. The load follow mode of operation were discussed and defined. Current results of the study provide a basis for understanding incentives and development is primarily related to studies of water-side corrosion, indicating directions for future developments in fuel cycle technolo- pellet–cladding interaction, fission gas release, dimensional stabil- gies and for introducing improvements in fuel performance and ity, use of burnable absorbers, in-core fuel management and various operational strategies. fabrication processes. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Incentives for extending burnup; Contents: Introduction; Fuel design and performance; Fuel 3. Economic evaluation; 4. Technical aspects; 5. Conclusions; materials and behaviour; Structural materials; Fuel fabrication; Appendix: Description of the fuel cycle cost method used for the US Poster sesssion; Closing session. contribution.

STI/PUB/721 (621 pp., 315 figures; 1987) STI/DOC/10/343 (60 pp., 23 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–050087–0 ISBN 92–0–103992–1 Price: 1540 Austrian schillings (€111.92) Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

REVIEW OF FUEL ELEMENT DEVELOPMENTS FOR Spent Fuel Management WATER COOLED NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS Technical Reports Series No. 299 BACK END OF THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE: Improvements in water reactor fuel technology and utilization are STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS of great importance in achieving better reactor operational safety Proceedings Series and economics. This report is intended to provide general informa- tion on the progress made in water reactor fuel design, fabrication Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, and utilization, as well as on current and future developments. Vienna, 11–15 May 1987. The symposium addressed a vital and

96 SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT common subject for all countries developing nuclear power, namely DESIGN OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES: what to do with nuclear fuel after its discharge from the reactor. It A Safety Standard provided a forum for the exchange of information on the analysis Safety Series No. 116 and selection of spent fuel management, national strategies and incentives for international co-operation, as well as on the various This guide has been developed through a series of technical meet- technical, safety, economic, environmental, legal and regulatory ings and represents an international consensus on useful design prin- aspects associated with spent fuel and high level waste (HLW) ciples. These principles incorporate features which will be effective management. in maintaining fuel subcritical, removing residual heat, providing radiation protection and containing radioactive materials for the life- Contents: National approaches to the back end of the nuclear fuel time of the facility. It is intended for use by the nuclear power indus- cycle; Options and strategies for the back end of the nuclear fuel try, its supporting organizations and related regulatory bodies in cycle; Transportation of spent fuel and radioactive waste; Handling, identifying and managing all relevant issues on the design aspects conditioning and storage of spent fuel and HLW; Development for the safe interim storage of spent fuel from nuclear power plants. programmes for reprocessing facilities; Utilization of materials It complements Safety Series No. 117, Operation of Spent Fuel recovered by reprocessing; Disposal of spent fuel and HLW; Closing Storage, and Safety Series No. 118, Safety Assessment for Spent session (Summary of Symposium). Fuel Storage Facilities.

STI/PUB/758 (671 pp., 128 figures; 1987) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General guidance; 3. Specific ISBN 92–0–050187–7 design requirements; 4. Auxiliary systems; 5. Quality assur- Price: 1610 Austrian schillings (€117.00) ance; 6. Inspection and maintenance; 7. Decommissioning; Definitions.

CONCEPTS FOR THE CONDITIONING OF STI/PUB/976 (50 pp.; 1994) SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL FOR FINAL WASTE DISPOSAL ISBN 92–0–104994–3 Technical Reports Series No. 345 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

This report describes various national spent fuel conditioning concepts, the current state of technology, the waste package designs EVALUATION OF SPENT FUEL so far developed, and the engineering operations required for their AS A FINAL WASTE FORM manufacture. It supplements IAEA Technical Reports Series Technical Reports Series No. 320 No. 320, Evaluation of Spent Fuel as a Final Waste Form. The present report provides an appreciation of the types and quanti- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Major factors in the development of ties of spent fuel for disposal and reviews the current state of knowl- conditioning concepts; 3. Waste package design; 4. Preconditioning edge of the behaviour of spent fuel under repository conditions. It processes; 5. Conditioning processes; 6. Summary; Appendix: further contains comments and discussions on technical and safety National spent fuel conditioning concepts. aspects specific to the disposal of spent fuel, discussed at a Techni- cal Committee meeting held in Vienna in June 1988. STI/DOC/10/345 (123 pp., 55 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–104192–6 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Type of spent fuel; 3. Effect of Price: 420 Austrian schillings (€30.52) in-reactor operations on fuels; 4. Behaviour of spent fuel in the disposal environment; 5. Safety and environmental assessments of spent fuel as a final waste form; 6. Engineering evaluations and demonstrations of spent fuel disposal; 7. Summary. COST ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE STI/DOC/10/320 (81 pp., 31 figures; 1991) Technical Reports Series No. 361 ISBN 92–0–125091–6 Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) This report provides a methodology for calculating the costs of different options for interim storage of spent fuel produced in reactor cores. It considers different technical features and storage FEASIBILITY OF SEPARATION AND UTILIZATION options and defines the factors affecting all options. The report OF CAESIUM AND STRONTIUM FROM further analyses the major cost categories, calculates the net present HIGH LEVEL LIQUID WASTE value of each option and determines the levelized cost. It also Technical Reports Series No. 356 includes a sensitivity analysis, taking into account the uncertainty of the different cost estimates. (See under Waste Management, p. 103)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Spent fuel management; 3. Technical features of spent fuel storage; 4. Storage options and cost consider- ations; 5. Cost considerations; 6. Method of cost analysis; 7. Cost GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL AND analysis; 8. Financing the options; Appendix I: AR storage enhance- HIGH LEVEL AND ALPHA BEARING WASTES ment: Reracking with compact storage racks in Germany; Appen- Proceedings Series dix II: A stand alone AR storage facility: The TVO-KPA pool storage facility at Olkiluoto in Finland; Appendix III: An AFR Proceedings of a symposium organized jointly with CEC and storage facility: The CLAB pool storage facility at Oskarshamn in OECD/NEA, Antwerp, Belgium, 19–23 October 1992. The purpose Sweden; Appendix IV: An AFR storage facility: Pool storage of the symposium was to review the progress being made in national facilites at the Cogéma processing plant at La Hague in France; and international programmes towards the demonstration of safe Appendix V: An AFR storage facility: The dry cask storage facility disposal of radioactive wastes. The technical presentations at Gorleben in Germany. addressed disposal in all the principal geological media currently under consideration: clay, crystalline rock, salt and volcanic tuff. STI/DOC/010/361 (56 pp., 16 figures; 1994) The programmes described ranged from national screening surveys ISBN 92–0–100594–6 on a broad, regional scale to detailed site specific investigations in Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) underground research laboratories.

97 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Contents: Keynote address; Programmes of international STI/DOC/10/321 (75 pp., 3 figures; 1991) organizations; Site characterization programmes and methods; ISBN 92–0–125191–2 Repository design concepts, construction techniques and engineered Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) barrier design; Characterization and acceptance of high level and alpha bearing wastes; Repository concepts for direct disposal of spent fuel; Developing, testing and validating repository perfor- OPERATION OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE FACILITIES: mance assessment models; National and international programmes; A Safety Standard Poster presentations. Safety Series No. 117

STI/PUB/907 (487 pp., 116 figures; 1993) This guide has been developed through a series of technical meet- ISBN 92–0–000193–9 ings and represents an international consensus on useful operating Price: 1400 Austrian schillings (€101.74) principles. These principles incorporate features which will be effec- tive in maintaining fuel subcritical, removing residual heat, provid- ing radiation protection and containing radioactive materials for the GUIDEBOOK ON SPENT FUEL STORAGE — lifetime of the facility. It is intended for use by the nuclear power Second Edition industry, its supporting organizations and related regulatory bodies Technical Reports Series No. 240/2 in identifying and managing all relevant issues on the operational aspects for the safe interim storage of spent fuel from nuclear power This guidebook is a revised version of Technical Reports Series plants. It complements Safety Series No. 116, Design of Spent Fuel No. 240, published in 1984. It provides a summary of the experience Storage Facilities, and Safety Series No. 118, Safety Assessment for and information in many areas related to spent fuel storage. It will Spent Fuel Storage Facilities. allow a better understanding of the many problems involved and permit countries that are planning for or operating nuclear power Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Key operational activities; 3. Basic reactors to review the issues in a more informative manner. In view safety considerations for operation; 4. Management; 5. Training and of the large quantity of spent fuel discharged from nuclear power qualifications; 6. Commissioning; 7. Operational limits and condi- plants, long term storage is currently the primary option for the tions; 8. Operating procedures; 9. Maintenance, testing, examination management of spent fuel. The proven wet storage concept is and inspection; 10. Radiation and environmental protection; expected to continue to be used in the future. The design and the 11. Quality assurance; 12. Safeguards and physical protection; technological, economic and material problems of safe spent fuel 13. Decommissioning; Definitions. storage will remain a focus of attention, with particular emphasis on dry storage technology, rod consolidation and other advanced STI/PUB/977 (54 pp.; 1994) concepts. ISBN 92–0–105094–1 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Spent fuel storage technology; 3. Transport of spent fuel; 4. Economics of spent fuel storage; 5. Regulatory, institutional and safety aspects; 6. International safe- OPTIONS, EXPERIENCE AND TRENDS IN guards; 7. Factors used in evaluating spent fuel storage options; SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT 8. International co-operation; Annex A: AFR storage facility Clab, Technical Reports Series No. 378 Sweden; Annex B: Development of AFR storage design in the USSR; Annex C: Spent fuel storage in the Federal Republic of Spent fuel management encompasses all the activities associated Germany; Annex D: United States horizontal concrete dry storage with the handling, transport, storage, processing and eventual system; Annex E: Canadian experience with the dry storage of used disposal of spent nuclear fuel following its discharge from the CANDU fuel; Annex F: United States dry cask storage experience; reactor. The time-scale for commitment to the safe management of Annex G: United States experience with spent fuel rod consolida- spent fuel is expected to be several decades, until such time as the tion; Annex H: Fuel storage ponds at Sellafield, United Kingdom; eventual disposal arrangements have been engineered. The purpose Annex I: Acronyms and abbreviations; Annex J: Glossary. of this document is to assist Member States to establish policies and national arrangements for spent fuel management in a structured and STI/DOC/10/240/2 (207 pp., 71 figures; 1991) timely manner. ISBN 92–0–155191–6 Price: 620 Austrian schillings (€45.06) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Policy considerations and spent fuel management; 3. Regulatory framework for spent nuclear fuel management systems; 4. Making a choice between options; MANAGEMENT OF SEVERELY DAMAGED 5. Reprocessing technology; 6. Disposal technology; 7. Storage NUCLEAR FUEL AND RELATED WASTE technology; 8. Conclusions. Technical Reports Series No. 321 STI/DOC/010/378 (72 pp., 17 figures; 1995) This report provides a comprehensive review of management ISBN 92–0–101095–8 insights and principles for the on-site, post-accident activities at Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) nuclear power plants that have experienced significant fuel damage. Member States who wish to complement their emergency response procedures and off-site plans with knowledge of on-site experience SAFETY AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS will find this publication useful for such a purpose. It will also OF SPENT FUEL STORAGE provide a reference text on the requirements that arise after the crit- Proceedings Series ical phase of emergency response. Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with OECD/NEA, Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Strategic planning; 3. Stabilizing the Vienna, 10–14 October 1994. The purpose of the symposium was to fuel; 4. Data management and analysis; 5. Initial waste manage- provide an opportunity for the exchange of information on the state ment; 6. Initial decontamination; 7. Fuel removal; 8. Fuel condi- of the art and the prospects of spent fuel storage, to discuss the tioning, transport and interim storage; 9. Abnormal waste: condi- worldwide situation and the major factors influencing the national tioning to disposal; 10. Preparation for the decommissioning of fuel policies in this field, and to identify the most important directions damaged plants; 11. Conclusions; Annex A: Nuclear Power Plant that national efforts and international co-operation in this area A-1 (Czechoslovakia) experience. should take.

98 SPENT FUEL MANAGEMENT — WASTE MANAGEMENT

Contents: Spent fuel storage programmes; Spent fuel storage tech- treatment of organic wastes; 5. Future trends in process develop- nology; Licensing and safety aspects of spent fuel storage; Closing ment; Conclusions. session; Poster presentations. STI/DOC/010/370 (103 pp., 33 figures; 1994) STI/PUB/949 (451 pp., 122 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–104194–2 ISBN 92–0–101695–6 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) Price: 1320 Austrian schillings (€95.93)

SURVEY OF EXPERIENCE WITH DRY STORAGE APPLICATION OF EXEMPTION PRINCIPLES TO OF SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL AND THE RECYCLE AND REUSE OF MATERIALS FROM UPDATE OF WET STORAGE EXPERIENCE NUCLEAR FACILITIES: A Safety Practice Technical Reports Series No. 290 Safety Series No. 111-P-1.1

This report presents data on the dry storage of spent nuclear fuel and This Safety Practices publication, part of the lAEA’s Radioactive recent information on wet storage, transportation and rod consolida- Waste Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme, provides guid- tion. The amount of spent fuel arisings will increase significantly in ance on the application of internationally agreed principles for deter- the next one or two decades. In view of the large quantities of spent mining the levels of radionuclides in materials below which they can fuel discharged from nuclear power plants and the expected future be exempted from regulatory control and can be recycled or reused discharges, many countries are involved in the construction of without any further restriction. It illustrates a methodology by which storage facilities and in the development of effective methods for practical exempt quantities for the recycle and reuse of these mate- spent fuel surveillance and monitoring to ensure reliable and safe rials may be derived and gives typical exempt values based on a operation. generic assessment.

Contents: Summary and conclusions; 1. Introduction; 2. Key Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Exemption from regulatory control considerations in the dry storage of zirconium alloy clad fuel; applied to recycle and reuse; 3. Recycle and reuse as options; 3. Spent fuel description and history; 4. Dry storage technology; 4. Methods for dose assessment; 5. Recycle scenarios and related 5. Spent fuel behaviour during storage; 6. Performance of facilities assumptions; 6. Derived exemption levels; 7. Additional considera- and test programmes; 7. Other experience/developments (wet and tions and discussion of the results; 8. Summary; References; Appen- dry); 8. Update on wet storage; 9. Transport; Appendix A. Ques- dix 1. Methods for estimating individual and collective doses from tionnaire, glossary, and acronyms and abbreviations; Appendix B. external exposures to radionuclides during recycle and reuse; Special cases; Appendix C. Proposed dry storage facilities; Appen- Appendix II. Methods for estimating individual and collective doses dix D. Synopsis of USSR experience in spent fuel storage and trans- from inhalation and ingestion of radioactive materials; Appendix III. portation; Appendix E. Detailed description of casks in use and Estimated individual and collective effective dose equivalents by under development in the USA; Appendix F. Report of BNFL/PNTL scenario and pathway for concentrations of 1 Bq/g of each reference and NTL transport flasks (casks) (United Kingdom); Bibliography. radionuclide for the recycle and reuse of contaminated materials.

STI/DOC/10/290 (206 pp., 39 figures; 1988) STI/PUB/924 (204 pp., 3 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–155388–9 ISBN 92–0–104992–7 Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60)

WATER REACTOR FUEL EXTENDED BURNUP STUDY Technical Reports Series No. 343 APPLICATION OF REMOTELY OPERATED HANDLING EQUIPMENT IN THE (See under Fuel Fabrication and Performance, p. 96) DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES Technical Reports Series No. 348

This report provides an overview of the state of the art of remotely operated handling equipment, notably robotics, in decommission- ing, which is indispensable to reducing personnel radiation exposure Waste Management and to ensuring the operational reliability of nuclear systems. In many situations such tools are the only means of performing a large variety of decommissioning tasks in environments hostile or ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE inaccessible to humans. TREATMENT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RADIOACTIVE LIQUID WASTES Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The need for remotely operated Technical Reports Series No. 370 handling equipment; 3. Selection and design of remotely operated handling equipment; 4. Available equipment; 5. Remotely operated This report describes a wide spectrum of treatment processes of both handling equipment in operating nuclear facilities; 6. Remotely aqueous and organic radioactive wastes. It briefly covers upgraded operated handling equipment in decommissioning; 7. Remotely traditional and well proven processes such as chemical precipitation, operated handling equipment for on-site cleanup and decommis- ion exchange and evaporation, and focuses on rather new membrane sioning after a severe accident; 8. Design of nuclear facilities for the and electrochemical processes and combinations of these processes. use of remotely operated handling equipment for decommissioning; Methods based on the use of biological processes for the treatment 9. Conclusions; Annex I: Belgium; Annex II: Canada; Annex III: of liquid radioactive wastes are described in this report for the first France; Annex IV: Germany; Annex V: India; Annex VI: Italy; time. It also describes both advantages and disadvantages of the Annex VII: United Kingdom; Annex VIII: Commission of the Euro- technologies mentioned. pean Communities.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Large scale applications of liquid STI/DOC/10/348 (108 pp., 37 figures; 1993) waste treatment technologies; 3. Advances in technologies for the ISBN 92–0–100293–9 treatment of aqueous wastes; 4. Advances in technologies for the Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62)

99 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENT AND COMPARISON OF Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Categories of waste forms and pack- WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COSTS FOR ages; 3. Basis for waste characterization; 4. Important parameters of NUCLEAR AND OTHER ENERGY SOURCES waste packages; 5. Overview of the characterization process; Technical Reports Series No. 366 6. Sampling; 7. Characteristics related to radioactivity; 8. Chemical characteristics; 9. Physical characteristics; 10. Mechanical charac- This report summarizes the results and conclusions of a survey, teristics; 11. Thermal characteristics; 12. Biological properties; carried out by the IAEA, of existing waste management cost 13. Conclusions. estimates for representative nuclear and fossil fuel cycles with the objective of providing a correct perspective of the economic and STI/DOC/010/383 (138 pp., 17 figures; 1997) environmental aspects of the different means of electricity produc- ISBN 92–0–100497–4 tion. For the first time waste management cost estimates for all fuel Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) cycle activities from mining to decommissioning of facilities have been compiled, and levelized unit costs for waste management have been compared to the total levelized costs for electricity production. CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION PROCESSES FOR Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Description of fuel cycles; 3. Waste THE TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS RADIOACTIVE WASTE arisings; 4. Waste management; 5. Methodology for cost assess- Technical Reports Series No. 337 ment; 6. Cost data; 7. Impact of waste management costs on elec- tricity prices; 8. Comparison of impact of fossil and nuclear waste The purpose of this report is to provide a review of chemical management costs on electricity prices; 9. Conclusions; Appendix I: precipitation processes for the treatment of low and intermediate Review of available references on fossil waste management cost level aqueous waste. It supersedes Technical Reports Series No. 89, estimates; Appendix II: Source data for nuclear waste management Chemical Treatment of Radioactive Wastes, published in 1968. It costs; Appendix III: Spreadsheet for reference data. provides data on the performance of existing plants and on improved processes that are in an advanced state of development. STI/DOC/010/366 (155 pp., 19 figures; 1994) ISBN 92–0–101494–5 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste segregation and characteriza- Price: 520 Austrian schillings (€37.79) tion; 3. Chemical and adsorptive precipitation and flocculation; 4. Examples of chemical treatment facilities; 5. Process selection; 6. Process equipment; 7. Sludge conditioning; 8. Concluding BACK END OF THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE: remarks. STRATEGIES AND OPTIONS Proceedings Series STI/DOC/10/337 (81 pp., 8 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–101992–0 (See under Spent Fuel Management, p. 96) Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80)

BITUMINIZATION PROCESSES TO CONDITION RADIOACTIVE WASTES CLASSIFICATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE: Technical Reports Series No. 352 A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 111-G-1.1 The aim of this report is to review and evaluate the accumulated experience in the use of bituminization techniques for the This Safety Guide, published under the IAEA’s Radioactive Waste immobilization of radioactive wastes, including the description of Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme, outlines various incidents which have happened at bituminization facilities, and to possibilities for the development of a classification system for give an assessment on the role of bituminization processes in the radioactive wastes. It proposes a modified classification system with strategy for radioactive waste management. general quantitative boundaries and gives guidance for the develop- ment of quantitative classification systems. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Characterization of bitumens used for waste immobilization; 3. Types of radioactive wastes suitable for Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Approaches to radioactive waste clas- immobilization in bitumen; 4. Immobilization processes: Opera- sification; 3. Proposal for a radioactive waste classification system; tional and safety aspects; 5. Properties of bituminized waste forms; Annex: Origin and types of radioactive waste; Glossary. 6. Conclusions; Annex: Application of bituminization processes in some Member States. STI/PUB/950 (39 pp., 2 figures; 1994) ISBN 92–0–010194–6 STI/DOC/10/352 (96 pp., 16 figures; 1993) Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) ISBN 92–0–100793–0 Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71)

CLEANUP AND DECOMMISSIONING OF CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE ➜NEW A NUCLEAR REACTOR AFTER A SEVERE ACCIDENT WASTE FORMS AND PACKAGES Technical Reports Series No. 346 Technical Reports Series No. 383 The objective of this report is to provide an overview of factors rele- This report provides guidance on the determination and verification vant to the identification of cleanup requirements and to the choice of key waste characteristics and covers all parameters of waste of a decommissioning option for a severely damaged nuclear power forms and packages needed to certify compliance with a specific plant. It proposes a methodology for the evaluation of various disposal scenario. It describes the different methods available for the options and the selection of appropriate action in a particular acci- characterization of chemical, physical and biological waste proper- dent situation. ties as well as of properties related to radioactivity, indicating the advantages and disadvantages of each individual method. The report Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Management after a severe reactor addresses characterization of all types of radioactive waste except accident; 3. Factors relevant to cleanup and decommissioning after for spent fuel intended for direct disposal. a severe accident; 4. Strategy for cleanup; 5. Strategy for decom-

100 WASTE MANAGEMENT missioning; 6. Methodology for selection of the preferred decom- Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Role of the container in waste missioning option; 7. Conclusions and recommendations; Annex A: management; 3. Container design requirements; 4. Materials for Review of four accidents. containers; 5. Cost considerations; 6. Quality assurance and control; 7. Qualification tests; 8. Conclusions and recommendations; Appen- STI/DOC/10/346 (59 pp., 10 figures; 1992) dix I: Examples of containers; Appendix II: Corrosion assessments ISBN 92–0–104492–5 of metallic containers; Appendix III: Specification of a test for Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) thermal cycling resistance in France; Appendix IV: A qualification procedure for fibre reinforced concrete containers in France.

STI/DOC/10/355 (67 pp., 18 figures; 1993) CLEANUP OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED ISBN 92–0–101993–9 AS A RESULT OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) Technical Reports Series No. 300

Experience at Chernobyl showed that the main long term radiologi- DECOMMISSIONING OF FACILITIES FOR cal consequence to the population will probably be external expo- MINING AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES sure from radiaoctive fallout deposited on the ground. The present AND CLOSEOUT OF RESIDUES text provides an overview of the methodology and technology avail- Technical Reports Series No. 362 able for cleaning up large areas and gives preliminary guidance on the planning, implementation and management of such cleanups. (See under Uranium Ore Processing, p. 94)

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purposes of the report; 3. Scope; 4. Planning the cleanup; 5. Managing the cleanup; 6. Characterizing DECOMMISSIONING OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES ➜NEW the affected area; 7. Deposition of contamination on surfaces; OTHER THAN REACTORS 8. Characterizing the contamination; 9. Stabilization of contamina- Technical Reports Series No. 386 tion; 10. Decontamination techniques and equipment; 11. Interdic- tion of an area; 12. Application of cleanup technology to situations This is the first IAEA publication dealing specifically with the involving high radiation fields; 13. Loading and transporting large decommissioning of non-reactor nuclear facilities. It applies partic- volumes of wastes; 14. Disposal of large volumes of wastes; ularly to the nuclear fuel cycle, including uranium conversion, 15. Radiation protection and safety; 16. Conclusions and recom- enrichment and fuel fabrication facilities, reprocessing plants, and mendations; Annex A. The cleanup after the accident at the Cher- waste/spent fuel storage and treatment facilities, but also includes nobyl nuclear power plant. analytical and research laboratories. It highlights distinctive factors in the decommissioning of non-reactor nuclear facilities as STI/DOC/10/300 (135 pp., 31 figures; 1989) compared to those for reactors and offers results from past, ongoing ISBN 92–0–125289–7 and planned decommissioning activities. Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Overview of non-reactor nuclear facil- ities; 3. Basic safety and radiological protection; 4. Decom- CONDITIONING OF ALPHA BEARING WASTES missioning strategy and planning; 5. Decommissioning techniques Technical Reports Series No. 326 and equipment; 6. Design and operational features to simplify decommissioning; 7. Decommissioning experience; 8. Conclusions; The objective of this report is to present state of the art information Appendix I: Shut down non-reactor nuclear facilities; Appendix II: on assessments of the complex options available in the management Detailed data from various non-reactor nuclear facilities decommis- of alpha bearing wastes from the reprocessing of spent fuels and sioning projects; Annex: Problems encountered and lessons learned MOX fuel fabrication. from decommissioning of selected non-reactor nuclear facilities; References; Bibliography; Glossary. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Alpha bearing wastes: Types and char- acteristics; 3. Matrix materials; 4. Immobilization processes; STI/DOC/010/386 (205 pp., 44 figures; 1998) 5. Waste form properties; 6. Packaging the final waste form; 7. Inte- ISBN 92–0–100998–4 grated alpha bearing waste conditioning facilities; 8. Conclusions. srice: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42)

STI/DOC/10/326 (101 pp., 26 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–125591–8 DECOMMISSIONING TECHNIQUES FOR Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) RESEARCH REACTORS Technical Reports Series No. 373

CONTAINERS FOR PACKAGING OF SOLID This is the first report published by the IAEA which provides guid- AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES ance on the preparation and implementation of the decommissioning Technical Reports Series No. 355 of different types of research reactor. Different construction and operational features of research reactors have a major impact on the This report aims to review the main requirements for waste decommissioning techniques required. This report offers informa- containers and to provide advice on the design, fabrication, tion on the conclusions drawn from a number of completed projects qualification tests and handling of the different types of containers and identifies their similarities and differences. It is complemented used in the management of low and intermediate level solid radioac- by a computerized research reactor databank. Staff requirements, tive wastes. It contains those requirements to be met in the container decommissioning costs, radionuclide inventory, collective expo- design to comply with the waste package acceptance requirements sures, waste volumes and waste activity are presented graphically established by the regulatory authorities for handling, storage, trans- according to reactor thermal power and integrated energy. port and disposal of radioactive waste. It further highlights the importance of international standardization for waste container Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Classification of research reactors; requirements, which would facilitate the use of common handling 3. Responsibilities and stages of decommissioning; 4. Planning systems and allow operating experience and performance data to be and management of decommissioning; 5. Regulatory aspects; readily interchangeable. 6. Technical aspects applicable to all types of research reactor;

101 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

7. Considerations specific to different types of research reactor; (b) reviewing the current status and latest development trends in 8. Safety aspects; 9. Waste management; 10. Quality assurance; design for normal operation and design basis accidents; (c) provid- 11. Summary and conclusions; Appendix I: Reported research ing guidelines for design. reactor decommissioning projects; Appendix II: Detailed data from research reactor decommissioning projects; Appendix III: Contents: Introduction; General design principles; LWR nuclear Examples of the lessons learned from research reactor decommis- power plants; Other types of reactors; Trends in off-gas and air sioning projects. cleaning system design; References; Appendix A.I: Source term specifications for LWRs; Appendix A.ll: Examples of calculations STI/DOC/010/373 (107 pp., 13 figures; 1994) using the GALE code. ISBN 92–0–104094–6 Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) STI/DOC/10/274 (118 pp., 36 figures; 1987) ISBN 92–0–125187–4 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) DESIGN AND OPERATION OF OFF-GAS CLEANING AND VENTILATION SYSTEMS IN FACILITIES HANDLING LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL Technical Reports Series No. 292 DISPOSAL OF WASTE FROM THE CLEANUP OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED AS A RESULT Ventilation and air cleaning systems are a vital part of the general OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT design of any nuclear facility. The combination of a well designed Technical Reports Series No. 330 ventilation system with thorough cleaning of exhaust air is the main method of preventing radioactive contamination of the air in The problem of ground contamination in the case of a severe nuclear working areas and in the surrounding atmosphere. This report accident is one of special concern. This report gives guidance on the provides the latest information on the design and operation of off- planning and management of safe transportation and disposal of gas cleaning and ventilation systems for designers and regulatory large volumes of contaminated materials, with the objectve of mini- authorities in the control and operation of such systems in nuclear mizing the consequences of such an accident. It is closely linked to establishments. Technical Reports Series No. 300, Cleanup of Large Areas Contam- inated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident (1989), and No. 327, Plan- Contents: 1. Scope; 2. General purposes of off-gas cleaning and ning for Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a ventilation systems; 3. Health and safety requirements for design of Nuclear Accident (1991). off-gas cleaning and ventilation systems in nuclear facilities; 4. System design; 5. Typical containment, ventilation systems and Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose; 3. Scope; 4. Waste charac- components; 6. Filter properties; 7. Filter testing methods; teristics and quantities; 5. Treatment of wastes; 6. Scenarios for the 8. Conclusions; Annex: Standards and Rules. transportation and disposal of wastes; 7. Loading and transportation of large volumes of waste; 8. Disposal of large volumes of waste; STI/DOC/10/292 (92 pp., 37 figures; 1988) 9. Disposal facility operation, closure and surveillance; 10. Review ISBN 92–0–125788–0 of operational experience; 11. Radiation protection and safety plan; Price: 290 Austrian schillings (€21.08) 12. Conclusions; Appendix A. Radiological criteria required to implement the cleanup of large areas after an accident at a nuclear facility; Appendix B. A generic method for estimating costs of waste DESIGN AND OPERATION OF OFF-GAS loading, transportation and disposal; Appendix C. Experience in CLEANING SYSTEMS AT HIGH LEVEL Canada with the transportation and long term management of LIQUID WASTE CONDITIONING FACILITIES radioactively contaminated soils; Appendix D. Experience in the Technical Reports Series No. 291 USA with the transportation and disposal of radium contaminated waste; Appendix E. Transportation and disposal of large volumes of The immobilization of high level liquid wastes from the repro- contaminated material arising from cleanup after the Chernobyl cessing of irradiated nuclear fuels is of great interest, and serious accident. efforts are being undertaken to find a satisfactory technical solution. Volatilization of fission product elements during immobilization STI/DOC/10/330 (69 pp., 18 figures; 1992) poses the potential for the release of radioactive substances to the ISBN 92–0–100792–2 environment and necessitates effective off-gas cleaning systems. Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) This report describes typical off-gas cleaning systems used in the most advanced high level liquid waste immobilization plants and considers most of the aerosols and volatile contaminants.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nature of high level liquid waste EVALUATION OF SPENT FUEL AS A FINAL WASTE FORM (HLLW); 3. HLLW solidification processes and their application; Technical Reports Series No. 320 4. Sources and characteristics of off-gas contaminants; 5. Equipment used in off-gas treatment systems; 6. Typical off-gas systems and (See under Spent Fuel Management, p. 97) their performance; 7. Safety considerations; 8. Conclusions.

STI/DOC/10/291 (85 pp., 32 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–125688–4 FACTORS RELEVANT TO THE RECYCLING OR Price: 290 Austrian schillings (€21.08) REUSE OF COMPONENTS ARISING FROM THE DECOMMISSIONING AND REFURBISHMENT OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES DESIGN OF OFF-GAS AND AIR CLEANING SYSTEMS Technical Reports Series No. 293 AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 274 The decommissioning and decontamination of nuclear facilities is a topic of interest because of the large number of older nuclear facili- This report is aimed at: (a) quantifying airborne radionuclides in off- ties which are, or soon will be, retired from service. This publication gas and ventilation air streams in nuclear power plants; provides a review of the engineering, social, scientific and adminis-

102 WASTE MANAGEMENT trative factors relevant to the safe recycling or reuse of components IMMOBILIZATION OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL arising from decommissioning or refurbishment of nuclear facilities. RADIOACTIVE WASTES WITH POLYMERS Technical Reports Series No. 289 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope; 3. Recycling in industry; 4. Recycling or reuse of nuclear components; 5. Decontami-nation The conversion of treated radioactive wastes by solidification to for recycling or reuse; 6. Factors to be considered in the recycling or obtain stable forms is an important step in waste management reuse of components; 7. Life extension of facilities; 8. Safety in because in this way the potential for radioactivity release to the envi- recycling or reuse; Summary and conclusions; Annex: Monitoring ronment during storage, transportation and disposal can be mini- for compliance with release criteria. mized. This report reviews current practices in the immobilization of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes with polymers as well STI/DOC/10/293 (75 pp., 17 figures; 1988) as new and promising research and development in this field. Some ISBN 92–0–125888–7 background information on the properties of polymers is given. Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Characteristics and sources of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes; 3. Characterization of poly- mers; 4. Pre-treatment of wastes before immobilization; 5. Immobi- FEASIBILITY OF SEPARATION AND UTILIZATION lization processes; 6. Conclusions. OF CAESIUM AND STRONTIUM FROM HIGH LEVEL LIQUID WASTE STI/DOC/10/289 (115 pp., 31 figures; 1988) Technical Reports Series No. 356 ISBN 92–0–125588–8 Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) This is the first report reviewing some of the aspects of the recovery and utilization of caesium and strontium from high level waste and the consequent impacts on high level waste management strategy. IMPROVED CEMENT SOLIDIFICATION OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL RADIOACTIVE WASTES Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Current and future arisings of 137Cs Technical Reports Series No. 350 and 90Sr from spent nuclear fuel; 3. Potential applications for 137Cs and 90Sr; 4. Impact of fission product separation on high level waste This report provides an explanation of the chemistry of cementation management; 5. Methods for recovery and immobilization of 137Cs systems and assistance in facilitating the choice of solidification and 90Sr; 6. Economic aspects; 7. Public acceptability of radiation agents and processing equipment. It reviews recent developments in sources; 8. Conclusions; Appendix: Some aspects of solvent extrac- cementation technology for improving the quality of cemented tion methods for caesium and strontium recovery from HLW. waste forms and gives a brief description of the various cement solidification processes in use. STI/DOC/10/356 (51 pp.; 1993) ISBN 92–0–102093–7 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste characterization; 3. Charac- Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) terization of cement for solidification of waste; 4. Cement admixtures; 5. Chemical aspects of waste cementation; 6. Cement solidification processes; 7. Properties of immobilized waste forms.

FEASIBILITY OF SEPARATION AND UTILIZATION STI/DOC/10/350 (110 pp., 32 figures; 1993) OF RUTHENIUM, RHODIUM AND PALLADIUM ISBN 92–0–100493–1 FROM HIGH LEVEL WASTES Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) Technical Reports Series No. 308

The fission product nuclides generated during the irradiation of INTERIM STORAGE OF ➜NEW reactor fuel include several useful materials, among them precious RADIOACTIVE WASTE PACKAGES metals of the platinum group (ruthenium, rhodium and palladium) Technical Reports Series No. 390 which are of great commercial importance, occur rarely in nature and are highly valuable. This report is intended mainly to provide a This report reviews past and current experience and provides valu- basis for further consideration of the options for platinum group able technical guidance on the production and interim storage of metal recovery from high level radioactive wastes, and for the radioactive waste packages. formulation of appropriate strategies. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety principles and requirements for Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Properties, uses and markets for plat- waste package storage; 3. Production of waste packages; 4. Storage inum group metals; 3. Production of platinum group metals in facilities; 5. Operational experience and optimal storage practices; nuclear reactors: Composition, cooling effects and amounts arising; 6. Waste package management options after the licensed storage 4. Occurrence of platinum group metals in nuclear fuel cycle opera- period; 7. Recommended measures to ensure optimal performance tions; 5. Recovery and purification of platinum group metals from of waste packages during storage; 8. Conclusions; Appendix: nuclear fuel reprocessing wastes; 6. Radiation safety and licensing Storage facilities in selected Member States. considerations; 7. Conclusions and recommendations. STI/DOC/010/390 (90 pp., 30 figures; 1998) STI/DOC/10/308 (41 pp., 11 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–103698–1 ISBN 92–0–145089–3 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08)

INTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION ON NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL OF SPENT FUEL AND LEVEL HIGH AND ALPHA BEARING WASTES Proceedings of a seminar organized at the request of the Nordic Proceedings Series States, Vienna, 15–17 May 1995, with the purpose of encouraging greater international co-operation with the Russian Federation in the (See under Spent Fuel Management, p. 97) area of radioactive waste management. This publication provides to

103 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT the international community the first comprehensive picture of the (including volume reduction); Treatment and conditioning of mixed waste management infrastructure of the Russian Federation and may hazardous wastes and institutional wastes; (Vol. 2) Treatment and assist countries and organizations that wish to begin or extend co- conditioning of liquid wastes; Disposal and safety assessment; operative programmes in this area. To this end the IAEA will estab- Waste characterization and acceptance criteria; Treatment and lish an international Expert Contact Group to co-ordinate and assist conditioning of radioactive wastes. such programmes. STI/PUB/784 (Vol. 1: 459 pp., 92 figures; Vol. 2: 314 pp., 73 figures; 1989) Contents: Opening speeches; Presentations by the Russian 1: ISBN 92–0–020089–3 delegation; Presentations from countries and international 2: ISBN 92–0–020189–X organizations having co-operative waste management programmes Price: Vol. 1: 1370 Austrian schillings (€99.56) with the Russian Federation; Closing summaries. Vol. 2: 780 Austrian schillings (€56.68)

STI/PUB/995 (157 pp., 5 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–104195–0 Price: 520 Austrian schillings (€37.79) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERELY DAMAGED NUCLEAR FUEL AND RELATED WASTE Technical Reports Series No. 321

MANAGEMENT OF ABNORMAL RADIOACTIVE (See under Spent Fuel Management, p. 98) WASTES AT NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 307

This report discusses the management of abnormal wastes at nuclear METHODOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY OF facilities. It is intended to give guidance to nuclear power plant oper- DECOMMISSIONING NUCLEAR FACILITIES ators on the technical means available to enable abnormal wastes to Technical Reports Series No. 267 be managed safely, and to provide assistance in the selection of appropriate technologies and processes that can be used for abnor- This report is a review of the current state of the methodology and mal situations. In addition, subjects such as pre-planning and provi- technology of decommissioning nuclear facilities including remote sions for abnormal waste management, decision making on the systems technology. management of abnormal wastes and adequate waste characteriza- tion are also discussed. Contents: Introduction; Scope; Definitions of the basic stages of decommissioning; Considerations affecting decommissioning Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Pre-planning; 3. Abnormal waste choices; Methodology and technology of decommissioning; management decision making and planning; 4. Characterization of Decommissioning safety; Facilitation of decommissioning; Infor- the wastes; 5. Decontamination; 6. Treatment of liquid wastes; mation database; Conclusions and recommendations; Annex A: 7. Treatment of gaseous wastes; 8. Treatment of solid wastes; Inventory of nuclear facilities of interest to decommissioning; 9. Conditioning of abnormal radioactive wastes; 10. Storage, trans- Annex B: Disassembly techniques; Annex C: Remotely controlled port and disposal; References; Annex I. Experience with abnormal equipment for decommissioning. wastes and their management in selected power plants; Annex II. Examples of decision making processes in the management of STI/DOC/10/267 (107 pp., 21 figures; 1986) abnormal wastes. ISBN 92–0–125286–2 Price: 330 Austrian schillings (€23.98) STI/DOC/10/307 (122 pp., 11 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–125589–6 Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62)

MINIMIZATION OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE FROM NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS AND THE MANAGEMENT OF LOW AND INTERMEDIATE LEVEL BACK END OF THE NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE RADIOACTIVE WASTES 1988 Technical Reports Series No. 377 Proceedings Series Waste management at the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with the CEC, Stock- comprises the various activities involved in the handling of the spent holm, Sweden, 16–20 May 1988. The symposium addressed all fuel once it has left the reactor. The purpose of the minimization of main stages in the management of radioactive wastes, namely treat- radioactive waste is threefold: (a) to reduce the risks of radiation ment, conditioning, waste form characterization and disposal. At the exposure of technical personnel as well as of the public; (b) to symposium the substantial progress in the development of these reduce contamination of the environment; and (c) to reduce overall systems was indicated. In this context the construction of a deep costs by reducing the repository space required for final waste repository with complementary regulatory arrangements in Sweden disposal. Waste minimization has become a major part of waste was an important milestone in the establishment of waste manage- management policies. ment facilities. The various contributions represent a wide spectrum of problems associated with the management of radioactive wastes Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste minimization strategy; 3. Types in different countries, describe national waste management policies and quantities of waste generated; 4. Practical waste minimization in Member States, and present new ideas, approaches and problems, achievements; 5. Future trends; 6. Conclusions; References; Appen- for example, problems of management of mixed hazardous wastes dix A: Liquid and wet solid waste minimization techniques in which contain not only radioactive materials but also other chemi- LWRs; Appendix B: Dry solid waste minimization techniques in cally hazardous or aggressive non-radioactive components. LWRs; Appendix C: General/administrative waste minimization techniques in LWRs. Contents: (Vol. 1) National and international waste management programmes and policies; Disposal options and performance and STI/DOC/010/377 (84 pp., 25 figures; 1995) safety assessment; Waste characterization, quality control and ISBN 92–0–101195–4 acceptance criteria; Treatment and conditioning of solid wastes Price: 320 Austrian schillings (€23.26)

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MONITORING PROGRAMMES FOR UNRESTRICTED STI/PUB/734 (52 pp.; 1986) RELEASE RELATED TO DECOMMISSIONING E ISBN 92–0–123686–7 OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES C ISBN 92–0–523391–9 Technical Reports Series No. 334 F ISBN 92–0–223687–9 R ISBN 92–0–424188–8 The present report was conceived as a technical document in an S ISBN 92–0–323487–X effort to achieve international consensus on release criteria for the Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) decommissioning of nuclear facilities. It provides an overview of all the factors to be considered in the development, planning and imple- mentation of a monitoring programme to assure regulatory compli- OPTIONS FOR THE TREATMENT AND SOLIDIFICATION ance with criteria for unrestricted release of materials, buildings and OF ORGANIC RADIOACTIVE WASTES sites from decommissioning. Technical Reports Series No. 294

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose and scope; 3. Release criteria; Solid and liquid organic radioactive wastes are generated from 4. Common practices of unrestricted release; 5. Factors to be consid- nuclear fuel cycle facilities and nuclear research centres, from ered in determining a monitoring programme; 6. Instruments and certain uses of radioisotopes in medicine, and from research and methods; 7. Final survey; 8. Quality assurance and documentation; development in other fields. Compared to other radioactive wastes, 9. Cost of monitoring for compliance; References; Appendix: Statis- the volume of organic wastes generated is small; nevertheless they tical considerations of the critical level and the detection unit. require a waste management strategy for safe handling, processing and final disposal. This report presents a review of the latest techni- STI/DOC/10/334 (39 pp., 4 figures; 1992) cal information available on options for the treatment and condi- ISBN 92–0–101192–X tioning of organic radioactive wastes. Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste characterization; 3. Waste management strategies; 4. Treatment and immobilization options; 5. Characterization of conditioned organic wastes; 6. Conclusions. OFF-GAS AND AIR CLEANING SYSTEMS FOR ACCIDENT CONDITIONS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS STI/DOC/10/294 (75 pp., 21 figures; 1989) Technical Reports Series No. 358 ISBN 92–0–125089–4 Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) Air cleaning systems are subjected to major challenges under acci- dent conditions and the potential large source terms require the highest environmental protection from atmospheric release. The objective of this report is to consider the principles involved and to survey existing systems and equipment for the mitigation of the PARTICULATE FILTRATION IN NUCLEAR FACILITIES consequences of abnormal plant operations, including severe acci- Technical Reports Series No. 325 dents beyond the design basis. Some experiences under abnormal conditions and international trends in the development of accident The removal of particulate radioactive material from exhaust air or air cleaning are also included. gases is an essential feature of virtually all nuclear facilities. Recent IAEA publications have covered the broad designs of off-gas and air Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Source terms; 3. Design principles; cleaning systems for a range of nuclear power plants and other facil- 4. Control of airborne contamination in design basis accidents; ities. This report is a complementary guidebook that examines in 5. Control of airborne contamination in severe accidents; 6. Experi- detail the latest developments in the design, operation, maintenance ence and trends; 7. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix: and testing of fibrous air filters. Testing of off-gas cleaning equipment for nuclear power plants. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of filtration; 3. Cha- STI/DOC/10/358 (117 pp., 48 figures; 1993) racteristics of filtration systems; 4. Use of aerosol filters in nuclear ISBN 92–0–102993–4 facilities; 5. Ventilation and filter systems; 6. Handling, inspection Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) and installation of new filter inserts; 7. Filter testing; 8. Handling, storage and disposal of contaminated filter inserts; 9. Trends and developments.

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FOR RADIOACTIVE STI/DOC/10/325 (102 pp., 41 figures; 1991) EFFLUENTS AND WASTES ARISING IN ISBN 92–0–125491–1 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS: A Safety Guide Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) Safety Series No. 50-SG-O11

This guide covers the provisions to be made by the operating orga- nization prior to and during the commissioning and operating phases of a nuclear power plant in order to keep the radiological impact on PERFORMANCE OF ENGINEERED BARRIERS the environment and the radiation exposure of the general public as IN DEEP GEOLOGICAL REPOSITORIES low as is reasonably achievable. It discusses the main sources of Technical Reports Series No. 342 radioactive wastes and the means available for their minimization, the classification and segregation of these wastes and the waste This report describes the performance of certain types of engineered monitoring programmes on-site. barriers, e.g. backfills for excavated areas, buffers between the waste container and the host rock, and seals for boreholes, shafts and Contents: Introduction; Objectives of the waste management drifts, in a deep geological repository system for the disposal of high programme; Control of waste production; Waste treatment; Waste level radioactive wastes. In addition, it provides technical informa- storage; Waste transport; Effluent releases and environmental moni- tion relevant to their development. toring; Abnormal conditions; Administration and organization; Annex I. Operating procedures; Annex II. Monitoring parameters of Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objectives and scope; 3. Performance waste treatment systems; Annex III. Waste treatment systems. of the backfill and sealing systems and their evaluation;

105 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

4. Repository design concepts; 5. Seal performance functions; performed safely, efficiently and as quickly as possible under 6. Laboratory and field testing; 7. Summary and conclusions. adverse conditions.

STI/DOC/10/342 (79 pp., 23 figures; 1992) Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose; 3. Scope; 4. Responsi- ISBN 92–0–103892–5 bilities for emergency planning and management; 5. Planning and Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) managing the cleanup; 6. Data management; 7. Geographical co- ordinate grid system; 8. Radiological survey plan; 9. Compliance with release criteria; 10. Logistic support; 11. Quality assurance plan; 12. Training and exercises; 13. Updating the preliminary PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT FOR THE cleanup plan; 14. Radiation protection and safety of workers; DECOMMISSIONING OF RESEARCH REACTORS 15. Summary; Appendix A: Brief review of cleanup methodology AND OTHER SMALL NUCLEAR FACILITIES and technology; Appendix B: Examples of data management Technical Reports Series No. 351 systems which could be applied to the cleanup of large areas.

This report provides guidance on the proper planning and STI/DOC/10/327 (56 pp., 8 figures; 1991) management for the decommissioning of research reactors and other ISBN 92–0–125691–4 small nuclear facilities. The information contained in the report can, Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) to a large extent, also be applied to the decommissioning of large facilities.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scope of the report; 3. Reasons for and QUALITY ASSURANCE FOR stages of decommissioning; 4. Decommissioning planning; RADIOACTIVE WASTE PACKAGES 5. Decommissioning management; 6. Quality assurance; 7. Waste Technical Reports Series No. 376 management; 8. Decommissioning cost and financing; 9. Responsi- bilities and functions of parties in decommissioning; 10. Regulatory This publication describes requirements for and provides guidance interfaces; 11. Recommendations for further work; 12. Summary; (mostly gained by waste management agencies in the European Annex: Stages of Decommissioning; Glossary. Union and the USA) on quality assurance in the field of radioactive waste conditioning, from both the technological and regulatory STI/DOC/10/351 (50 pp.; 1993) points of view. It provides a logical basis for the application of ISBN 92–0–100693–4 quality assurance to the waste conditioning process, including Price: 220 Austrian schillings (€15.99) container manufacture, waste immobilization and packaging, and to interrelated interim storage, transportation and disposal processes, with the purpose of ensuring the level of confidence required by the PLANNING AND OPERATION OF ➜NEW organizations concerned. LOW LEVEL WASTE DISPOSAL FACILITIES Proceedings Series Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General principles of quality assurance in radioactive waste management; 3. Quality assurance Proceedings of a symposium on Experience in the Planning and programme considerations; 4. Management; 5. Performance; Operation of Low Level Waste Disposal Facilities, Vienna, 6. Assessment; 7. Conclusions; Appendix I: Selective application 17–21 June 1996. During the past 30 to 40 years extensive experi- and the graded approach; Appendix II: Important parameters of ence has been gained in planning, siting, designing, licensing, waste packages; Appendix III: Process control quality plan. constructing, operating and closing down various types of low level radioactive waste (LLW) disposal facilities. The purpose of this STI/DOC/010/376 (68 pp., 3 figures; 1995) symposium was to facilitate the information transfer process on ISBN 92–0–100695–0 experience gained. Past disposal practices and attempts to define Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) adequate approaches for LLW disposal in developing countries were addressed at an open discussion. Finding less expensive ways of managing very low level waste, as well as the reassessment of past RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT GLOSSARY disposal practices, remediation and procedures in the post-opera- tional phase were considered as areas of importance. Difficulties in The purpose of this glossary is to provide a source of words which the implementation of LLW disposal plans were also discussed. are commonly and internationally used or have special meanings in the field of radioactive waste management. It should further Contents: Keynote address; Regulation and licensing; Infra- contribute to a common use of terms in the IAEA Radioactive Waste structure and planning; Siting; Disposal systems and operation; Safety Standards (RADWASS) series. In the context of this glossary, Safety assessment; Post-operation; Poster presentations. the term ‘waste’ refers, in general, to radioactive waste unless other- wise specified. STI/PUB/1002 (601 pp., 124 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–104496–8 STI/PUB/940 (55 pp.; 1993) Price: 1720 Austrian schillings (€125.00) ISBN 92–0–103493–8 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

PLANNING FOR CLEANUP OF LARGE AREAS CONTAMINATED AS A RESULT RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ➜NEW OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT SHUT DOWN NUCLEAR REACTORS FOR Technical Reports Series No. 327 DECOMMISSIONING PURPOSES Technical Reports Series No. 389 This the second of three IAEA publications dealing with the cleanup of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident. It is This report describes and assesses radiological characterization as a mainly a planning and management document, outlining the broad precursor to decommissioning. It shows the influence of the radioac- strategic and tactical approach to cleanup, the management structure tive inventory on the planning and strategies of decommissioning and other key requirements. The report also shows how the various and also presents an extensive overview of characterization results subplans interface and interact to ensure that cleanup can be on various reactors which have been or are being decommissioned.

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Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Characterization objectives; 3. Health mining and milling of uranium and thorium ores. It consists of two and safety considerations; 4. Characterization process; 5. The radio- parts: a Code of Practice (Part I) and a Guide to the Code (Part II). logical inventory; 6. Methods and techniques for characterization; The Code sets forth the requirements for the safe and responsible 7. Quality assurance requirements; 8. Conclusions; Appendix: handling of the wastes, while the Guide presents further guidance in Statistics for radiological characterization; Annexes I–1 to I–9: the use of the Code together with some discussion of the technology National experience in various Member States; Annex II: Problems and concepts involved. encountered in the characterization of nuclear reactors and lessons learned. Contents: Part 1. Code of Practice: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective; 3. Scope; 4. Definitions; 5. Wastes from the mining and milling of STI/DOC/010/389 (184 pp., 32 figures; 1998) radioactive ores, their radiological impact and control by waste ISBN 92–0–103198–X management; 6. Principles of radiological protection; 7. Respon- Price: 600 Austrian schillings (€43.60) sibilities; 8. Design of waste management facilities; 9. Collection, storage and treatment of wastes; 10. Operation of waste management facilities; 11. Decommissioning of mines, mills and REPORT ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL waste management facilities; 12. Monitoring, surveillance and Technical Reports Series No. 349 maintenance. Part 2. Guide to the Code: 1. Introduction; 2. Objec- tive; 3. Scope; 4. Definitions; 5. Wastes from the mining and milling The purpose of this report is to provide an overview of the current of radioactive ores, their radiological impact and control by waste knowledge in the field of radioactive waste disposal, limiting itself management; 6. Principles of radiological protection; 7. Responsi- to the essential topics in this field. It covers the basic principles bilities; 8. Design of waste management facilities; 9. Collection, associated with the state of the art of near surface and deep geolog- storage and treatment of wastes; 10. Operation of waste manage- ical radioactive waste disposal, including examples of prudent prac- ment facilities; 11. Decommissioning of mines, mills and waste tice, and provides basic information on performance assessment management facilities; 12. Monitoring, surveillance and mainte- methods. nance; References.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Background information; 3. Nature STI/PUB/772 (70 pp., 2 figures; 1987) and function of natural barriers; 4. Engineering barriers; 5. Siting E ISBN 92–0–123587–9 and site characterization; 6. Repository concepts and operation; F ISBN 92–0–224188–0 7. Performance assessment of disposal systems; 8. Regulatory and R ISBN 92–0–423689–2 institutional aspects; 9. Conclusion. S ISBN 92–0–323488–8 Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) STI/DOC/10/349 (104 pp., 22 figures; 1993) ISBN 92–0–100393–5 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) SEALING OF UNDERGROUND REPOSITORIES FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTES Technical Reports Series No. 319 SAFE ENCLOSURE OF SHUT DOWN NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS For high level and alpha bearing radioactive wastes, the disposal Technical Reports Series No. 375 concept most generally agreed upon is the emplacement of the conditioned waste in deep underground respositories in stable This publication gives a concise description of factors (safety- geological formations. The report reflects the general consensus that related, technical and economical) that are relevant to the selection long lived radioactive wastes can be isolated safely from human of a decommissioning strategy, with particular reference to the safe environment in such repositories located in deep, geological forma- enclosure option as a precursor to the dismantling of a nuclear tions. One of the most important tasks in the development of under- installation. It is complemented by data on selected shut down ground disposal systems is the plugging of boreholes and the sealing installations. Aspects such as radioactive inventory, reasons for the of shafts excavated for either exploratory or operational purposes. chosen decommissioning strategy and systems kept operational or Several countries have outlined proposals and identified geological on stand-by are highlighted. formations for detailed examination as potential host media for waste repositories. Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Objective; 3. Scope; 4. Structure; 5. Considerations influencing the choice of decommissioning strat- Contents: 1. Introduction and scope; 2. Background information; egy; 6. General overview of strategies and regulatory considerations; 3. Performance specifications; 4. Materials and methods; 7. Radiological considerations in safe enclosure; 8. Preparation for 5. Longevity; 6. Design factors; 7. Design of sealing systems; safe enclosure; 9. Management of safe enclosure; 10. Public safety 8. Performance testing; References; Glossary. and environmental aspects; 11. Summary and conclusions; Appen- dix: Problems of the application of safe enclosure in relation to STI/DOC/10/319 (125 pp., 38 figures; 1990) various plant conditions; Annex A. Description of selected cases of ISBN 92–0–125390–7 safe enclosure. Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07)

STI/DOC/010/375 (112 pp., 11 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–100495–8 SITING, DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF UNDERGROUND Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) REPOSITORIES FOR RADIOACTIVE WASTES Proceedings Series

SAFE MANAGEMENT OF WASTES FROM THE MINING Proceedings of a symposium held in Hannover, Germany, AND MILLING OF URANIUM AND THORIUM ORES: 3–7 March 1986. The purpose was to review advances made in the Code of Practice and Guide to the Code area of siting, design and construction of underground repositories Safety Series No. 85 for radioactive wastes and to consider developments which are of future importance. Forty-nine papers were presented, covering This publication is an update of IAEA Safety Series No. 44 (1976) general approaches and regulatory aspects, disposal in shallow necessitated by a number of developments in the technical and regu- ground and rock cavities, disposal in deep geological formations and latory aspects of the management of wastes resulting from the safety assessments.

107 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT

Contents: Keynote address: Are we ready to construct and operate STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY FOR VOLUME REDUCTION an underground repository? General approaches and regulatory AND TREATMENT OF LOW AND aspects; Disposal in shallow ground and rock cavities; Disposal INTERMEDIATE LEVEL SOLID RADIOACTIVE WASTE in deep formations: Investigations on sites; Disposal in deep Technical Reports Series No. 360 formations: Repository designs; Safety assessment; Panel: Perfor- mance and safety assessments and their interactions with field inves- This report describes all existing methods of treatment of solid, low tigations of deep geological repositories; Overview of symposium. and intermediate level radioactive waste: mechanical, thermal, melting, chemical, biological and photochemical processes; both STI/PUB/715 (727 pp., 217 figures; 1986) established proven technologies and advanced methods. It further ISBN 92–0–020286–1 discusses the treatment of generated liquid, solid and gaseous Price: 1780 Austrian schillings (€129.36) secondary waste. Comprehensive references on the subject are also given.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste treatment objectives and strate- SITING OF GEOLOGICAL DISPOSAL FACILITIES: gies; 3. Sources and types of waste; 4. Pretreatment of solid radioac- A Safety Guide tive waste; 5. Mechanical treatment; 6. Thermal treatment processes; Safety Series No. 111-G-4.1 7. Melting and sintering processes; 8. Chemical, biological and photochemical treatment processes; 9. Decontamination of equip- This Safety Guide, published under the IAEA’s Radioactive Waste ment and components; 10. Conditioning of processed primary Safety Standards (RADWASS) programme, defines the process to wastes; 11. Secondary waste treatment. be used and guidelines to be considered in selecting sites for deep geological disposal of radioactive wastes. It also addresses the STI/DOC/10/360 (98 pp., 42 figures; 1994) social, economic and environmental factors to be considered in site ISBN 92–0–100494–X selection. All data needed for the application of the guidelines are Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) also specified.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Safety approach; 3. The siting process; TREATMENT, CONDITIONING AND 4. Site selection guidelines and data needs; Glossary. DISPOSAL OF IODINE-129 Technical Reports Series No. 276 STI/PUB/952 (32 pp.; 1994) ISBN 92–0–101294–2 The evaluation of optimum waste management practices for the long Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08) lived iodine-129 has received special consideration with the expan- sion of nuclear power programmes. Radioiodine can be removed from off-gas streams by a variety of physical, chemical or physico- chemical processes. This publication reviews the various techniques SITING OF NEAR SURFACE DISPOSAL FACILITIES: collectively and reports on current developments of the techniques A Safety Guide used in the immobilization of recovered iodine and disposal of the Safety Series No. 111-G-3.1 conditioned wastes, with due regard to the radiological hazards involved. This Safety Guide defines the site selection process and criteria for identifying suitable near surface disposal facilities. It provides Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Characteristics and arisings of iodine- guidelines for the siting process management and specifies the data 129; 3. Monitoring iodine-129; 4. Treatment and conditioning of needed to apply the relevant selection criteria. iodine-129 in nuclear fuel reprocessing; 5. Disposal options and associated radiological impacts; 6. Radiological significance of Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Approach to siting; 3. Management of iodine-129 in disposal of unreprocessed spent fuel; 7. Cost of the siting process; 4. Siting guidelines and data needs. iodine-129 management; 8. Conclusions and recommendations.

STI/PUB/965 (37 pp.; 1994) STI/DOC/10/276 (84 pp.; 1987) ISBN 92–0–104294–9 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) ISBN 92–0–125287–0 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

STATE OF THE ART TECHNOLOGY FOR ➜NEW DECONTAMINATION AND DISMANTLING TREATMENT OF ALPHA BEARING WASTES OF NUCLEAR FACILITIES Technical Reports Series No. 287 Technical Reports Series No. 395 The report reviews developments in the field aiming at the improve- This report is a review of the current state of the art of technologies ment of the dissemination and exchange of the most up to date tech- used for the decommissioning of nuclear facilities, including tech- nology. It discusses topics such as alpha waste management activi- nologies for decontamination and dismantling, waste management ties, including sources and types of wastes, treatment of liquid and and remote systems. It summarizes practical experience gained over solid wastes, and examples of industrial scale alpha treatment the last 10 to 15 years in the field of decommissioning. facilities.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Purpose and scope; 3. Structure; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Sources, types, and volumes of alpha 4. Factors to be considered in the selection and implementation of a bearing wastes; 3. Waste management strategies; 4. Treatment of decommissioning strategy; 5. Safety and radiation protection; solid alpha bearing wastes; 5. Treatment of liquid alpha bearing 6. Methods and technologies for decommissioning; 7. General wastes; 6. Alpha bearing waste treatment facilities; 7. Conclusions lessons learned; 8. Conclusions; Appendix. and recommendations.

STI/DOC/010/395 (207 pp., 56 figures; 1999) STI/DOC/10/287 (69 pp., 13 figures; 1988) ISBN 92–0–102499–1 ISBN 92–0–125388–5 Price: 650 Austrian schillings (€47.24) Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44)

108 WASTE MANAGEMENT

TREATMENT OF OFF-GAS FROM RADIOACTIVE WASTE INCINERATORS Technical Reports Series No. 302

The field of gaseous effluent treatment systems for incinerators is wide ranging. Efficient treatment systems extract contaminated air process gases and retain them by physical or chemical means. Off- gas cleaning systems have been developed to a high technical stan- dard. The primary purpose of this publication is to describe the current design of off-gas cleaning technologies used in incinerator facilities for low level solid and liquid wastes.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Waste characteristics; 3. Incinerator types and characteristics of off-gas streams; 4. Environmental and regulatory considerations; 5. General descriptions of technologies for off-gas treatment; 6. Component design aspects and performance characteristics; 7. Summary of individual systems and operational experience; 8. Safety and operational upset conditions; 9. Problems and development needs; 10. Conclusions; Appendix A: Individual systems and operational experience.

STI/DOC/10/302 (229 pp., 79 figures; 1989) ISBN 92–0–125389–3 Price: 640 Austrian schillings (€46.51)

109 PLASMA PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR FUSION

ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL electron cooling rates for carbon and oxygen plasma impurities are INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION also provided.

The purpose of this series of annually published volumes of which STI/PUB/023/APID/02 (134 pp., 60 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1992) the earlier issues were supplements to the Nuclear Fusion journal is Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) to make available original contributions and review articles containing high quality data on the atomic and plasma–material interaction processes of interest to thermonuclear fusion research. ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION The scientific scope of the series includes the topics of elementary DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 3 atomic collision processes in fusion plasmas, involving photons, (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) electrons, ions, atoms and molecules, the collision processes of plasma particles with surfaces of fusion relevant materials, and ther- Volume 3 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for mophysical material response phenomena related to the Fusion is devoted to atomic collision processes of helium atoms and plasma–material interactions. The review articles provide of beryllium and boron atoms and ions in fusion plasmas. Most of comprehensive critical analyses and sets of recommended data for a the articles included in this volume are extended versions of the broader class of interaction processes or thermophysical response contributions presented at the IAEA experts meetings on Atomic phenomena. The series represents a medium for direct exchange of Data for Helium Beam Fusion Alpha Particle Diagnostics and on the expert assessed or generated atomic and plasma–material interaction Atomic Database for Beryllium and Boron, held in Vienna, June data information between the atomic/material physics and fusion 1991, or have resulted from the cross-section data analyses and research communities. evaluations performed by the working groups of these meetings. The volume contains reviews of the most important classes of collision processes of plasma particles with helium atoms and beryllium and boron ions, and comprehensive sets of recommended cross-section ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION data for these processes. DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 1 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) STI/PUB/023/APID/03 (127 pp., 26 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1992) Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) This first volume is devoted to the plasma–material interaction processes and contains critical data assessments and data collections for all major particle–surface collision processes related to the partial recycling, impurity generation and material erosion in ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION tokamak fusion devices. Apart from processes induced by particle DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 4 impact, plasma–material interaction effects related to off-normal (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) plasma events (e.g. disruptions, runaway electron bombardment) are also covered in this volume. A summary of the status of data infor- Volume 4 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for mation on these effects is also provided. Fusion contains the result of a critical data evaluation of the cross- sections of ground state and excited hydrogen atoms colliding with STI/PUB/023/APID/01 (138 pp., 87 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1991) the basic fusion plasma constituents, the electrons and protons, and Price: 300 Austrian schillings (€21.80) with the multiply charged ions of major plasma impurities. The primary purpose of the present volume is to provide a complete set of the collisional data required for the modelling of neutral hydro- ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION gen beam penetration in a thermonuclear fusion plasma. DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 2 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) STI/PUB/023/APID/04 (180 pp., 77 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1993) Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) Volume 2 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for Fusion is devoted to the atomic and molecular processes taking place in the edge region of magnetically confined fusion plasmas. The comprehensive review articles included in this volume discuss ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL INTERACTION exhaustively the current status of the spectroscopic and collision DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 5 data for fusion plasma edge constituents. The collision processes (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) considered include: electron scattering on plasma edge neutrals, electron impact excitation and ionization of atomic and molecular Volume 5 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for ions, particle impact induced dissociative and energy transfer reac- Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the physical and thermo- tions involving molecular hydrogen isotopes, heavy particle colli- mechanical properties of presently considered candidate plasma- sion processes and ion–molecule reactions. Radiative losses and facing and structural materials for next-generation thermonuclear

110 PLASMA PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR FUSION fusion reactors. This volume should provide fusion reactor design- obtained from extensive quantum-mechanical calculations and can ers with a source of critically assessed material properties data, be regarded as having very high accuracy. including information on the material response to high heat and particle fluxes and on the thermohydrodynamic coupling with Contents: Part A: Introduction and theory; Part B: Ion–neutral colli- coolants. Emphasis is given to the presentation of the most recent sion systems; Part C: Neutral–neutral collision systems. results for plasma-facing reactor materials. STI/PUB/023/APID/08 (699 pp., 37 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) STI/PUB/023/APID/05 (268 pp., 197 figures, 21 x 30 cm; 1994) Price: 800 Austrian schillings (€58.14) Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44)

ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL ENERGY FROM INERTIAL FUSION INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 6 (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) This publication describes the current scientific, engineering and tech- nological developments in the field of inertial confinement fusion Volume 6 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for (ICF). It provides an introduction to ICF as well as an overview of the Fusion includes critical reviews and results of original experimental various technologies needed for inertial fusion power plant develop- and theoretical studies on inelastic collision processes among the ment. It was compiled by an international group of experts under the basic and dominant impurity constituents of fusion plasmas. The auspices of an IAEA Advisory Group on Inertial Fusion Energy and following processes are considered: electron impact excitation of is intended for a large audience, e.g. policy makers, scientists, engi- excited helium atoms, electron impact excitation and ionization of neers or technologists in other fields, and students. plasma impurity ions and atoms, electron–impurity–ion recombina- tion and excitation, ionization and electron capture in collisions of Contents: 1. Introduction: Inertial fusion energy fundamentals; plasma protons and impurity ions with the main fusion plasma 2. Inertial confinement target physics; 3. IFE power plant design neutron components H, He and H2 (the latter being always present principles; 4. Special design issues; 5. Inertial fusion energy devel- in the plasma edge or introduced into the plasma by neutral beam opment strategy; 6. Safety and environmental impact; 7. Economics injection for heating, fuelling or diagnostic purposes). and other figures of merit; 8. Other uses of inertial fusion; 9. Inter- national activities; Authors. STI/PUB/023/APID/06 (264 pp., 132 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1995) Price: 350 Austrian schillings (€25.44) STI/PUB/944 (457 pp., 146 figures; 1995) ISBN 92–0–100794–9 Price: 1320 Austrian schillings(€95.93)

ATOMIC AND PLASMA–MATERIAL ➜NEW INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, Volume 7, Part A FUSION ENERGY 1996 ➜NEW Proceedings Series Volume 7 of Atomic and Plasma–Material Interaction Data for Fusion is devoted to a critical review of the chemical erosion behav- Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference, formerly iour of fusion plasma-facing materials, in particular carbon, beryl- called the International Conference on Plasma Physics and lium and tungsten. It is intended to provide fusion reactor designers Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, Montreal, 7–11 October 1996. with a detailed survey and parametrization of existing, critically The papers presented reflect the excellent progress achieved since assessed data for the chemical erosion of plasma-facing materials by the last conference in Seville 1994. Among many other achieve- particle impact. This volume is the result of a five year Co-ordinated ments, the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor has produced over 10 MW Research Programme on “Plasma-Interaction Induced Erosion of of fusion power, the JT-60U experiment has demonstrated plasma Fusion Reactor Materials” in the period 1992–1997. Part B, which conditions equivalent to breakeven, the reversed shear mode has is in preparation, will provide a critical review and data compilation been demonstrated, low aspect ratio tokamaks have produced for physical sputtering and radiation-enhanced sublimation induced promising results and plans have been drawn up for powerful new by fusion plasma particle impact. inertial confinement fusion experiments.

Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Erosion data derived from tokamaks; Contents: (Vol. 1) Overviews 1; Overviews 2; Concept optimization 3. Carbon-based materials: Selected collection of chemical erosion 1; Confinement and particles; Operational limits and disruptions; data; 4. Comprehensive set of chemical erosion data from various Divertor experiments; Concept optimization 2; Transport experi- laboratories; Appendix A: List of abbreviations; Appendix B: List of ments; Confinement and waves, disruptions and instabilities; Diver- analytical fitting functions. tor experiments and tokamak concept optimization; (Vol. 2) Helical systems; Alternative systems experiments; Helical systems and STI/PUB/023/APID/07/A (277 pp., 35 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) alternative systems; Transport theory; MHD and energetic particle Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) theory; Divertor edge physics and alternatives; Theory; ITER (Sessions F and FP); (Vol. 3) Inertial confinement 1; Inertial confinement 2; Inertial confinement (Poster Session); Heating and current drive; Heating and current drive; Reactor studies; Technol- ATOMIC AND PLASMA–-MATERIAL ➜NEW ogy and new devices; Technology, new devices and reactor studies INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION, (Poster Session). Volume 8 STI/PUB/1004 (Vol. 1: 931 pp., 574 figures; Vol. 2: 1003 pp., 489 figures; Volume 8 provides an exhaustive source of information on elastic Vol. 3: 746 pp., 376 figures; 1997) scattering, momentum transfer and viscosity cross-sections for colli- 1: ISBN 92–0–100797–3 sions of hydrogenic ions, atoms and molecules, and their isotopes, 2: ISBN 92–0–102997–7 in the energy range pertinent to fusion reactor divertor plasma and 3: ISBN 92–0–103997–2 extending (in its low-energy part) to collision conditions that are Price: Vol. 1: 2640 Austrian schillings (€191.86) relevant for astrophysics. Hydrogen ion–helium atom collisions are Vol. 2: 2920 Austrian schillings (€212.20) also included in this volume. The reported cross-sections are Vol. 3: 2200 Austrian schillings (€159.88)

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FUSION REACTOR DESIGN AND TECHNOLOGY 1986 RECOMMENDED DATA ON ATOMIC COLLISION Panel Proceedings Series PROCESSES INVOLVING IRON AND ITS IONS Nuclear Fusion — Special Supplement 1987 Proceedings of a Technical Committee meeting and workshop, Yalta, 26 May to 6 June 1986. The purpose of the meeting was: (a) This publication contains recommendations given by a group of to review and assess the current status and recent progress made in experts who attended an Advisory Group meeting held in Vienna, fusion reactor experiments, design and technology; (b) to identify 18–20 September 1985. The purpose of the meeting was to review the areas in which work needs to be done in order to progress the available atomic collision data relevant to fusion plasma model- towards the goal of commercial fusion power reactors; and (c) to ling, with emphasis on processes involving iron and its ions. The identify the critical issues in fusion reactor design and technology fourteen experts from five Member States reviewed the status of data that will be important during the next five years. in the relevant areas of atomic physics and made specific recom- mendations regarding the use of these data in plasma modelling Contents: (Vol. 1) Fusion programmes; Tokamaks; Non-tokamak calculations. reactors and open systems; Inertial confinement concepts; Fission- fusion hybrids; (Vol. 2) Plasma engineering; Nuclear and energy Contents: R.A. Phaneuf, R.K. Janev, H.T. Hunter: Charge exchange technologies; Materials developments; System studies and safety processes involving iron ions; M.S. Pindzola, D.C. Griffin, C. aspects. Bottcher, S.M. Younger, H.T. Hunter: Electron impact ionization data for the iron isonuclear sequence; A.E. Kingston, M.A. Lennon: STI/PUB/754 (Vol. 2: 523 pp., 149 figures; 1987) Electron excitation rates for iron ions. 1: out of print 2: ISBN 92–0–131287–3 STI/PUB/23/SPS/1987 (131 pp., 44 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1987) Price: Vol. 2: 660 Austrian schillings (€47.96) ISBN 92–0–139087–4 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

WORLD SURVEY OF ACTIVITIES IN ➜NEW NUCLEAR FUSION JORNAL, SPECIAL ISSUES CONTROLLED FUSION RESEARCH AND SUPPLEMENTS — 1997 Edition Nuclear Fusion — Special Supplement 1997

NUCLEAR FUSION JOURNAL This is the eighth edition of the World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research, presenting the updated addresses, A journal issued twelve times a year which includes original arti- telecom information and scientific staff of over 300 institutes and cles, letters, review papers and comments in the field of controlled organizations worldwide active in fusion research. Information on nuclear fusion. Papers covering the following areas are published: the scientific and engineering programmes is given in the form of plasma effects; processes and phenomena directly related to fusion short descriptions of the main activities. research; production, heating and confinement of plasmas; applica- tion of experimental and diagnostic techniques to high temperature Contents: List of institutes, alphabetized by country and city; Labo- plasmas; fusion reactor concepts and closely related technology. ratories, scientific staff and summaries of activities; Personnel Special issues and supplements are published occasionally. Index.

STI/PUB/23 (approx. 1800 pp./year, figures 21×30 cm) The document is available as hard copy and CD-ROM. ISSN 0029–5515 Price: Annual subscription (2000): STI/PUB/023/SPS/1997 (410 pp., 21 × 30 cm; 1997) 9900 Austrian schillings (€719.46) STI/DAT/023/SPS/1997(CD-ROM) (surface mail and airmail delivery included) ISBN 92–0–104397–X Special reduced price for individuals: Price: 450 Austrian schillings (€32.70) 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) (surface mail and airmal delivery included) Price per single issue: 940 Austrian schillings (€69.77)

NUCLEAR FUSION — ➜NEW YOKOHAMA SPECIAL ISSUES PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED These three special issues of the Nuclear Fusion journal contain arti- NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH 1988 cles based on some of the papers presented a the 17th Fusion Energy Proceedings Series Conference organized by the IAEA and held in Yokohama, Japan, 19–24 October 1998. The articles have been fully refereed. Issue 1 Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference, Nice, contains overview papers, while issues 2 and 3 present articles on 12–19 October 1988. magnetic confinement experiments, plasma heating and current drive, ITER EDA, inertial fusion energy, innovative concepts, fusion Contents: (Vol. 1) Artsimovich memorial lecture and tokamak technology and theory. experiments; Plasma heating and current drive. (Vol. 2) Magnetic confinement systems; Non-tokamak confinement systems. (Vol. 3) STI/PUB/023/39/Y1 – Issue 1 (144 pp./figures, 21 x 30 cm; 1999) Inertial confinement fusion; Next step concepts (INTOR/ITER); STI/PUB/023/39/Y2 – Issue 2 (518 pp./figures, 21 x 30 cm; 1999) Technology and reactor concepts, including safety and environmen- STI/PUB/023/40/Y3 – Issue 3 (324 pp./figures, 21 x 30 cm; 2000) tal aspects; Fundamental processes and new trends; Summary ISSN 0092–5515 session. Price: Issue 1, 2, 3: 940 Austrian schillings (€69.77) each Special price for all three issues: STI/PUB/787 (Vol. 1: 775 pp., 433 figures; Vol. 2: 763 pp., 308 figures; Vol. 2200 Austrian schillings (€159.88) 3: 720 pp., 250 figures; 1989)

112 PLASMA PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR FUSION

1: ISBN 92–0–130089–1 1: ISBN 92–0–101093–1 2: ISBN 92–0–130189–8 2: ISBN 92–0–101193–8 3: ISBN 92–0–130289–4 3: ISBN 92–0–101293–4 Price: Vol. 1: 1920 Austrian schillings (€139.53) 4: ISBN 92–0–101393–0 Vol. 2: 1880 Austrian schillings (€136.62) Price: Vol. 1: 2200 Austrian schillings (€159.88) Vol. 3: 1760 Austrian schillings (€127.90) Vol. 2: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) Vol. 3: 1560 Austrian schillings (€113.37) Vol. 4: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH 1990 Proceedings Series PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH 1994 The proceedings of the Thirteenth International conference, Wash- Proceedings Series ington, DC, 29 September to 3 October 1990. The Conference was characterized by reports of steady technical progress in research on Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference held in both magnetic and inertial confinement fusion, leading towards the Seville, 26 September to 1 October 1994. The conference was char- long term goal of producing commercial energy from controlled acterized by valuable scientific results on virtually all aspects of fusion power generators. Also, major results were reported from the controlled fusion and fusion technology, laying a solid foundation completion of the Conceptual Design Activities of the International for continued progress. The proceedings include all the technical Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project, which has papers, the pertinent discussions, and five conference summaries been conducted since 1988 under the auspices of the IAEA. At the which are published as a separate volume. technical sessions more than 200 papers were presented. Contribu- tions were made on: tokamak experiments; inertial confinement; Contents: (Vol. 1) Artsimovich memorial lecture and toroidal non-tokamak confinement systems; magnetic confinement theory confinement systems (Sessions A1 to A6). Toroidal confinement and modelling; plasma heating and current drive; ITER; technology systems overview (Session A1); Core plasma physics (Session A2); and reactor concepts; and the economic, safety and environmental Heating and current drive (Session A3); Divertor and edge physics aspects of fusion. (Session A4); Concept optimization (Session A5); Helical system physics (Session A6); (Vol. 2) Combined poster session A2/A4 Contents: (Vol. 1) Artsimovich memorial lecture and tokamak (Core plasma physics, and divertor and edge physics); Combined experiments; Plasma heating and current drive. (Vol. 2) Magnetic poster session A3/A5 (Heating and current drive, and concept opti- confinement theory and modelling; Non-tokamak confinement mization); Combined poster session A6/C (Helical system physics, systems; (Vol. 3) Inertial confinement fusion; International ther- and pinches and open systems); Pinches and open systems (Session monuclear experimental reactor (ITER); Technology and reactor C); ITER (Session E); New devices, reactors and technology concepts; Economic, safety and environmental aspects of fusion; (Session F). (Vol. 3) Inertial confinement fusion; Magnetic confine- Summaries. ment theory; (Vol. 4) Conference summaries.

STI/PUB/844 (Vol. 1: 865 pp., 420 figures; Vol: 2: 808 pp., 330 figures; STI/PUB/948 (Vol. 1: 809 pp., 448 figures; Vol. 2: 809 pp., 363 figures; Vol. 3: 814 pp., 194 figures; 1991) Vol. 3: 731 pp., 285 figures; Vol. 4: 65 pp., 9 figures; 1995) 1: ISBN 92–0–130091–3 1: ISBN 92–0–102295–6 2: ISBN 92–0–130191–X 2: ISBN 92–0–103695–7 3: ISBN 92–0–130291–6 3: ISBN 92–0–103795–3 Price: Vol. 1: 2300 Austrian schillings (€167.15) 4: ISBN 92–0–101895–0 Vol. 2: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61) Price: Vol. 1: 2280 Austrian schillings (T165.69) Vol. 3: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61) Vol. 2: 2280 Austrian schillings (€165.69) Vol. 3: 2080 Austrian schillings (€151.16) Vol. 4: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35)

PLASMA PHYSICS AND CONTROLLED NUCLEAR FUSION RESEARCH 1992 Proceedings Series

Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference, Würzburg, 30 September to 7 October 1992. The conference was characterized by reports of recent results from all the major fusion facilities around the world, including the milestone experiment at JET in which tritium was introduced for the first time into a tokamak fuel mixture. The proceedings include all the technical papers, the perti- nent discussions and five conference summaries.

Contents: (Vol. 1) Artsimovich memorial lecture and tokamak experiments (Session A). (Vol. 2) Magnetic confinement theory and modelling (Session D); Non-tokamak confinement systems (Session C). (Vol. 3) Inertial confinement fusion; ITER and next step devices; Technology and reactor concepts. (Vol. 4) Conference summaries.

STI/PUB/906 (Vol. 1: 791 pp., 386 figures; Vol. 2: 689 pp., 258 figures; Vol. 3: 461 pp., 169 figures; Vol. 4: 77 pp., 27 figures; 1993)

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DESIGN MEASURES TO FACILITATE ➜NEW and reports; 10. Inspections; Appendix: International instruments IMPLEMENTATION OF SAFEGUARDS and other basic documents; Translations of terms into French, AT FUTURE WATER COOLED Russian, Spanish, German and Japanese; Index. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Technical Reports Series No. 392 IAEA/SG/INF/1 (Rev. 1) (155 pp.; 1987) E ISBN 92–0–079087–9 This report presents guidelines to the designers of water cooled R ISBN 92–0–400393–6 power reactors which will minimize the impact of IAEA safeguards Price: 380 Austrian schillings (€27.62) on plant operations and ensure efficient and effective acquisition of safeguards data to the mutual benefit of the Member State, the plant operator and the IAEA. These guidelines incorporate the IAEA’s experience in establishing and carrying out safeguards at currently IAEA SAFEGUARDS: GUIDELINES FOR STATES’ operating nuclear power plants, the ongoing development of safe- SYSTEMS OF ACCOUNTING FOR AND guards techniques and the feedback of experience from plant opera- CONTROL OF NUCLEAR MATERIALS tors and designers on the impact of IAEA safeguards on plant oper- IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 2 ation. This publication is intended to assist Member States in establishing, Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. The IAEA’s safeguards function for maintaining and reviewing their States’ System of Accounting for current and future nuclear power plants; 3. Summary of the political and Control of Nuclear Material (SSAC) and therefore presents and legal foundations of the IAEA’s safeguards system; 4. The tech- guidelines for the organization and functions of the SSAC with nical objective of safeguards and the supply and use of required respect to obligations arising from Safeguards Agreements design information; 5. Safeguards approaches for nuclear power concluded by a State with the IAEA, including the elements of the plants; 6. Design implications of experience in safeguarding nuclear System and the performance required from it at the State and facil- power plants; 7. Guidelines for design provisions for future water ity levels. cooled reactors to facilitate the implementation of safeguards; Appendix I: Summary of information requested in the IAEA’s Contents: Introduction; Organization and functional elements at the Design Information Questionnaire; Appendix II: IAEA safeguards level of a State; SSAC organization and operation at the level of a instrumentation commonly used for power reactors; Glossary. facility.

STI/DOC/010/392 (94 pp., 8 figures; 1998) IAEA/SG/INF/2 (28 pp.; 1980) ISBN 92–0–104798–3 E ISBN 92–0–179180–1 Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) R ISBN 92–0–400293–X Price: 100 Austrian schillings (€7.27)

IAEA SAFEGUARDS: AN INTRODUCTION IAEA SAFEGUARDS INFORMATION SIERIES IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 3

Outdated, no longer available. IAEA SAFEGUARDS GLOSSARY — 1987 Edition IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 1

This is a revision of the glossary of safeguards terms published in IAEA SAFEGUARDS: AIMS, LIMITATIONS, 1980, taking into account the latest developments as well as ACHIEVEMENTS comments received since the first version appeared. The glossary is IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 4 intended to contribute to defining and rationalizing many terms used for the purpose of IAEA safeguards, with a view to improving the Outdated, no longer available. common understanding of such terms within the International community and to providing a quick reference for interested readers.

Contents: 1. IAEA Safeguards: Purpose and objective; 2. Nuclear IAEA SAFEGUARDS: SAFEGUARDS and non-nuclear material; 3. Nuclear installations and equipment; TECHNIQUES AND EQUIPMENT 4. Design of the safeguards approach; 5. Nuclear material accoun- IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 5 tancy; 6. Measurements and equipment; 7. Statistical concepts; 8. Containment and surveillance; 9. Safeguards information, records Outdated, no longer available.

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IAEA SAFEGUARDS: IMPLEMENTATION AT NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS TECHNOLOGY 1986 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE FACILITIES Proceedings Series IAEA Safeguards Information Series No. 6 Proceedings of the sixth Symposium, Vienna, 10–14 November This booklet discusses in a systematic manner the safeguards 1986. Development efforts related to safeguards for reprocessing concepts, methods and approaches at various nuclear fuel cycle plants constitute over twenty per cent of the papers, while most of facilities. the remaining deal with non-destructive measurement methods. The emphasis throughout is on demonstrated equipment field tests of Contents: Concepts; Methodology; Safeguards approaches; List of proposed safeguards methods and other practical considerations. inspection activities; Abbreviations; Bibliography. Contents: (Vol. 1) General papers; Safeguards for reprocessing IAEA/SG/INF/6 (71 pp.; 1985) facilities; Measurements in reprocessing facilities; Safeguards for ISBN 92–0–179085–6 uranium enrichment facilities; Statistics of sequential data analysis; Price: 180 Austrian schillings (€13.08) Safeguards for MOX and uranium fabrication facilities; Spent fuel measurements; Analytical measurements; (Vol. 2) Containment- surveillance technology; Safeguards for reactors or long term storage facilities; Materials accountancy information systems; NDA measurement techniques; Safeguards for heavy water; General INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR SAFEGUARDS 1994: statistics; Safeguards philosophy and concepts. VISION FOR THE FUTURE Proceedings Series STI/PUB/722 (Vol. 1: 769 pp., 172 figures; Vol. 2: 660 pp., 160 figures; 1987) Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with ANS, Vol. 1: ISBN 92–0–070187–6 ESARDA, INMM and the Nuclear Society International (Moscow), Vol. 2: ISBN 92–0–070287–2 Vienna, 14–18 March 1994. Presented at this symposium were: the Price: Vol. 1: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) findings in Iraq by the Action Team established under United Vol. 2: 1630 Austrian schillings (€138.08) Nations Security Council resolutions, South Africa’s decision to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), details of the IAEA–Argentina–Brazil–ABACC Quadripartite Safe- PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR ➜NEW guards Agreement, and measures following the break-up of the MATERIALS: EXPERIENCE IN REGULATION, former USSR into newly independent States. Special emphasis was IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONS given to the verification of a State’s declaration as well as detection of undeclared activities. In addition to covering recent develop- Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 10–14 November 1997, which ments, the symposium considered fundamental changes stemming aimed at fostering the exchange of information, practices and expe- from converging relationships between nuclear arms reductions and rience in order to assist States, where appropriate, in upgrading their the civil use of plutonium, unattended computer based verification programmes for the physical protection of nuclear materials and systems and other safeguards concepts for the future, and the review combating illicit trafficking. It focused on the regimes, equipment and extension of the NPT in 1995. and procedures currently used to minimize the possibilities of unau- thorized removal of nuclear material, whether by terrorists, crimi- Contents: (Vol. 1) Invited overview papers; National and regional nals or facility employees, and to protect against sabotage. systems for accounting and control of nuclear material; Material accountancy; Safeguards for uranium enrichment and fuel Contents: Opening session; Contemporary and emerging issues; fabrication facilities; New experience and initiatives; Safeguards Experience in regulation I; Experience in regulation II; Implementa- statistics and data processing; Strengthened and more cost effective tion at facilities; Programme assessment and co-operation I; safeguards; Integrated safeguards systems; Research and develop- Programme assessment and co-operation II; Hardware/software; ment and analytical measurements. (Vol. 2) Safeguards for pluto- Illicit trafficking in nuclear materials; Transportation; Future consid- nium facilities; Containment and surveillance technology; Safe- erations and summary of sessions. guards for reactors and spent fuel storage facilities; Non-destructive analysis measurement techniques; Safeguards approaches, criteria STI/PUB/1037 (527 pp., 31 figures; 1998) and evaluation; Safeguards concepts for the future; Member States ISBN 92–0–101398–1 support programmes; Panel on future directions for international Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) safeguards.

STI/PUB/945 (Vol. 1: 839 pp., 172 figures; Vol. 2: 921 pp., 172 figures; 1994) Vol. 1: ISBN 92–0–101994–7 Vol. 2: ISBN 92–0–104494–1 Price: Vol. 1: 2000 Austrian schillings (€145.35) Vol. 2: 2000 Austrian schillings (€145.35)

115 LEGAL MATTERS

LEGAL SERIES STI/PUB/274 (180 pp., 1 figure; 1970) ISBN 92–0–076070–8 Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81) MULTILATERAL AGREEMENTS Legal Series No. 1 THE LAW AND PRACTICES OF THE Out of print. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY Legal Series No. 7

CIVIL LIABILITY FOR NUCLEAR DAMAGE A study of the Agency’s written law and its practices, based on offi- Legal Series No. 2 cial documents and the author’s direct personal experience as a staff member of many years. Out of print. STI/PUB/250 (1180 pp.; 1970) ISBN 92–0–176070–1 AGREEMENTS REGISTERED WITH THE INTERNATIONAL Price: 1150 Austrian schillings (€83.58) ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY — Eleventh Edition Legal Series No. 3

A list of agreements registered with the IAEA during the whole THE LAW AND PRACTICES OF THE period of its activities from 1957 to the end of 1993. This list INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY 1970–1980 contains agreements between the Agency and any Member State or Supplement 1 to the 1970 Edition of Legal Series No. 7 Member States, agreements between the Agency and any other orga- Legal Series No. 7-S1 nization or organizations, and agreements between Member States when subject to approval by the Agency. The first publication (Part A) covering this subject was issued in 1970 (Legal Series No. 7 — the basic book), written by Contents: Part I: Chronological list of agreements 1957–1993; Paul C. Szasz, who, together with Reinhard H. Rainer, is also co- Part II: Major multilateral agreements for which the IAEA is deposi- author of the present book. As the Agency’s work has expanded, the tary; Part III: Country Annex; Section listing international and other emphasis of its programme components shifted and administrative organizations. practices changed, an update of the study became necessary to ensure its continued value as a comprehensive reference tool and STI/PUB/954 (278 pp.; 1994) documentation of the main legal and administrative developments. ISBN 92–0–100994–1 This updated edition retains the original structure of the basic book Price: 800 Austrian schillings (€58.14) as far as possible to allow consultation of both books seriatim.

Contents: Part B. Structure; Part C. Relationships; Part D. Activi- ties; Part E. Administration; Part F. Legal matters; Part G. Proce- INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ON CIVIL LIABILITY dures; Annex. FOR NUCLEAR DAMAGE — Revised 1976 Edition Legal Series No. 4 STI/PUB/942 (741 pp., 7 figures; 1993) ISBN 92–0–103693–0 Out of print. Price: 2000 Austrian schillings (€145.35)

NUCLEAR LAW FOR A DEVELOPING WORLD Legal Series No. 5 EXPERIENCE AND TRENDS IN NUCLEAR LAW Legal Series No. 8 Out of print. A selection of papers presented at the Seminar on the Development of Nuclear Law, Bangkok, 6–11 April 1970, and at the Interregional Training Course on the Legal Aspects of Nuclear Energy, Athens, INSURANCE FOR NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS 7–18 December 1970. Legal Series No. 6 STI/PUB/333 (169 pp.; 1972) Reports and documents resulting from a panel of experts convened ISBN 92–0–176072–8 in Vienna, 24–28 November 1969. Price: 190 Austrian schillings (€13.81)

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INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RELATING TO Entièrement en français. NUCLEAR CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT Legal Series No. 9 STI/PUB/703 (333 pages; 1986) ISBN 92–0–276086–1 The publication contains the most important treaties, agreements Prix: 820 schillings autrichiens (€59.59) and conventions in the field of arms control and disarmament.

STI/PUB/387 (78 pp.; 1975) CONVENTION ON EARLY NOTIFICATION OF A ISBN 92–0–176075–2 NUCLEAR ACCIDENT AND CONVENTION ON Price: 120 Austrian schillings (€8.72) ASSISTANCE IN THE CASE OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY Legal Series No. 14

LICENSiNG AND REGULATORY CONTROL This publication contains the texts of the conventions as adopted and OF NUCLEAR INSTALLATIONS background material relating to the process of their negotiation and Legal Series No. 10 conclusion.

A selection of papers presented at a Regional Seminar in Nuclear Contents: Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident; Law for Latin American Countries, Rio de Janeiro, 25–29 June Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radi- 1973, and at the Study Group Meeting on Regulations and Proce- ological Emergency. dures for Licensing Nuclear Installations, Athens, 16–20 Decem- ber 1974. STI/PUB/765 (126 pp.; 1987) E ISBN 92–0–176087–6 STI/PUB/421 (313 pp., 10 figures; 1975) F ISBN 92–0–276088–8 ISBN 92–0–176175–9 R ISBN 92–0–476090–7 Price: 460 Austrian schillings (€33.43) S ISBN 92–0–376089–X Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71)

INTERNATIONAL ACCEPTANCE OF IRRADIATED FOOD: LEGAL ASPECTS BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND MULTILATERAL Legal Series No. 11 AGREEMENTS RELATING TO CO-OPERATION IN THE FIELD OF NUCLEAR SAFETY Report of an Advisory Group meeting convened by FAO, WHO and Legal Series No. 15 IAEA in Wageningen, 28 November–1 December 1977, to consider how national regulations could be harmonized to facilitate the This publication contains the texts of bilateral, regional and multi- international movement of irradiated food and to revise and update lateral co-operation agreements in the field of nuclear safety to previous recommendations concerning the legal aspects of food which Member States of the IAEA are a party and which have been irradiation. submitted to the Agency by its Member States for inclusion in the present volume. STI/PUB/530 (70 pp.; 1979) ISBN 92–0–176079–5 Contents: Part I contains the bilateral agreements in the language Price: 140 Austrian schillings (€10.17) version(s) provided by Member States, given in alphabetical order by name of the Member State party to the agreement. Titles of agree- ments provided in a language other than English have been trans- CONVENTION ON THE PHYSICAL PROTECTION lated into English, but these English versions have no official status. OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL The Index of Bilateral Agreements lists all titles under each Member Legal Series No. 12 State party to any agreement. Part II consists of regional agreements, while Part III pertains to multilateral agreements relating to co-oper- Out of print. ation in the field of nuclear safety.

STI/PUB/850 (543 pp.; 1990) ISBN 92–0–076090–2 REGLEMENTATION DES ACTIVITES NUCLEAIRES Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) Collection juridique n°13

Communications présentées au Séminaire interrégional sur le droit nucléaire et la réglementation en matière de sûreté nucléaire tenu à CONVENTION ON NUCLEAR SAFETY Rabat (Maroc) en 1983. Le Séminaire visait à donner aux pays fran- Legal Series No. 16 cophones d’Afrique un aperçu global de la réglementation nucléaire et de son évolution dans le contexte des normes, recommandations This publication contains the text of the Convention on Nuclear et conventions internationales s’y rapportant. Les 14 communica- Safety, material relating to the process of its negotiation and adop- tions présentées par des fonctionnaires du Secrétariat de l’AIEA et tion at the Diplomatic Conference held in Vienna, 14–17 June 1994, des experts venant de différents Etats Membres et organisations and the Final Act including an Annex entitled “Some clarification internationales s’adressent à tous ceux qu’intéresse le développe- with respect to procedural and financial arrangements, national ment du droit nucléaire et les questions d’ordre réglementaire liées reports and the conduct of review meetings, envisaged in the à la mise en oeuvre d’un programme national dans le domaine de Convention on Nuclear Safety’’. l’énergie atomique. Les annexes contiennent les textes de deux con- ventions dont l’AIEA est le dépositaire, le texte du Traité sur la non- Contents: Convention on Nuclear Safety; Decision adopted on prolifération des armes nucléaires ainsi que des documents 21 February 1994 by the Board of Governors of the IAEA concernant le système des garanties de l’AIEA et certaines normes (GOV/2706); Resolution adopted by the General Conference at its et recommandations établies par l’Agence. Thirty-Seventh regular session (GC(XXXVII)RES/615);

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Diplomatic Conference convened to adopt the Convention on SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES AND ➜NEW Nuclear Safety; Final Act; Annex. SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS Proceedings Series STI/PUB/962 (110 pp.; 1994) E ISBN 92–0–102294–8 Proceedings of an international conference jointly organized by the Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) EC, IAEA, Interpol and WCO and held in Dijon, France, 14–18 September 1998. The conference was the first of its kind devoted to this subject and brought together radiation safety experts, regulators, and customs and police officers, in order to foster infor- mation exchange through a review of the state of the art and open DEFINITION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE discussions. The need was expressed for the formulation of interna- CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION OF MARINE POLLUTION tional recommendations concerned with the effective operation of BY DUMPING OF WASTES AND OTHER MATTER, national systems for ensuring the safety of radiation sources and the 1972–1986 Edition: A Safety Guide security of radioactive materials. These proceedings contain the Safety Series No. 78 keynote address, the invited papers, summaries of discussions and session summaries. Together with IAEA-TECDOC-1045, published Under the terms of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine in 1998 prior to the conference, they constitute the complete record Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, the IAEA is the of the conference. organization with the responsibility for defining high level radioac- tive wastes or other high level radioactive matter which is unsuitable Contents: Opening session; The problem; Response from interna- for dumping at sea. The IAEA established a provisional Definition tional organizations; The regulatory control of radiation sources, and Recommendations in 1972 and a revised version in 1978. The including systems for notification, authorization (registration and present Safety Series document contains the second revised Defini- licensing) and inspection; Safety assessment techniques applied to tion and Recommendations, which were established in 1985. radiation sources: Design and technological measures, including defence in depth and good engineering practice; Managerial Contents: Scope; 1. Introduction to the Definition and Recommen- measures, including safety culture, human factors, quality assur- dations; 2. Definition of high level radioactive waste or other high ance, qualified experts, training and education; Learning from oper- level radioactive matter unsuitable for dumping at sea; 3. Recom- ational experience; International co-operation, including reporting mendations required by Annex II of the Convention pertaining to the systems and databases; Verification of compliance, monitoring of dumping of radioactive wastes; Annex I. Derivation of the quantita- compliance: Assessment of the effectiveness of national tive definition of wastes unsuitable for dumping at sea; Annex II. programmes for the safety of sources, including development of Comparison with previous Definition and Recommendations; performance indicators; Measures to prevent breaches in the secu- Annex III. Summary of meetings and documentation. rity of radioactive materials (from production to disposal), experi- ence with criminal acts involving radioactive materials; Detection STI/PUB/733 (73 pp.; 1986) and identification techniques for illicitly trafficked radioactive mate- E ISBN 92–0–123586–0 rials (I and II); Response to detected cases and seized radioactive F ISBN 92–0–223987–8 materials, strengthening of the awareness, training, and exchange of R ISBN 92–0–424388–0 information; Summaries by chairpersons of the technical sessions. S ISBN 92–0–323887–5 Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) STI/PUB/1042 (399 pp., 9 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–101499–6 Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR ➜NEW MATERIALS: EXPERIENCE IN REGULATION, IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONS

Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 10–14 November 1997, which aimed at fostering the exchange of information, practices and expe- rience in order to assist States, where appropriate, in upgrading their programmes for the physical protection of nuclear materials and combating illicit trafficking. It focused on the regimes, equipment and procedures currently used to minimize the possibilities of unau- thorized removal of nuclear material, whether by terrorists, crimi- nals or facility employees, and to protect against sabotage.

Contents: Opening session; Contemporary and emerging issues; Experience in regulation I; Experience in regulation II; Implementa- tion at facilities; Programme assessment and co-operation I; Programme assessment and co-operation II; Hardware/software; Illicit trafficking in nuclear materials; Transportation; Future consid- erations and summary of sessions.

STI/PUB/1037 (527 pp., 31 figures; 1998) ISBN 92–0–101398–1 Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28)

118 INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM

INIS DATABASE ON CD-ROM ➜NEW romanized Chinese personal names; a list of corporate abbrevia- tions; and a list of state and province codes for several countries. The INIS Database on CD-ROM contains records from 1970 to the Also included in this current revision is the information contained in present and is updated quarterly. The full set consists of seven INIS: Terminology and Codes for Countries and International Orga- archival discs covering 1970 to 1996 and a current disc starting in nizations (IAEA-INIS-5) and INIS: Transliteration Rules for January 1997. A demo disc is available free of charge, containing the Selected Non-Roman Characters (IAEA-INIS-10). This manual is first quarter of 1997 INIS data (22,907 records), including intended to be used in conjunction with a companion volume enti- WINSPIRSTM and PC-SPIRSTM retrieval software, Quick Reference tled INIS: Descriptive Cataloguing Samples (IAEA-INIS-2). Guides and installation instructions. IAEA-INIS-1 (Rev. 8) (198 pp., 21×30 cm; 1992) Price: US$ 400 (approximately 5300 Austrian schillings (€385) for the ISBN 92–0–104892–0 complete set) Price: 520 Austrian schillings (€37.79) US$ 200 (approximately 2600 Austrian schillings (€189) for an annual subscription to the current disc (four quarterly updates)) INIS: SAMPLES FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIC ➜NEW DESCRIPTION INIS NON-CONVENTIONAL LITERATURE (NCL) ➜NEW INIS Reference Series No. 2 ON CD-ROM This manual contains samples prepared in accordance with the latest The INIS non-conventional literature (NCL) on CD-ROM contains INIS cataloguing rules as set out in IAEA-INIS-1 (Rev. 8): Guide to the full text of NCL beginnning with INIS Atomindex Vol. 28, No. 1 Bibliographic Description and its updates. The samples contain all (1 January 1997). New discs are added as needed and mailed on a the parts required for submitting records to INIS, i.e. the biblio- monthly basis. A demo disc is available free of charge, containing graphic and indexing parts as well as the abstract, but the comments 445 separate items of literature in 183 reports (11,661 pp.). focus on aspects of bibliographic description.

Price: Yearly subscription: approximately 50 CD-ROMs/year IAEA-INIS-2 (Rev. 7) (55 p., 21×30 cm; 1996) charged at the rate of US$ 40/disc ISBN 92–0–103896–8 (approximately 500 Austrian schillings/(€36.34)) Price: 120 Austrian schillings (€8.72) Single disc: US$ 55 (approximately 700 Austrian schillings/(€50.87)) per CD-ROM INIS: SUBJECT CATEGORIES AND ➜NEW SCOPE DESCRIPTIONS INIS Reference Series No. 3

This manual serves two purposes: it defines the subject scope of INIS REFERENCE SERIES INIS as well as its subject classification scheme. The INIS subject scope covers all aspects of the peaceful uses of nuclear science and The INIS Reference Series defines the rules, standards, formats, technology. A redefinition of scope descriptions of categories had codes and authority lists on which the International Nuclear Infor- become necessary (a) to better define categories dealing with basic mation System is based. Over the years most manuals have been science, e.g. actual or potential nuclear applications or radiation revised or merged, and further revisions will be issued in the future. effects, and (b) to better reflect the IAEA’s new areas of interest. The The series consists of 10 current manuals, all of which are available present revision also includes an updated version (1992) of the Inter- in print, on microfiche and many in electronic form, as described national Nuclear Event Scale (INES). below. IAEA-INIS-3 (Rev. 8) (131 pp., 21×30 cm; 1997) ISBN 92–0–103397–4 Price: 240 Austrian schillings (€17.44) INIS: GUIDE TO BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION INIS Reference Series No. 1 INIS: INSTRUCTIONS FOR SUBMITTING ABSTRACTS This manual (formerly published under the title ‘Descriptive Cata- INIS Reference Series No. 4 loguing Rules’) contains the rules, standards and formats for biblio- graphic descriptions adopted by centres preparing input to INIS. The This revision of IAEA-INIS-4 provides up-to-date rules on the rules are presented in a simplified style and several examples are formal submission of abstracts to INIS, as well as a guide to the provided to clarify the texts. Various appendices are included, techniques of abstracting. It is meant not only for writers of abstracts among them: the INIS character set; the INIS rules for entering but also for those who may be guided by the abstract in selecting

119 INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM input and those whose critical assessment of what constitutes a INIS: THESAURUS ➜NEW useful, acceptable and informative abstract may give rise to feed- INIS Reference Series No. 13 back to the document source. Thus the manual acts as a guide to progressive improvement in the quality of accompanying abstracts. The Thesaurus gives the controlled vocabulary to be used by INIS members to index the literature they report to INIS. This authority IAEA-INIS-4 (Rev. 2) (28 pp., 21×30 cm; 1988) ensures consistent subject indexing. Revision 38 contains 19 007 ISBN 92–0–178488–0 accepted terms (descriptors) and 6676 forbidden terms (non- Price: 30 Austrian schillings (€2.18) descriptors). The terms are listed alphabetically, and with each entry a ‘word block’ containing all the terms associated with that particu- lar entry is displayed. A revision of the Thesaurus is issued once a INIS: SPECIFICATIONS FOR MACHINE year; cumulative updates are normally issued monthly. READABLE DATA EXCHANGE INIS Reference Series No. 7 IAEA-INIS-13 (Rev. 38) (965 pp., 21×30 cm; 1999) ISBN 92–0–100199–1 This manual combines the former IAEA-INIS-7 (Rev. 2), INIS: Price: 1440 Austrian schillings (€104.65) Character Set Representation and Coding Rules, with the obsolete IAEA-INIS-8 (Rev. 1), INIS: Paper Tape Specifications and Record Format, and the obsolete IAEA-INIS-9 (Rev. 3), INIS: Magnetic THESAURUS del Sistema Internacional Tape Specifications and Record Format. It contains the revised INIS de Documentación Nuclear INIS character set and representations of it, together with encoding rules (Versión española) for the exchange format and, specifically for input, the worksheet INIS Reference Series No. 13/S format on magnetic tape and diskette. It is divided into three parts: Part I: Character set and encoding rules; Part II: Worksheet format The Thesaurus gives the Spanish translation of the controlled vocab- on magnetic tape and diskette; Part III: Magnetic tape exchange ulary to be used by INIS members to index the literature they report format and specifications (corresponding to ISO Standard 2709). to INIS. This authority ensures consistent subject indexing. Revision The INIS 8-bit code is an extension of the ISO Standard 646 physi- 32 of the Spanish version contains 19 422 accepted terms (descrip- cal character set for information interchange. The document also tors) and 6065 forbidden terms (non-descriptors). The terms are contains instructions on how to encode symbols occurring in scien- listed alphabetically in Spanish, followed by the English equivalent, tific and technical texts. and with each alphabetic entry a ‘word block’ containing all the terms associated with that particular entry is displayed. IAEA-INIS-7 (Rev. 3) (47 pp., 21×30 cm; 1988) ISBN 92–0–178588–0 IAEA-INIS-13/S (Rev. 32) (1032 pp., 21×30 cm; 1994) Price: 60 Austrian schillings (€4.36) ISBN 92–0–300194–8 Price: 1400 Austrian schillings (€101.74)

INIS: AUTHORITY LIST FOR JOURNAL TITLES ➜NEW INIS Reference Series No. 11 INIS: MULTILINGUAL DICTIONARY Part I: ENGLISH — FRENCH — GERMAN — The twenty-fifth revision of this manual contains the names of RUSSIAN — SPANISH 12 249 journal titles covered by INIS. In Part I of the publication, INIS Reference Series No. 20 journal titles are grouped by country or international organization responsible for their processing for INIS. Within the groups they are INIS: DICTIONNAIRE MULTILINGUE ordered alphabetically by full journal title, followed by ISSN and/or PARTIE II: FRANÇAIS — ANGLAIS — ALLEMAND — CODEN if available, and any information concerning the status of RUSSE — ESPAGNOL the journal. In Part II the journals are arranged in alphabetical order by full journal title, followed by ISSN and/or CODEN if available, INIS: MEHRSPRACHIGES WÖRTERBUCH and country in parentheses, and any information concerning the TEIL III: DEUTSCH — ENGLISCH — FRANZÖSISCH — status of the journal. Journals marked with an asterisk are regularly RUSSISCH — SPANISCH scanned for INIS. Journals with a number sign (#) are ‘Key Journals’. INIS: МНОГОЯЗЫЧНЫЙ СЛОВАРЬ ЧАСТЬ IV: РУССКИЙ — АНГЛИЙСКИЙ — ФРАНЦУЗСКИЙ — НЕМЕЦКИЙ IAEA-INIS-11 (Rev. 26) (468 pp., 21×30 cm; 2000) ISBN 92–0–103299–4 INIS: DICCIONARIO MULTILINGUE Price: 720 Austrian schillings (€52.32) PARTE V: ESPAÑOL — INGLES — ALEMAN — FRANCES — RUSO

INIS: MANUAL FOR SUBJECT ANALYSIS ➜NEW This publication, issued in five parts, contains the terminology of the INIS Reference Series No. 12 INIS Thesaurus (IAEA-INIS-13) translated from English into French, German, Russian and Spanish. Each of the five parts is This manual covers the subject analysis part of input preparation, sorted alphabetically by the first-named language. The multilingual including document selection, subject classification, abstracting and dictionary is intended as a tool to assist INIS users whose mother subject indexing. It presents the rules, guidelines and procedures to tongue is not English. It may also be useful to others in the nuclear be adopted by centres submitting input to the INIS Database. The field such as translators, interpreters and authors who are confronted manual should be used in conjunction with the INIS Thesaurus with specialized terminology in any of the five languages named. (IAEA-INIS-13), the Subject Categories and Scope Descriptions (IAEA-INIS-3) and the Instructions for Submitting Abstracts IAEA-INIS-20 (Rev. 1) (E, F, G, R or S) (IAEA-INIS-4). It also constitutes part of the ETDE (Energy Tech- Part I (585 pp., 21×30 cm; 1995) nology Data Exchange) Procedures Manual. E out of print Part II (582 pp., 21×30 cm; 1995) IAEA-INIS-12 (Rev. 3) (79 pp., 21×30 cm; 1996) F ISBN 92–0–202695–5 ISBN 92–0–100696–9 Part III (553 pp, 21×30 cm; 1995) Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) G ISBN 92–0–702795–X

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Part IV (561 pp., 21×30 cm; 1995) INIS: FIBRE USER’S MANUAL R ISBN 92–0–402895–0 INIS Reference Series No. 23 Part V (578 pp., 21×30 cm; 1995) S ISBN 92–0–302995–8 This manual provides information and guidance on how to use the Price per Part: 880 Austrian schillings (€63.95) FIBRE (Friendly Inputting of Bibliographic Records) software at INIS input centres to prepare and submit records to be included in the INIS database. The manual also provides information on how to INIS: DATABASE MANUAL ➜NEW install the software. INIS Reference Series No. 22 IAEA-INIS-23 (103 pp., 21×30 cm; 1995) This manual provides information for users of INIS output data on ISBN 92–0–100295–5 magnetic media. It gives a description of each data element includ- Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53) ing information on contents, structure and usage, and a historical overview of additions, deletions and changes of data elements and their contents that have taken place over the years.

IAEA-INIS-22 (Rev. 1) (42 pp., 21×30 cm; 1997) ISBN 92–0–103297–8 Price: 120 Austrian Schillings (€8.72)

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APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES AND RADIATION STI/DOC/10/288 (127 pp., 10 figures; 1988) IN CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ISBN 92–0–125488–1 Proceedings Series Price: 370 Austrian schillings (€26.89)

Proceedings of a symposium held in Karlsruhe, 9–13 March 1992. The objective was to review present knowledge of the applications of radiation, radioisotopes and nuclear methods of analysis in the monitoring and control of environmental pollution and in reducing ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION IN NUCLEAR emissions of environmentally toxic substances. Isotopes and radia- POWER PLANT SITING: A Safety Guide tion have many characteristics which uniquely contribute to the Safety Series No. 50-SG-S3 better understanding of environmental processes, as well as directly protect the environment from the impact of toxic substances. These The guide addresses the meteorological investigations needed at kinds of applications form the focus of this volume. different stages in a site survey, in site evaluation and in assessing off-site consequences of operational states and accident conditions. Contents: Overviews of some main areas of application of nuclear It covers meteorological phenomena and mechanisms involved in techniques; Flue gas purification; Radiation processing of liquid and the dispersion of radioactive effluents, calculation methods for solid wastes; Industrial applications; Radiotracer studies; Major concentration and deposition, input data needed for calculations, analytical techniques and new approaches in environmental moni- meteorological instrumentation requirements, data analysis system toring and research; Nuclear analytical techniques and their applica- requirements and other related topics. tions: 1. Atmospheric studies; 2. Studies of solid wastes, sediments and soils; 3. Hydrochemical and miscellaneous studies; Panel: Contents: Introduction; On-site and off-site meteorological investi- Current problems and future trends in the use of isotopes and radia- gation programme; Atmospheric dispersion models; Average tion for conservation of the environment. short-term concentration estimates; Meteorological aspects of emer- gency planning at nuclear power plants; Annex I: Turbulence and STI/PUB/904 (699 pp., 221 figures; 1992) atmospheric dispersion; Annex II: Atmospheric stability; Annex III: ISBN 92–0–000492–X Equivalent height of plume Dh (non-buoyant plume); Annex IV: Price: 1900 Austrian schillings (€138.08) Examples of simplified models; Annex V: A direct method for deter- mining stability class (Pasquill method and modifications); Annex VI: Dependence of concentration on sampling time; Annex VII:

Modified Bulk Richardson number method for sy and sz; Annex VIII: Additional graphs for sy and sz. ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF DEEP SEA DISPOSAL OF LOW LEVEL RADIOACTIVE STI/PUB/549 (107 pp., 16 figures; 1980) WASTE ON LIVING MARINE RESOURCES E ISBN 92–0–623180–4 Technical Reports Series No. 288 C ISBN 92–0–523886–4 F out of print In revising the Definition of high level radioactive waste unsuitable R out of print for dumping at sea, calculations of water concentrations in and near S ISBN 92–0–323382–2 a dump site have been made and used to estimate doses to ‘typical’ Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) marine species living at or near the sea floor at a depth of 4000 m. These calculations show that there are radionuclides that can give rise to significant doses to these typical species and that future revi- sions of the Definitions and Recommendations under the Conven- tion on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes CONVENTION ON EARLY NOTIFICATION OF and Other Matters will have to consider impacts on the marine A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT AND CONVENTION ecosystem in setting limits for dumping. ON ASSISTANCE IN THE CASE OF A NUCLEAR ACCIDENT OR RADIOLOGICAL EMERGENCY Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Nature of the deep sea ecosystem; Legal Series No. 14 3. Naturally occurring and fallout radionuclides in the marine envi- ronment; 4. Effects of radiation on aquatic organisms; 5. Methods of This publication contains the texts of the conventions as adopted and dosimetry for aquatic organisms and an estimate of the background background material relating to the process of their negotiation and dose rate in the deep sea; 6. Derivation of dose rates to organisms conclusion. based on the IAEA Definition of high level radioactive waste unsuit- able for dumping at sea; 7. Dose rates arising from actual sea Contents: Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident; dumping operations; 8. Summary and conclusions; Appendix: Equa- Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radi- tions and parameters used for calculations and results. ological Emergency.

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STI/PUB/765 (126 pp.; 1987) Economic Assistance, the Economic Commission for Europe, the E ISBN 92–0–176087–6 International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Energy F ISBN 92–0–276088–8 Agency, the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, the R ISBN 92–0–476090–7 Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD, the United Nations Environ- S ISBN 92–0–376089–X ment Programme, the World Bank, the World Health Organization Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71) and the World Meteorological Organization, in co-operation with the Government of Finland, and held in Helsinki, Finland, 13–17 May 1991. The objective of the symposium was to provide a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and health factors DEFINITION AND RECOMMENDATIONS as well as the economic factors involved in supplying electricity FOR THE CONVENTION ON THE PREVENTION services, and to suggest a framework within which these issues OF MARINE POLLUTION BY DUMPING OF should be taken into account in making future plans and decisions WASTES AND OTHER MATTER, on electricity production and use. The potential role of different 1972–1986 Edition: A Safety Guide ways of meeting electricity service requirements was also analysed, Safety Series No. 78 taking into consideration both demand side and supply options in the light of their comparative economic, environmental and health Under the terms of the Convention on the Prevention of Marine related impacts. Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, the IAEA is the organization with the responsibility for defining high level radioac- Contents: Opening session; Energy and electricity supply and tive wastes or other high level radioactive matter which is unsuitable demand: Implications for the global environment; Energy sources for dumping at sea. The IAEA established a provisional Definition and technologies for electricity generation; Comparative environ- and Recommendations in 1972 and a revised version in 1978. The mental and health effects of different energy systems for electricity present Safety Series document contains the second revised Defini- generation; Incorporation of environmental and health impacts into tion and Recommendations, which were established in 1985. policy, planning and decision making for the electricity sector; Luncheon sessions; Policy aspects of electricity and the environ- Contents: Scope; 1. Introduction to the Definition and Recommen- ment; Key issues and findings and round table on challenges for dations; 2. Definition of high level radioactive waste or other high international co-operation. level radioactive matter unsuitable for dumping at sea; 3. Recom- mendations required by Annex II of the Convention pertaining to the STI/PUB/877 (501 pp., 65 figures; 1991) dumping of radioactive wastes; Annex I. Derivation of the quantita- ISBN 92–0–150091–2 tive definition of wastes unsuitable for dumping at sea; Annex II. Price: 1300 Austrian schillings (€94.47) Comparison with previous Definition and Recommendations; Annex III. Summary of meetings and documentation.

STI/PUB/733 (73 pp.; 1986) E ISBN 92–0–123586–0 F ISBN 92–0–223987–8 R ISBN 92–0–424388–0 ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVOUR OF ➜NEW S ISBN 92–0–323887–5 CROP PROTECTION CHEMICALS Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium on the Use of Nuclear and Related EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATION ON PLANTS Techniques for Studying Environmental Behaviour of Crop Protec- AND ANIMALS AT LEVELS IMPLIED BY tion Chemicals jointly organized by the IAEA and FAO, Vienna, CURRENT RADIATION PROTECTION STANDARDS 1–5 July 1996. Use of pesticides has become an integral component Technical Reports Series No. 332 of agricultural systems worldwide. Concerning the environment, information must be provided before a product is registered in order Releases of waste gases and liquids into the environment from facil- to provide assurance that it can be used without unacceptable hazard ities using radioactive materials are controlled so that people living to non-target organisms. In addition, post-registration surveillance in the vicinity are adequately protected from exposure to ionizing and monitoring studies are necessary to check that the fate and envi- radiations. It is implicitly assumed that protecting humans will also ronmental effects of pesticides under field conditions are consistent protect the environment in which they live. Although this assump- with predictions. Much of the data are generated using radioisotopes tion has never been formally defended, neither has it been seriously and other nuclear or related methods. Developing countries often challenged. This report examines the validity of the assumption for have to rely on data generated elsewhere in order to assess the the case of radioactive releases to the terrestrial and freshwater envi- acceptability of a compound. The purpose of the symposium was to ronments and also for solid waste disposal underground. examine the circumstances under which extrapolation from one environment to another is valid on the basis of data generated under Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Summary of the available information comparable conditions. It also considered ways in which relatively on the effects of ionizing radiation on populations; 3. Estimated dose simple methods can be used to verify the field applicability of data to plants and animals under current radiation protection standards; obtained under sophisticated experimental conditions. 4. Summary and conclusions; References. Contents: Opening session; Pesticides in the environment: Interna- STI/DOC/10/332 (74 pp., 2 figures; 1992) tional perspective; Pesticides in the environment: Regional and ISBN 92–0–100992–5 country situations; Fate and behaviour of pesticides in the terrestrial Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) environment; Fate and behaviour of pesticides in the aquatic environment; Comparison of fate and behaviour of pesticides in different environments; Effect of pesticides on non-target species; ELECTRICITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT Maximizing the use of environmental data. Proceedings Series STI/PUB/1003 (519 pp., 111 figures; 1997) Proceedings of a Senior Expert symposium jointly organized by the ISBN 92–0–104596–4 Commission of the European Communities, the Council for Mutual Price: 1520 Austrian schillings (€110.46)

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ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION FOLLOWING Precipitation Network of national laboratories set up by the IAEA in A MAJOR NUCLEAR ACCIDENT co-operation with the World Meteorological Organization in 1953. Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Health Organization, Vienna, 16–20 October 1989. The extent and effects of the potential contamination due to a major accident at a nuclear facility are ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 8: matters of public concern. Scientific research on the after-effects of WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION the Chernobyl accident on the environment and on human health has IN PRECIPITATION (1980–1983) provided new data pertaining to large scale contamination. Papers at Technical Reports Series No. 264 the symposium covered a wide range of subjects, including: moni- toring of radioactive contaminants in the environment, levels of Contents: Introduction; Data printouts (late reports, notes); Numer- radioactive contamination of farmland, agricultural crops and dairy ical station index; Alphabetical station index; Appendix 1: Code products in subsequent years, methods for minimizing contamina- numbers for tritium laboratories; Appendix 2: Code numbers for tion of feed and food. deuterium and oxygen-18 laboratories.

Contents: Vol. 1: Part I: Radioactive contamination of the environ- STI/DOC/10/264 (184 pp., 2 figures; 1986) ment: (a) General; (b) Air; (c) Soil; (d) Water; Part II: Monitoring of ISBN 92–0–145186–5 radioactivity: (a) General; (b) Strategies and policy; (c) Methods and Price: 520 Austrian schillings (€37.79) techniques. Vol. 2: Part III: Radioactive contamination of agricul- tural land and agricultural produce; Part IV: Countermeasures to reduce radionuclide contamination of food chains; Part V: Radiation exposure of populations; Part VI: Radionuclides and international trade in food; Special Session: Hot particles; Summary of the ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 9: Symposium: Important Issues with Significance for the Future. WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION IN PRECIPITATION (1984–1987) STI/PUB/825 (Vol. 1: 497 pp., 144 figures; Vol. 2: 451 pp., Technical Reports Series No. 311 70 figures; 1990) 1: ISBN 92–0–020090–7 Contents: Introduction; Data printouts; Numerical station index; 2: ISBN 92–0–020190–3 Alphabetical station index; Appendix 1: Tritium laboratory code Price: Vol. 1: 1340 Austrian schillings (€97.38) numbers; Appendix 2: Deuterium and oxygen-18 laboratory code Vol. 2: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) numbers.

STI/DOC/10/311 (188 pp., 2 figures; 1990) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF ISBN 92–0–145090–7 RADIOACTIVE RELEASES Price: 580 Austrian schillings (€42.15) Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium, Vienna, 8–12 May 1995. This was the first major IAEA meeting for more than a decade to deal specifically with the transfer of radionuclides in the environment. Its purpose ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA No. 10: was to review the information that has become available in recent WORLD SURVEY OF ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION years, notably as a result of the Chernobyl accident but also gained IN PRECIPITATION (1988–1991) from studies of the discharges from civil and military nuclear facil- Technical Reports Series No. 371 ities in the early nuclear age. This information has been used for improving the reliability of environmental model predictions, and This is the tenth and latest volume in the present series. It is mainly the main results of the IAEA/CEC programme on Validation of concerned with the concentration of the environmental isotopes Environmental Model Predictions (VAMP) were presented. In addi- (tritium, deuterium and oxygen-18) in monthly samples of precipi- tion, progress in the IAEA programme on the International Arctic tation taken by a global network of 169 stations in the period Seas Assessment Project (IASAP) was summarized. 1988–1991. Selected meteorological data, such as the amount of precipitation, mean water vapour pressure and surface air tempera- Contents: Global impact assessments; New roles for environmental ture, are also presented. Data before 1988 which were unavailable at monitoring; Radionuclide releases to the atmosphere; Radionuclide the time of the earlier issues have also been included in the latter part releases to the aquatic environment; Radionuclides in the terrestrial of this volume as late reports. The great majority of the data comes environment; Radionuclide transfer in the freshwater environment; from the IAEA/WMO Isotopes-in-Precipitation Network, which Environmental model testing; Radiological impact assessment; was set up by the IAEA in co-operation with WMO and seven Environmental remediation; Topical discussions. national laboratories. The collection of the precipitation samples is carried out by the meteorological services in 45 countries and terri- STI/PUB/971 (874 pp., 178 figures; 1995) tories. Analyses of the network samples are made in co-operating ISBN 92–0–104495–X laboratories, a full list of which is given at the end of this Price: 2480 Austrian schillings (€180.23) publication.

Contents: Introduction; Data printouts; Numerical station index; Alphabetical station index; Appendix 1: Laboratories which have ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPE DATA: co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network; WORLD SURVEY OF Tritium laboratories; Stable isotopes laboratories. ISOTOPE CONCENTRATION IN PRECIPITATION STI/DOC/010/371 (214 pp., 2 figures; 1994) is a series of Technical Reports, the first of which was published in ISBN 92–0–102094–5 1969, containing data collected by the IAEA/WMO Isotopes-in- Price: 680 Austrian schillings (€49.42)

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EVALUATING THE RELIABILITY OF No. 57 (1982), ‘‘Generic Models and Parameters for Assessing the PREDICTIONS MADE USING ENVIRONMENTAL Environmental Transfer of Radio- nuclides from Routine Releases’’. TRANSFER MODELS: A Safety Practice Safety Series No. 100 Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Agricultural systems — vegetation; 3. Agricultural systems — milk, meat and eggs; 4. Freshwater This publication provides guidance on the available methods for ecosystems — fish; 5. Natural ecosystems; 6. Food processing trans- evaluating the reliability of environmental transfer model fer parameters. predictions. It provides a practical introduction to the subject, and particular emphasis has been given to worked examples in the text. STI/DOC/010/364 (74 pp., 3 figures; 1994) It is intended to supplement existing IAEA publications on environ- ISBN 92–0–101094–X mental assessment methodology. Although the book addresses the Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) subject of environmental dose assessment, the methods described are of general application and are equally useful in other areas where modelling techniques are applied. HARMONIZATION OF HEALTH RELATED ➜NEW ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS USING Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. General aspects of model reliability NUCLEAR AND ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUES evaluation; 3. Practical approaches to the evaluation of model relia- Proceedings Series bility; Appendix I: Statistical equations; Appendix II: Latin hyper- cube sampling; Appendix III: Examples of parameter uncertainty Proceedings of a symposium held in Hyderabad, India, 4–7 Novem- analyses; Glossary. ber 1996. The aim of the symposium was to provide an international forum for discussion of the applications of nuclear analytical tech- STI/PUB/835 (106 pp., 17 figures; 1989) niques and related isotopic tracer methods, particularly in the area of ISBN 92–0–124089–9 analytical quality assurance, including validation of analytical Price: 340 Austrian schillings (€24.71) methods and development of new analytical reference materials. As these methodologies contribute substantially to the harmonization of data, they are playing an important role in the application of newly emerging techniques such as quality management and quality assur- GUIDELINES FOR AGRICULTURAL ance standards (e.g. ISO-25 and ISO-9000) in environmental analyt- COUNTERMEASURES FOLLOWING AN ical laboratories. The symposium programme covered a wide variety ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF RADIONUCLIDES of applications of nuclear (and related) analytical techniques Technical Reports Series No. 363 (mainly neutron activation analysis, energy dispersive X ray fluo- rescence, particle induced X ray emission and inductively coupled This report is a collation of information and experience gained from plasma-mass spectrometry) as used in the study of air particulates, the Chernobyl accident in 1986 concerning the transfer of radionu- solid waste products, sediments, food, water, human tissues, clides, especially 137Cs and 90Sr, through food chains to humans and biomonitors and other kinds of environmental samples. the ways to effectively reduce them. Accounts of measures taken in various countries following the Chernobyl accident, which at the Contents: Quality systems and strategies; Reference materials: time caused significant radioactive contamination of the environ- Production, certification and use; Nuclear analytical techniques: ment over widely separated areas, some relatively remote from the General aspects and quality assurance/quality control; Nuclear site, are included. techniques and applications of quality assurance/quality control: Biological systems; Nuclear techniques and applications of quality Contents: Part I. Introduction; 1. Introduction; 2. General con- assurance/quality control: Non-biological systems; Poster siderations; 3. Developing a strategy for agricultural counter- presentations. measures; Part II. Agricultural countermeasures: Scientific basis and practice; 4. Introduction; 5. Preventive measures to be applied STI/PUB/1006 (663 pp., 128 figures; 1997) before and during the arrival of radioactive fallout; 6. Counter- ISBN 92–0–103697–3 measures to be applied in the first few weeks after deposition; Price: 1960 Austrian schillings (€142.44) 7. Countermeasures to be applied in the medium and long term; 8. Losses of radionuclides in food by processing and culinary prepa- ration; Part III. Organizing for response; 9. Introduction; 10. Emer- gency preparedness; 11. Response; 12. Public information and HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ➜NEW information for farmers; Part IV. Contamination in agriculture from ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEMS: past nuclear accidents; 13. Introduction; 14. Nuclear accident PROCEDURES FOR requiring countermeasures only in the short term; 15. Nuclear acci- COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT dent requiring countermeasures in both the short and long term; Technical Reports Series No. 394 Glossary. The present report is intended to assist in the design and implemen- STI/DOC/010/363 (115 pp., 1 figure; 1994) tation of comparative risk assessment studies for the estimation of ISBN 92–0–100894–5 health and environmental impacts of various electricity generation Price: 400 Austrian schillings (€29.07) options. It sets out the framework for carrying out such assessments and identifies the major technical issues and uncertainties in the assessment process.

HANDBOOK OF PARAMETER VALUES FOR Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Impacts and impact assessment: Basic THE PREDICTION OF RADIONUCLIDE TRANSFER concepts; 3. Methodological approach for estimating health and IN TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENTS environmental impacts; 4. Calculation and use of impact indicators Technical Reports Series No. 364 for comparative assessment; 5. Key methodological issues; Appen- dix I: Global climate change; Appendix II: Energy security. This handbook has been produced in collaboration with the Interna- tional Union of Radioecologists. It should serve as a convenient and STI/DOC/010/394 (193 pp., 8 figures; 1999) authoritative reference for radionuclide transfer parameter values ISBN 92–0–102999–3 used in biospheric assessment models. It supplements Safety Series Price: 630 Austrian schillings (€45.78)

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HYDROLOGICAL DISPERSION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE STUDY OF PAST MATERIAL IN RELATION TO NUCLEAR POWER AND CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES PLANT SITING: A Safety Guide IN THE HYDROSPHERE AND THE ATMOSPHERE Safety Series No. 50-SG-S6 Proceedings Series

This guide deals with the dispersion of normal and accidental Proceedings of a symposium held in Vienna, 19–23 April 1993. releases of radioactive material from nuclear power plants into Natural isotopes are among the most powerful tools for investigat- surface water for a full range of releases, including steady state ing past and current environmental changes. In particular, stable (routine releases), instantaneous or puff (accidental releases), and isotopes have proved to be very useful proxy indicators of climate time dependent long term releases (routine or accidental releases). It related parameters such as surface air temperature, relative humidity describes the Information needed and gives recommendations on of the atmosphere and amount of precipitation, whereas radioactive measurement programmes and on the selection and use of appropri- isotopes are widely used as a dating tool. The release of radionu- ate mathematical models for evaluating dispersion. clides during the nuclear bomb tests permitted studies of the dynam- ics of transport and mixing processes in the atmosphere. It also Contents: Introduction; Information needed at the site survey stage; allowed a global tracer experiment on the hydrological and carbon Information needed at the site evaluation stage; Modelling of cycles, which substantially contributed to better understanding of radionuclide dispersion in surface waters; Appendix A: General these two vital compartments of the global ecosystem. A wide spec- discussion of radionuclide dispersion modelling in surface waters; trum of themes was discussed at the symposium, covering both the Appendix B: Models for the initial dilution of radioactive material; ‘present’ and the ‘past’ of the global atmosphere/hydrosphere Appendix C: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion in rivers; system. Case studies as well as methodological aspects of various Appendix D: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion from open isotope techniques applied in both areas of research were presented. coasts; Appendix E: Models for dispersion of radionuclides in estu- aries; Appendix F: Models for far-field radionuclide dispersion in Contents: Isotopes in atmospheric studies; Isotopes in the impoundments; Annex I: Measurement of diffusion coefficients; soil–plants–atmosphere system; Degradation of water resources; Annex II: Measurement of equilibrium sediment distribution coeffi- Palaeohydrology and palaeowaters; Isotope indicators of climatic cients; Annex III: Examples of accuracy and sensitivity of instru- changes; Poster presentations. mentation; Annex IV: Equations of simple models for radionuclide dispersion in rivers, open coasts, estuaries and impoundments; STI/PUB/908 (623 pp., 190 figures; 1993) Annex V: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in rivers; ISBN 92–0–103293–5 Annex VI: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in the near Price: 1740 Austrian schillings (€126.45) shore of open coastal areas; Annex VII: Advanced models for radio- nuclide dispersion in estuaries; Annex VIII: Advanced models for radionuclide dispersion in impoundments; Annex IX: Deposited ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN WATER airborne radioactive material as a source for dispersion in surface RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT waters. Proceedings Series

STI/PUB/539 (116 pp., 14 figures; 1985) Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with E ISBN 92–0–123285–3 UNESCO and held in Vienna, 30 March to 3 April 1987. Nuclear F ISBN 92–0–223889–8 techniques using isotopes are precise tools for studying water R ISBN 92–0–423587–X resources. They can provide solutions to the problem of the origin, S ISBN 92–0–323187–0 distribution and properties of water in a given region, especially Price: 360 Austrian schillings (€26.16) when they are used in combination with other tools. The contents of these proceedings illustrate the fact that isotope hydrology has become mature. It is reported that the development of new nuclear techniques is enabling the application of isotopes other than those used so far in hydrology.

ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN THE ➜NEW Contents: Thermal water studies; Groundwater dating; Hydrology STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE of arid and semi-arid areas; Field studies with environmental Proceedings Series isotopes; Precipitation surface groundwater relationships; Pollution; Artificial tracers; Sediment transport; Poster presentations. Proceedings of a symposium on Isotope Techniques in the Study of Past and Current Environmental Changes in the Hydrosphere and STI/PUB/757 (815 pp., 356 figures; 1987) the Atmosphere, Vienna, 14–18 April 1998. The symposium was ISBN 92–0–040087–6 structured in five sessions of oral presentations, a poster session and Price: 1990 Austrian schillings (€144.62) a round table discussion that focused on trends and future require- ments in isotope hydrology and on applications in climate and envi- ronmental research. The major themes covered by the presentations included the use of isotopic tracers in studies of atmospheric and ISOTOPE TECHNIQUES IN WATER hydrospheric changes and of human impacts on water and the envi- RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT 1991 ronment. Special emphasis was placed on isotopic archives of Proceedings Series climatic and environmental change. Some contributions addressed new technical approaches. Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with UNESCO and held in Vienna, 11–15 March 1991. The main themes Contents: Opening session; Isotopic tracers of the atmosphere; were the use of isotope techniques in solving practical problems of Isotopic tracers of the hydrosphere; Isotopic studies of man-made water resources assessment and development, particularly with hydrological impact; Isotopic archives of climatic and environmen- respect to groundwater protection, and in studying environmental tal change; New technical approaches; Poster session. problems related to water, including the palaeohydrological and palaeoclimatological aspects. The oral presentations were largely STI/PUB/1024 (932 pp., 334 figures; 1998) concerned with the current status and trends in groundwater dating. ISBN 92–0–100598–9 The proceedings contain the papers of 37 oral presentations and the Price: 2720 Austrian schillings (€197.67) extended synopses of 47 poster presentations.

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Contents: Interface processes between the atmosphere and the 6. Analytical methods; 7. Analytical quality control; References: hydrosphere; Surface water and sediments; Groundwater dating: Sections 1–7; Bibliography: Sections 1–7; Annex I: Method for Problems and new approaches; Groundwater dating: Problems and determining gamma emitters; Annex II: Methods for radiochemical new approaches — methodological aspects and models; Groundwa- analysis of strontium; Annex III: Method for radiochemical analysis ter; Environmental problems and water pollution; Palaeohydrology of tritium; Annex IV: Methods for radiochemical analysis of pluto- and palaeoclimatology; Poster presentations. nium, americium and curium; Annex V: Units, prefixes and symbols; Annex VI: Nuclear accident scenarios; Annex VII: Radionuclide STI/PUB/875 (789 pp., 273 figures; 1992) data; Annex VIII: Grass sample collection; Annex IX: Gamma spec- ISBN 92–0–000192–0 trometric systems; Annex X: Potential suppliers of calibration Price: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61) sources and reference materials.

STI/DOC/10/295 (169 pp., 15 figures; 1989) ISOTOPES IN WATER RESOURCES ➜NEW ISBN 92–0–125189–0 MANAGEMENT Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a symposium organized in co-operation with NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITING: UNESCO and held in Vienna, 20–24 March 1995. The main topics HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASPECTS: A Safety Guide addressed were water resources management, with emphasis on Safety Series No. 50-SG-S7 origin and recharge of groundwater, groundwater dynamics and pollution, modelling approaches and geothermal and palaeowater This guide deals with the determination of the radionuclide resources. The remaining discussions were concerned with surface concentration in groundwater resulting from postulated releases water and sediments, unsaturated zones and methodological aspects. from nuclear power plants. The main emphasis is on the behaviour The proceedings contain the papers of 43 oral presentations and the of radioactive material in groundwater and on the methods for extended synopses of over 100 poster presentations. assessing the radionuclide movement in various aquifers. This movement of radionuclides in the ground is essentially controlled by Contents: (Vol. 1) Recent developments; Surface water and the phenomena of transport (bulk motion of ground water), hydro- sediments; Unsaturated zones; Origin and recharge of groundwater; dynamic dispersion (spread of contaminate front) and ion exchange. (Vol. 2) Dynamics of groundwater; Groundwater pollution; Model- ling approaches; Geothermal and palaeowaters. Contents: Introduction; Site survey stage; Site evaluation stage; Modelling of radionuclide dispersion and retention in groundwater; STI/PUB/970 (Vol. 1: 463 pp., 185 figures; Vol. 2: 530 pp., Groundwater monitoring programme; Appendix A: Modelling of 237 figures; 1996) radionuclide movement in groundwater; Annex I. Considerations 1: ISBN 92–0–105595–1 related to groundwater availability; Annex II. Analytical solutions of 2: ISBN 92–0–100796–5 the advective transport and hydrodynamic dispersion equations; Price: Vol. 1: 1360 Austrian schillings (€98.84) Annex III. Accuracy and reliability of measurements in hydrogeol- Vol. 2: 1520 Austrian schillings (€110.46) ogy; Annex IV. Examples of methods and frequencies of measure- ments within the monitoring programme; Special definitions.

LABORATORY TRAINING MANUAL ON THE USE STI/PUB/677 (76 pp.; 1984) OF NUCLEAR AND ASSOCIATED TECHNIQUES E ISBN 92–0–623284–3 IN PESTICIDE RESIDUES F ISBN 92–0–223286–5 Technical Reports Series No. 329 R ISBN 92–0–423486–5 S ISBN 92–0–323586–8 The present revised Manual gives a concise yet comprehensive Price: 250 Austrian schillings (€18.17) presentation of the basic principles necessary for the proper use of nuclear and associated techniques in pesticide residue analysis to obtain information on the metabolism or fate of pesticide chemicals NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES IN SOIL–PLANT in plants, animals, soil, water and non-target organisms. STUDIES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION Contents: Part I. Properties of radionuclides and radiation; Part II. Proceedings Series Radiation detection and measurement of radioactivity; Part III. Radiation protection; Part IV. Tracer methodology; Part V. Radiation Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized by the IAEA and biology; Part VI. Introduction to practical work; Part VII. Labora- FAO, Vienna, 17–21 October 1994. The objective of the symposium tory exercises; Part VIII. Appendices; Part IX. Glossary. was to assess the progress being made in the use of nuclear and related techniques for studying various aspects of soil fertility and STI/DOC/10/329 (264 pp., 40 figures; 1991) plant nutrition, environmental problems, the potential and limita- ISBN 92–0–115091–1 tions of existing methods, and the possibilities for further develop- Price: 780 Austrian schillings (€56.68) ment. Analytical methods and equipment are discussed, as are isotope dilution techniques, transfers of fixed N to non-fixing crops, crop water consumption, labelled fertilizer involving fertigation, 13C MEASUREMENT OF RADIONUCLIDES IN FOOD discrimination, erosion and soil degradation, and global warming AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A Guidebook and climate change. The proceedings should assist scientists, partic- Technical Reports Series No. 295 ularly those in developing countries, to find ways of increasing and sustaining soil fertility and crop production while preserving the This guidebook describes the facilities, equipment and analytical environment. methods required to determine the concentrations of various radionuclides in environmental materials and foodstuffs. Contents: Opening session; Recent developments in analytical methods and equipment; Fertilizer use and management studies; Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Pathways and samples of interest; Biological nitrogen fixation in sustainable cropping systems; Soil 3. Radionuclides of interest; 4. Requirements for laboratories, organic matter studies and nutrient cycling; Water use and manage- equipment and personnel; 5. Collection and preparation of samples; ment studies; Plant physiological aspects in crop production;

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Environmental pollution and preservation; Soil conservation, soil RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES erosion and desertification; Poster session. This series comprises reports on assessments made by the IAEA in STI/PUB/947 (735 pp., 139 figures; 1995) areas around the world that are contaminated by radioactive residues ISBN 92–0–100895–3 from past activities conducted without applying international radia- Price: 2120 Austrian schillings (€154.07) tion protection standards. Such residues result from peaceful activi- ties such as uranium mining and milling as well as from military activities that were outside the scope of international standards, PRINCIPLES FOR LIMITING RELEASES OF including the production and testing of nuclear weapons. RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT: A Safety Guide Safety Series No. 77 RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT ➜NEW This publication is a complete revision of Safety Series No. 45, Prin- BIKINI ATOLL: PROSPECTS FOR RESETTLEMENT ciples for Establishing Limits for the Release of Radioactive Mate- Radiological Assessment Reports Series rials into the Environment (1978), and its Annex (1982). It is concerned with the subject of limiting releases of radioactive efflu- The general concern about the state of the environment has focused ents during normal, controlled operations of nuclear installations. It the attention of many countries in recent years on the need to reme- does not deal with releases during accidents where it is only possi- diate areas affected by radioactive residues. The present assessment ble to limit exposures by intervention. In practice, a choice must be was requested by the Government of the Republic of the Marshall made between releasing radioactive materials directly from an Islands, with the purpose of obtaining an independent view of the installation, storing them, treating and disposing of them by some radiological situation on Bikini Atoll, the site of nuclear weapons means, or a combination of these methods. testing in the period 1946–1958. In particular, questions were posed about whether the former inhabitants should be permitted to return Contents: Concepts and quantities; Assessment of individual dose; to their homes and about the nature and extent of any remedial Assessment of collective dose; Setting release limits; References; actions which might be necessary. This report presents the results Explanation of terms. and conclusions of a meeting of international experts convened by the IAEA and chaired by K. Lokan, Australia, in December 1995 to STI/PUB/728 (32 pp., 3 figures; 1986) review the available information on the subject. E out of print C ISBN 92–0–523690–X Contents: 1. Summary; 2. The Marshall Islands; 3. Background: F ISBN 92–0–223587–2 Nuclear weapon testing in the Marshall Islands and its aftermath at R ISBN 92–0–423089–4 Bikini Atoll; 4. The international review; 5. Radiological concepts in S ISBN 92–0–323387–3 the context of nuclear weapon testing; 6. Present environmental Price: 150 Austrian schillings (€10.90) radiological conditions at Bikini Atoll; 7. Estimates of potential radiation doses to people resettling Bikini island under present conditions; 8. Radiation protection criteria; 9. Habitability of Bikini QUANTIFICATION, NATURE AND islands; 10. Conclusions and recommendations; References; Adden- BIOAVAILABILITY OF BOUND 14C-PESTICIDE dum: IAEA corroboratory monitoring mission to Bikini island. RESIDUES IN SOIL, PLANTS AND FOOD Panel Proceedings Series STI/PUB/1054 (67 pp., 11 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) ISBN 92–0–100398–6 The publication contains the papers presented at a research co- Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) ordination meeting held in Gainesville, Florida, 25–29 March 1985. The joint FAO/IAEA programme was designed to assist scientists of developing countries to make safe and effective use of nuclear tech- RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT THE ➜NEW niques for studying pesticide interactions with various components SEMIPALATINSK TEST SITE, KAZAKHSTAN: of the agricultural ecosystems. The book also contains a report on Preliminary Assessment and the results of a collaborative study using a model protocol for the Recommendations for Further Studies determination of bound residues in soil and appraisal of the overall Radiological Assessment Reports Series programme accomplishments. This report presents the findings of a study of the current radio- Contents: Papers presented by the authors; FAO/IAEA model logical conditions at the former nuclear test site at Semipalatinsk, protocol for the determination of bound residues in soil; Final report Kazakhstan, conducted by a team of international experts under the on the common experiment; Appraisal of the co-ordinated research auspices of the IAEA at the request of the Government of Kaza- programme. khstan. The objectives of the study were to assess the current and potential future radiation doses to the residents of the Semipalatinsk STI/PUB/724 (198 pp., 16 figures; 1986) nuclear test site area and adjacent settlements, to advise on remedial ISBN 92–0–111186–X action, where appropriate, and to recommend whether further radio- Price: 500 Austrian schillings (€36.34) logical evaluation of the area is warranted.

Contents: 1. Summary; 2. The Semipalatinsk test site; 3. Back- ground; 4. Programme of IAEA assistance; 5. Perspective on global nuclear weapons testing; 6. Radiological conditions at the Semi- palatinsk test site; 7. Estimates of present and future doses to persons in and around the test site; 8. Radiation protection criteria; 9. Conclusions and recommendations; Appendix: Method of assess- ing radiation doses.

STI/PUB/1063 (43 pp., 10 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) ISBN 92–0–104098–9 Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

128 ENVIRONMENT

RADIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF ➜NEW Report in six volumes and the Conference proceedings at no extra THE WESTERN KARA SEA charge by returning the reply card included with the Main Report. Radiological Assessment Reports Series

This report presents the findings of the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), which was designed to address concerns over the potential health and environmental impacts of THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW high level radioactive waste dumped in the shallow waters of the AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA Arctic Seas. The following aspects were covered: (i) examination of AND FANGATAUFA: Executive Summary the current radiological situation in Arctic waters due to the dumped Report by an International Advisory Committee wastes; (ii) evaluation of potential future releases from the dumped Radiological Assessment Reports Series wastes; (iii) prediction of environmental transport of potential releases and assessment of the associated radiological impact on SITUATION RADIOLOGIQUE humans and biota; and (iv) examination of the feasibility, costs and SUR LES ATOLLS DE MURUROA ET benefits of possible remedial measures. DE FANGATAUFA: Synthèse Rapport par un Comité consultatif international Contents: Executive summary; 1. Introduction; 2. Radiological Collection Rapports d’évaluations radiologiques protection and decision making; 3. The Arctic environment; 4. The radioactive source term; 5. Environmental modelling for radiologi- The Executive Summary, which is incorporated in the Main Report cal impact assessment; 6. Possible remedial actions; 7. Analysis of and also available separately, presents a synopsis of the Main Report the need for remedial actions; 8. Conclusions and recommendations. for the benefit of persons with executive, managerial or administra- tive responsibilities, together with its findings, conclusions and STI/PUB/1068 (124 pp., 38 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) recommendation. It is issued as one single publication in English ISBN 92–0–104298–1 and French. Price: 440 Austrian schillings (€31.98) Contents/Table des matières: Introduction/Introduction; Objec- tive/Objectif; Framework/Cadre; Conduct of the Study/ Conduite de l’étude; Reports resulting from the Study/Rapports résultant de l’étude; Findings/Résultats; Conclusions/Conclusions; Recommen- dation/Recommandation; Participants in the Study/Personnes ayant THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION AT THE participé à l’étude. ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA Reports by an International Advisory Committee STI/PUB/1028/ES (26 pp., 21 × 30 cm; 1998) Radiological Assessment Reports Series ISBN 92–0–001898–X Price: 200 Austrian schillings (€14.53)

The Study of the Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa was conducted at the request of the Government of France to determine whether, as a consequence of French nuclear THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW tests conducted above and beneath these atolls, radiological hazards AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND could arise, now or in the future; and to recommend the form, scale FANGATAUFA: Main Report and duration of any monitoring, remedial action or follow-up action Report by an International Advisory Committee that might be required. An International Advisory Committee was Radiological Assessment Reports Series convened by the Director General of the IAEA to provide scientific direction and guidance on the conduct of the Study. The first The Main Report, which incorporates the bilingual (English/ meeting of the IAC was held in April 1996 and its final meeting in French) Executive Summary (see above), gives a comprehensive February 1998. In addition to IAEA Secretariat staff, 55 scientists scientific account of the Study, together with data on the French from 18 countries and four international organizations participated nuclear weapon tests. It presents the results of the Study’s assess- in the Study, including the environmental sampling and surveillance ment of the environmental legacy of weapon testing at the atolls and campaigns, which involved 18 laboratories in 12 countries. estimates of consequent radiation doses at present and in the future, drawing on the supporting detailed Technical Report. The findings, The results of the Study are presented in four separate publications: conclusions and recommendation are presented, together with an The Main Report; the Executive Summary (which is also incorpo- account of their basis in radiation protection and further background rated in the Main Report); the Summary Report; and the Technical material to provide perspective. Report. The Main Report is the primary publication of the Study and provides a comprehensive scientific account, together with findings, Contents: Executive Summary; Part A: Background: 1. The Study; conclusions and recommendation. The Executive Summary is repro- 2. Geography, geology and history of the atolls; 3. Nuclear testing duced from the original document presented to the IAEA Board of programme; Part B: Present and predicted radiological situations: Governors. The Summary Report provides an extended synopsis of 4. Inventory of residual radioactive material in the biosphere at the the Study for the benefit of a wider audience, and includes its find- atolls; 5. Inventory of residual radioactive material in the geosphere ings, conclusions and recommendation in full. The Main Report is of the atolls; 6. Transport of residual radioactive material through supported by the detailed Technical Report in six volumes, which is the geosphere; 7. Effects of hypothetical disruptive events; 8. Trans- intended for the scientific specialist. port of residual radioactive material through the marine environ- ment; Part C: Results I; 9. Radiation doses and their potential for An international Conference was held from 29 June to 3 July 1998 impact on human health; 10. Potential impact of radiation doses on to present the Study to the scientific community. The proceedings biota; 11. The need for remediation; Perspective; Part D: Conclu- can be obtained with the Technical Report. sions and recommendations; 12. Findings; 13. Conclusions; 14. Recommendation; References; Annex I: Retrospective assess- The Executive Summary and the Summary Report are available ment of the radiation doses attributable to atmospheric testing at the separately as priced publications. Purchasers of the Main Report atolls; Annex II: Ciguatera: Incidence and cause; Annex III: Ioniz- (which incorporates the Executive Summary) will also receive the ing radiation: Levels and biological effects; Annex IV: Some fission Summary Report at no extra cost, and may obtain the Technical and fusion physics and the testing of nuclear weapons; Glossary.

129 ENVIRONMENT

Purchasers of the Main Report will automatically receive the Stable isotopes in studies of plant metabolism; 13C/12C discrimina- Summary Report at no extra cost. tion as a measure of water use efficiency; 13C in studies of plant carbon balance; Stable isotopes in water transport studies; Sulphur STI/PUB/1028 (282 pp., 132 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) flows and transformations in ecosystems; Atmospheric change and E ISBN 92–0–101198–9 aerial pollutants. F ISBN 92–0–203498–2 Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) STI/PUB/845 (670 pp., 137 figures; 1991) ISBN 92–0–010391–X Price: 1800 Austrian schillings (€130.81)

THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION ➜NEW AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA ON FANGATAUFA: Summary Report ENVIRONMENTAL ISOTOPES IN PRECIPITATION Report by an International Advisory Committee Technical Reports Series No. 331 Radiological Assessment Reports Series This publication is an extended and revised version of Technical The Summary Report provides a synopsis of the Study for the Reports Series No. 206, Statistical Treatment of Environmental benefit of a wider audience, and includes its findings, conclusions Isotope Data in Precipitation, published in 1981. It contains a and recommendation in full. It explains the background to the Study, statistical evaluation of isotope and meteorological data accumu- giving data on the French nuclear weapon tests, and summarizes the lated during three decades of operation of the global network, Study’s assessment of the environmental legacy of weapon testing at Isotopes in Precipitation, jointly operated by the IAEA and the the two atolls. The Study’s estimates of consequent radiation doses World Meteorological Organization. Monthly precipitation samples at present and in the future are summarized. The basis in radiation and meteorological data have been collected by the meteorological protection for the Study’s conclusions and recommendation is services of more than eighty countries. For each of the 180 stations presented in brief. Additional material to aid understanding and selected for statistical treatment, numerical data and graphs are provide perspective is included in 14 text boxes. presented, illustrating the most characteristic features of the accu- mulated isotope database. Contents: Introduction; The nuclear weapon tests conducted by France in the South Pacific; The Study and the International Advi- Contents: Introduction; Statistical data; Data summary; Numerical sory Committee; Assessment of present radiological conditions; station index; Alphabetical station index; Laboratories which have Assessment of future radiological conditions; Estimated doses due co-operated or are co-operating in the IAEA/WMO network. to residual radioactive material; Conclusions and recommendation; Annex: French nuclear tests at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa. STI/DOC/10/331 (781 pp., 597 figures; 1992) ISBN 92–0–100892–9 STI/PUB/1029 (62 pp., 26 figures, 21 × 30 cm; 1998) Price: 2100 Austrian schillings (€152.61) E ISBN 92–0–101298–5 F ISBN 92–0–203598–9 Price: 280 Austrian schillings (€20.35) THE APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLES FOR LIMITING RELEASES OF RADIOACTIVE EFFLUENTS IN THE CASE OF THE MINING AND MILLING OF RADIOACTIVE ORES Safety Series No. 90

This publication provides general guidance on the application of Safety Series No. 77 (1986), Principles for Limiting Releases of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment, to the setting of limits STABLE ISOTOPES IN PLANT NUTRITION, for the release of radioactive substances during the normal operation SOIL FERTILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES of the mining and milling of radioactive ores, as well as general Proceedings Series guidance on assessing the resulting individual and collective doses.

Proceedings of a symposium jointly organized with the Food Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic concepts; 3 Sources of radio- and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vienna, nuclide releases from uranium mining and milling facilities; 1–5 October 1990. The objective of the symposium was to evaluate 4. Methodology for calculating doses to individuals resulting from progress in the use of stable isotopes to examine various aspects of releases; 5. Optimization of release control; 6. Guidance for appli- soil fertility and plant nutrition and some environmental problems, cation; Appendix. the potential and limitations of existing methods, and possibilities for further development. The meeting focused on the site level rather STI/PUB/779 (78 pp., 7 figures; 1989) than the landscape level and, more specifically, on soil–plant ISBN 92–0–123089–3 relations, although landscape environmental aspects were also Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) examined. The underlying theme was an assessment of current and possible future approaches to two problems of concern: how to increase or sustain productivity with minimum inputs, and how to limit environmental damage due to inappropriate land management and to industry.

Contents: New methodologies and approaches in stable isotope analysis; Measurement of biological nitrogen fixation using 15N additions; the 15N natural abundance method for measurement of biological nitrogen fixation; Review of papers in Sessions 2 and 3; Applications of 15N methods to measurement of biological nitrogen fixation; Stable isotopes in soil organic matter studies; Soil nitrogen transformations and losses; Nutrient uptake and use by the plant;

130 PHYSICAL PROTECTION

PHYSICAL PROTECTION OF NUCLEAR ➜NEW SAFETY OF RADIATION SOURCES AND ➜NEW MATERIALS: EXPERIENCE IN REGULATION, SECURITY OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IMPLEMENTATION AND OPERATIONS Proceedings Series

Proceedings of a conference, Vienna, 10–14 November 1997, which Proceedings of an international conference jointly organized by the aimed at fostering the exchange of information, practices and expe- EC, IAEA, Interpol and WCO and held in Dijon, France, 14–18 rience in order to assist States, where appropriate, in upgrading their September 1998. The conference was the first of its kind devoted to programmes for the physical protection of nuclear materials and this subject and brought together radiation safety experts, regulators, combating illicit trafficking. It focused on the regimes, equipment and customs and police officers, in order to foster information and procedures currently used to minimize the possibilities of unau- exchange through a review of the state of the art and open discus- thorized removal of nuclear material, whether by terrorists, crimi- sions. The need was expressed for the formulation of international nals or facility employees, and to protect against sabotage. recommendations concerned with the effective operation of national systems for ensuring the safety of radiation sources and the security Contents: Opening session; Contemporary and emerging issues; of radioactive materials. These proceedings contain the keynote Experience in regulation I; Experience in regulation II; Implementa- address, the invited papers, summaries of discussions and session tion at facilities; Programme assessment and co-operation I; summaries. Together with IAEA-TECDOC-1045, published in 1998 Programme assessment and co-operation II; Hardware/software; prior to the conference, they constitute the complete record of the Illicit trafficking in nuclear materials; Transportation; Future consid- conference. erations and summary of sessions. Contents: Opening session; The problem; Response from interna- STI/PUB/1037 (527 pp., 31 figures; 1998) tional organizations; The regulatory control of radiation sources, ISBN 92–0–101398–1 including systems for notification, authorization (registration and Price: 1600 Austrian schillings (€116.28) licensing) and inspection; Safety assessment techniques applied to radiation sources: Design and technological measures, including defence in depth and good engineering practice; Managerial measures, including safety culture, human factors, quality assur- ance, qualified experts, training and education; Learning from oper- ational experience; International co-operation, including reporting systems and databases; Verification of compliance, monitoring of compliance: Assessment of the effectiveness of national programmes for the safety of sources, including development of performance indicators; Measures to prevent breaches in the secu- rity of radioactive materials (from production to disposal), experi- ence with criminal acts involving radioactive materials; Detection and identification techniques for illicitly trafficked radioactive mate- rials (I and II); Response to detected cases and seized radioactive materials, strengthening of the awareness, training, and exchange of information; Summaries by chairpersons of the technical sessions.

STI/PUB/1042 (399 pp., 9 figures; 1999) ISBN 92–0–101499–6 Price: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21)

131 BLANK SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY: ENERGY AGENCY: The First Forty Years Personal Reflections

This book, written by David Fischer and published by the IAEA in This set of personal recollections reflect a variety of views from conjunction with the Monterey Institute of International Studies, twenty-five distinguished scientists and diplomats who have played California, covers the IAEA since its creation in 1957. The focus of major roles in shaping the policies of the IAEA or have made the book is on the history of the IAEA as an organization inextrica- notable contributions to its work at different periods of its history. bly linked with the evolution of nuclear technology. Accordingly, the The IAEA’s work is directly related to peace and security in the book sketches the fortunes of nuclear power since 1957, the main world through the verification of commitments by States to use events that have affected confidence in nuclear safety, and the evolu- nuclear materials and installations exclusively for peaceful tion of arms control, insofar as this has affected IAEA safeguards. purposes. This responsiblity is combined with a mandate to promote Another major part of the IAEA’s work covered in the book is the the peaceful uses of nuclear energy — in such fields as nuclear transfer of the practical applications of nuclear science to the devel- power, nuclear and radiation safety, and the applications of radiation oping world. The IAEA’s main achievements and the setbacks it has and isotope techniques in agriculture, human health and hydrology. faced are also described and assessed, as is the question of whether These ‘essays’ provide individual insights — often from a rarely the organization has met its original aims. available insider’s perspective — into particular aspects of the devel- opment of an international organization and thus complement the Contents: Introduction; Part I — The creation of the IAEA: Eisen- History of the IAEA written by David Fischer. hower proposes a new agency; 1939–1953: The dual challenge of nuclear energy; 1954–1956: Negotiation of the IAEA’s statute; 1957 STI/PUB/1033 (311 pp.; 1997) — The Prepratory Commission and the first General Conference; ISBN 92–0–102497–5 Part II — 1957–1997: The IAEA in operation: A changing political Price: 260 Austrian schillings (€18.89) and technical environment; The IAEA and nuclear power; Nuclear safety and the management of nuclear waste; Nuclear safeguards; The transfer of nuclear technology to the developing world; The HISTORY OF THE INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC IAEA and the applications of nuclear techniques (radioisotopes and ENERGY AGENCY: The First Forty Years radiation); The exchange of nuclear information; Part III — Issues and conclusions: Issues; Conclusions; Annex 1: Statute of the Inter- and national Atomic Energy Agency; Annex 2: “Atoms for Peace”; Annex 3: Selected statistical data; Glossary; Bibliography; Index. INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY: Personal Reflections STI/PUB/1032 (550 pp., 4 figures; 1997) ISBN 92–0–102397–9 can be obtained at the special price for the set of both books for Price: 480 Austrian schillings (€34.88) 560 Austrian schillings (€40.70).

133 BLANK PERIODICALS OF THE IAEA

NUCLEAR FUSION JOURNAL

A journal issued twelve times a year which includes original arti- cles, letters, review papers and comments in the field of controlled nuclear fusion. Papers covering the following areas are published: plasma effects; processes and phenomena directly related to fusion research; production, heating and confinement of plasmas; applica- tion of experimental and diagnostic techniques to high temperature plasmas; fusion reactor concepts and closely related technology. Special issues and supplements are published occasionally.

STI/PUB/23 (approx. 1800 pp./year, figures 21×30 cm) ISSN 0029–5515 Price: Annual subscription (2000): 9900 Austrian schillings (€719.46) (surface mail and airmail delivery included) Special reduced price for individuals: 1200 Austrian schillings (€87.21) (surface mail and airmal delivery included) Price per single issue: 940 Austrian schillings (€69.77)

135 BLANK SERIES INDEX INDEXES

TECHNICAL REPORT SERIES 188 STI/DOC/10/188 Radiological Safety Aspects of the Operation of Electron Linear Accelerators 15, 52, 64 240 STI/DOC/10/240 Guidebook on Spent Fuel Storage — 2nd Ed. 98 259 STI/DOC/10/259 Practical Borehole Logging Procedures for Mineral Exploration with Emphasis on Uranium 20 262 STI/DOC/10/262 Manual on Training, Qualification and Certification of Quality Assurance Personnel 31, 90, 92 263 STI/DOC/10/263 An Oceanographic Model for the Dispersion of Wastes Disposed of in the Deep Sea 72, 77 264 STI/DOC/10/264 Environmental Isotope Data No. 8: World Survey of Isotope Concentration in Precipitation (1980–1983) 22, 124 265 STI/DOC/10/265 Analysis of the Behaviour of Advanced Reactor Pressure Vessel Steels under Neutron Irradiation 28, 86 266 STI/DOC/10/266 Engineering and Science Education for Nuclear Power: A Guidebook 29, 91 267 STI/DOC/10/267 Methodology and Technology of Decommissioning Nuclear Facilities 74, 104 268 STI/DOC/10/268 Manual on Maintenance of Systems and Components Important to Safety 31, 86 269 STI/DOC/10/269 Economic Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants, 1986 Ed.: A Guidebook — superseded, see TRS No. 396 273 STI/DOC/10/273 Handbook on Nuclear Activation Data 17 274 STI/DOC/10/274 Design of Off Gas and Air Cleaning Systems at Nuclear Power Plants 29, 102 275 STI/DOC/10/275 Bid Invitation Specifications for Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook 82 276 STI/DOC/10/276 Treatment, Conditioning and Disposal of Iodine-129 108 277 STI/DOC/10/277/2 Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron Beams: An International Code of Practice — 2nd Ed. (Also available in Spanish) 2, 13 278 STI/DOC/10/278 Methods for Reducing Occupational Exposures During the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities 61, 74 279 STI/DOC/10/279 Nuclear Power Project Management: A Guidebook 84 280 STI/DOC/10/280 Training Courses on Radiation Protection out of print 281 STI/DOC/10/281 Developing Industrial Infrastructures to Support a Programme of Nuclear Power: A Guidebook out of print 282 STI/DOC/10/282 Manual on Quality Assurance for Computer Software Related to the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants out of print

137 SERIES INDEX

283 STI/DOC/10/283 Radiological Safety Aspects of the Operation of Proton Accelerators 15, 52, 65 284 STI/DOC/10/284 Geochemical Exploration for Uranium 19 285 STI/DOC/10/285 Guidelines on Calibration of Neutron Measuring Devices 13, 59 286 STI/DOC/10/286 Decontamination and Demolition of Concrete and Metal Structures During the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities out of print 287 STI/DOC/10/287 Treatment of Alpha Bearing Wastes 108 288 STI/DOC/10/288 Assessing the Impact of Deep Sea Disposal of Low Level Radioactive Waste on Living Marine Resources 72, 77, 122 289 STI/DOC/10/289 Immobilization of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes with Polymers 103 290 STI/DOC/10/290 Survey of Experience with Dry Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Update of Wet Storage Experience 49, 99 291 STI/DOC/10/291 Design and Operation of Off-Gas Cleaning Systems at High Level Liquid Waste Conditioning Facilities 102 292 STI/DOC/10/292 Design and Operation of Off-Gas Cleaning and Ventilation Systems in Facilities Handling Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Material 102 293 STI/DOC/10/293 Factors Relevant to the Recycling or Reuse of Components Arising from the Decommissioning and Refurbishment of Nuclear Facilities 73, 102 294 STI/DOC/10/294 Options for the Treatment and Solidification of Organic Radioactive Wastes 105 295 STI/DOC/10/295 Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and the Environment: A Guidebook 11, 60, 127 296 STI/DOC/10/296 Regulatory Inspection of the Implementation of Quality Assurance Programmes: A Manual 47, 79, 91 297 STI/DOC/10/297 Flow Induced Vibrations in Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactors 88 298 STI/DOC/10/298 Guidebook on Research and Development Support for Nuclear Power 83 299 STI/DOC/10/299 Review of Fuel Element Developments for Water Cooled Nuclear Power Reactors 96 300 STI/DOC/10/300 Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident 68, 101 301 STI/DOC/10/301 Manual on Quality Assurance for Installation and Commissioning of Instrumentation, Control and Electrical Equipment in Nuclear Power Plants out of print 302 STI/DOC/10/302 Treatment of Off-Gas from Radioactive Waste Incinerators 109 303 STI/DOC/10/303 Radiation Preservation of Fish and Fishery Products 5 304 STI/DOC/10/304 Natural Analogues in Performance Assessments for the Disposal of Long Lived Radioactive Wastes 56, 78 305 STI/DOC/10/305 Nuclear Fuel Cycle in the 1990s and Beyond the Century: Some Trends and Foreseeable Problems 93 306 STI/DOC/10/306 Guidebook on the Education and Training of Technicians for Nuclear Power 30, 92 307 STI/DOC/10/307 Management of Abnormal Radioactive Wastes at Nuclear Power Plants 31, 74, 104 308 STI/DOC/10/308 Feasibility of Separation and Utilization of Ruthenium, Rhodium and Palladium from High Level Wastes 103 309 STI/DOC/10/309 Construction and Use of Calibration Facilities for Radiometric Field Equipment 19

138 SERIES INDEX

310 STI/DOC/10/310 The Environmental Behaviour of Radium out of print 311 STI/DOC/10/311 Environmental Isotope Data No. 9: World Survey of Isotope Concentration in Precipitation (1984–1987) 22, 124 312 STI/DOC/10/312 Gas Cooled Reactor Design and Safety 30, 88 313 STI/DOC/10/313 Manual on Laboratory Testing for Uranium Ore Processing 95 314 STI/DOC/10/314 Guidebook on Design, Construction and Operation of Pilot Plants for Uranium Ore Processing 94 315 STI/DOC/10/315 Quality Management for Nuclear Power Plant Operation: A Manual 46, 79, 91 316 STI/DOC/10/316 Guidebook on Radioisotope Tracers in Industry 14, 24 317 STI/DOC/10/317 Implementation of Quality Assurance Corrective Actions: A Manual 31, 79, 90 318 STI/DOC/10/318 Compendium of Neutron Spectra and Detector Responses for Radiation Protection Purposes 17, 57 319 STI/DOC/10/319 Sealing of Underground Repositories for Radioactive Wastes 57, 107 320 STI/DOC/10/320 Evaluation of Spent Fuel as a Final Waste Form 97, 102 321 STI/DOC/10/321 Management of Severely Damaged Nuclear Fuel and Related Waste 74, 98, 104 322 STI/DOC/10/322 Guidebook on Non-Destructive Examination of Water Reactor Fuel 96 323 STI/DOC/10/323 Airborne Gamma Ray Spectrometer Surveying out of print 324 STI/DOC/10/324 Safe Handling of Tritium 65 325 STI/DOC/10/325 Particulate Filtration in Nuclear Facilities 105 326 STI/DOC/10/326 Conditioning of Alpha Bearing Wastes 101 327 STI/DOC/10/327 Planning for Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident 70, 106 328 STI/DOC/10/328 Grading of Quality Assurance Requirements: A Manual out of print 329 STI/DOC/10/329 Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Nuclear and Associated Techniques in Pesticide Residues 8, 127 330 STI/DOC/10/330 Disposal of Waste from the Cleanup of Large Areas Contaminated as a Result of a Nuclear Accident 68, 73, 102 331 STI/DOC/10/331 Statistical Treatment of Data on Environmental Isotopes in Precipitation 22, 130 332 STI/DOC/10/332 Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Plants and Animals at Levels Implied by Current Radiation Protection Standards 58, 77, 123 333 STI/DOC/10/333 Measurement and Calculation of Radon Releases from Uranium Mill Tailings 95 334 STI/DOC/10/334 Monitoring Programmes for Unrestricted Release Related to Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities 105 335 STI/DOC/10/335 Current Practices for the Management and Confinement of Uranium Mill Tailings 94 336 STI/DOC/10/336 Laboratory Training Manual on the Use of Nuclear Techniques in Insect Research and Control — 3rd Ed. 5 337 STI/DOC/10/337 Chemical Precipitation Process for the Treatment of Aqueous Radioactive Waste 100 338 STI/DOC/10/338 Methodology for the Management of Ageing of Nuclear Power Plant Components Important to Safety 32 339 STI/DOC/10/339 Design and Operation of High Level Waste Vitrification and Storage Facilities 73 340 STI/DOC/10/340 Quality Assurance Integrated Training Packages: A Manual 91, 92

139 SERIES INDEX

341 STI/DOC/10/341 Analytical Techniques in Uranium Exploration and Ore Processing 19 342 STI/DOC/10/342 Performance of Engineered Barriers in Deep Geological Repositories 105 343 STI/DOC/10/343 Water Reactor Fuel Extended Burnup Study 96, 99 344 STI/DOC/10/344 Methods for the Estimation and Economic Evaluation of Undiscovered Uranium Endowment and Resources: An Instruction Manual 20, 26 345 STI/DOC/10/345 Concepts for the Conditioning of Spent Nuclear Fuel for Final Waste Disposal 97 346 STI/DOC/10/346 Cleanup and Decommissioning of a Nuclear Reactor After a Severe Accident 100 347 STI/DOC/10/347 Coolant Technology of Water Cooled Reactors: An Overview 87 348 STI/DOC/10/348 Application of Remotely Operated Handling Equipment in the Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities 99 349 STI/DOC/10/349 Report on Radioactive Waste Disposal 107 350 STI/DOC/10/350 Improved Cement Solidification of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes 103 351 STI/DOC/10/351 Planning and Management for the Decommissioning of Research Reactors and Other Small Nuclear Facilities 106 352 STI/DOC/10/352 Bituminization Processes to Conditioning Radioactive Wastes 100 353 STI/DOC/10/353 Financing Arrangements for Nuclear Power Projects in Developing Countries: A Reference Book 83 354 STI/DOC/10/354 Reactivity Accidents 47, 78 355 STI/DOC/10/355 Containers for Packaging of Solid and Intermediate Level Radioactive Wastes 56, 101 356 STI/DOC/10/356 Feasibility of Separation and Utilization of Caesium and Strontium from High Level Liquid Waste 97, 103 357 STI/DOC/10/357 Handbook on Nuclear Data for Borehole Logging and Mineral Analysis (diskette incl.) 17, 19 358 STI/DOC/10/358 Off-Gas and Air Cleaning Systems for Accident Conditions in Nuclear Power Plants 89, 105 359 STI/DOC/10/359 Uranium Extraction Technology 21, 95 360 STI/DOC/10/360 Status of Technology for Volume Reduction and Treatment of Low and Intermediate Level Solid Radioactive Waste 108 361 STI/DOC/010/361 Cost Analysis Methodology of Spent Fuel Storage 97 362 STI/DOC/010/362 Decommissioning of Facilities for Mining and Milling of Radioactive Ores and Closeout of Residues 94, 101 363 STI/DOC/010/363 Guidelines for Agricultural Countermeasures Following an Accidental Release of Radionuclides 8, 69, 125 364 STI/DOC/010/364 Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Temperate Environments 77, 125 365 STI/DOC/010/365 Decontamination of Water Cooled Reactors 87 366 STI/DOC/010/366 Assessment and Comparison of Waste Management System Costs for Nuclear and Other Energy Sources 100 367 STI/DOC/010/367 Software Important to Safety in Nuclear Power Plants 48 368 STI/DOC/010/368 Accident Management Programmes in Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook 67 369 STI/DOC/010/369 Management for Excellence in Nuclear Power Plant Performance: A Manual 90

140 SERIES INDEX

370 STI/DOC/010/370 Advances in Technologies for the Treatment of Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Liquid Wastes 99 371 STI/DOC/010/371 Environmental Isotope Data No. 10: World Survey of Isotope Concentration in Precipitation (1988–1991) 22, 124 372 STI/DOC/010/372 Development and Implementation of Computerized Operator Support Systems in Nuclear Installations 85, 88 373 STI/DOC/010/373 Decommissioning Techniques for Research Reactors 101 374 STI/DOC/010/374 Calibration of Dosimeters Used in Radiotherapy: A Manual out of print 375 STI/DOC/010/375 Safe Enclosure of Shutdown Nuclear Installations 47, 107 376 STI/DOC/010/376 Quality Assurance for Radioactive Waste Packages 106 377 STI/DOC/010/377 Minimization of Radioactive Waste from Nuclear Power Plants and the Back End of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle 104 378 STI/DOC/010/378 Options, Experience and Trends in Spent Fuel Management 98 379 STI/DOC/010/379 Design and Performance of WWER Fuel 95 380 STI/DOC/010/380 Nuclear Power Plant Personnel Training and Its Evaluation: A Guidebook 92 381 STI/DOC/010/381 The Use of Plane Parallel Ionization Chambers in High Energy Electron and Photon Beams — An International Code of Practice 2 382 STI/DOC/010/382 Design and Construction of Nuclear Power Plants to Facilitate Decommissioning 28 383 STI/DOC/010/383 Characterization of Radioactive Waste Forms and Packages 53, 100 384 STI/DOC/010/384 Verification and Validation of Software Related to Nuclear Power Plant Instrumentation and Control 89 385 STI/DOC/010/385 Guidebook on Destructive Examination of Water Reactor Fuel 95 386 STI/DOC/010/386 Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities Other than Reactors 101 387 STI/DOC/010/387 Modern Instrumentation and Control for Nuclear Power Plants: A Guidebook 89 388 STI/DOC/010/388 Review of Fuel Failures in Water Cooled Reactors 96 389 STI/DOC/010/389 Radiological Characterization of Shut Down Nuclear Reactors for Decommissioning Purposes 106 390 STI/DOC/010/390 Interim Storage of Radioactive Waste Packages 103 391 STI/DOC/010/391 Hydrogeological Investigation of Sites for Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes 22, 56 392 STI/DOC/010/392 Design Measures to Facilitate Implementation of Safeguards at Future Water Cooled Nuclear Power Plants 88, 114 393 STI/DOC/010/393 Nuclear Geophysics and Its Applications 12, 20 394 STI/DOC/010/394 Health and Environmental Impacts of Electricity Generated Systems: Procedures for Comparative Assessment 83, 125 395 STI/DOC/010/395 State of the Art Technology for Decontamination and Dismantling of Nuclear Facilities 108 396 STI/DOC/010/396 Economic Evaluation of Bids for Nuclear Power Plants — 1999 Ed. 82

141 SERIES INDEX

SAFETY SERIES

Publications available in Arabic (A), Chinese (C), English (E), French (F), Russian (R) and Spanish (S) are marked accordingly.

6 STI/PUB/866 Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Materials, 1985 edition (As Amended 1990) (C,E,S) 55 7 STI/PUB/867 Explanatory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (1985 Edition) — Second Edition (As Amended 1990) (C,E,F,S) 54 35-S1 STI/PUB/927 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: Design (E,F,R,S) 14, 51 35-S2 STI/PUB/928 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Research Reactors: Operation (E,F,R,S) 15, 51 35-G1 STI/PUB/960 Safety Assessment of Research of Research Reactors and Preparation of the Safety Analysis Report 16, 51 35-G2 STI/PUB/961 Safety in the Utilization and Modification of Research Reactors 16, 51 37 STI/PUB/868 Advisory Material for the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (1985 edition), Third edition (As Amended 1990): A Safety Guide (C,E,S) 53 50 See NUSS (Nuclear Safety Standards) Programme p. 144 50-P See SAFETY PRACTICE Series within the NUSS Programme, p. 146 75 See INSAG Series, p. 149 77 STI/PUB/728 Principles for Limiting Releases of Radioactive Effluents into the Environment: A Safety Guide (C,F,R,S) 61, 128 78 STI/PUB/733 Definition and Recommendations for the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter, 1972-1986 Edition: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 73, 118, 123 80 STI/PUB/869 Schedules of Requirements for the Transport of Specified Types of Radioactive Material Consignments (As Amended 1990): Companion Document to SS No. 6: A Safety Guide (C,E,R,S) 55 81 STI/PUB/751 Derived Intervention Levels for Application in Controlling Radiation Doses to the Public in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency — Principles, Procedures and Data (R,S) 58, 68 85 STI/PUB/772 Safe Management of Wastes from the Mining and Milling of Uranium and Thorium Ores: A Safety Practice (E,F,R,S) 26, 74, 107 87 STI/PUB/773 Emergency Response Planning and Preparedness for Transport Accidents Involving Radioactive Material (E, S) 54, 69 88 STI/PUB/771 Medical Handling of Accidentally Exposed Individuals 60, 69 89 STI/PUB/817 Principles for the Exemption of Radiation Sources and Practices from Regulatory Control: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 61, 74 90 STI/PUB/779 The Application of the Principles for Limiting Releases of Radioactive Effluents in the Case of the Mining and Milling of Radioactive Ores: A Safety Standard 26, 66, 130 91 STI/PUB/804 Emergency Planning and Preparedness for Accidents Involving Radioactive Materials Used in Medicine, Industry, Research and Teaching 52, 68

142 SERIES INDEX

93 STI/PUB/801 Systems for Reporting Unusual Events in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (F,S) 49 95 STI/PUB/776 Radiation Monitoring in the Mining and Milling of Radioactive Ores: A Safety Guide 26, 62 96 STI/PUB/774 Guidance for Regulation of Underground Repositories for Disposal of Radioactive Wastes: A Safety Guide 56, 79 98 STI/PUB/812 On-Site Habitability in the Event of an Accident at a Nuclear Facility: Guidance for Assessment and Improvement: A Safety Guide 45, 69 99 STI/PUB/854 Safety Principles and Technical Criteria for the Underground Disposal of High Level Radioactive Wastes: A Safety Standard (E,F,R,S) 57, 75 100 STI/PUB/835 Evaluating the Reliability of Predictions Made Using Environmental Transfer Models: A Safety Practice 77, 125 101 STI/PUB/806 Operational Radiation Protection: A Guide to Optimization: A Safety Guide 61 103 STI/PUB/808 Provision of Operational Radiation Protection Services at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 46, 62 104 STI/PUB/834 Extension of the Principles of Radiation Protection to Sources of Potential Exposure: A Safety Report 59 106 STI/PUB/911 The Role of Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Probabilistic Safety Criteria in Nuclear Power Plant Safety: A Safety Report 50, 78 107 STI/PUB/896 Radiation Safety of Gamma and Electron Irradiation Facilities: A Safety Guide 52 108 STI/PUB/921 Design and Operation of Radioactive Waste Incineration Facilities 73 109 STI/PUB/900 Intervention Criteria in a Nuclear or Radiation Emergency: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 60, 69 110 STI/PUB/938 The Safety of Nuclear Installations: A Safety Fundamental (E,F,R,S) 50 111-F STI/PUB/989 The Principles of Radioactive Waste Management: A Safety Fundamental (C,E,F,R,S) 75 111-G-1.1 STI/PUB/950 Classification of Radioactive Waste 100 111-G-3.1 STI/PUB/965 Siting of Near Surface Disposal Facilities: A Safety Guide 108 111-G-4.1 STI/PUB/952 Siting of Geological Disposal Facilities 75, 108 111-P-1.1 STI/PUB/924 Application of Exemption Principles to the Recycle and Reuse of Materials from Nuclear Facilities: A Safety Practice 72, 99 111-S-1 STI/PUB/990 Establishing a National System for Radioactive Waste Management: A Safety Standard (C,E,F,R,S) 73 112 STI/PUB/953 Compliance Assurance for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material: A Safety Practice 54 113 STI/PUB/958 Quality Assurance for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material: A Safety Practice 54, 79 114 STI/PUB/993 Direct Methods for Measuring Radionuclides in the Human Body 58 115 STI/PUB/996 International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources: A Safety Standard (A,C,E,F,R,S) 59 STI/DAT/2 The Basic Safety Standards on Diskette 60 116 STI/PUB/976 Design of Spent Fuel Storage Facilities: A Safety Standard 27, 97 117 STI/PUB/977 Operation of Spent Fuel Storage Facilities: A Safety Standard 27, 98 118 STI/PUB/981 Safety Assessment for Spent Fuel Storage Facilities: A Safety Practice 75 119 STI/PUB/1014 Emergency Planning and Preparedness for Re-entry of a Nuclear Powered Satellite: A Safety Practice 68

143 SERIES INDEX

120 STI/PUB/1000 Radiation Protection and the Safety of Radiation Sources: A Safety Fundamental 52, 62

NUSS (Nuclear Safety Standards) PROGRAMME

Publications available in Chinese (C), English (E), French (F), Russian (R) and Spanish (S) are marked accordingly.

1. GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION

Safety Code

50-C-G (Rev.1) STI/PUB/796 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Governmental Organization (C,E,F,R,S) 32, 79

Safety Guides

50-SG-G1 STI/PUB/513 Qualifications and Training of Staff of the Regulatory Body for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,F,S) 33, 80 50-SG-G2 STI/PUB/515 Information to be Submitted in Support of Licensing Applications for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (F,S) 33, 80 50-SG-G3 STI/PUB/571 Conduct of Regulatory Review and Assessment During the Licensing Process for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 33, 80 50-SG-G4 STI/PUB/1011 Inspection and Enforcement by the Regulatory Body for (Rev.1) Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E) 33, 80 50-SG-G6 STI/PUB/601 Preparedness of Public Authorities for Emergencies at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 33, 70, 80 50-SG-G8 STI/PUB/620 Licences for Nuclear Power Plants: Content, Format and Legal Considerations: A Safety Guide (E,F,S) 34, 80 50-SG-G9 STI/PUB/676 Regulations and Guides for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,S) 34, 80

2. SITING

Safety Code

50-C-S (Rev.1) STI/PUB/797 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Siting (C,E,F,R,S) 34

Safety Guides

50-SG-S1 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/871 Earthquakes and Associated Topics in Relation to Nuclear Power Plant Siting: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 34 50-SG-S3 STI/PUB/549 Atmospheric Dispersion in Nuclear Power Plant Siting: A Safety Guide (C,E,S) 35, 122 50-SG-S4 STI/PUB/569 Site Selection and Evaluation for Nuclear Power Plants with Respect to Population Distribution: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 35 50-SG-S5 STI/PUB/585 External Man-Induced Events in Relation to Nuclear Power Plant Siting: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 35 50-SG-S6 STI/PUB/539 Hydrological Dispersion of Radioactive Material in Relation to Nuclear Power Plant Siting: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 35, 126 50-SG-S7 STI/PUB/677 Nuclear Power Plant Siting: Hydrogeological Aspects: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 35, 127

144 SERIES INDEX

50-SG-S8 STI/PUB/727 Safety Aspects of Foundations of Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 36 50-SG-S9 STI/PUB/682 Site Survey for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 36 50-SG-S10A STI/PUB/602 Design Basis Flood for Nuclear Power Plants on River Sites: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 36 50-SG-S10B STI/PUB/655 Design Basis Flood for Nuclear Power Plants on Coastal Sites: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 36 50-SG-S11A STI/PUB/614 Extreme Meteorological Events in Nuclear Power Plant Siting, Excluding Tropical Cyclones: A Safety Guide (E,F,S) 37 50-SG-S11B STI/PUB/666 Design Basis Tropical Cyclone for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 37

3. DESIGN

Safety Code

50-C-D (Rev.1) STI/PUB/798 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Design (C,E,F,S) 37, 87

Safety Guides

50-SG-D1 STI/PUB/542 Safety Functions and Component Classification for BWR, PWR, and PTR: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 37 50-SG-D2 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/897 Fire Protection in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 37 50-SG-D3 STI/PUB/551 Protection Systems and Related Features in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 38 50-SG-D4 STI/PUB/552 Protection Against Internally Generated Missiles and Their Secondary Effects In Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,S) 38 50-SG-D5 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/984 External Man-Induced Events in Relation to Nuclear Power Plant: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 38 50-SG-D6 STI/PUB/581 Ultimate Heat Sink and Directly Associated Heat Transport Systems for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,C,F,S) 38 50-SG-D7 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/870 Emergency Power Systems at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 38 50-SG-D8 STI/PUB/678 Safety Related Instrumentation and Control Systems for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 39, 89 50-SG-D9 STI/PUB/687 Design Aspects of Radiation Protection for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 39, 58 50-SG-D10 STI/PUB/662 Fuel Handling and Storage Systems in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 39 50-SG-D11 STI/PUB/730 General Design Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 39 50-SG-D12 STI/PUB/693 Design of the Reactor Containment Systems in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 39 50-SG-D13 STI/PUB/731 Reactor Coolant and Associated Systems in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 40, 89 50-SG-D14 STI/PUB/732 Design for Reactor Core Safety in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 40, 87 50-SG-D15 STI/PUB/917 Seismic Design and Qualification for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R) 40

145 SERIES INDEX

4. OPERATION

Safety Code

50-C-O (Rev.1) STI/PUB/799 Code on the Safety of Nuclear Power Plants: Operation (C,E,F,R,S) 40, 84

Safety Guides

50-SG-O1 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/874 Staffing of Nuclear Power Plants and the Recruitment, Training and Authorization of Operating Personnel: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 40, 92 50-SG-O2 STI/PUB/554 In-Service Inspection for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,F,S) 41, 85 50-SG-O3 STI/PUB/531 Operational Limits and Conditions for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,F, S) 41, 86 50-SG-O4 STI/PUB/574 Commissioning Procedures for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,F,R,S) 41, 84 50-SG-O5 STI/PUB/654 Radiation Protection During Operation of Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 41, 62 50-SG-O6 STI/PUB/618 Preparedness of the Operating Organization (Licensee) for Emergencies at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,F,S) 41, 70 50-SG-O7 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/848 Maintenance of Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 42, 85 50-SG-O8 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/849 Surveillance of Items Important to Safety in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 42 50-SG-O9 STI/PUB/660 Management of Nuclear Power Plants for Safe Operation: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 42, 86 50-SG-O10 STI/PUB/685 Safety Aspects of Core Management and Fuel Handling for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (E,F,R,S) 42 50-SG-O11 STI/PUB/734 Operational Management for Radioactive Effluents and Wastes Arising in Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Guide (C,E,F,R,S) 43, 74, 105 50-SG-O12 STI/PUB/963 Periodic Safety Review Of Operational Nuclear Power Plants (E,F,R,S) 43

5. QUALITY ASSURANCE

Code and Safety Guides

50-C/SG-Q STI/PUB/1016 Quality Assurance for Safety in Nuclear Power Plants and Other Nuclear Installations: Code and Safety Guides Q1-Q14 (E,F,R) 43, 79, 90

SAFETY PRACTICE SERIES within the NUSS (Nuclear Safety Standards) PROGRAMME 50-P-1 STI/PUB/819 Application of the Single Failure Criterion: A Safety Practice 43 50-P-2 STI/PUB/856 In-Service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice out of print 50-P-3 STI/PUB/902 Data Collection and Record Keeping for the Management of Nuclear Power Plant Ageing: A Safety Practice 44, 84 50-P-4 STI/PUB/888 Procedures for Conducting Probabilistic Safety Assessments of Nuclear Power Plants (Level 1): A Safety Practice 44 50-P-5 STI/PUB/887 Safety Assessment of Emergency Power Systems for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 44

146 SERIES INDEX

50-P-6 STI/PUB/967 Inspection of Fire Protection Measures and Fire Fighting Capability at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 44 50-P-7 STI/PUB/968 Treatment of External Hazards in Probabilistic Safety Assessments for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 44, 78 50-P-8 STI/PUB/969 Procedures for Conducting Probabilistic Safety Assessments of Nuclear Power Plants (Level 2): Accident Progression, Containment Analysis and Estimation of Accident Source Terms: A Safety Practice 44, 78 50-P-9 STI/PUB/985 Evaluation of Fire Hazard Analyses for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 45 50-P-10 STI/PUB/994 Human Reliability Analysis in Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 45, 78 50-P-11 STI/PUB/1007 Assessment of the Overall Fire Safety Arrangements at Nuclear Power Plants: A Safety Practice 45 50-P-12 STI/PUB/1009 Procedures for Conducting Probabilistic Safety Assessments of Nuclear Power Plants (Level 3): Off-site Consequences and Estimation of Risks to the Public: A Safety Practice 45, 78

SAFETY STANDARDS SERIES

Publications available in Arabic (A), Chinese (C), English (E), French (F), Russian (R) and Spanish (S) are marked accordingly.

TRANSPORT SAFETY

Safety Requirements

TS-R-1 STI/PUB/1098 Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive (ST-1, Revised) Material – 1996 Edition (Revised): Safety Requirements (E,F,R,S) (A, C in preparation) 55

WASTE SAFETY

N e a r S u r f a c e D i s p o s a l o f R a d i o a c t i v e W a s t e

Safety Requirements

WS-R-1 STI/PUB/1073 Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste: Safety Requirements (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 76

Safety Guides

WS-G-1.1 STI/PUB/1075 Safety Assessment for Near Surface Disposal of Radioactive Waste: Safety Guide (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 76

P r e d i s p o s a l M a n a g e m e n t o f R a d i o a c t i v e W a s t e I n c l u d i n g D e c o m m i s s i o n i n g

Safety Requirements forthcoming

147 SERIES INDEX

Safety Guides

WS-G-2.1 STI/PUB/1079 Decommissioning of Nuclear Power Plants and Research Reactors: Safety Guide (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 76 WS-G-2.2 STI/PUB/1078 Decommissioning of Medical Industrial and Research Facilities: Safety Guide (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 76

RADIATION SAFETY

Safety Requirements

See STI/PUB/996 Safety Series No. 115: International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources (A,C,E,F,R,S) 59

Safety Guides

RS-G-1.1 STI/PUB/1081 Occupational Radiation Protection: Safety Guide (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 65 RS-G-1.2 STI/PUB/1077 Assessment of Occupational Exposure due to Intake of Radionuclides: Safety Guide (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 65 RS-G-1.3 STI/PUB/1076 Assessment of Occupational Exposure Due to External Sources of Radiation: Safety Guide (E) (A,C,F,R,S in preparation) 66

SAFETY REPORTS SERIES 1 STI/PUB/1039 Examples of Safety Culture Practices 30 2 STI/PUB/1040 Diagnosis and Treatment of Radiation Injuries 58, 68 3 STI/PUB/1052 Equipment Qualification in Operational Nuclear Power Plants: Upgrading, Preserving and Reviewing 29 4 STI/PUB/1055 Planning the Medical Response to Radiological Accidents 70 5 STI/PUB/1056 Health Surveillance of Persons Occupationally Exposed to Ionizing Radiation: Guidance for Occupational Physicians 59 6 STI/PUB/107 Safety Issues for Advanced Protection, Control and Human–Machine Interface Systems in Operating Nuclear Power Plants 48, 86 7 STI/PUB/1058 Lessons Learned from Accidents in Industrial Radiography 69 8 STI/PUB/1059 Preparation of Fire Hazard Analyses for Nuclear Power Plants 46 9 STI/PUB/1061 Safe Handling and Storage of Plutonium 93 10 STI/PUB/1062 Treatment of Internal Fires in Probabilistic Safety Assessment for Nuclear Power Plants 50 11 STI/PUB/1064 Developing Safety Culture in Nuclear Activities — Practical Suggestions to Assist Progress 29 12 STI/PUB/1065 Evaluation of the Safety of Operating Nuclear Power Plants Built to Earlier Standards — A Common Basis for Judgement 29 13 STI/PUB/1066 Radiation Protection and Safety in Industrial Radiography 52 14 STI/PUB/1067 Assessment of Doses to the Public from Ingested Radionuclides 57 15 STI/PUB/1072 Implementation and Review of a Nuclear Power Plant Ageing Management Programme 31, 89

148 SERIES INDEX

INSAG SERIES

Publications available in English (E), Chinese (C), French (F), Russian (R) and Spanish (S) are marked accordingly.

75-INSAG-1 STI/PUB/740 Summary Report on the Post-Accident Review Meeting on the Chernobyl Accident (E,F,R,S) 49, 78 75-INSAG-2 STI/PUB/770 Radionuclide Source Terms from Severe Accidents to Nuclear Power Plants with Light Water Reactors (E,F,R,S) 46, 78 75-INSAG-3 STI/PUB/802 Basic Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants, superseded, see INSAG-12 75-INSAG-4 STI/PUB/882 Safety Culture (E,F,R,S) 48 75-INSAG-5 STI/PUB/910 The Safety of Nuclear Power (E,F,R,S) 50 75-INSAG-6 STI/PUB/916 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (E,F,R,S) 46 75-INSAG-7 STI/PUB/913 The Chernobyl Accident: Updating of INSAG-1 (E,F,R,S) 49, 78 INSAG-8 STI/PUB/991 A Common Basis for Judging the Safety of Reactors Built to Earlier Standards (E,F,R,S) 27 INSAG-9 STI/PUB/992 Potential Exposure in Nuclear Reactor Safety (E,F,R,S) 45 INSAG-10 STI/PUB/1013 Defence in Depth in Nuclear Safety (E,F,R,S) 28, 77 INSAG-11 STI/PUB/1080 The Safe Management of Sources of Radiation: Principles and Strategies (E) (C,F,R,S planned) 53 INSAG-12 STI/PUB/1082 Basic Safety Principles for Nuclear Power Plants — 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1 (E) (F,R,S planned) 28 INSAG-13 STI/PUB/1083 Management of Operational Safety in Nuclear Power Plants (E) (C,F,R,S planned) 31 INSAG-14 STI/PUB/1085 Safe Management of the Operating Lifetimes of Nuclear Power Plants (E) (C,F,R,S planned) 47

RADIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT REPORTS SERIES STI/PUB/1054 Radiological Conditions at Bikini Atoll: Prospects for Resettlement 63, 128 STI/PUB/1068 Radiological Conditions of the Western Kara Sea 63, 129 STI/PUB/1063 Radiological Conditions at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations for Further Study 63, 128

REPORTS ON THE RADIOLOGICAL SITUATION AT THE ATOLLS OF MURUROA AND FANGATAUFA STI/PUB/1028 The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Main Report (Executive Summary included) (E,F) 63–64, 129 STI/PUB/1028/ES The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Executive Summary (bilingual, E/F) 63, 129 STI/PUB/1029 The Radiological Situation at the Atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Summary Report (E,F) 63–64, 130

INIS (INTERNATIONAL NUCLEAR INFORMATION SYSTEM) REFERENCE SERIES 1 IAEA-INIS-1 (Rev. 8) INIS: Guide to Bibliographic Description 119 2 IAEA-INIS-2 (Rev. 7) INIS: Samples for Bibliographic Description 119 3 IAEA-INIS-3 (Rev. 8) INIS: Subject Categories and Scope Descriptions 119

149 SERIES INDEX

4 IAEA-INIS-4 (Rev. 2) INIS: Instructions for Submitting Abstracts 119 7 IAEA-INIS-7 (Rev. 3) INIS: Specifications for Machine Readable Data Exchange 120 11 IAEA-INIS-11 (Rev. 26) INIS: Authority List for Journal Titles 120 12 IAEA-INIS-12 (Rev. 3) INIS: Manual for Subject Analysis 120 13 IAEA-INIS-13 (Rev. 38) INIS: Thesaurus 120 13-S IAEA-INIS-13-S (Rev. 32) INIS: Thesaurus del Sistema Internacional de Documentación Nuclear 120 20 IAEA-INIS-20 (Rev. 1) Multilingual Dictionary (English part out of print) (French, German, Russian and Spanish part available) 120 22 IAEA-INIS-22 (Rev. 1) INIS: Database Manual 121 23 IAEA-INIS-23 INIS: FIBRE User’s Manual 121

LEGAL SERIES 3 STI/PUB/954 Agreements Registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency — 11th Ed. 116 6 STI/PUB/274 Insurance for Nuclear Installations 116 7 STI/PUB/250 The Law and Practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency 116 7-S1 STI/PUB/942 The Law and Practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency 1970–1980. Supplement 1 116 to the 1970 Edition of Legal Series No. 7 8 STI/PUB/333 Experience and Trends in Nuclear Law 116 9 STI/PUB/387 International Treaties Relating to Nuclear Control and Disarmament 117 10 STI/PUB/421 Licensing and Regulatory Control of Nuclear Installations 117 11 STI/PUB/530 International Acceptance of Irradiated Food: Legal Aspects 117 13 STI/PUB/703 Réglementation des Activités Nucléaires 117 14 STI/PUB/765 Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 117, 122 15 STI/PUB/850 Bilateral, Regional and Multilateral Agreements Relating to Co-operation in the Field of Nuclear Safety 117 16 STI/PUB/962 Convention on Nuclear Safety 117

IAEA REFERENCE DATA SERIES IAEA-RDS-1/19 Energy, Electricity and Nuclear Power Estimates for the Period up to 2010 — July 1999 Ed. 83 IAEA-RDS-2/19 Nuclear Power Reactors in the World – April 1999 Ed. 81 IAEA-RDS-3/12 Nuclear Research Reactors in the World — December 1998 Ed. 15

IAEA SAFEGUARDS INFORMATION SERIES IAEA/SG/INF/1 (Rev.1) IAEA Safeguards Glossary — 1987 Ed. 114 IAEA-SG/INF/2 IAEA Safeguards: Guidelines for States’ Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials 114 IAEA/SG/INF/6 IAEA Safeguards: Implementation at Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities 115

150 SERIES INDEX

ATOMIC AND PLASMA-MATERIAL INTERACTION DATA FOR FUSION SERIES STI/PUB/23/APID/01 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 1 11, 110 STI/PUB/23/APID/02 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 2 11, 110 STI/PUB/23/APID/03 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 3 11, 110 STI/PUB/23/APID/04 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 4 12, 110 STI/PUB/23/APID/05 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 5 12, 110 STI/PUB/23/APID/06 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 6 12, 111 STI/PUB/23/APID/07/A Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 7, Part A 12, 111 STI/PUB/23/APID/08 Atomic and Plasma Material Interaction Data for Fusion, Vol. 8 12, 111

PERIODICALS OF THE IAEA STI/PUB/23 Nuclear Fusion Journal 112, 135

151 BLANK PUBLICATIONS DE L’AIEA EN LANGUE FRANÇAISE INDEX

COLLECTION SECURITE 7 STI/PUB/867 Commentaire des dispositions du règlement de transport des matières radioactives de l’AIEA (Edition de 1985). Deuxième édition (Revue en 1990) 54 35-S1 STI/PUB/927 Code pour la sûreté des réacteurs nucléaires de recherche: Conception 14, 51 35-S2 STI/PUB/928 Code pour la sûreté des réacteurs nucléaires de recherche: Exploitation 15, 51 50 Voir Programme NUSS, ci-dessous 75 Voir Collection INSAG, p. 156 77 STI/PUB/728 Principes de limitation des rejets d’effluents radioactifs dans l’environnement 61, 128 78 STI/PUB/733 Définition et recommandations pour la Convention sur la prévention de la pollution des mers résultant de l’immersion de déchets et autres matières, 1972. Edition de 1986 73, 118, 123 85 STI/PUB/722 Gestion des déchets des mines et des usines de traitement des minerais d’uranium et de thorium 26, 74, 107 89 STI/PUB/817 Principes pour l’exemption de contrôle réglementaire de sources et pratiques pouvant entraîner une radioexposition 61, 74 93 STI/PUB/801 Les systèmes de notification d’événements inhabituels survenant dans les centrales nucléaires 49 99 STI/PUB/854 Principes de sûreté et critères techniques pour le stockage définitif souterrain des déchets de haute activité 57, 75 109 STI/PUB/900 Critères d’intervention en cas de situation d’urgence nucléaire ou radiologique 60, 69 110 STI/PUB/938 La sûreté des installations nucléaires 50 111-F STI/PUB/989 Principes de gestion des déchets radioactifs 75 111-S-1 STI/PUB/990 Mise en place d’un système national de gestion des déchets radioactifs 73 115 STI/PUB/996 Normes fondamentales internationales de protection contre les rayonnements ionisants et de sûreté des sources de rayonnements 59

PROGRAMME NUSS

1. ORGANISATION GOUVERNEMENTALE 50-C-G (Rev.1) STI/PUB/796 Code sur la sûreté des centrales nucléaires: Organisation gouvernementale 32, 79

153 SERIES INDEX

Guides de sûreté

50-SG-G1 STI/PUB/513 Qualifications et formation du personnel de l’organisme réglementaire 33, 80 50-SG-G2 STI/PUB/515 Renseignements à fournir à l’appui des demandes d’autorisation pour les centrales nucléaires 33, 80 50-SG-G3 STI/PUB/571 Conduite de l’examen-évaluation réglementaire pendant la procédure d’autorisation pour les centrales nucléaires 33, 80 50-SG-G6 STI/PUB/601 Etat de préparation des pouvoirs publics pour les cas d’urgence dans les centrales nucléaires 33, 70, 80 50-SG-G8 STI/PUB/620 Autorisations relatives aux centrales nucléaires: Teneur, présentation et aspects juridiques 34, 80 50-SG-G9 STI/PUB/676 Règlements et guides relatifs aux centrales nucléaires 34, 80

2. CHOIX DES SITES 50-C-S (Rev.1) STI/PUB/797 Code sur la sûreté des centrales nucléaires: Choix des sites 34

Guides de sûreté

50-SG-S1 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/871 Séismes et autres phénomènes connexes à prendre en considération pour le choix des sites de centrales nucléaires 34 50-SG-S4 STI/PUB/569 Choix et évaluation des sites de centrales nucléaires du point de vue de la répartition de la population 35 50-SG-S5 STI/PUB/585 Agressions externes dues aux activités humaines et choix des sites des centrales nucléaires 35 50-SG-S6 STI/PUB/539 Dispersion hydrologique des matières radioactives et choix des sites de centrales nucléaires 35, 126 50-SG-S7 STI/PUB/677 Choix des sites de centrales nucléaires — aspects hydrogéologiques 35, 127 50-SG-S8 STI/PUB/727 Les fondations des centrales nucléaires sous l’aspect de la sûreté 36 50-SG-S9 STI/PUB/682 Recherche et classement de sites de centrales nucléaires 36 50-SG-S10A STI/PUB/602 Crue de référence pour les sites de centrales nucléaires voisins de cours d’eau 36 50-SG-S10B STI/PUB/655 Niveau d’inondation de référence pour les sites côtiers de centrales nucléaires 36 50-SG-S11A STI/PUB/614 Phénomènes météorologiques extrêmes (cyclones tropicaux exceptés) et choix des sites de centrales nucléaires 37 50-SG-S11B STI/PUB/666 Cyclone tropical de référence et choix des sites de centrales nucléaires 37

3. CONCEPTION 50-C-D (Rev.1) STI/PUB/798 Code sur la sûreté des centrales nucléaires: Conception 37, 87

Guides de sûreté

50-SG-D1 STI/PUB/542 Fonctions de sûreté et classification des composants pour les réacteurs à eau bouillante, à eau sous pression et à tubes de force 37 50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/897 Protection contre l’incendie dans les centrales nucléaires 37 50-SG-D3 STI/PUB/551 Système de protection et dispositifs associés dans les centrales nucléaires 1981 38

154 SERIES INDEX

50-SG-D4 STI/PUB/552 Protection des centrales nucléaires contre les projectiles d’origine interne et leurs effets secondaires 38 50-SG-D5 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/984 Agressions externes dues aux activités humaines et conception des centrales nucléaires 38 50-SG-D6 STI/PUB/581 Source froide ultime et systèmes de transport de la chaleur directement associés pour les centrales nucléaires 38 50-SG-D7 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/870 Systèmes d’énergie de secours dans les centrales nucléaires 38 50-SG-D8 STI/PUB/678 Instrumentation et commande des centrales nucléaires 39, 89 50-SG-D9 STI/PUB/687 Conception de la protection radiologique dans les centrales nucléaires 39, 58 50-SG-D10 STI/PUB/662 Systèmes de manutention et de stockage du combustible dans les centrales nucléaires 39 50-SG-D11 STI/PUB/730 Principes généraux de sûreté dans la conception des centrales nucléaires 39 50-SG-D12 STI/PUB/693 Conception des systèmes de confinement des réacteurs de centrales nucléaires 39 50-SG-D13 STI/PUB/731 Systèmes de refroidissement du réacteur et systèmes associés dans les centrales nucléaires 40, 89 50-SG-D14 STI/PUB/732 Conception pour la sûreté du cœur des réacteurs de centrales nucléaires 40, 87 50-SG-D15 STI/PUB/917 Conception et homologation des constituants des centrales nucléaires du point de vue sismique 40

4. EXPLOITATION 50-C-O (Rev.1)STI/PUB/799 Code sur la sûreté des centrales nucléaires: Exploitation 40, 84

Guides de sûreté

50-SG-O1 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/874 Personnel des centrales nucléaires: Recrutement, formation et habilitation des agents d’exploitation 40, 92 50-SG-O2 STI/PUB/554 Inspection en service des centrales nucléaires 41, 85 50-SG-O3 STI/PUB/531 Limites et conditions d’exploitation pour les centrales nucléaires 41, 86 50-SG-O4 STI/PUB/574 Procédures des essais de mise en service des centrales nucléaires 41, 84 50-SG-O5 STI/PUB/654 La radioprotection pendant l’exploitation des centrales nucléaires 41, 62 50-SG-O6 STI/PUB/618 Etat de préparation de l’organisme exploitant (du titulaire) pour les cas d’urgence dans les centrales nucléaires 41, 70 50-SG-O7 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/848 La maintenance des centrales nucléaires 42, 85 50-SG-O8 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/849 Surveillance des constituants importants pour la sûreté dans les centrales nucléaires 42 50-SG-O9 STI/PUB/660 Gestion des centrales nucléaires et sûreté d’exploitation 42, 86 50-SG-O10 STI/PUB/685 Gestion du cœur et manutention du combustible dans les centrales nucléaires 42 50-SG-O11 STI/PUB/734 Gestion des effluents et déchets radioactifs pendant l’exploitation des centrales nucléaires 43, 74, 105 50-SG-O12 STI/PUB/963 Bilan périodique de la sûreté des centrales nucléaires en service 43

155 SERIES INDEX

5. ASSURANCE DE LA QUALITÉ 50-C/SG-Q STI/PUB/1016 L’ assurance de la qualité pour la sûreté des centrales nucléaires et autres installations nucléaires: Code et Guides de sûreté Q1-Q14 43, 79, 90

COLLECTION NORMES DE SÛRETÉ

SÛRETÉ DE TRANSPORT

Prescription

ST-1 STI/PUB/998 Règlement de transport des matières radioactives — Edition de 1996/Prescription 55

COLLECTION INSAG 75-INSAG-1 STI/PUB/740 Rapport récapitulatif sur la réunion d’analyse de l’accident de Tchernobyl 49, 78 75-INSAG-2 STI/PUB/770 Le terme-source radioactif résultant d’accidents graves dans les centrales nucléaires équipées de réacteurs à eau ordinaire 46, 78 75-INSAG-3 STI/PUB/802 Principes fondamentaux de sûreté pour les centrales nucléaires, périmé, voir INSAG-12, p. 28 75-INSAG-4 STI/PUB/882 Culture de sûreté 48 75-INSAG-5 STI/PUB/910 Sûreté de l’énergie d’origine nucléaire 50 75-INSAG-6 STI/PUB/916 Etudes probabilistes de sûreté 46 75-INSAG-7 STI/PUB/913 L’accident de Tchernobyl: Mise à jour de INSAG-1 49, 78 INSAG-8 STI/PUB/991 Base commune pour juger du niveau de sûreté des centrales nucléaires construites conformément à des normes anciennes 27 INSAG-9 STI/PUB/992 L’exposition potentielle en sûreté nucléaire 45 INSAG-10 STI/PUB/1013 La défense en profondeur en sûreté nucléaire 28, 77

COLLECTION RAPPORTS D’EVALUATION RADIOLOGIQUES STI/PUB/1028 Situation radiologique sur les atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa: Rapport principal 63-64, 129 STI/PUB/1028/ES Situation radiologique sur les atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa: Synthèse 63-64, 129 STI/PUB/1029 Situation radiologique sur les atolls de Mururoa et de Fangataufa: Rapport succint 63-64, 130

DIVERS Collection juridique n° 13 STI/PUB/703 Réglementation des activités nucléaires 117 Collection juridique n° 14 STI/PUB/765 Convention sur la notification rapide d’un accident nucléaire et Convention sur l’assistance en cas d’accident nucléaire ou de situation d’urgence radiologique 117, 122 STI/PUB/815 L’accident radiologique de Goiânia 67, 71 STI/PUB/847 L’accident radiologique de San Salvador 67, 71

156 П У Б Л И К А Ц И И М А Г А Т Э

Н А Р У С С К О М Я З Ы К Е INDEX

РУКОВОДСТВА ПО БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ 35-S1 STI/PUB/927 Свод положений по безопасности ядерных издается исследовательских реакторов: проектирование 14, 51 35-S2 STI/PUB/928 Свод положений по безопасности ядерных исследовательских реактров: эксплуатация15, 51 50 См. ПРОГРАММА ПРНБ, стр. 158 75 См. СЕРИИ ИНСАГ, стр. 159 77 STI/PUB/728 Принципы ограничения выбросов радиоактивных веществ в окружающую среду 61, 128 78 STI/PUB/733 Определение и рекомендации для конвенции по предотвращению загрязнения моря сбросами отходов и других материалов, 1972 год. Издание 1986 года 73, 118, 123 80 STI/PUB/869 Перечни требований по перевозке определенных типов грузов радиоактивных веществ (исправлено в 1990 году) 55 81 STI/PUB/751 Производные уровни вмешательства, используемые для снижения доз облучения населения в случае ядерной аварии или радиационной аварийной ситуации: принципы, процедуры и данные58, 68 85 STI/PUB/772 Обращение с отходами при добыче и обработке урановых и ториевых руд 26, 74, 107 89 STI/PUB/817 Принципы изъятия источников излучения и видов работ из-под 74регулирующего контроля61, 93 STI/PUB/801 Системы информации о необычных событиях на атомных электростанциях 49 99 STI/PUB/854 Принципы безопасности и технические критерии для подземного захоронения радиоактивных отходов высокого уровня активности 57, 75 109 STI/PUB/900 Критерии вмешательства в случае аварии или радиационной аварийной ситуации60, 69 110 STI/PUB/938 Безопасность ядерных установок 50 111-F STI/PUB/989 Принципы обращения с радиоактивными отходами 75 111-S-1 STI/PUB/990 Создание национальной системы для целей обращения с радиоактивными отходами 73 115 STI/PUB/996 Международные основные нормы безопасности для защиты от ионизирующих излучений и безопасного обращения с источниками излучения 59

157 SERIES INDEX

ПРОГРАММА ПРНБ

1. Правительственная организация 50-C-G (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/796 Свод положений по безопасности атомных электростанций: правительственная организация регулирования вопросов безопасности АЭС 32, 79

2. Выбор площадок 50-C-S (Rеv. 1) STI/PUB/797 Свод положений по безопасности атомных электростанций: выбор площадок 34

Руководства по безопасности

50-SG-S1(Rev. 1) STI/PUB/871 Учет землетрясений и связанных с ними явлений при выборе площадок для атомных станций 34 50-SG-S6 STI/PUB/539 Учет параметров гидрологической дисперсии радиоактивных веществ при выборе площадок для атомных электростанций 35, 126 50-SG-S7 STI/PUB/677 Гидрогеологические аспекты выбора площадок для атомных электростанций 35, 127 50-SG-S8 STI/PUB/727 Аспекты безопасности оснований атомных электростанций 36 50-SG-S9 STI/PUB/682 Изыскание площадок для атомных электростанций 36 50-SG-S10A STI/PUB/602 Учет наводнений в основах проекта атомных электростанций, сооружаемых на берегах рек 36 50-SG-S10B STI/PUB/655 Учет наводнений в основах проекта атомных электростанций, сооружаемых на морском побережье 36 59-SG-S11BSTI/PUB/666Учет тропических циклонов в основах проекта атомных электростанций 37

3. Проектирование

Руководства по безопасности

50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/897 Противопожарная защита атомных станций 37 50-SG-D5 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/984 Учет внешних событий, вызванных деятельностью человека, при проектировании атомных электростанций 38 50-SG-D7 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/870 Системы аварийного энергоснабжения атомных электростанций 38 50-SG-D8 STI/PUB/678 Системы контрольно-измерительных приборов и управления, связанные с обеспечением безопасности атомных электростанций 39, 89 50-SG-D9 STI/PUB/687 Вопросы радиационной защиты в проектах атомных электростанций39, 58 50-SG-D10 STI/PUB/662 Системы обращения с топливом и хранения его на атомных электростанциях 39 50-SG-D11 STI/PUB/730 Общие принципы безопасности, учитываемые при проектировании атомных электростанций 39 50-SG-D12 STI/PUB/693 Проектирование систем защитной оболочки реактора атомных электростанций 39 50-SG-D13 STI/PUB/731 Система теплоносителя реактора и связанные с ней системы атомных электростанций 40, 89

158 SERIES INDEX

50-SG-D14 STI/PUB/732 Безопасность активной зоны реактора в проектах атомных электростанций 40, 87 50-SG-D15 STI/PUB/917 Проектирование и аттестация сейсмостойких конструкций для атомных станций 40

4. Эксплуатация 50-C-O (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/799 Свод положений по безопасности атомных электростанций: эксплуатация АЭС 40, 84

Руководства по безопасности

50-SG-O1 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/874 Укомплектование кадрами атомных электростанций и подбор, профессиональная подготовка и допуск к работе 40, 92 50-SG-O4STI/PUB/574Порядок ввода атомных электростанций в эксплуатацию41, 41, 84 50-SG-O5 STI/PUB/654 Радиационная защита при эксплуатации атомных электростанций41, 62 50-SG-O7 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/848 Техническое обслуживание атомных электростанций 42, 85 50-SG-O8 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/849 Надзор за системами и узлами, важными для безопасности атомных электростанций 42 50-SG-O9 STI/PUB/660 Организация безопасной эксплуатации атомных электростанций42, 86 50-SG-O10 STI/PUB/685 Вопросы безопасности при работе с активной зоной и обращении с топливом атомных электростанций 42 50-SG-O11 STI/PUB/734 Организация контроля радиоактивных выбросов и отходов в процессе эксплуатации атомных электростанций43, 74, 105 50-SG-O12 STI/PUB/963 Периодическая оценка безопасности действующих АЭС 43

5. Обеспечение качества 50-C/SG-Q STI/PUB/1016 Обеспечение качества для безопасности атомных электростанций и других ядерных установок43, 79, 90

СЕРИЯ НОРМ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

Безопасность перевозки ST-1 STI/PUB/998 Правила безопасной перевозки радиоактивных материалов (издание 1996 г.) 55

СЕРИИ ИНСАГ 75-INSAG-1 STI/PUB/740 Итоговый доклад о совещании по рассмотрению причин и последствий аварии в Чернобыле49, 78 75-INSAG-2 STI/PUB/770 Характеристики источника выброса радионуклидов при крупных авариях на атомных электростанциях с легководными реакторами 46, 78 75-INSAG-3 STI/PUB/802 Основные принципы безопасности атомных электростанций, замена, см. INSAG-12, стр. 28 75-INSAG-4 STI/PUB/882 Культура безопасности. Не переиздается48 75-INSAG-5 STI/PUB/910 Безопасность ядерной энергетики 50 75-INSAG-6 STI/PUB/916 Вероятностный анализ безопасности 46 75-INSAG-7STI/PUB/913Чернобыльская авария: дополнение к INSAG-149, 78

159 SERIES INDEX

INSAG-8 STI/PUB/991 Общая основа для оценки безопасности атомных электростанций, сооруженных в соответствии с ранее принятыми нормами 27 INSAG-9 STI/PUB/992 Потенциальное облучение и ядерная безопасность 45 INSAG-10 STI/PUB/1013 Глубокоэшелонированная защита в ядерной безопасности 28, 77

ДРУГИЕ ПУБЛИКАЦИИ STI/PUB/885 Международный чернобыльский проект: Технический доклад66-67, 78 STI/PUB/815 Радиационная авария в Гоянии 67, 71 STI/PUB/847 Радиационная авария в Сан-Сальвадоре 67, 71 STI/PUB/939 Укрепление инфраструктур в области радиационной и ядерной безопасности в странах бывшего СССР 80 STI/PUB/1015 Уроки аварий на промышленных облучательных установках 69 IAEA/SG/INF/1 (Rev. 1) Гарантии МАГАТЭ: Глоссарий. Издание 1987 года 114 IAEA/SG/INF/2 Гарантии МАГАТЭ: Руководящие принципы государственных систем учета и контроля ядерного материала 114 Серия изда STI/PUB/765 Конвенция об оперативном оповещении о ний по юри-ядерной аварии и Конвенция о помощи дическим в случае ядерной аварии или радиационной вопросам № 14 аварийной ситуации 117, 122

160 PUBLICACIONES DEL OIEA EN ESPAÑOL INDEX

COLECCION DE INFORMES TECNICOS 277/2 STI/DOC/010/277/2 Determinación de la dosis absorbida en haces de fotones y electrones – Código de Práctica Internacional – Segunda edición 2, 13

COLECCION SEGURIDAD 6 STI/PUB/866 Reglamento para el transporte seguro de materiales radiactivos. Edición de 1985 (enmendada en 1990) 55 7 STI/PUB/867 Manual explicativo para la aplicación del Reglamento del OIEA para el transporte seguro de materiales radiactivos (Edición de 1985). Segunda edición (enmendada en 1990) 54 35-S1 STI/PUB/927 Código sobre la seguridad de los reactores nucleares de investigación: Diseño 14, 51 35-S2 STI/PUB/928 Código sobre la seguridad de los reactores nucleares de investigación: Explotación 15, 51 37 STI/PUB/868 Manual de consulta para la aplicación del Reglamento del OIEA para el transporte seguro de materiales radiactivos (Edición de 1985) 53 50 Véase el programa NUSS, pág. 162 75 Véase la colección INSAG, pág. 164 77 STI/PUB/728 Principios para la limitación de las emisiones de efluentes radiactivos al medio ambiente 61, 128 78 STI/PUB/733 Definición y recomendaciones a los efectos del convenio sobre la prevención de la contaminación del mar por vertimiento de desechos y otras materias, 1972. Edición de 1986 73, 118, 123 80 STI/PUB/869 Esquemas sinópticos de los requisitos aplicables al transporte de tipos específicos de remesas de material radiactivo. (Edición enmendada en 1990) 55 81 STI/PUB/751 Niveles de intervención derivados para su aplicación al control de las dosis de radiación al público en caso de accidente nuclear o de emergencia radiológica. Principios, procedimientos y datos 58, 68 85 STI/PUB/772 Gestión segura de desechos en la minería y tratamiento de los minerales de uranio y de torio 26, 74, 107 87 STI/PUB/773 Planificación y preparación de la respuesta a emergencias debidas a accidentes de transporte en los que intervengan materiales radiactivos 54, 69 89 STI/PUB/817 Principios para la exención del control reglamentario de prácticas y fuentes de radiación 61, 74

161 SERIES INDEX

93 STI/PUB/801 Sistemas para notificar sucesos no usuales ocurridos en centrales nucleares 49 99 STI/PUB/854 Principios y criterios técnicos de seguridad para la evacuación subterránea de desechos radiactivos de actividad alta 57, 75 109 STI/PUB/900 Criterios de intervención en caso de emergencia nuclear o radiológica 60, 69 110 STI/PUB/938 Seguridad de las instalaciones nucleares 50 111-F STI/PUB/989 Principios para la gestión de desechos radiactivos 75 111-S-1 STI/PUB/990 Establecimiento de un sistema nacional de gestión de desechos radiactivos 73 115 STI/PUB/996 Normas básicas internacionales de seguridad para la protección contra la radiación ionizante y para la seguridad de las fuentes de radiación 59

PROGRAMA NUSS

1. ORGANIZACIONES NACIONALES 50-C-G (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/796 Código sobre la seguridad de las centrales nucleares: Organizaciones nacionales 32, 79

Guías de seguridad

50-SG-G1 STI/PUB/513 Cualificaciones y capacitación del personal del órgano reglamentador de centrales nucleares 33, 80 50-SG-G2 STI/PUB/515 Información que ha de presentarse en apoyo de las solicitudes de licencia para centrales nucleares 33, 80 50-SG-G3 STI/PUB/571 Cumplimiento de los trámites reglamentarios de examen y evaluación durante el proceso de concesión de licencias para centrales nucleares 33, 80 50-SG-G6 STI/PUB/601 Medidas de las autoridades públicas en previsión de situaciones de emergencia en centrales nucleares 33, 70, 80 50-SG-G8 STI/PUB/620 Licencias para centrales nucleares: Contenido, forma y consideraciones jurídicas 34, 80 50-SG-G9 STI/PUB/676 Reglamentos y guías para centrales nucleares 34, 80

2. EMPLAZAMIENTO 50-C-S (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/797 Código sobre la seguridad de las centrales nucleares: Emplazamiento 34

Guías de seguridad

50-SG-S1 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/871 Terremotos y cuestiones conexas en relación con el emplazamiento de centrales nucleares 34 50-SG-S3 STI/PUB/549 Dispersión atmosférica en relación con el emplazamiento de centrales nucleares 35 50-SG-S4 STI/PUB/569 Selección y evaluación del emplazamiento de centrales nucleares desde el punto de vista de la distribución de la población 35 50-SG-S5 STI/PUB/585 Sucesos exteriores imputables al hombre en relación con el emplazamiento de centrales nucleares 35 50-SG-S6 STI/PUB/539 Dispersión hidrológica de sustancias radiactivas en relación con el emplazamiento de centrales nucleares 35

162 SERIES INDEX

50-SG-S7 STI/PUB/677 Aspectos hidrogeológicos del emplazamiento de centrales nucleares 35, 127 50-SG-S8 STI/PUB/727 Aspectos de seguridad de la cimentación de centrales nucleares 36 50-SG-S9 STI/PUB/682 Estudio de emplazamientos para centrales nucleares 36 50-SG-S10A STI/PUB/602 Inundaciones tipo en el caso de centrales nucleares emplazadas junto a ríos 36 50-SG-S10B STI/PUB/655 Inundaciones tipo en el caso de centrales nucleares emplazadas en la costa 36 50-SG-S11A STI/PUB/614 Sucesos meteorológicos extremos en relación con el emplazamiento de centrales nucleares, excluidos los ciclones tropicales 37 50-SG-S11B STI/PUB/666 Ciclón tropical tipo para centrales nucleares 37

3. DISEÑO 50-C-D (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/798 Código sobre la seguridad de las centrales nucleares: Diseño 37, 87

Guías de seguridad

50-SG-D1 STI/PUB/542 Funciones de seguridad y clasificación de componentes de reactores de agua en ebullición, de agua a presión y de tubos de presión en centrales nucleares 37 50-SG-D2 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/897 Protección contra incendios en centrales nucleares 37 50-SG-D3 STI/PUB/551 Sistema de protección y dispositivos conexos en centrales nucleares 38 50-SG-D4 STI/PUB/552 Protección contra proyectiles de procedencia interior y sus efectos secundarios en centrales nucleares 38 50-SG-D5 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/984 Sucesos exteriores imputables al hombre en relación con el diseño de centrales nucleares 38 50-SG-D6 STI/PUB/581 Sumidero final de calor y sistemas directamente relacionados de transferencia de calor para centrales nucleares 38 50-SG-D7 (Rev.1) STI/PUB/870 Sistemas de emergencia de suministro de energía en centrales nucleares 38 50-SG-D8 STI/PUB/678 Sistemas de instrumentación y control de centrales nucleares relacionados con la seguridad 39, 89 50-SG-D9 STI/PUB/687 Cuestiones de diseño relacionadas con la protección radiológica en centrales nucleares 39, 58 50-SG-D10 STI/PUB/662 Sistemas de manipulación y almacenamiento del combustible en centrales nucleares 39 50-SG-D11 STI/PUB/730 Principios generales de diseño para la seguridad de centrales nucleares 39 50-SG-D12 STI/PUB/693 Diseño del sistema de contención de los reactores de centrales nucleares 39 50-SG-D13 STI/PUB/731 Sistemas de refrigeración de los reactores y sistemas asociados en las centrales nucleares 40, 89 50-SG-D14 STI/PUB/732 Diseño para la seguridad de los núcleos de reactores de centrales nucleares 40, 87

4. EXPLOTACIÓN 50-C-O (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/799 Código sobre la seguridad de las centrales nucleares: Explotación 40, 84

163 SERIES INDEX

Guías de seguridad

50-SG-O1 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/874 Plantilla de personal para centrales nucleares y contratación, capacitación y autorización de su personal de explotación 40, 92 50-SG-O2 STI/PUB/554 Inspección durante el servicio en centrales nucleares 41, 85 50-SG-O3 STI/PUB/531 Límites y condiciones operacionales para centrales nucleares 41, 86 50-SG-O4 STI/PUB/574 Procedimientos de puesta en servicio para centrales nucleares 41, 41, 84 50-SG-O5 STI/PUB/654 Protección radiológica durante la explotación de centrales nucleares 41, 62 50-SG-O6 STI/PUB/618 Medidas de la entidad explotadora (concesionario de la licencia) para casos de emergencia en centrales nucleares 41, 70 50-SG-O7 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/848 Mantenimiento de centrales nucleares 42, 85 50-SG-O8 (Rev. 1) STI/PUB/849 Vigilancia de elementos de importancia para la seguridad de centrales nucleares 42 50-SG-O9 STI/PUB/660 Gestión de centrales nucleares para su explotación en condiciones de seguridad 42, 86 50-SG-O10 STI/PUB/685 Aspectos de seguridad de la gestión del núcleo y de la manipulación del combustible en las centrales nucleares 42 50-SG-O11 STI/PUB/734 Gestión operacional de efluentes y desechos radiactivos procedentes de centrales nucleares 43, 74 50-SG-O12 STI/PUB/963 Examen periódico de seguridad de las centrales nucleares en explotación 43

COLECCION DE NORMAS DE SEGURIDAD

TRANSPORTE SEGURO

Requisitos

ST-1 STI/PUB/998 Reglamento para el transporte seguro de materiales radiactivos — Edición de 1996/Requisitos 55

COLECCION INSAG 75-INSAG-1 STI/PUB/740 Informe resumido sobre la Reunión de examen a posteriori del accidente de Chernobil 49, 78 75-INSAG-2 STI/PUB/770 Términos fuente de radionucleidos provenientes de accidentes graves en centrales nucleares con reactores de agua ligera 46, 78 75-INSAG-3 STI/PUB/802 Principios básicos de seguridad para centrales nucleares; sustituido por INSAG-12 (pág. 28) 75-INSAG-4 STI/PUB/882 Cultura de la Seguridad 48 75-INSAG-5 STI/PUB/910 Seguridad de la energía nucleoeléctrica 50 75-INSAG-6 STI/PUB/916 Evaluación probabilista de la seguridad 46 75-INSAG-7 STI/PUB/913 El accidente de Chernobil: Actualización de INSAG-1 49, 78 INSAG-8 STI/PUB/991 Base común para juzgar la seguridad de las centrales nucleares construidas con arreglo a normas anteriores 27 INSAG-9 STI/PUB/992 La exposición potencial en seguridad nuclear 45 INSAG-10 STI/PUB/1013 La defensa en profundidad en seguridad nuclear 28, 77

164 SERIES INDEX

DIVERSOS Colección STI/PUB/765 Convención sobre la pronta notificación de accidentes jurídica N° 14 nucleares y Convención sobre asistencia en caso de accidente nuclear o emergencia radiológica 117, 122 STI/PUB/815 El accidente radiológico de Goiânia 67, 71 STI/PUB/847 El accidente radiológico de San Salvador 67, 71 STI/PUB/1015 Enseñanzas deducidas de accidentes ocurridos en instalaciones de irradiación industrial 69 STI/PUB/1027 Sobreexposición accidental de pacientes de radioterapia en San José (Costa Rica) Colección INIS IAEA-INIS-13/S Thesaurus del Sistema Internacional (Rev. 32) de Documentación Nuclear INIS 120

165 BLANK ALPHABETICAL INDEX 1986–1999 INDEX

Each title is listed under the first word. The numbers indicate the pages where the book is mentioned. Numbers in normal script mean there is full entry on that page; numbers in italics mean that the book is mentioned by title only, although with a cross-reference to the entry containing full detail. All titles published between 1 January 1996 and 1 January 2000 are printed in bold.

A A common basis for judging the safety of nuclear power plants built to earlier standards 27 Absorbed dose determination in photon and electron beams: An international code of practice — 2nd edition 2, 13 Acceptance, control of and trade in irradiated food 4 Accident management programmes in nuclear power plants: A guidebook 67 Accidental overexposure of radiotherapy patients in San José, Costa Rica 57, 67 Advanced nuclear power systems: Design, technology, safety and strategies for their deployment 82, 86 Advances in technologies for the treatment of low and intermediate level radioactive liquid waste 99 Advances in the operational safety of nuclear power plants 27 Advisory material for the IAEA regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (1985 edition) — Third edition (as amended 1990) 53 Agreements registered with the International Atomic Energy Agency 11th ed. 116 An electron accelerator accident in Hanoi, Viet Nam 67 An oceanographic model for the dispersion of wastes disposed of in the deep sea 72, 77 Analysis of the behaviour of advanced reactor pressure vessel steels under neutron irradiation 28, 86 Analytical techniques in uranium exploration and ore processing 19 Application of exemption principles to the recycle and reuse of materials from nuclear facilities 72, 99 Application of remotely operated handling equipment in the decommissioning of nuclear facilities 99 Application of the single failure criterion: A safety practice 43 Applications of isotopes and radiation in conservation of the environment 13, 14, 24, 122 Asian regional co-operative project on food irradiation: Technology transfer 4 Assessing the impact of deep sea disposal of low level radioactive waste on living marine resources 72, 77, 122 Assessment and comparison of waste management system costs for nuclear and other energy sources 100 Assessment of doses to the public from ingested radionuclides 57 Assessment of occupational exposure due to external sources of radiation: Safety guide 66 Assessment of occupational exposure due to intakes of radionuclides: Safety guide 65 Assessment of the overall fire safety arrangements at nuclear power plants: A safety practice 45 Atmospheric dispersion in nuclear power plant siting: A safety guide 35, 122 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 1 11, 110 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 2 11, 110 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 3 11, 110 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 4 12, 110

167 KEYWORD INDEX

Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 5 12, 110 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion (Supplement to the journal Nuclear Fusion) Volume 6 12, 111 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion Volume 7, Part A 12, 111 Atomic and plasma–material interaction data for fusion Volume 8 12, 111

B Back end of the nuclear fuel cycle: Strategies and options 96, 100 Balancing automation and human action in nuclear power plants 28, 87 Basic safety principles for nuclear power plants — 75-INSAG-3 Rev. 1 28 Bilateral, regional and multilateral agreements relating to co-operation in the field of nuclear safety 117 Bituminization processes to condition radioactive wastes 100

C Characterization of radioactive waste forms and packages 53, 100 Chemical precipitation processes for the treatment of aqueous radioactive waste 100 Choosing the nuclear power option: Factors to be considered 82 CIAMDA 87 16 CIAMDA 98 16 CINDA A (1935–1987) 16 CINDA 97 17 CINDA 99 17 Classification of radioactive waste 100 Cleanup and decommissioning of a nuclear reactor after a severe accident 100 Cleanup of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident 68, 101 Code on the safety of nuclear power plants: Design (Rev. 1) 37, 87 Code on the safety of nuclear power plants: Governmental organization (Rev. 1) 32, 79 Code on the safety of nuclear power plants: Operation (Rev. 1) 40, 84 Code on the safety of nuclear power plants: Siting (Rev. 1) 34 Code on the safety of nuclear research reactors: Design 14, 51 Code on the safety of nuclear research reactors: Operation 15, 51 Combination processes for food irradiation 4 Commissioning procedures for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 41, 84 Compendium of neutron spectra and detector responses for radiation protection purposes 17, 57 Compliance assurance for the safe transport of radioactive material 54 Concepts for the conditioning of spent nuclear fuel for final waste disposal 97 Conditioning of alpha bearing wastes 101 Conduct of regulatory review and assessment during the licensing process for nuclear power plants 33, 80 Construction and use of calibration facilities for radiometric field equipment 19 Containers for packaging of solid and intermediate level radioactive waste 56, 101 Convention on early notification of a nuclear accident and convention on assistance in the case of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency 117, 122 Convention on nuclear safety 117 Coolant technology of water cooled reactors: An overview 87 Cost analysis methodology of spent fuel storage 97 Cost-benefit aspects of food irradiation processing 4 Current practices for the management and confinement of uranium mill tailings 94

168 KEYWORD INDEX

D Data collection and record keeping for the management of nuclear power plant ageing 44, 84 Decommissioning of facilities for mining and milling of radioactive ores and closeout of residues 94, 101 Decommissioning of medical, industrial and research facilities: Safety guide 76 Decommissioning of nuclear facilities other than reactors 101 Decommissioning of nuclear power plants and research reactors: Safety guide 76 Decommissioning techniques for research reactors 101 Design and construction of nuclear power plants to facilitate decommissioning 28 Design and operation of high level waste vitrification and storage facilities 73 Design and operation of off-gas cleaning and ventilation systems in facilities handling low and intermediate level radioactive material 102 Design and operation of off-gas cleaning systems at high level liquid waste conditioning facilities 102 Design and operation of radioactive waste incineration facilities 73 Design and performance of WWER fuel 95 Design aspects of radiation protection for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 39, 58 Design basis flood for nuclear power plants on coastal sites: A safety guide 36 Design basis flood for nuclear power plants on river sites: A safety guide 36 Design basis tropical cyclone for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 37 Design for reactor core safety in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 40, 87 Design measures to facilitate implementation of safeguards at future water cooled nuclear power plants 88, 114 Design of off-gas and air cleaning systems at nuclear power plants 29, 102 Design of spent fuel storage facilities 27, 97 Design of the reactor containment systems in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 39 Developing safety culture in nuclear activities — Practical suggestions to assist progress 29 Development and implementation of computerized operator support systems in nuclear installations 85, 88 Development of projects for the production of uranium concentrates 94 Developments in radioimmunoassay and related procedures 1 Diagnosis and treatment of radiation injuries 58, 68 Direct methods for measuring radionuclides in the human body 58 Directory of nuclear research reactors 1998 15 Disposal of waste from the cleanup of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident 68, 73, 102 Domestic buffalo production in Asia 9 Dynamic functional studies in nuclear medicine in developing countries 1

E Earthquakes and associated topics in relation to nuclear power plant siting: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 34 Economic evaluation of bids for nuclear power plants — 1999 edition 82 Effects of ionizing radiation on plants and animals at levels implied by current radiation protection standards 58, 77, 123 Electricity and the environment 77, 81, 123 Electricity, health and the environment: Comparative assessment in support of decision making 83 Emergency planning and preparedness for accidents involving radioactive materials used in medicine, industry, research and teaching 52, 68 Emergency planning and preparedness for re-entry of a nuclear powered satellite 68 Emergency power systems at nuclear power plants: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 38 Emergency response planning and preparedness for transport accidents involving radioactive material 54, 69 Energy, electricity and nuclear power estimates for the period up to 2020–July 1999 edition 83

169 KEYWORD INDEX

Energy from inertial fusion 111 Engineering and science education for nuclear power: A guidebook 29, 91 Environmental behaviour of crop protection chemicals 8, 123 Environmental contamination following a major nuclear accident 77, 124 Environmental impact of radioactive releases 58, 124 Environmental isotope data No. 8: World survey of isotope concentration in precipitation (1980-1983) 22, 124 Environmental isotope data No. 9: World survey of isotope concentration in precipitation (1984-1987) 22, 124 Environmental isotope data No. 10: World survey of isotope concentration in precipitation (1988-1991) 22, 124 Equipment qualification in operational nuclear power plants: Upgrading, preserving and reviewing 29 Establishing a national system for radioactive waste management 73 Evaluating the reliability of predictions made using environmental transfer models 77, 125 Evaluation of fire hazard analyses for nuclear power plants 45 Evaluation of genetically altered medflies for use in sterile insect programmes 5 Evaluation of spent fuel as a final waste form 97, 102 Evaluation of the safety of operating nuclear power plants built to earlier standards — A common basis for judgement 29 Examples of safety culture practices 30 Experience and trends in nuclear law 116 Explanatory material for the IAEA regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material (1985 edition) — Second edition (as amended 1990) 54 Extension of the principles of radiation protection to sources of potential exposure 59 External man-induced events in relation to nuclear power plants design: A safety guide 38 External man-induced events in relation to nuclear power plant siting: A safety guide 35 Extreme meteorological events in nuclear power plant siting, excluding tropical cyclones: A safety guide 37

F Factors relevant to the recycling or reuse of components arising from the decommissioning and refurbishment of nuclear facilities 73, 102 Fast breeder reactors: Experience and trends 88 Feasibility of separation and utilization of caesium and strontium from high level liquid waste 97, 103 Feasibility of separation and utilization of ruthenium, rhodium and palladium from high level wastes 103 Feedback of operational safety experience from nuclear power plants 30, 85 Feeding strategies for improving productivity of ruminant livestock in developing countries 9 Financing arrangements for nuclear power projects in developing countries: A reference book 83 Fire protection and fire fighting in nuclear installations 30 Fire protection in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 37 Flow induced vibrations in liquid metal fast breeder reactors 88 Fuel handling and storage systems in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 27, 39 Fusion energy 1996 111 Fusion reactor design and rechnology 1986 112

G Gamma, X-ray and neutron techniques for the coal industry 24 Gas-cooled reactor design and safety 30, 88 General design safety principles for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 39 Genetic sexing of the Mediterranean fruit fly 5 Geochemical exploration for uranium 19

170 KEYWORD INDEX

Geological disposal of spent fuel and high level and alpha bearing wastes 56, 74, 97, 103 Guidance for regulation of underground repositories for disposal of radioactive wastes 56, 79 Guidebook on design, construction and operation of pilot plants for uranium ore processing 94 Guidebook on destructive examination of water reactor fuel 95 Guidebook on non-destructive examination of water reactor fuel 96 Guidebook on radioisotope tracers in industry 14, 24 Guidebook on research and development support for nuclear power 83 Guidebook on spent fuel storage — Second edition 98 Guidebook on the education and training of technicians for nuclear power 30, 92 Guidelines for agricultural countermeasures following an accidental release of radionuclides 8, 69, 125 Guidelines on calibration of neutron measuring devices 13, 59

H Handbook of parameter values for the prediction of radionuclide transfer in temperate environments 77, 125 Handbook on nuclear activitation data 17 Handbook on nuclear data for borehole logging and mineral analysis 17, 19 Harmonization of health related environmental measurements using nuclear and isotopic techniques 14, 25, 125 Health and environmental impacts of electricity generation systems: Procedures for comparative assessment 83, 125 Health surveillance of persons occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation: Guidance for occupational physicians 59 High dose dosimetry for radiation processing 13, 24 History of the International Atomic Energy Agency: The first forty years 133 Human reliability analysis in probabilistic safety assessment for nuclear power plants 45, 78 Hydrogeological investigation of sites for the geological disposal of radioactive waste 22, 56 Hydrological dispersion of radioactive material in relation to nuclear power plant siting: A safety guide 35, 126 HyperTrans! 54

I IAEA safeguards glossary–1987 edition 114 IAEA safeguards: Guidelines for states’ systems of accounting for and control of nuclear materials facilities 114 IAEA safeguards: Implementation at nuclear fuel cycle facilities 115 Immobilization of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes with polymers 103 Implementation and review of a nuclear power plant ageing management programme 31, 89 Implementation of quality assurance corrective actions: A manual 31, 79, 90 Improved cement solidification of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes 103 Improvement of grain legume production using induced mutations 6 Improvements in water reactor fuel technology and utilization 96 In-service inspection for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 41, 85 Information to be submitted in support of licensing applications for nuclear power plants 33, 80 INIS: Authority list for journal titles 120 INIS: Database manual 121 INIS database on CD-ROM 119 INIS: FIBRE user’s manual 121 INIS: Guide to bibliographic description 119 INIS: Instructions for submitting abstracts 119 INIS: Manual for subject analysis 120

171 KEYWORD INDEX

INIS: Multilingual dictionary 120 INIS Non-conventional literature (NCL) on CD ROM 119 INIS: Samples for bibliographic description 119 INIS: Specifications for machine readable data exchange 120 INIS: Subject categories and scope description 119 INIS: Thesaurus 120 Insect disinfestation of food and agricultural products by irradiation 4 Inspection and enforcement by the regulatory body for nuclear power plants: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 33, 80 Inspection of fire protection measures and fire fighting capability at nuclear power plants 44 Insurance for nuclear installations 116 Interim storage of radioactive waste packages 103 International acceptance of irradiated food: Legal aspects 117 International Atomic Energy Agency: Personal reflections 133 International basic safety standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources 59 International co-operation on nuclear waste management in the Russian Federation 103 International nuclear safeguards 1994: Vision for the future 115 International treaties relating to nuclear control and disarmament 117 Intervention criteria in a nuclear or radiation emergency 60, 69 Isotope aided studies on goat and sheep production in the tropics 9 Isotope aided studies on livestock productivity in Mediterranean and North African countries 9 Isotope aided studies on non-protein nitrogen and agro-industrial by-products utilisation by ruminants 9 Isotope and related techniques in animal production and health 10 Isotope techniques in the study of environmental change 22, 126 Isotope techniques in the study of past and current environmental changes in the hydrosphere and the atmosphere 22, 126 Isotope techniques in water resources development 23, 126 Isotope techniques in water resources development 1991 23, 126 Isotopes in water resources management 23, 127

L Laboratory training manual on the use of nuclear and associated techniques in pesticide residues 8, 127 Laboratory training manual on the use of nuclear techniques in insect research and control — 3rd edition 5 Lessons learned from accidents in industrial irradiation facilities 69 Lessons learned from accidents in industrial radiography 69 Licences for nuclear power plants: Content, format and legal considerations: A safety guide 34, 80 Licensing and regulatory control of nuclear installations 117 Livestock reproduction in Latin America 10 Low doses of ionizing radiation: Biological effects and regulatory control: Invited papers and discussions 60

M Maintenance of nuclear power plants: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 42, 85 Man–machine interface in the nuclear industry 31, 85 Management for excellence in nuclear power plant performance: A manual 90 Management of abnormal radioactive wastes at nuclear power plants 31, 74, 104 Management of insect pests: Nuclear and related molecular and genetic techniques 6 Management of low and intermediate level radioactive wastes 74, 104

172 KEYWORD INDEX

Management of nuclear power plants for safe operation: A safety guide 42, 86 Management of operational safety in nuclear power plants 31 Management of severely damaged nuclear fuel and related waste 74, 98, 104 Manual on laboratory testing for uranium ore processing 95 Manual on maintenance of systems and components important to safety 31, 86 Manual on training, qualification and certification of quality assurance personnel 31, 90, 92 Measurement and calculation of radon releases from uranium mill tailings 95 Measurement assurance in dosimetry 2, 13 Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment: A guidebook 11, 60, 127 Medical handling of accidentally exposed individuals 60, 69 Metallogenesis of uranium deposits 20 Methodology and technology of decommissioning nuclear facilities 74, 104 Methodology for the management of ageing of nuclear power plants components important to safety 32 Methods for reducing occupational exposures during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities 61, 74 Methods for the estimation and economic evaluation of undiscovered uranium endowment and resources: An instruction manual 20, 26 Minimization of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants and the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle 104 Modern instrumentation and control for nuclear power plants 89 Monitoring programmes for unrestriced release related to decommissioning of nuclear facilities 105 Multipurpose research reactors 15

N Natural analogues in performance assessments for the disposal of long lived radioactive wastes 56, 78 Near surface disposal of radioactive waste: Safety requirements 76 Nuclear and atomic data for radiotherapy and related radiobiology 2, 18 Nuclear and related techniques for improving productivity of indigenous animals in harsh environments 10 Nuclear communications: A handbook for guiding good communications practices at nuclear fuel cycle facilities 93 Nuclear desalination of sea water 84, 89 Nuclear fuel cycle and reactor strategies: Adjusting to new realities 93 Nuclear fuel cycle in the 1990s and beyond the century: Some trends and foreseeable problems 93 Nuclear fusion journal 112, 135 Nuclear fusion — Yokahama, special issue Nos. 1, 2, 3 112 Nuclear geophysics and its applications 12, 20 Nuclear medicine and related radionuclide applications in developing countries 1 Nuclear power performance and safety 32, 81 Nuclear power plant personnel training and its evaluation: A guidebook 92 Nuclear power plant siting: Hydrogeological aspects: A safety guide 35, 127 Nuclear power project management: A guidebook 84 Nuclear power reactors in the world — April 1999 edition 81 Nuclear research reactors in the world — December 1998 edition 15 Nuclear safeguards technology 1986 115 Nuclear techniques and in vitro culture for plant improvement 7 Nuclear techniques in soil–plant studies for sustainable agriculture and environmental preservation 7, 127 Nuclear techniques in the exploration and exploitation of energy and mineral resources 14, 20, 25 Nuclear techniques in the study and control of parasitic diseases of livestock 10

173 KEYWORD INDEX

O Occupational radiation protection: Safety guide 65 Off-gas and air cleaning systems for accident conditions in nuclear power plants 89, 105 On-site habitability in the event of an accident at a nuclear facility 45, 69 One decade after Chernobyl: Summing up the consequences of the accident 61, 70 Operating experience with nuclear power stations in Member States 1998 86 Operation of spent fuel storage facilities 27, 98 Operational limits and conditions for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 41, 86 Operational management for radioactive effluents and wastes arising in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 43, 74, 105 Operational radiation protection: A guide to optimization 61 Optimization of radiation protection 61 Options, experience and trends in spent fuel management 98 Options for the treatment and solidification of organic radioactive wastes 105

P Particulate filtration in nuclear facilities 105 Performance of engineered barriers in deep geological repositories 105 Periodic safety review of operational nuclear power plants: A safety guide 43 Physical protection of nuclear materials: Experience in regulation, implementation and operations 52, 115, 118, 131 Planning and management for the decommissioning of research reactors and other small nuclear facilities 106 Planning and operation of low level waste disposal facilities 106 Planning for cleanup of large areas contaminated as a result of a nuclear accident 70, 106 Planning the medical response to radiological accidents 70 Plant domestication by induced mutation 7 Plant mutation breeding for crop improvement 7 Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1988 112 Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1990 113 Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1992 113 Plasma physics and controlled nuclear fusion research 1994 113 Potential exposure in nuclear reactor safety 45 Practical borehole logging procedures for mineral exploration with emphasis on uranium 20 Preparation of fire hazard analyses for nuclear power plants 46 Preparedness of public authorities for emergencies at nuclear power plants: A safety guide 33, 70, 80 Preparedness of the operating organization (licensee) for emergencies at nuclear power plants: A safety guide 41, 70 Principles for limiting releases of radioactive effluents into the environment 61, 128 Principles for the exemption of radiation sources and practices from regulatory control 61, 74 Probabilistic safety assessment 46 Procedures for conducting probabilistic safety assessments of nuclear power plants (Level 1) 44 Procedures for conducting probabilistic safety assessments of nuclear power plants (Level 2): Accident progression, containment analysis and estimation of accident source terms 44, 78 Procedures for conducting probabilistic safety assessments of nuclear power plants (level 3): Off-site consequences and estimation of risks to the public 45, 78 Protection against internally generated missiles and their secondary effects in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 38 Protection systems and related features in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 38 Provision of operational radiation protection services at nuclear power plants 46, 62

174 KEYWORD INDEX

Q Qualifications and training of staff of the regulatory body for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 33, 80 Quality assurance for radioactive waste packages 106 Quality assurance for safety in nuclear power plants and other nuclear installations: Code and safety guides Q1-Q14 43, 79, 90 Quality assurance for the safe transport of radioactive material 54, 79 Quality assurance integrated training packages: A manual 91, 92 Quality management for nuclear power plant operation: A manual 46, 79, 91 Quantification, nature and bioavailability of bound 14C pesticide residues in soil, plants and food 8, 128

R Radiation and society: Comprehending radiation risk 62

Radiation induced F1 sterility in lepidoptera for area-wide control 6 Radiation monitoring in the mining and milling of radioactive ores 26, 62 Radiation preservation of fish and fishery products 5 Radiation protection and safety in industrial radiography 52 Radiation protection and the safety of radiation sources: A safety fundamental 52, 62 Radiation protection during operation of nuclear power plants: A safety guide 41, 62 Radiation protection in nuclear energy 62 Radiation protection infrastructure 62, 80 Radiation safety of gamma and electron irradiation facilities 52 Radioactive waste management glossary 106 Radiological characterization of shut down nuclear reactors for decommissioning purposes 106 Radiological conditions at Bikini atoll: Prospects for resettlement 63, 128 Radiological conditions at the Semipalatinsk test site, Kazakhstan: Preliminary assessment and recommendations for further studies 63, 128 Radiological conditions of the Western Kara Sea 63, 129 Radiological safety aspects of the operation of electron linear accelerators 15, 52, 64 Radiological safety aspects of the operation of proton accelerators 15, 52, 65 Radionuclide source terms from severe accidents to nuclear power plants with light water reactors 46, 78 Radiotherapy in developing countries 2 Reactivity accidents 47, 78 Reactor coolant and associated systems in nuclear power plants: A safety guide 40, 89 Recognition of uranium provinces 21 Recommended data on atomic collision processes involving iron and its ions 18, 112 Recovery operations in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency 47, 71 Réglementations des activités nucléaires 117 Regulations and guides for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 34, 80 Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material — 1985 edition (as amended 1990) Regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material — 1996 edition (revised): Safety requirements 55 Regulatory inspection of the implementation of quality assurance programmes: A manual 47, 79, 91 Regulatory practices and safety standards for nuclear power plants 47, 80 Report on radioactive waste disposal 107 Review of fuel element developments for water cooled nuclear power reactors 96 Review of fuel failures in water cooled reactors 96 Reviewing the safety of existing nuclear power plants 47

175 KEYWORD INDEX

S Safe enclosure of shut down nuclear installations 47, 107 Safe handling and storage of plutonium 93 Safe handling of tritium 65 Safe management of wastes from the mining and milling of uranium and thorium ores 26, 74, 107 Safety and engineering aspects of spent fuel storage 27, 98 Safety aspects of core management and fuel handling for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 42 Safety aspects of foundations of nuclear power plants: A safety guide 36 Safety aspects of the ageing and maintenance of nuclear power plants 48 Safety assessment for near surface disposal of radioactive waste: Safety guide 76 Safety assessment for spent storage facilities 75 Safety assessment of emergency power systems for nuclear plants 44 Safety assessment of research reactors and preparation of the safety analysis report 16, 51 Safety culture 48 Safety functions and component classification for BWR, PWR and PTR: A safety guide 37 Safety in the utilization and modification of research reactors 16, 51 Safety issues for advanced protection, control and human-machine interface systems in operating nuclear power plants 48, 86 Safety of radiation sources and security of radioactive materials 52, 118, 131 Safety principles and technical criteria for the underground disposal of high level radioactive wastes 57, 75 Safety related instrumentation and control systems for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 39, 89 Schedules of requirements for the transport of specified types of radioactive material consignments (as amended 1990) 55 Sealing of underground repositories for radioactive wastes 57, 107 Seismic analysis and testing of nuclear power plants: A safety guide 34 Seismic design and qualification for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 40 Selected safety aspects of WWER-440 model 213 nuclear power plants 48 Severe accidents in nuclear power plants 48, 78 Site selection and evaluation for nuclear power plants with respect to population distribution: A safety guide 35 Site survey for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 36 Siting of geological disposal facilities: A safety guide 75, 108 Siting of near surface disposal facilities 108 Software important to safety in nuclear power plants 48 Source term evaluation for accident conditions 49, 78 Stable isotopes in plant nutrition, soil fertility and environmental studies 7, 130 Staffing of nuclear power plants and the recruitment, training and authorization of operating personnel: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 40, 92 State of the art technology for decontamination and dismantling of nuclear facilities 108 Statistical treatment of data on environmental isotopes in precipitation 22, 130 Status of technology for volume reduction and treatment of low and intermediate level solid radioactive waste 108 Sterile insect technique for tsetse control and eradication 6 Strengthening radiation and nuclear safety infrastructures in countries of the former USSR 80 Studies on sulphur isotope variations in nature 23 Studies of the magnitude and nature of pesticide residues in stored products using radiotracer techniques 9 Studies on the reproductive efficiency of cattle using radioimmunoassay techniques 10 Summary report on the post-accident review meeting on the Chernobyl accident 49, 78 Surveillance of items important to safety in nuclear power plants: A safety guide (Rev. 1) 42

176 KEYWORD INDEX

Survey of experience with dry storage of spent nuclear fuel and update of wet storage experience 49, 99 Systems for reporting unusual events in nuclear power plants 49

T The application of the principles for limiting releases of radioactive effluents in the case of the mining and milling of radioactive ores 26, 66, 130 The basic safety standards on diskette 60 The Chernobyl accident: Updating of INSAG-1 49, 78 The international Chernobyl project: An overview 66, 78 The international Chernobyl project: Proceedings 66, 78 The international Chernobyl project: Technical report 67, 78 The law and practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency 116 The law and practices of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 1970-1980, Supplement 1 116 The nuclear fuel cycle information system: A directory of nuclear fuel cycle facilities — 1996 edition 93 The nuclear power option 82 The principles of radioactive waste management: A safety fundamental 75 The radiological accident at the irradiation facilty in Nesvizh 71 The radiological accident in Goiânia 67, 71 The radiological accident in San Salvador 67, 71 The radiological accident in Soreq 53, 67, 71 The radiological accident in Tammiku 67, 72 The radiological accident in the reprocessing plant at Tomsk 67, 72 The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Executive summary 64, 129 The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Main report 64, 129 The radiological situation at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa: Summary report 64, 130 The role of probabilistic safety assessment and probabilistic safety criteria in nuclear power plant safety 50, 78 The safe management of sources of radiation: Principles and stragegies 53 The safety of nuclear installations: A safety fundamental 50 The safety of nuclear power 50 The safety of nuclear power: Strategy for the future 50 The use of plane parallel ionization chambers in high energy electron and photon beams — An international code of practice for dosimetry 2 Thesaurus del sistema internacional de documentación nuclear INIS 120 Tomography in nuclear medicine 1 Topical issues in nuclear radiation and radioactive waste safety 26 Towards livestock disease diagnosis and control in the 21st century 10 Treatment, conditioning and disposal of iodine-129 108 Treatment of alpha bearing wastes 108 Treatment of external hazards in probabilistic safety assessment for nuclear power plants 44, 78 Treatment of internal fires in probabilistic safety assessment for nuclear power plants 50 Treatment of off-gas from radioactive waste incinerators 109

U Ultimate heat sink and directly associated heat transport systems for nuclear power plants: A safety guide 38 Uranium deposits in Asia and the Pacific: Geology and exploration 21 Uranium deposits in magmatic and metamorphic rocks 21 Uranium extraction technology 21, 95

177 KEYWORD INDEX

Use of irradiation as a quarantine treatment of food and agricultural commodities 5 Use of irradiation to control infectivity of food-borne parasites 5, 6 Use of probabilistic safety assessment for operational safety PSA ‘91 51, 78

V Verification and validation of software related to nuclear power plant instrumentation and control 89

W World distribution of uranium deposits 21 World survey of activities in controlled fusion research — 1997 edition 112

X X-ray and neutron techniques for the coal industry/Gamma, 24

Y Yokahama, special issue Nos. 1, 2, 3/Nuclear fusion —112

178