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The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes
1 The Siege of Fort Beauséjour by Chris M. Hand Notes Early Conflict in Nova Scotia 1604-1749. By the end of the 1600’s the area was decidedly French. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht After nearly 25 years of continuous war, France ceded Acadia to Britain. French and English disagreed over what actually made up Acadia. The British claimed all of Acadia, the current province of New Brunswick and parts of the current state of Maine. The French conceded Nova Scotia proper but refused to concede what is now New Brunswick and northern Maine, as well as modern Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. They also chose to limit British ownership along the Chignecto Isthmus and also harboured ambitions to win back the peninsula and most of the Acadian settlers who, after 1713, became subjects of the British Crown. The defacto frontier lay along the Chignecto Isthmus which separates the Bay of Fundy from the Northumberland Strait on the north. Without the Isthmus and the river system to the west, France’s greatest colony along the St. Lawrence River would be completely cut off from November to April. Chignecto was the halfway house between Quebec and Louisbourg. 1721 Paul Mascarene, British governor of Nova Scotia, suggested that a small fort could be built on the neck with a garrison of 150 men. a) one atthe ridge of land at the Acadian town of Beaubassin (now Fort Lawrence) or b) one more west on the more prominent Beauséjour ridge. This never happened because British were busy fighting Mi’kmaq who were incited and abetted by the French. -
The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18Th Century Nova Scotia*
GEOFFREY PLANK The Two Majors Cope: The Boundaries of Nationality in Mid-18th Century Nova Scotia* THE 1750S BEGAN OMINOUSLY IN Nova Scotia. In the spring of 1750 a company of French soldiers constructed a fort in a disputed border region on the northern side of the isthmus of Chignecto. The British built a semi-permanent camp only a few hundred yards away. The two armies faced each other nervously, close enough to smell each other's food. In 1754 a similar situation near the Ohio River led to an imperial war. But the empires were not yet ready for war in 1750, and the stand-off at Chignecto lasted five years. i In the early months of the crisis an incident occurred which illustrates many of *' the problems I want to discuss in this essay. On an autumn day in 1750, someone (the identity of this person remains in dispute) approached the British fort waving a white flag. The person wore a powdered wig and the uniform of a French officer. He carried a sword in a sheath by his side. Captain Edward Howe, the commander of the British garrison, responded to the white flag as an invitation to negotiations and went out to greet the man. Then someone, either the man with the flag or a person behind him, shot and killed Captain Howe. According to three near-contemporary accounts of these events, the man in the officer's uniform was not a Frenchman but a Micmac warrior in disguise. He put on the powdered wig and uniform in order to lure Howe out of his fort. -
A Comparative Study of French-Canadian and Mexican-American Contemporary Poetry
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF FRENCH-CANADIAN AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN CONTEMPORARY POETRY by RODERICK JAMES MACINTOSH, B.A., M.A. A DISSERTATION IN SPANISH Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OP PHILOSOPHY Approved Accepted May, 1981 /V<9/J^ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am T«ry grateful to Dr. Edmundo Garcia-Giron for his direction of this dissertation and to the other mem bers of my committee, Dr. Norwood Andrews, Dr. Alfred Cismaru, Dr. Aldo Finco and Dr. Faye L. Bianpass, for their helpful criticism and advice. 11 ' V^-^'s;-^' CONTENTS ACKNOWI£DGMENTS n I. k BRIEF HISTORY OF QUE3EC 1 II• A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS ^9 III. A LITERARY HISTORY OF QUEBEC 109 IV. A BRIEF OUTLINE OF ^MEXICAN LITERATURE 164 7» A LITERARY HISTORY OF HffiXICAN-AT/lERICANS 190 ' VI. A COMPARATIVE LOOK AT CANADZkll FRENCH AND MEXICAN-AMERICAN SPANISH 228 VII- CONTEMPORARY PRSNCK-CANADIAN POETRY 2^7 VIII. CONTEMPORARY TffiCICAN-AMERICAN POETRY 26? NOTES 330 BIBLIOGRAPHY 356 111 A BRIEF HISTORY OF QUEBEC In 153^ Jacques Cartier landed on the Gaspe Penin sula and established French sovereignty in North America. Nevertheless, the French did not take effective control of their foothold on this continent until 7^ years later when Samuel de Champlain founded the settlement of Quebec in 1608, at the foot of Cape Diamond on the St. Laurence River. At first, the settlement was conceived of as a trading post for the lucrative fur trade, but two difficul ties soon becam,e apparent—problems that have plagued French Canada to the present day—the difficulty of comirunication across trackless forests and m.ountainous terrain and the rigors of the Great Canadian Winter. -
Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters
Methodism Among Nova Scotia's Yankee Planters Allen B. Robertson Queen's University During the 1770s two revivalist evangelical sects gained a following in Nova Scotia; one, Newlight Congregationalism — with both Predestinar- ian and Free Will variants — grew out of the religious and social heritage of the colony's dominant populace, the New England Planters. The other sect, Wesleyan Methodism, took root among transplanted Yorkshiremen who moved between 1772 and 1776 to the Isthmus of Chignecto region where it was initially propagated among the faithful in local prayer groups. Ordained and lay preachers of both movements promoted a series of revivals in the province which drew an increasing number of followers into the evangelical fold.1 The first of these revivals was the Newlight- dominated Great Awakening of 1776-84. In general, Newlightism's greatest appeal was in the Planter townships even though it mutated by 1800 into a Baptist polity. Methodism, which had a fluctuating number of adherents among the visiting military forces at Halifax, had its stronghold in areas settled by British-born colonists, and increased in numbers with the successive waves of Loyalists coming to the province after 1783.2 Methodism was not confined, however, to segregated geographical areas of Nova Scotia. By the early nineteenth century, there were significant Methodist congregations composed primarily of Planters located throughout the Annapolis Valley and along the province's South Shore. Interesting questions are posed for historians when we consider why New Englanders and their descendants were attracted to what appeared to be essentially a foreign hierarchical religious-cultural movement which had broken from 1 Gordon Stewart and George Rawlyk, A People Highly Favoured of God: The Nova Scotia Yankees and the American Revolution (Toronto, 1972); J.M. -
Henry Clinton Papers, Volume Descriptions
Henry Clinton Papers William L. Clements Library Volume Descriptions The University of Michigan Finding Aid: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsead/umich-wcl-M-42cli?view=text Major Themes and Events in the Volumes of the Chronological Series of the Henry Clinton papers Volume 1 1736-1763 • Death of George Clinton and distribution of estate • Henry Clinton's property in North America • Clinton's account of his actions in Seven Years War including his wounding at the Battle of Friedberg Volume 2 1764-1766 • Dispersal of George Clinton estate • Mary Dunckerley's account of bearing Thomas Dunckerley, illegitimate child of King George II • Clinton promoted to colonel of 12th Regiment of Foot • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot Volume 3 January 1-July 23, 1767 • Clinton's marriage to Harriet Carter • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Clinton's property in North America Volume 4 August 14, 1767-[1767] • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Relations between British and Cherokee Indians • Death of Anne (Carle) Clinton and distribution of her estate Volume 5 January 3, 1768-[1768] • Matters concerning 12th Regiment of Foot • Clinton discusses military tactics • Finances of Mary (Clinton) Willes, sister of Henry Clinton Volume 6 January 3, 1768-[1769] • Birth of Augusta Clinton • Henry Clinton's finances and property in North America Volume 7 January 9, 1770-[1771] • Matters concerning the 12th Regiment of Foot • Inventory of Clinton's possessions • William Henry Clinton born • Inspection of ports Volume 8 January 9, 1772-May -
A Retrospective on Archaeology at Fort William Henry, 1952-1993: Retelling the Tale of the Last of the Mohicans David R
Northeast Historical Archaeology Volume 20 Article 2 1991 A Retrospective on Archaeology at Fort William Henry, 1952-1993: Retelling the Tale of The Last of the Mohicans David R. Starbuck Follow this and additional works at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Starbuck, David R. (1991) "A Retrospective on Archaeology at Fort William Henry, 1952-1993: Retelling the Tale of The Last of the Mohicans," Northeast Historical Archaeology: Vol. 20 20, Article 2. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol20/iss1/2 Available at: http://orb.binghamton.edu/neha/vol20/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). It has been accepted for inclusion in Northeast Historical Archaeology by an authorized editor of The Open Repository @ Binghamton (The ORB). For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Retrospective on Archaeology at Fort William Henry, 1952-1993: Retelling the Tale of The Last of the Mohicans Cover Page Footnote I want to thank Paul Huey for impressing upon me the importance of studying older, unpublished, artifact collections. While it may appear more exciting to tackle "new" sites, we have a strong ethical obligation to make sure that older excavations are published, even when the original research was directed by others. I also wish to thank Mike Palumbo, Curator at Fort William Henry, for many stimulating conversations and for giving me access to photographs and artifacts from the 1950s excavation; and thanks go to the Fort William Henry Corporation for allowing me to reproduce archival photographs. -
Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick Border Region by George F
Birds of the Nova Scotia— New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Canadian Wildlife Service Environment Canada Environnement Canada Wildlife Service Service de la Faune Birds of the Nova Scotia - New Brunswick border region by George F. Boyer With addendum by A. J. Erskine and A. D. Smith Canadian Wildlife Service Occasional Paper Number 8 Second edition Issued under the authority of the Honourable Jack Davis, PC, MP Minister of the Environment John S. Tener, Director Canadian Wildlife Service 5 Information Canada, Ottawa, 1972 Catalogue No. CW69-1/8 First edition 1966 Design: Gottschalk-)-Ash Ltd. 4 George Boyer banding a barn swallow in June 1952. The author George Boyer was born in Woodstock, New Brunswick, on August 24, 1916. He graduated in Forestry from the University of New Brunswick in 1938 and served with the Canadian Army from 1939 to 1945. He joined the Canadian Wildlife Service in 1947, and worked out of the Sackville office until 1956. During that time he obtained an M.S. in zoology from the University of Illinois. He car ried on private research from April 1956 until July 1957, when he rejoined CWS. He worked out of Maple, Ontario, until his death, while on a field trip near Aultsville. While at Sackville, Mr. Boyer worked chiefly on waterfowl of the Nova Scotia-New Brunswick border region, with special emphasis on Pintails and Black Ducks. He also studied merganser- salmon interrelationships on the Miramichi River system, Woodcock, and the effects on bird popu lations of spruce budworm control spraying in the Upsalquitch area. -
The First Mormons of Western Maine 1830--1890
University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Winter 2010 Western Maine saints: The first Mormons of western Maine 1830--1890 Carole A. York University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation York, Carole A., "Western Maine saints: The first Mormons of western Maine 1830--1890" (2010). Master's Theses and Capstones. 140. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/140 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received 44 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI WESTERN MAINE SAINTS: THE FIRST MORMONS OF WESTERN MAINE 1830-1890 By CAROLE A. YORK BA, University of Redlands, 1963 MSSW, Columbia University, 1966 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History December, 2010 UMI Number: 1489969 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. -
An Assessment of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Availability in Constructed Wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada
An assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus availability in constructed wetlands in the Cumberland Marsh Region, Canada by Maxwell J. Turner Thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours in Geology Acadia University April, 2016 © Copyright by Maxwell J. Turner 2016 The thesis by Maxwell J. Turner is accepted in its present form by the Department of Earth and Environmental Science as satisfying the thesis requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours Approved by Thesis Supervisors _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Mark Mallory Date Approved by the Head of the Department _____________________________ ______________________________ Dr. Ian Spooner Date Approved by the Honours Committee ______________________________ _______________________________ Dr. Anna Redden Date ii I, Max Turner, grant permission to the University Librarian at Acadia University to reproduce, loan or distribute copies of my thesis in microform, paper or electronic formats on a non-profit basis. I, however, retain copyright in my thesis. ___________________________________ Maxwell Turner ___________________________________ Date iii Acknowledgements I would like to extend recognition to Acadia University and Ducks Unlimited Canada, whose funding and dedication to scientific research made this project possible. Nic McLellan of Ducks Unlimited provided both in-field help and a useful supply of regional knowledge. I would like to thank the entirety of the Department of Earth and Environmental Science for providing a supportive learning environment that allows one to feel comfortable, acknowledged, and feel the expectation for success; but a special thanks to Dr. Rob Raeside whose subtle acknowledgements truly made me feel that this was the department to which I belonged. -
The Duel for North America ---Cob--- 1608-1763
The Duel for North America ---Cob--- 1608-1763 A T ORCH LIGHTED IN T H E FORE STS O F AMERICA S ET A LL EUROP E IN CONFLAGRATION. VOLTAIRE, C. 1756 1\ s the seventeenth century neared its sunset, a titanic I\..struggle was shaping up for mastery of the North American continent. The contest involved three Old France Finds a Foothold in Canada World nations-England,* France, and Spain-and it unavoidably swept up Native American peoples as well. Like England and Holland, France was a latecomer in From 1688 to 1763, four bitter wars convulsed Europe. the scramble for New World real estate, and for basically All four of those conflicts were world wars. They the same reasons. It was convulsed during the 1500s by amounted to a death struggle for domination in Europe foreign wars and domestic strife, including the frightful as well as in the New World, and they were fought on the clashes between Roman Catholics and Protestant waters and soil of two hemispheres. Counting these first Huguenots. On St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572, over ten four clashes, nine world wars have been waged since thousand Huguenots-men, women, and children 1688. The American people, whether as British subjects were butchered in cold blood. · or as American citizens, proved unable to stay out of a A new era dawned in 1598 when the Edict of Nantes, single one of them. And one of those wars-known as issued by the crown, granted limited toleration to the Seven Years' War in Europe and sometimes as the French Protestants. -
Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas During the American Revolution Daniel S
The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Spring 5-11-2019 Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution Daniel S. Soucier University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Nature and Society Relations Commons, Other History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Soucier, Daniel S., "Navigating Wilderness and Borderland: Environment and Culture in the Northeastern Americas during the American Revolution" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2992. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/2992 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NAVIGATING WILDERNESS AND BORDERLAND: ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE IN THE NORTHEASTERN AMERICAS DURING THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION By Daniel S. Soucier B.A. University of Maine, 2011 M.A. University of Maine, 2013 C.A.S. University of Maine, 2016 A THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (in History) The Graduate School University of Maine May, 2019 Advisory Committee: Richard Judd, Professor Emeritus of History, Co-Adviser Liam Riordan, Professor of History, Co-Adviser Stephen Miller, Professor of History Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History Stephen Hornsby, Professor of Anthropology and Canadian Studies DISSERTATION ACCEPTANCE STATEMENT On behalf of the Graduate Committee for Daniel S. -
Three American Attempts to Conquer Canada
3 American attempts to conquer Canada (1775, 1812-14, 1866-71) Paul Desbiens 1 Motivation • During America’s first century, the U.S. and Canada were uneasy neighbors. Armed conflicts erupted periodically along the boundary line, which was a no-man’s land frequented by counterfeiters and smugglers • American anger toward Canada surged during the Civil War when it became a haven for draft dodgers, escaped prisoners of war and Confederate agents who plotted hostile covert operations—including raids on border towns and the firebombing of New York City • The three separate wars between the two countries forced four Canadian provinces to join forces in 1867 (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario) under the leadership of Canada’s first Prime Minister John A Macdonald and push back on their American aggressors • Important infrastructure projects were undertaken in light of possible invasion attempts 2 Motivation • Despite the great British victories against France during the 1755-1760 period, the American colonies were not very pleased with the high price paid for the conquest and subsequent taxation • Acclaimed as the first step towards independence, the Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 16, 1773. American Patriots strongly opposed the taxes and demonstrators destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company • Having to deal with increasing unrest in American colonies, the British proposed and signed the Act of Québec in 1774