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Pulse Diseases and Root Rots Pulse Diseases and Root Rots Sabine Banniza, Pulse Crop Pathologist, CDC, University of Saskatchewan 2/9/2015 1 Disease indicator for 2014 - Fusarium in wheat 2014 First report on seed-borne pathogens Crop Pathogen % of 0 Mean % values infection Field pea Ascochyta 3 7 Chickpea Ascochyta 50 0.85 Lentil Ascochyta 99 0.002 Samples received at the Saskatchewan Agriculture Crop Protection Lab (Regina) 2014 Crop Samples with root rot Pea 53% (n = 75) Lentil 57% (n = 53) Faba bean 20% (n = 10) n = all samples incl. herbicide and environmental damage Root rot pathogens • Root rots usually caused by a combination of species root rot complex • Soil samples analyzed to date always revealed • Fusarium spp. • in many cases Aphanomyces euteiches • sometimes Rhizoctonia and Pythium Root rot pathogens •Species with a wider host range •True fungi • Fusarium spp. (e.g. solani, • Fusarium spp. avenaceum, acuminatum, • graminearum) Rhizoctonia solani • Rhizoctonia solani •Fungus-like organisms • Pythium spp. • Pythium spp. •Relatively host-specific species: • Aphanomyces euteiches • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi or f. sp. lentis • Aphanomyces euteiches Seed treatments • Not all seed treatments are effective against all organisms • Check the label • Protection for approximately 3 weeks • Protection of the seed, not an extended root system • No seed treatment against Aphanomyces Fusarium Photo courtesy of Dr. B. Gossen, Photo courtesy of F. Dokken-Bouchard, SMA AAFC Saskatoon Aphanomyces infected vs healthy roots Photo courtesy of C. Armstrong-Cho Normal watering conditions Aphanomyces euteiches • First confirmed report in SK in 2012 • 2014 widespread identification in soil and plant roots across SK • Has likely been present for a long time • Recently conducive conditions for build of pathogen Data from CDC, Discovery Seed & SK Agric. Crop Protection Labs Diagnosis Lab Location Web address Discovery Seed Lab Saskatoon www.seedtesting.com BDS Labs Qu’Appelle www.bdslabs.com 20/20 Seed Labs Nisku www.2020seedlabs.ca Crop Protection Lab Regina www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/Crop_Prot ection_Lab Tests available for roots and/or soil: – Microscopy – Baiting soil with a susceptible plant species – Molecular testing of plant and soil samples Individual labs may differ in testing methods and sample requirements. Please check with lab prior to sending samples Weather patterns 20112010 2012 20142013 Aphanomyces euteiches • Belongs to the ‘water moulds’ like Pythium • Survival of oospores in the soil without a host for up to 20 years • Is mobile (zoospores) and can move with the water • No chemical controls to date Effect of water-logging on aphanomyces root rot severity Normal watering Water-logged Non sterile vs sterile field soil Non sterile vs sterile field soil Undergraduate student thesis project 2013: Matthew Tetreault Symptoms • Symptoms in patches where peas show —stunting —yellowing —poor root growth —little nodulation —browning of root area Photo courtesy of S. Phelps, SPG Photos courtesy of S. Phelps, SPG Contributing factors to root rot increase Reduces risk Increases risk Dry, well- drained soils Wet, water - logged soils No soil compaction Soil compaction Diverse, long rotations Tight rotations Balanced nutrient supplies Nutrient deficiencies including spring N Rotation • Generally 4-year rotations • In case of Aphanomyces 6- to 8-year rotations away from pea and lentil • Some scientific evidence that a brassica species or oat before a susceptible pulse crop may reduce Aphanomyces root rot Photo courtesy of S. Phelps, SPG Herbicide Impact? • Field edges are better → better drainage, less compaction • Symptoms after herbicide application → cumulative effect of herbicide and root rot stress? • Crop is better around power poles → less traffic and compaction Photos courtesy of S. Phelps, SPG No evidence for root rots to be directly promoted by herbicides Additional stress can add to already stressed plants Crop selection • All pulse crops susceptible to Fusarium, Pythium, Rhizoctonia • Lentil and pea are also susceptible to aphanomyces root rot • Soybean, fababean and chickpeas have good partial resistance to aphanomyces root rot Varietal differences in resistance: Lentil 5 4.5 4 5) - 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 Disease severity Disease severity (0 1 0.5 0 Alternative pulse crop: Faba bean Faba pulsecrop: Alternative Severity (%) or root discolouration 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 0 development? • regions wetter peain to alternative • bean faba • Potential Potential in Good resistance 186-4 Market 1865-11 219-16 233-1 247-13 346-10 406-2 510-9 512-11 528-31 551-4 708-1 Blitz/Br 95 CDCFrontier CDCMeadow Fabelle FB9-4 Florent Imposa Snowbird Snowdrop SSNS- 1 Tabassco Taboar Vertigo Resistance in pea to Aphanomyces root rot 100 • Extensive screening in France and Dr. Sabine Banniza, CDC 90 USA 80 • USDA lines received by CDC 70 (shown here) 60 50 • French lines currently not 40 available until released to their 30 20 farmers first (%) severity symptom Root 10 0 Strategies for 2015 • Rotation: 4-6 year pea/lentil rotations • Field selection: lighter, good drainage • Soil fertility: 15 lbs/acre available N • Seed quality: high germ & quality • Seed treatments More Root Rot Information www.saskpulse.com http://www.saskpulse.com/uploads/content/141119_Root_Rot_Brochure_web.pdf Alternative pulse crops: Chickpea • Good partial resistance to aphanomyces root rot • Suitable for the brown and dark brown soil zone • Ascochyta blight ‒ Requires early fungicide application www.saskpulse.com www.agr.gov.sk.ca/chickpea-ascochyta Alternative pulse crops: Faba bean • Tolerant to wet soils and aphanomyces • Foliar diseases: — Ascochyta blight — Chocolate spot (Botrytis) — Anthracnose http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/crops/Faba_Bean Alternative pulse crops: Soybean • Good tolerance to wet conditions • Markets well developed • Warm season crop www.agriculture.gov.sk.c a Forecast for 2015: Western Producer January 29 A successful 2015! CROP DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada .
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