DOCSLIB.ORG

Durham E-Theses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Durham E-Theses Durham E-Theses RISK VS. RISK TRADE-OFFS: PRESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKING AND THE EMERGENCE OF FOREIGN POLICY CRISES TRENTA, LUCA How to cite: TRENTA, LUCA (2014) RISK VS. RISK TRADE-OFFS: PRESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKING AND THE EMERGENCE OF FOREIGN POLICY CRISES, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10551/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 RISK VS. RISK TRADE-OFFS: PRESIDENTIAL DECISION-MAKING AND THE EMERGENCE OF FOREIGN POLICY CRISES LUCA TRENTA Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations School of Government & International Affairs University of Durham 2013 1 2 Abstract. With the radicalisation of the ‘War on Terror’ and the chaos following the 2003 Iraq War, the concept of ‘risk’ emerged as central to a wide-ranging set of claims about the extent and significance of the changed post-Cold War strategic environment and its impact on policy-making. International Relations (IR) scholars argued that ‘risk’ and ‘risk management’ defined foreign policy-making, with the US as the principal exemplar of such a change. The thesis explores the two, sociologically rooted, accounts of risk that underpin this literature – indebted to Ulrich Beck and Michel Foucault respectively – to identify the deeply contrasting and contradictory conceptualisations of risk they produce. Returning to some classic, and badly neglected, writing on risk and highlighting an alternative account originally developed by John Graham and Jonathan Wiener, the thesis establishes Presidential decision-making in foreign policy as a series of ‘risk versus risk trade-offs.’ This framework focuses on the ways in which risk operates simultaneously in different environments via concepts of ‘political risks’ focusing on the domestic environment and ‘strategic risks’ focusing on the international dimension. The concept of trade-off elucidates the ways in which actions aimed at countering a ‘target risk’ frequently produce ‘countervailing risks’ of their own. Using this approach, the thesis assesses the build-up to three crises in US foreign policy; two from the Cold War (the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Iran hostage crisis) and one from the post-Cold War period (the road to Srebrenica). The case studies, based on archival research and interviews, effectively challenge the claim that the end of the Cold War represented the onset of an era of foreign policy-making as risk management, by showing how the Kennedy and Carter administrations engaged in policy-making practices and processes that are not markedly dissimilar from Clinton’s. In addition, the case studies enrich the ‘risk literature’ and demonstrate how the analysis of crises can be advanced by understanding the moment of crisis as the culmination of a series of neglected ‘countervailing risks.’ More generally, the thesis points to the initial validity of an approach that can be applied to diverse issues in foreign policy-making. 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................. 14 1.1 MAIN ARGUMENT OF THE THESIS ...................................................................... 14 1.2 PLAN OF THE THESIS ........................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 2: RISK IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ........ 21 2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 21 2.2 RISK IN THE POST-COLD WAR WORLD: FROM SOCIOLOGY TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS .................................................................................... 22 2.2.1 The Power of Risk ............................................................................................................. 25 2.2.1.1 From Foucault’s ‘notion of risk’ to governmentality studies ........... 25 2.2.1.2 A ‘dispositif’ of precaution: risk and the War on Terror ................... 29 2.2.2 Welcome to the risk society: reflexive modernity and uncontrollable risks .................................................................................................................................................... 35 2.2.2.1 Beck’s Risk Society: the ageing of modernity ......................................... 35 2.2.2.2 The Risk Society goes to War ........................................................................ 39 2.2.3 The two scholarships reconsidered ........................................................................... 43 2.3 DECISION THEORY: RISK AND RISK-TAKING IN FOREIGN POLICY ................... 47 2.3.1 From Bernoulli to VertzberGer ................................................................................... 48 2.3.1.1 Bernoulli meets Allison’s Rational Actor Model .................................... 48 2.3.2.2 Prospect Theory’s reality check ................................................................... 50 2.3.2.3 Vertzberger’s ‘convergent synergism’ ....................................................... 54 2.4 AN INTERIM REPORT CARD ................................................................................ 56 CHAPTER 3: RE-CONCEPTUALISING RISK IN FOREIGN POLICY ........................................................................................... 58 3.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 58 3.2 RISK, UNCERTAINTY AND RISK MANAGEMENT: A FOREIGN POLICY PERSPECTIVE ............................................................................................................... 59 3.2.1 SchellinG’s uncertain competition in risk-takinG ................................................ 59 3.2.2 Neustadt’s ‘fire-fighter’ behaviour: risk manaGement and Presidential decision-makinG ................................................................................................. 62 3.2.3 Lamborn and GeorGe: risks and trade-offs ............................................................ 65 3.3 UNCERTAINTY, RISK, AND RISK MANAGEMENT: A NEW PERSPECTIVE .......... 68 3.3.1 Towards operational definitions ............................................................................... 68 5 3.3.1.1 Knight and Keynes: risk, uncertainty, and that ‘awkward fact’ ...... 69 3.3.1.2 Uncertainty, risk, and risk management: the risk management perspective ........................................................................................................................... 71 3.4 ESTABLISHING THE CONNECTION ..................................................................... 77 3.4.1 Presidential decision-makinG and ‘risk vs. risk trade-offs’ ............................. 77 3.5 COUNTERVAILING RISKS, UNCERTAINTY AND FOREIGN POLICY CRISES ........ 80 3.5.1 The crisis literature ......................................................................................................... 81 3.5.1.1 The heated debate: lost in definitions ....................................................... 81 3.5.1.2 The ‘explosion thesis’ and the origins of crisis ...................................... 85 3.5.2 The nature of crisis: enter risk and uncertainty ................................................. 87 3.6 RESEARCH HYPOTHESES ALONG THE COLD WAR/POST-COLD WAR DIVIDE .......................................................................................................................... 90 3.6.1 Towards the case studies ............................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY AND METHODS .................. 95 4.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 95 4.2 THE ‘WHY’ QUESTION ......................................................................................... 95 4.3 THE ‘WHAT’ QUESTION ....................................................................................... 97 4.3.1 Interpretation: a Game of Scrabble .......................................................................... 97 4.3.2 From interpretation to foreign policy decision-makinG ............................... 101 4.3.3 Interpretation, foreign policy decision-makinG and risk ............................. 104 4.3.4 Case studies: case studies as cases of somethinG ............................................. 107 4.3.5 Which case studies? And why? ................................................................................. 109 4.4 THE HOW QUESTION: INTERROGATING THE HISTORICAL RECORD. ........... 110 4.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 5: ‘I SHOULD HAVE SAID THAT WE DON’T CARE:’ THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION AND CUBA, 1961-1962 ................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • JULIAN ASSANGE: When Google Met Wikileaks
    JULIAN ASSANGE JULIAN +OR Books Email Images Behind Google’s image as the over-friendly giant of global tech when.google.met.wikileaks.org Nobody wants to acknowledge that Google has grown big and bad. But it has. Schmidt’s tenure as CEO saw Google integrate with the shadiest of US power structures as it expanded into a geographically invasive megacorporation... Google is watching you when.google.met.wikileaks.org As Google enlarges its industrial surveillance cone to cover the majority of the world’s / WikiLeaks population... Google was accepting NSA money to the tune of... WHEN GOOGLE MET WIKILEAKS GOOGLE WHEN When Google Met WikiLeaks Google spends more on Washington lobbying than leading military contractors when.google.met.wikileaks.org WikiLeaks Search I’m Feeling Evil Google entered the lobbying rankings above military aerospace giant Lockheed Martin, with a total of $18.2 million spent in 2012. Boeing and Northrop Grumman also came below the tech… Transcript of secret meeting between Julian Assange and Google’s Eric Schmidt... wikileaks.org/Transcript-Meeting-Assange-Schmidt.html Assange: We wouldn’t mind a leak from Google, which would be, I think, probably all the Patriot Act requests... Schmidt: Which would be [whispers] illegal... Assange: Tell your general counsel to argue... Eric Schmidt and the State Department-Google nexus when.google.met.wikileaks.org It was at this point that I realized that Eric Schmidt might not have been an emissary of Google alone... the delegation was one part Google, three parts US foreign-policy establishment... We called the State Department front desk and told them that Julian Assange wanted to have a conversation with Hillary Clinton...
    [Show full text]
  • "We Steal Secrets: the Story of Wikileaks"
    Annotated Transcript of "We Steal Secrets" by Alex Gibney 11/2/14, 11:43 PM "We Steal Secrets: The Story of Wikileaks" The annotated transcript 19:00 GMT, May 23, 2013 Click here for the introductory note Note: The title ("We Steal Secrets: The Story TITLES of WikiLeaks") is false. It directly implies that WikiLeaks steals secrets. In fact, the statement is made by former CIA/NSA The film begins with opening credits in faux-digital director Michael Hayden in relation to the typeface against a black screen. activities of US government spies, not in relation to WikiLeaks. This an irresponsible TEXT FOCUS WORLD PRESENTS libel. Not even critics in the film say that WikiLeaks steals secrets. A JIGSAW/GLOBAL PRODUCE PRODUCTION AN ALEX GIBNEY FILM The film cuts to orbital footage of the Earth from a satellite, with occasional visual static interference, overlayed with stock news footage and news chatter about the Galileo launch. STOCK Newsreader: ...Thursday's scheduled launch of the shuttle Atlantis with this payload of radioactive plutonium... http://wikileaks.org/IMG/html/gibney-transcript.html Page 1 of 238 Annotated Transcript of "We Steal Secrets" by Alex Gibney 11/2/14, 11:43 PM Newsreader: ...a legal challenge with NASA worried what's going on in court tomorrow to help the shuttle Atlantis and its Gallileo spacecraft escape by unique... The stock footage gradually takes over, depicting protests at the launch. Placards read "BAN PLUTONIUM IN SPACE" and "NO PLUTONIUM IN MY TOWN." Screen shows footage of Gallileo and Atlantis at the launchpad. Text overlay reads "October 1989".
    [Show full text]
  • Afghanistan Before the Invasions: the Subversion of Democracy in 1973
    Afghanistan before the Invasions: The Subversion of Democracy in 1973 Khalida Ramyar A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Graduate Program in Sociology York University Toronto, Ontario May 2015 © Khalida Ramyar, 2015 Abstract Using the Wikileaks PlusD Archive of US State Department cables from Kabul in 1973, this thesis presents an analysis of the politics of the Helmand Water Treaty between Afghanistan and Iran and the role of the US in Afghanistan's politics at the time. The analysis of the cables shows: a) that US policy was directed towards the promotion of neoliberalism in Afghanistan; b) that Afghanistan in 1973 was the site of a largely neglected struggle for democracy, and c) that the US, as well as the Afghan establishment, worked together to suppress this democratic struggle. These broader political dynamics are illustrated through a focus on the Helmand Water Treaty as discussed in the cables. ii Dedication For my love Justin, without whom nothing is possible, and for Cyrus, my little Halfghan, for whom I hope this narrative fills some of the gaps in the road to self-discovery. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank: My supervisors, Tania Das Gupta, and Michael Nijhawan, for giving me a lot of freedom and flexibility, for believing in the story, and for being endlessly helpful. The Graduate Program Director of Sociology when I entered the program, Kathy Bischoping, for giving my application a chance. My family, and especially Mom and Dad, for providing the inspiration to find the truth.
    [Show full text]
  • Nova Law Review Full Issue
    Nova Law Review Volume 39, Issue 3 2017 Article 1 Nova Law Review Full Issue Copyright c 2017 by the authors. Nova Law Review is produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press (bepress). https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nlr novalaw39n3_Layout 1 9/14/15 8:57 AM Page 1 et al.: Nova Law Review Full Issue Vol. 39 No. 3 39 No. Vol. NOVA LAW REVIEW Nova LAW Southeastern University NOVA NEW MEDIA AND OLD METAPHORS INTRODUCTION JON M. GARON RECLAIMING THE PROMISE OF FREE LOCAL BROADCASTING: SPECTRUM REALLOCATION AND PUBLIC INTEREST IN THE POST- AEREO AGE MICHAEL M. EPSTEIN COPYRIGHT AS CHARITY BRIAN L. FRYE SHIELDING ACTS OF JOURNALISM: OPEN LEAKS SITES, NATIONAL SECURITY, AND THE FREE FLOW OF INFORMATION JASON ZENOR CARE AND FEEDING OF PRIVACY POLICIES AND KEEPING THE BIG DATA MONSTER AT BAY: LEGAL CONCERNS IN HEALTHCARE IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS CHRISTINA SCELSI NOTES AND COMMENTS Pages 319-461 PETRELLA V. METRO-GOLDWYN-MAYER: A ‘STAIRWAY’ TO COUNTLESS COPYRIGHT CLAIMS DYLAN FULOP 2015 VOLUME 39 2015 NUMBER 3 Published by NSUWorks, 2017 1 Nova Law Review, Vol. 39, Iss. 3 [2017], Art. 1 https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nlr/vol39/iss3/1 2 et al.: Nova Law Review Full Issue NOVA LAW REVIEW VOLUME 39 SUMMER 2015 NUMBER 3 EXECUTIVE BOARD KYLE S. ROBERTS Editor-in-Chief WILLIAM F. MUELLER ELEN C. GANTNER Executive Editor Lead Articles Editor ALLISON L. CUCINOTTA Managing Technical Editor ARTICLES EDITORS CALLIE C. HANNAN BRITTANY N. HENDERSON KRISTA MARTI ELIZABETH S. MITCHELL ANDREW POLENBERG ASSOCIATE EDITORS MARISSA DUQUETTE AARON BALL Assistant Technical Editor Assistant Lead Articles Editor ALYSSA A.
    [Show full text]
  • Google & Wikileaks
    In June 2011, Julian Assange received an unusual visitor: the chairman of Google, Eric Schmidt, arrived from America at Ellingham Hall, the country residence in Norfolk, England where Assange was living under house arrest. For several hours the besieged leader of the world’s most famous insurgent publishing organization and the billionaire head of the world’s largest information empire locked horns. The two men debated the political problems faced by society, and the technological solutions engendered by the global network—from the Arab Spring to Bitcoin. They outlined radically opposing perspectives: for Assange, the liberating power of the Internet is based on its freedom and statelessness. For Schmidt, emancipation is at one with US foreign policy objectives and is driven by connecting non-Western countries to Western companies and markets. These differences embodied a tug-of-war over the Internet’s future that has only gathered force subsequently. When Google Met WikiLeaks presents the story of Assange and Schmidt’s encounter. Both fascinating and alarming, it contains an edited transcript of their conversation and extensive, new material, written by Assange specifically for this book, providing the best available summary of his vision for the future of the Internet. 2 3 © 2014 Julian Assange Published by OR Books, New York and London Visit our website at www.orbooks.com First printing 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher, except brief passages for review purposes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fifth Estate
    THE FIFTH ESTATE ** * OVER BLACK: A WHISPER OF VOICES, barely audible at first. Confessional, personal, people sharing SECRETS. WE FADE IN: EXT. GUARDIAN - LONDON, ENGLAND - NEAR MIDNIGHT A looming modern structure, steel and glass, home of... July 2010 The Guardian - London, England The whisper builds, pushing us into -- INT. GUARDIAN, BULLPEN - LONDON, ENGLAND - NEAR MIDNIGHT A low buzz, a hustle of activity, journalists swirling. REPORTER NICK DAVIES, 50s, handsome, hustles along with RUMPLED EDITOR ALAN RUSBRIDGER, 50s. Alan's on a blackberry. NICK DAVIES If we hold the shooting in Kabul we can keep it all to 14 pages. They pass ONE SHEETS tacked to the wall, we note the FRONT PAGE -- MASSIVE LEAK OF SECRET FILES EXPOSES TRUE AFGHAN WAR. ALAN RUSBRIDGER (off his blackberry) The Times wants to go. Alan glances over at Nick. Nick frowns. NICK DAVIES Let me talk to Rosenbach. INT. ANKE'S APARTMENT - BERLIN, GERMANY - NIGHT (SAME TIME) A quiet room. CLOSE ON a laptop screen, The Guardian website, no mention of the Afghan War Logs. The cursor moves, hits the REFRESH BUTTON. The screen refreshes. Nothing's changed. The cursor HITS the button again. The screen refreshes, again it's the same. As the cursor hits the button AGAIN -- EXT. POTSDAMER PLATZ - BERLIN, GERMANY - NIGHT (SAME TIME) A SMALL BUILDING overshadowed by an array of GRAND MODERNITY. Der Spiegel - Berlin, Germany A rumble of German voices take us into -- INT. DER SPIEGEL, STARK'S OFFICE - BERLIN - NIGHT (SAME TIME) A small office, ICONIC SPIEGEL COVERS on the walls. A BUTTONED UP EDITOR, STARK, 40s, stands over a PROGRAMMER working on the front page of SPIEGEL ONLINE.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikileaks 1 Wikileaks
    WikiLeaks 1 WikiLeaks Logo de WikiLeaks [1] URL Noms de domaine : www.wikileaks.nl [2] [3] www.wikileaks.ch [4] www.wikileaks.de [5] www.wikileaks.lu [6] www.wikileaks.org Adresses IP : [7] http:/ / 88. 80. 16. 63/ [8] Miroirs : [9] Liste officielle des miroirs Slogan (en) We open governments. Type de site Lanceur d'alerte Langue(s) Multilingue [10] Propriétaire Sunshine Press Prod . [11] Créé par Julian Assange Lancement décembre 2006 État actuel Actif WikiLeaks est une association à but non lucratif dont le site Web lanceur d'alerte, publie des documents ainsi que des analyses politiques et sociales. Sa raison d'être est de donner une audience aux fuites d'information[12], tout en protégeant ses sources. En novembre 2010, le site affirme que : « les principes généraux sur lesquels notre travail s'appuie sont la protection de la liberté d'expression et de sa diffusion par les médias, l'amélioration de notre histoire commune et le droit de chaque personne de créer l'histoire. Nous dérivons ces principes de la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme. En particulier, l'article 19[13] inspire le travail de nos journalistes et autres volontaires[14],[15]. » Les réactions que suscite WikiLeaks sont contrastées. La plupart de ses publications déclenchent de violentes polémiques et des intimidations au plus haut niveau (cf. infra). Le site a également dû faire face à des problèmes techniques et financiers (cf. infra) qui menacent son existence même[16]. Cependant, son action trouve aussi des défenseurs, y compris dans les pays francophones : le Parti pirate suédois qui, à l'été 2010, a proposé d'héberger WikiLeaks 2 gracieusement WikiLeaks[17] ; Reporters sans frontières qui, en décembre 2010, a dénoncé la censure infligée à WikiLeaks[18] ; La Quadrature du Net, citée par Julian Assange durant sa résidence surveillée en Angleterre[19], etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikileaks 10 Years Press Conference
    WikiLeaks 10 years Press Conference WikiLeaks.org/10years #wikiLeaks10 Index Page 1: Cover Sheet Page 2: Index Page 3: Running Order Page 4: The Top 10 Greatest Hits of WikiLeaks Page 5: WikiLeaks Top 10 Greatest Hits about Germany Page 7: Timeline of key WikiLeaks publications Page 9: Frequently Distorted Facts about WikiLeaks Page 12: Assange Related Press Contacts Running Order 10:00 Introduction by Sarah Harrison, WikiLeaks Journalist 10:10 10 year video 10:15 Sarah Harrison on history, propaganda attacks, lessons learnt 10:30 John Goetz, German based investigative journalist, and Stefania Maurizi, Investigative journalist for L'Espresso, Italy, on publication model and partnerships 10:40 Assassinate Assange video 10:43 Melinda Taylor, Lawyer for Julian Assange, on legal threats and status 10:55 UN Press Conference video 11:00 Julian Assange, Founder and Publisher of WikiLeaks 11:10 Questions from press 11:30 End The Top 10 Greatest Hits of WikiLeaks 10 Years – 10 Million Documents The Guantanamo Files exposed systematic and routine violations of the Geneva Conventions and abuse of 800 prisoners as young as 14 and as old as 89 at Guantanamo Bay. The Iraq and Afghanistan War Logs showed the true number of civilian deaths in Iraq and is the most detailed record of war to date. It detailed the abuse and torture of prisoners by police and military in full knowledge of coalition forces. The Minton Report detailed how Dutch multinational company Trafigura had dumped toxic waste in the Ivory Coast affecting 108,000 people. The report had been suppressed through a super injunction that the Guardian and the BBC obeyed, but WikiLeaks exposed.
    [Show full text]
  • We Steal Secrets: the Story of Wikileaks
    "We Steal Secrets: The Story of Wikileaks" The annotated transcript 19:00 GMT, May 23, 2013 Click here to hide the introductory note Introduction This document is an annotated transcript of the anti-WikiLeaks documentary "We S teal Secrets: The story of WikiLeaks". It opens on May 24, 2013 (tomorrow). The documentary was commissioned by Universal for $2 million. The commission went to US film maker Alex Gibney, who is listed as the film's director and producer. The film is filled with factual errors and speculation, the most serious of whic h are set out below. The stock footage used has also been heavily edited, in som e places distorting what was said. This is unprofessional and irresponsible in l ight of ongoing legal proceedings. It trivialises serious issues. The film implies – erroneously and when evidence is to the contrary – that Assange m ay be guilty of "conspiring" with Bradley Manning. This not only factually incor rect, but also buys into the current US government position that journalists and publishers can be prosecuted as co-conspirators with their alleged sources or w ith whistleblowers who communicate information to them. This is a dangerous prop osition for all journalists and media organisations — not just WikiLeaks. Bradley Manning is currently being court-martialed for committing "espionage" (b y communicating with the press) and "aiding the enemy" (by communicating with th e press). He is defending those charges in a 12-week trial commencing June 3, 20 13. Neither Julian Assange nor anyone associated with WikiLeaks agreed to participat e in this film.
    [Show full text]
  • Pseudotransformational Leadership, Leadership Styles, and Emotional Intelligence
    Pseudotransformational leadership, leadership styles, and emotional intelligence: a comparative case study of Lon Nol and Pol Pot By TITLE PAGE Hok Roth A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Policy and Administration in the Department of Political Science and Public Administration Mississippi State, Mississippi December 2016 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Hok Roth 2016 Pseudotransformational leadership, leadership styles, and emotional intelligence: a comparative case study of Lon Nol and Pol Pot By APPROVAL PAGE Hok Roth Approved: ____________________________________ Gerald A. Emison (Director of Dissertation) ___________________________________ Dragan Stanisevski (Committee Member) ___________________________________ Brian D. Shoup (Committee Member) ___________________________________ P. Edward French (Committee Member / Graduate Coordinator) ___________________________________ Rick Travis Interim Dean College of Arts & Sciences Name: Hok Roth ABSTRACT Date of Degree: December 9, 2016 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Public Policy and Administration Major Professor: Gerald A. Emison Title of Study: Pseudotransformational leadership, leadership styles, and emotional intelligence: a comparative case study of Lon Nol and Pol Pot Pages in Study: 408 Candidate for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The purpose of this dissertation is to help explain how and why two revolutionary national leaders of Cambodia–Lon Nol and Pol Pot, particularly the latter–had spectacular failures and became pseudotransformational leaders. It aims to build a proposition or theory that revolutionary leaders in the public sector, particularly of undemocratic regimes, tend to become pseudotransformational leaders when a) they lack certain components of emotional intelligence (EI) and/or b) adopt certain leadership styles and use them inappropriately.
    [Show full text]
  • Wikileaks, the Global Fourth Estate History Is Happening
    WikiLeaks, the Global Fourth Estate History Is Happening WikiLeaks, the Global Fourth Estate History Is Happening - Nozomi Hayase © 2018 Nozomi Hayase All rights reserved. ISBN: 1984027182 ISBN 13: 9781984027184 Cover design by Somerset Bean Credit: Inspiration for the book’s subtitle, “History Is Happening,” is derived from the motto of The Juice Media. Dedicated to the youth who grew up on the Internet. The future of civilization depends on acts of courage inspired by the heart. “Who controls the past controls the future: who controls the present controls the past.” —George Orwell1 Contents Preface: History Has Awakened · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · xiii Chapter 1 The Rise of New Journalism . 1 Chapter 2 Freedom of Speech in the Age of WikiLeaks . 8 Chapter 3 The Effect of WikiLeaks in the Stadium of Democracy . .15 Chapter 4 Redefining Power . 20 Chapter 5 Revolutionary Journalism in a Time of Universal Deceit . 26 Chapter 6 “Terrorist” by Association, Assange’s Lawyer on the Watch List . 36 Chapter 7 Activist or Journalist? Pulling a Yes Men on Bill Keller . .41 Chapter 8 We Are All Enemies of the State . .45 Chapter 9 Inside the Hourglass . .56 Chapter 10 Whistleblowers at the Frontier of Digital Liberation . .59 Chapter 11 The Unsung Hero of the NSA Revelations . .71 Chapter 12 Defeating the Conspiracy of Governance . .75 Chapter 13 The First Amendment Revolution . .89 Chapter 14 When Google Met WikiLeaks . .98 Chapter 15 Countering the Banality of Evil . .108 Chapter 16 Sixth Anniversary of “Collateral Murder” Video . 115 Chapter 17 Standing with the Conscience of Truth-Tellers . .120 Chapter 18 Ten Years of Pushing the Boundaries of Free Speech .
    [Show full text]
  • Wikileaks Launches Searchable US Historical Archive 8 April 2013, by Joseph Krauss
    WikiLeaks launches searchable US historical archive 8 April 2013, by Joseph Krauss secrecy and complexity," Assange told reporters in Washington via video link from the Ecuadoran embassy in London, where he has been holed up since last summer. He also said the documents were at risk of being made secret again, citing a 2006 report by a research institute at George Washington University that found some 55,000 government documents had been secretly reclassified. "Orwell once said that he who controls the present controls the past and he who controls the past controls the future," Assange said. "Our analysis shows that the US administration cannot be trusted Whistleblowing website WikiLeaks founder Julian with its control of the past." Assange speaks during a teleconference between London and Washington on April 8, 2013. WikiLeaks on Assange later added, with characteristic Monday launched a searchable archive containing 1.7 understatement, that "this material we have million US State Department documents from 1973-76 that had been officially declassified but were not easily published today is the single most significant accessible to the public. geopolitical publication that has ever existed." Although the documents have long been in the public domain, their release in a searchable archive WikiLeaks on Monday launched a searchable has generated headlines internationally, mainly archive containing 1.7 million US State Department because the release was coordinated with more documents from 1973-76 that had been officially than a dozen media outlets. declassified but were not easily accessible to the public. One such outlet, India's Hindu newspaper, cited the cables in a report saying that Rajiv Gandhi, whose The "Public Library of US Diplomacy" brings family still dominates India's ruling party, may have together the archived memos—referred to as the been a middleman for an arms deal in the 1970s.
    [Show full text]