Development of New Genome-Informed Genotyping Tools for Aphanomyces Astaci
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DNA-Based Methods for Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation
DNA-based methods for freshwater biodiversity conservation - Phylogeographic analysis of noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) and new insights into the distribution of crayfish plague DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Fachbereich 7: Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften der Universität Koblenz-Landau Campus Landau vorgelegt am 16. Januar 2013 von Anne Schrimpf geboren am 21. September 1984 in Frankfurt am Main Referent: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Klaus Schwenk - This thesis is dedicated to my grandparents - Content CONTENT CONTENT ............................................................................................................... 5 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ 8 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ........................................................................................ 10 ABBEREVIATIONS .............................................................................................. 13 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 15 Conservation of biological diversity ........................................................................ 15 The freshwater crayfish ............................................................................................ 17 General ............................................................................................................... 17 The noble crayfish (Astacus astacus) ................................................................ -
Estimating the Threat Posed by the Crayfish Plague Agent
Estimating the threat posed by the crayfish plague agent Aphanomyces astaci to crayfish species of Europe and North America — Introduction pathways, distribution and genetic diversity by Jörn Panteleit from Aachen, Germany Accepted Dissertation thesis for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Doctor of Natural Sciences Fachbereich 7: Natur- und Umweltwissenschaften Universität Koblenz-Landau Thesis examiners: Prof. Dr. Ralf Schulz, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany Dr. Japo Jussila, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Suomi-Finland Date of oral examination: January 17th, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 3 2. ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Zusammenfassung ......................................................................................................................... 5 3. ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. 6 4. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 7 4.1 Invasive species ............................................................................................................................. 7 4.2 Freshwater crayfish in Europe ...................................................................................................... -
Astacus Leptodactylus) in the Aras Reservoir
A study on the bacterial infections of freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) in the Aras reservoir Item Type monograph Authors Yahyazadeh, Mir Yousef; Soltani, M.; Sharif Rohani, M.; Afsharnasab, M.; Zorrieh Zahra, M.E.J.; Shiri, S.; Kakoolaki, S.; Alizadeh, Zh.; Shirvalilo, M.; Tukmachi, A.; Javidi, R. Publisher Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute Download date 29/09/2021 00:25:57 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/39993 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر – ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آرﺗﻤﻴﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺎه ﻣﻴﮕﻮي ﺳﺪ ارس ﻣﺠﺮي: ﻣﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ زاده ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ 47478 وزارت ﺟﻬﺎد ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﭻ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر- ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت آرﺗﻤﻴﺎي ﻛﺸﻮر ﻋﻨﻮان ﭘﺮوژه : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺎه ﻣﻴﮕﻮي ﺳﺪ ارس ﺷﻤﺎره ﻣﺼﻮب ﭘﺮوژه : 91170 4-79-12- ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه/ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪﮔﺎن : ﻣﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ زاده ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل ( اﺧﺘﺼﺎص ﺑﻪ ﭘﺮوژه ﻫﺎ و ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎي ﻣﻠﻲ و ﻣﺸﺘﺮك دارد ) : ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺠﺮي / ﻣﺠﺮﻳﺎن : ﻣﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ زاده ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻫﻤﻜﺎر(ان) : ﻣﻬﺪي ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ ، ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻒ روﺣﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺻﺎﺑﺮ ﺷﻴﺮي ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻓﺸﺎرﻧﺴﺐ ، ﺳﻴﺪﺟﻠﻴﻞ ذرﻳﻪ زﻫﺮا ، ژاﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﺰاده اوﺻﺎﻟﻮ ، ﺷﺎﭘﻮر ﻛﺎﻛﻮﻟﻜﻲ، اﻣﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻤﻪ ﭼﻲ، ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺷﻴﺮ وﻟﻴﻠﻮ ، رﺿﺎ ﺟﺎوﻳﺪي ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻣﺸﺎور(ان) : - ﻧﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ(ان) : - ﻣﺤﻞ اﺟﺮا : اﺳﺘﺎن آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ ﺷﺮوع : 91/7/1 ﻣﺪت اﺟﺮا : 2 ﺳﺎل ﻧﺎﺷﺮ : ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺷﻴﻼﺗﻲ ﻛﺸﻮر ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر : ﺳﺎل1395 ﺣﻖ ﭼﺎپ ﺑﺮاي ﻣﺆﻟﻒ ﻣﺤﻔﻮظ اﺳﺖ . ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ، ﺗﺼﺎوﻳﺮ ، ﺟﺪاول ، ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻫﺎ و ﻧﻤﻮدارﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ذﻛﺮ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺑﻼﻣﺎﻧﻊ اﺳﺖ . « ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﻃﺮح ﻳﺎ ﭘﺮوژه و ﻣﺠﺮي ﻣﺴﺌﻮل / ﻣﺠﺮي» ﭘﺮوژه : ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺎه ﻣﻴﮕﻮي ﺳﺪ ارس ﻛﺪ ﻣﺼﻮب : -91170 12- 79-4 79-4 ﺷﻤﺎره ﺛﺒﺖ (ﻓﺮوﺳﺖ) : 47478 ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ : /14/5 94 ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ اﺟﺮاﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﺎب آﻗﺎي ﻣﻴﺮ ﻳﻮﺳﻒ ﻳﺤﻴﻲ زاده داراي ﻣﺪرك ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻲ دﻛﺘﺮي در رﺷﺘﻪ داﻣﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. -
Crayfish News Volume 32 Issue 1-2: Page 1
June 2010 Volume 32, Issue 1-2 ISSN: 1023-8174 (print), 2150-9239 (online) The Official Newsletter of the International Association of Astacology Inside this issue: Cover Story 1 Searching for Crayfish in the President’s Corner 2 River Bug, Ukraine Info About IAA18 3 Future Directions 4 Symposium Info Short Articles 6 Male Form 6 Alternation in Spinycheek Crayfish, Orconectes limosus, at Cessy (East-central France): The Discovery of Anomalous Form Males IAA Related News 10 News Items From 11 Around the World Meeting 13 Announcements Literature of 16 Interest to Astacologists Figure 1. Astacus leptodactylus from the River Bug, Ukraine. comparison with other species, information n official opportunity for the author on A. pachypus is very limited (Souty-Grosset A to travel to the Ukraine was the 2nd et al., 2006). Since no specimens were meeting of the signatories to the available to be photographed for the “Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on identification guide of crayfish species in the Conservation and Management of the Europe (Pöckl et al., 2006), only a sketch was middle European population of the Great presented. Bustard (Otis tarda)” under the “Convention Feodosia, located on the Crimean of Migratory Species of Wild Animals” (CMS th Peninsula, is not easily reached by airplane, or Bonn Convention) from November 8-12 with the nearest airport being in Simferopol. 2008. There are no direct flights to this region from The author has always dreamed of most European capitals, with connecting visiting the Ukraine in order to collect flights running through Kiev, Moscow or specimens of the thick-clawed crayfish, Istanbul. -
Published Version
PUBLISHED VERSION Rays H. Y. Jiang ... Vincent Bulone ... et al. Distinctive expansion of potential virulence genes in the genome of the oomycete fish pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica PLoS Genetics, 2013; 9(6):e1003272-1-e1003272-20 © 2013 Jiang et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Originally published at: http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1003272 PERMISSIONS http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ http://hdl.handle.net/2440/97179 Distinctive Expansion of Potential Virulence Genes in the Genome of the Oomycete Fish Pathogen Saprolegnia parasitica Rays H. Y. Jiang1., Irene de Bruijn2¤a., Brian J. Haas1., Rodrigo Belmonte2,3,LarsLo¨ bach2, James Christie2,3, Guido van den Ackerveken4, Arnaud Bottin5, Vincent Bulone6, Sara M. Dı´az-Moreno6, Bernard Dumas5, Lin Fan1, Elodie Gaulin5, Francine Govers7,8, Laura J. Grenville-Briggs2,6, Neil R. Horner2, Joshua Z. Levin1, Marco Mammella9, Harold J. G. Meijer7, Paul Morris10, Chad Nusbaum1, Stan Oome4, Andrew J. Phillips2, David van Rooyen2, Elzbieta Rzeszutek6, Marcia Saraiva2, Chris J. Secombes3, Michael F. Seidl8,11, Berend Snel8,11, Joost H. M. Stassen4, Sean Sykes1, Sucheta Tripathy12, Herbert van den Berg2, Julio C. Vega-Arreguin13, Stephan Wawra2, Sarah K. Young1, Qiandong Zeng1, Javier Dieguez- Uribeondo14, Carsten Russ1", Brett M. Tyler12¤b", Pieter van West2*" 1 Broad Institute -
THE DISTRIBUTION of NATIVE and INTRODUCED SPECIES of CRAYFISH in AUSTRIA MANFRED POCKL (Dr M. Pockl, Department of Limnology, In
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Aquatic Commons 4 MANFRED POCKL THE DISTRIBUTION OF NATIVE AND INTRODUCED SPECIES OF CRAYFISH IN AUSTRIA MANFRED POCKL (Dr M. Pockl, Department of Limnology, Institute of Zoology, University of Vienna, and State Government of Lower Austria, Experts for the Conservation of Nature, Landhausplatz 1, A-3109 St Pölten, Austria.) Introduction Crayfish are the largest invertebrates found in European freshwaters north of the Mediterannean region, where river-crabs (Potamon) also occur. Some crayfish attain body lengths greater than 25 cm and exceed 350 g in weight. These decapod crustaceans are omnivores, feeding on a wide variety of small invertebrates, fish, algae and higher aquatic plants, including some riparian vegetation. They also scavenge on dead and dying plants and animals. However, their quantitative role in the trophic economy of streams and lakes is not well understood, especially in relation to population biomass and potential competition with fish. Like the latter, however, crayfish have long been prized by man as a source of food, and in parts of Europe some species have been exploited commercially for many centuries. The most notable of these is the fishery based on the red-clawed or noble crayfish Astacus astacus, which was decimated by the lethal plague fungus Aphanomyces astaci in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Importations of relatively large species from North America, which are resistant to the fungus but can act as carriers, has led to concerns for the continued existence and conservation of native European species, several of which are now listed as endangered species. -
Host-Pathogen Interactions in Root Infecting Oomycete Species
Host-Pathogen Interactions in Root Infecting Oomycete Species Sara Hadji Mollahossein Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Uppsala Doctoral Thesis Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala 2015 Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae 2015:9 Cover: Pea plant infected with Phytophthora pisi (left), control plant (right). Sporangia releasing zoospores (left) and oospores (right) in infected root tissue. (Photo: Sara Hosseini) ISSN 1652-6880 ISBN (print version) 978-91-576-8216-1 ISBN (electronic version) 978-91-576-8217-8 © 2015 Sara Hadji Mollahossein, Uppsala Print: SLU Service/Repro, Uppsala 2015 Host-Pathogen Interactions in Root Infecting Oomycete Species Abstract The oomycetes include some of the most devastating pathogens on both cultivated crops and wild plants. In the genus Phytophthora some closely related species have a broad host range, while others are very host specific. The aim of this project was to gain an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the differentiation of a subgroup of root-infecting Phytophthora species and to gain knowledge about the plant immune responses triggered by distantly related oomycetes that adapted to the same legume host. We investigated the zoospore chemotaxis of legume-root infecting Phytophthora species to different isoflavonoid compounds and explored a possible connection to host preference. Our results showed that specific chemotaxis towards host isoflavones is of limited importance in Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora vignae, while, specific chemotaxis of Phytophthora pisi and Phytophthora niederhauserii indicated an adaptation to their pathogenicity on the host and lack of pathogenicity on non-host plants. The comparative proteomic study of P. pisi and P. -
Arrival of Non-Indigenous Crayfish Species
Knowl. Manag. Aquat. Ecosyst. 2016, 417, 37 Knowledge & © G. Kotovska et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2016 Management of Aquatic DOI: 10.1051/kmae/2016024 Ecosystems www.kmae-journal.org Journal fully supported by Onema RESEARCH PAPER East European crayfish stocks at risk: arrival of non-indigenous crayfish species Ganna Kotovska1, Dmytro Khrystenko1,2,*,Jiří Patoka3,a and Antonín Kouba4,a 1 Institute of Fisheries of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Obuhivska 135, Kyiv 03164, Ukraine 2 Cornell University, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, International Programs, B75 Mann Library, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA 3 Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Kamycká 129, Prague 6–Suchdol 165 21, Czech Republic 4 University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátisí 728/II, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic Abstract – An increasing number of non-indigenous crayfish species (NICS) of apparently pet trade origin have become established particularly in Europe. Especially alarming are recent confirmation of two distantly separated marbled crayfish Procambarus fallax f. virginalis populations in Ukraine and indications of more North American cambarids present in the local pet market. The present study aimed to investigate crayfish species availability within the Ukrainian pet trade together with the climate match and risk they represent to the freshwater ecosystems generally and indigenous crayfish species in particular. Altogether, 15 NICS belonging to all three crayfish families were detected. Considering their origin, availability, probability of establishment, invasiveness and further aspects, marbled crayfish and red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii appear to be potentially the most troubling. -
Genetic Mapping of Resistance to Aphanomyces Root Rot in Alfalfa *E
Genetic mapping of resistance to Aphanomyces root rot in alfalfa15 Samac, D.A.*, Dornbusch, M. R., Bucciarelli, B., Miller, S. S. and Yu, L.-X. USDA-Agricultural Research Service *e-mail: [email protected] KEYWORDS: Aphanomyces euteiches, genotyping by sequencing, NBS-LRR resistance genes Aphanomyces root rot (ARR), caused by the oomycete Aphanomyces euteiches, is one of the most important yield-limiting factors in production of legumes. In Europe, it is the main limiting factor for pea production while in the United States it is one of the most important diseases of alfalfa and pea (Gaulin et al., 2007). The disease causes stunting and death of alfalfa seedlings with complete stand loss occurring in wet and poorly drained soils. Non-lethal damage to seedling roots reduces forage yields and winter survival. The pathogen can infect adult plants during wet periods to cause loss of feeder roots and root nodules, reducing nitrogen fixation, forage yield, and stand life. Varieties with resistance to ARR became widely available in the 1990s; however, failure of resistant varieties identified a second race of the pathogen. Recent reports of failure of varieties with resistance to both race 1 and race 2 suggest that additional pathogenic races are present in alfalfa production fields. The goals of this research were to: (i) determine the prevalence of race 1 and race 2 strains in Minnesota and New York; (ii) identify novel strains of the pathogen; (iii) characterize the race-specific resistance to Aphanomyces root rot; and (iv) map resistance genes in order to facilitate breeding for resistance and to clarify race/resistance gene relationships. -
Root Rots in Pulses
CROP DEVELOPMENT CENTRE Root Rots in Pulses Michelle Hubbard, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current Research Scientist, Pulse Pathology Co-authors: Sabine Banniza, Zakir Hossain, Sherrilyn Phelps, Syama Chatterton, Luke Bainard & Barb Ziesman What is root rot? Caused by micro-organisms Range of pathogens • Fusarium species • Pythium species • Rhizoctonia solani • Aphanomyces euteiches Pea and lentil do not like wet feet High soil moisture can cause • ↓ root and shoot growth • yellowing • ↓ nodulation Stressed plants are more susceptible to infection Normal soil Water- moisture saturated Peas in sterile field soil Root rot is a complex Fusarium species Pythium species Rhizoctonia solani Aphanomyces euteiches And it is complicated! Wider host range True fungi • Fusarium spp. (e.g. solani, • Fusarium spp. avenaceum, acuminatum, graminearum) • Rhizoctonia solani • Rhizoctonia solani • Pythium spp. Fungus-like organisms (oomycetes) Attack only specific plants: • Pythium spp. • Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi, f.sp. ciceris or f. sp. • Aphanomyces lentis, F. virgulifome euteiches • Aphanomyces euteiches • Phytophthora spp. • Phytophthora spp Fusarium Courtesy of S. Chatterton, AAFC Infects many different plants Courtesy of F. Dokken-Bouchard, SMA Aphanomyces Oospores Infects pea and lentil Oospores = resting spores • More vulnerable after they germinate Zoospores: can swim short distances Courtesy of S. Chatterton, AAFC Courtesy of F. Dokken-Bouchard, SMA Aphanomyces Oospores EveryInfects time pea aand plant lentil gets infected,Oospores -
Meeting Program
Oomycete Molecular Genetics Network Meeting March 10 to March 12 2013 Asilomar Conference Grounds Pacific Grove, CA Oomycete Molecular Genetics Network Meeting March 10 to March 12, 2013 Asilomar Conference Grounds Pacific Grove, CA The Oomycete Molecular Genetics Research Network was initially funded by an NSF Research Coordination Network grant in 2001. The purpose of our annual meeting is to promote communication and collaboration, and minimize duplication of effort within the worldwide Oomycete molecular genetics community. The oomycete molecular genetics community now numbers well over one hundred labs from across the world, and papers on oomycetes attract a readership that goes well beyond the community itself. The Oomycete Molecular Genetics Conference alternates between USA and Eurasia, and returns this year to Asilomar, California. This year’s meeting will cover some of the latest research on Effector Biology, Genomics and Oomycete evolution and population biology. With over 100 attendees expected, this meeting represents the largest network meeting held in the US. Committee Chairs John McDowell Mark Gijzen Associate Professor Research Scientist Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science Agriculture and Agri-food Canada Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 London ON, Canada NSV4T3 Meeting Logistics Facilities Coordinator Joel Shuman Paul Morris Project Manager Professor, Biological Sciences Plant Pathology, Physiology and Weed Science Bowling Green State University Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061 Bowling Green, OH 43403 Cover: Confocal image of GFP-expressing Phytophthora sojae at 12h after inoculation of soybean hypocotyls. Image courtesy of Kai-Tao from the lab of Yuanchao Wang, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. Meeting Sponsors This meeting is supported in part by NSF grant MCB-0639226 to Brett Tyler OMGN 2013 Program Location: Talks will be held at Kiln on Sunday Morning and at Fred Farr for all other sessions. -
THE UNIVERSITY of HULL the Behavioural Function Of
THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL The behavioural function of pheromones in crayfish being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Fiona Catherine Berry (MRes University of York; BSc University of St Andrews) September 2008 Contents Acknowledgements 1 Abstract 2 Chapter 1 - Introduction 3 t.l Biological communication 4 1.1.2 Chemical communication 4 1.1.3 Aquatic chemical signalling 6 1.1.4 Aquatic chemical signalling - crustaceans 7 1.2 The chemical nature of pheromones 9 1.2.1 Pheromone identification 9 1.2.2 Bioassay development 10 1.2.3 Chemical analysis 11 1.3 The use of pheromones to control invasive species 11 1.4 Biological and ecology of crayfish (The Astacoidea) 12 1.4.1 Morphology and growth 13 1.4.2 Life history strategies 14 1.4.3 Crayfish in the UK and Europe 15 1.4.3.1 White-clawed crayfish in the UK 16 1.4.3.2 Non-indigenous crayfish 17 1.4.4 Controlling invasive crayfish species 19 1.5 Current knowledge of the role of chemical communication in crayfish, in the context of behaviour 21 1.5.1 Inter-specific chemical communication 22 1.5.2 Reproduction 22 1.5.3 Mate choice 25 1.5.4 Agonism 26 1.6 Aims and Objectives 27 Chapter 2 - General methodology 31 2.1 Animal maintenance 32 2.1.1 Collection 32 2.1.2 Legislation and holding 32 2.2 Experimental procedures 33 2.2.1 Identification 33 2.2.2 Isolation 33 2.2.3 Blindfolding 34 2.2.4 General experimental protocols 34 2.2.5 Checking for receptivity 34 2.2.6 Urine visualisation 35 2.2.7 Urine sampling technique 36 2.2.8 Conditioned water 36