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Los Archivos Wikileaks LOS ARCHIVOS WIKILEAKS EL MUNDO SEGÚN EL IMPERIO ESTADOUNIDENSE ************** CON UNA INTRODUCCIÓN DE JULIAN ASSANGE Los archivos Wikileaks El mundo según el imperio estadounidense Introducción por Julian Assange First published by Verso 2015 The collection © Verso 2015 Contributions © The contributors 2015 Introductions © Julian Assange 2015 All rights reserved The moral rights of the authors have been asserted 13579108642 Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN-13: 978-1-78168-874-8 (HB) ISBN-13: 978-1-78478-271-9 (EXPORT) eISBN-13: 978-1-78168-875-5 (UK) eISBN-13: 978-1-78168-944-8 (US) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Sabon By MJ & N Gavan, Truro, Cornwall Printed in the US by Maple Press Índice Introducción: WikiLeaks y el Imperio 1 Julian Assange Parte I 1. Estados Unidos y los Dictadores 21 2. Dictadores y Derechos Humanos 69 3. Guerra y Terrorismo 105 Parte II 4. Indexando al Imperio 137 Sarah Harrison 5. Crímenes de Guerra de los Estados Unidos y la CPI 150 Linda Pearson 6. Europa 171 Michael Busch 7. Rusia 200 Russ Wellen 8. Turquía 223 Conn Hallinan 9. Israel 247 Stephen Zunes y Peter Certo 10. Siria 279 Robert Naiman 11. Irán 303 Gareth Porter 12. Irak 329 Dahr Jamail 13. Afganistán 347 Phyllis Bennis 14. Este de Asia 372 Tim Shorrock 15. Sudeste de Asia 407 Richard Heydarian 16. Sudáfrica 443 Francis Njubi Nesbitt 17. Latino América y el Caribe 455 Alexander Main, Jake Johnston, and Dan Beeton 18. Venezuela 485 Dan Beeton, Jake Johnston, and Alexander Main Notas 515 Acerca de los Contribuyentes 575 Introducción: WikiLeaks y el Imperio Julian Assange Un día, un monje y dos aprendices encontraron una pesada roca en su camino, “La lanzaremos lejos”, dijeron los aprendices, pero antes de in- tentarlo el monje tomó su hacha y partió la roca por la mitad. Después de pedir su aprobación, los aprendices arrojaron las mitades lejos. Los aprendices preguntaron, “¿Por qué partió la piedra solo para que la arrojáramos lejos?”. El monje apuntó hacia la distancia en que las mitades de la piedra habían viajado. Con creciente emoción, uno de los aprendices toma el hacha del monje y rápidamente va hacia una de las mitades de la piedra. Partiéndola, el arroja el cuarto de piedra. Después, el otro aprendiz le quita el hacha y rápidamente va donde el fragmento de piedra lanzado. Él también corta el fragmento de piedra y lo lanza al campo. Los aprendices continuaron haciendo esto riendo y jadeando hasta que las mitades eran tan pequeñas que ya práctica- mente ya no viajaban a ninguna parte hasta que flotaban en sus ojos como polvo. Los aprendices parpadearon desconcertados, “cada piedra tiene su tamaño” dijo el monje. Al momento de escribir este libro, WikiLeaks ha publicado 2.325.961 cables diplomáticos y otros archivos del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos, que comprenden alrededor de dos billones de pa- labras. Este estupendo y aparentemente insuperable cuerpo de lite- ratura interna de estado, que si fuera impreso alcanzaría hasta los 30.000 volúmenes, representa algo nuevo. Como el departamento de estado, este no puede ser comprendido sin descifrarlo abiertamen- te y considerando sus partes. Pero el elegir aleatoriamente registros 2 | WIKILEAKS diplomáticos aislados que conectan con entidades conocidas y dis- putas, como ciertos periódicos lo hicieron diariamente, es pasar por alto “al imperio” por sus cables. Cada cuerpo tiene su tamaño. Para tener el correcto nivel de abstracción, uno que considera la relación entre la mayoría de los cables correspondientes a una re- gión o a un país en vez de considerar los cables de manera aislada, es necesario un enfoque más académico. Este enfoque es tan natural y resulta extraño el no haberlo intentado antes. El estudio de los imperios ha sido el estudio de sus comunica- ciones por mucho tiempo. Tallada en piedra o pintada en un pergami- no, imperios desde Babilonia hasta la dinastía Ming dejaron archivos de la organización central de comunicación con sus periferias. Sin embargo, para la década de 1950 estudiantes de imperios históricos se dieron cuenta que de alguna manera el medio de comunicación era el imperio. Sus métodos para organizar la inscripción, transporte, indexación y almacenamiento de sus comunicaciones y la designa- ción de quien estaría o no autorizado para leerlos y escribirlos, en un sentido real, constituían el imperio. Cuando los métodos de comuni- cación de un imperio cambiaban, el imperio también lo hacía.¹ Los discursos tienen un rango temporal corto, pero la piedra es de larga duración. Algunos métodos de escritura, como esculpir en piedra, adecuaron la transmisión de reglas institucionales que ne- cesitaban ser comunicadas de manera segura en los meses o años futuros. Sin embargo, estos métodos no eran adecuados para sucesos que debían ser desplegados rápidamente, o para temas oficiales o de discreción: estaban escritos en piedra. Para hacer frente a la brecha, los imperio con sistemas de escritura lentos tenía que confiar fuerte- mente en el medio humano de comunicación más antiguo y aún más efímero: convenciones orales, discurso. Otros medios, como el papiro, fueron ligeros y fáciles de crear, pero frágiles. Esos materiales de comunicación tenían la ventaja de ser fáciles de construir y transportar, unificando las regiones ocupa- das a través de un flujo rápido de información que resultaba en un manejo central reactivo. Un centro tan bien conectado podía integrar los flujos de inteligencia y rápidamente proyectar las decisiones re- sultantes hacia afuera, aunque con resultados a corto plazo y micro gestión. Mientras que el mar, desierto o montaña podía ser cruzado o sorteado con algún costo y recursos energéticos descubiertos o ro- bados, la habilidad de proyectar los deseos del imperio, estructura y Introducción | 3 conocimiento a través del espacio y tiempo forma un límite absoluto para su existencia. Culturas y economías se comunican utilizando todo tipo de técnicas a lo largo de sus regiones y años de existencia, desde la evo- lución de bromas compartidas viralmente entre amigos hasta la difu- sión de precios a través de la las rutas de comercio. Esto por sí solo no hace un imperio. El intento estructurado de manejar un extenso sis- tema cultural y económico usando las comunicaciones es el sello de calidad del imperio. Y son los archivos de estas comunicaciones, que no tienen la intención de ser seccionados y que son especialmente vulnerables a serlo, los que forman las bases del entendimiento de la naturaleza del único “imperio” remanente del mundo. ANATOMÍA DEL IMPERIO ESTADOUNIDENSE ¿Y dónde está el imperio?² Cada día laboral, 71.000,00 personas en 191 países que repre- sentan a veintisiete diferentes agencias del gobierno de Estados Uni- dos despiertan y hacen su camino más allá de las banderas, vallas de acero y guardias armados en uno de los 276 edificios fortificados que componen las 169 embajadas y otras misiones del Departamento de Estado de Estados Unidos. Son acompañados en su marcha por re- presentantes y operarios de otras 27 agencias y departamentos del gobierno estadounidense, incluyendo la Agencia Central de Inteli- gencia (CIA), la Agencia de Seguridad Nacional (NSA), la Oficina Fe- deral de Investigaciones (FBI) y varias sucursales de la milicia de los Estados Unidos. En cada embajada hay un embajador que usualmente es cer- cano a la política doméstica de los Estados Unidos, negocios o poder intelectual; diplomáticos de carrera que se especializan en política, economía y la diplomacia pública de su país de acogida; también existen gerentes, investigadores, agregados militares, espías encu- biertos bajo el servicio exterior, personal de otras agencias del go- bierno de Estados Unidos (para ciertas embajadas incluso militares armados o fuerzas de operaciones especiales encubiertas); contratis- tas, personal de seguridad, técnicos, traductores locales contratados, personal de limpieza y otro personal de servicio.³ Encima de ellos, radios y antenas satelitales arañan el aire, algunos direccionados de regreso a su patria para recibir o enviar cables diplomáticos de la CIA, otros para retransmitir las comuni- 4 | WIKILEAKS caciones de los barcos militares y aviones estadounidenses, otros emplazados por la Agencia Nacional de Seguridad para interceptar masivamente los teléfonos móviles y otro tráfico inalámbrico de la población anfitriona. El servicio diplomático de Estados Unidos se remonta a la revolución, pero fue en el ambiente posterior a la Segunda Guerra Mundial que el moderno Departamento de Estado llegó a ser. Sus orígenes coinciden con el nombramiento de Henry Kissinger como secretario de estado en 1973. El nombramiento de Kissinger fue inusual en varios aspectos. Kissinger no solo encabezó el Departa- mento de Estado; también fue nombrado concurrentemente asesor de seguridad nacional, facilitando una estrecha integración entre las relaciones exteriores con las armas militares y de inteligencia del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Mientras el Departamento de Estado había tenido durante mucho tiempo un sistema de cables, el nombramiento de Kissinger llevó a cambios logísticos sobre como los cables eran escritos, indexados y archivados. Por primera vez, el montón de cables fue transmitido de forma electrónica. Este perio- do de innovación mayor esta aún presente en la manera en la que el departamento opera hoy. El Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos es único en- tre la burocracia formal de los Estados Unidos. Otras agencias aspiran a administrar una función u otra, pero el Departamento de Estado representa e incluso aloja, los elementos más importantes del poder nacional de los Estados Unidos.
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