DOCSLIB.ORG

HISTORY © Lonelyplanetpublications 8 Arrival Date

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

© Lonely Planet Publications 8 History If East Timor’s history were a novel, it would been the first Portuguese visitor. Portuguese be an entertaining read. The tragedy, of trading ships regularly visited the north coast course, is that it’s all true. in search of sandalwood. It wasn’t until 1568 that Dutch traders first arrived in Timor. For KINGDOMS & CANNIBALISM the next 300 years the Dutch and Portuguese The discovery of stone artefacts and evidence competed for control of Timor. of pre-agricultural societies may indicate that The era of Portuguese influence really be- Timor was home to Homo erectus, early homi- gins in 1556 at Lifau (in present-day Oecussi), noids related to Java Man, who settled the when Dominican friars established a settle- Indonesian archipelago up to one million ment and set about converting the Timorese years ago. Evidence of modern human set- to Catholicism. Official Portuguese efforts HISTORY HISTORY tlement on Timor dates back at least 13,000 were minimal, and colonisation was left to a years, when the Austronesian peoples of Asia handful of Dominicans in the hope that con- migrated throughout the eastern islands. version would spread Portuguese influence These hunter-gatherers were joined by later and keep out the Dutch. migrants from Asia, who introduced agricul- A Dutch expedition, led by Apollonius ture around 2000 BC. Scotte, sailed in 1603 to Kupang, in today’s Little is known of Timor before AD 1500, Indonesian West Timor, and negotiated with although Chinese and Javanese traders visited the local ruler to build a fort in return for the island from at least the 13th century, and Dutch military help against competing tribes. possibly as early as the 7th century. Traders Dutch claims to Timor date from this time, visited coastal settlements in search of the but Scotte didn’t act on the agreement, and it plentiful sandalwood (prized for its aroma was to be 40 years before the Dutch showed and for the medicinal santalol made from the any serious interest in Timor. oil) and beeswax. Away from the coast, a dozen or so Timorese Timor was divided into a number of small kingdoms held sway over the island with no kingdoms, which were little more than tribal interference from the colonial powers until groupings involved in frequent skirmishes, 1642. The most dominant kingdom in the with head-hunting a popular activity. The west was the Dawan kingdom of Sonbai, while Dawan (Atoni) people, thought to be the ear- the central Tetun kingdom of Wehali, based liest inhabitants of Timor, were the largest around the present-day region of Belu, was group in western Timor, but were divided the most powerful in central-east Timor. into numerous small kingdoms. In 1642 Francisco Fernandes landed in The Tetun (Belu) people, the other major Naikliu and led a Portuguese military ex- ethnic group, migrated to Timor in the 14th pedition to weaken the power of the Timor century, settling the fertile central regions and kings. With the assistance of Timorese allies, pushing the Dawan westward. Their origins Fernandes marched across Sonbai territory, are uncertain, but they call their homeland around present-day Kapan and, after successes Malaka, and they may well have migrated there, went on to defeat Wehali. His small from the Malay Peninsula. From their fer- army of musketeers was composed prima- tile base, which straddles the current West rily of Topasses, the mestizo group from the Timor–East Timor border, they expanded Portuguese settlements at Larantuka (Flores) until four of their tribes had formed kingdoms and Pulau Solor. The Christian, Portuguese- and pushed further into East Timor. speaking Topasses, called ‘Black Portuguese’ by the Dutch, were descended from inter- PORTUGUESE & DUTCH DEALINGS marriage between the Solorese, Portuguese, The first Europeans in Timor were the and slaves from Portuguese colonies in India Portuguese, who may have landed as early as and Melaka. 1509, although 1515 is generally given as the After this show of strength, the Topasses arrival date. Antonio de Abreu is said to have settled in Timor, at Lifau on the coast and lonelyplanet.com HISTORY •• A Forgotten Corner 9 then further inland around present-day far-flung Kupang, which held little economic Kefamenanu and Niki Niki in West Timor. interest. Trade was largely conducted by These strangers representing a far-off, power- Chinese merchants, and the Dutch colony ful kingdom were welcomed by local rulers was neglected. and given land. Although acting on behalf It was a similar story in the east, where the of Portugal, through intermarriage they Portuguese held on to power through strate- went on to form their own kingdoms and gic alliances against attacks from local chiefs. become a power unto themselves. Two clans Portuguese settlement was minimal, and the of Topasses, the de Ornai and the da Costa colony was ruled from Macau on the Chinese clans, integrated into the local community coast. Chinese outnumbered Europeans in and became the new rulers, controlling Portuguese Timor, and the colony also had to most of Timor, but not without skirmishes cope with Chinese rebellions. The sandalwood among themselves. trade began to die, and coffee, introduced as HISTORY The Dutch, unsettled by the growing a cash crop in 1815, became the principal Portuguese influence, arrived in Kupang in concern of the Portuguese. 1653 to stake their claim to Timor. First they Dutch–Portuguese conflict was mostly fortified Kupang and then set about control- confined to Flores. When the Dutch finally ling the surrounding area. They forged al- took Larantuka in 1851, they forced negotia- liances with local rulers around the Bay of tions that resulted in the Treaty of Lisbon in Kupang, but a Dutch military expedition to 1859. The Portuguese relinquished all claims the south was soundly defeated by Timorese on Flores, and Timor was divided in half. and Topasses forces in 1656. The split was not formalised until a further In the same year a Portuguese was ap- treaty in 1904, with a slight rejigging of the pointed to administer the settlement at Lifau, borders right up until 1916. Portugal claimed making it the first real Portuguese colony on the east and the north-coast pocket of Oecussi Timor. When the Portuguese commander in the west, based around Lifau, while Holland died, a Topasse capitao was appointed in 1663 received the rest of the west. and the Topasses went on to consolidate their power. In 1701 the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa A FORGOTTEN CORNER appointed a governor to control Lifau, but he The 20th century brought the greatest changes lasted only until 1705 when he was driven out to Timor as the colonial powers increased by the Topasses. their involvement. The new Dutch policy The Portuguese returned to Lifau, but was to rule all of the East Indies possessions their power was tenuous at best. By 1749 directly, establishing Dutch government the Topasses controlled central Timor and throughout the archipelago. In 1905 Kupang marched on Kupang to confront the Dutch. was ordered to bring the local chiefs to heel. Although outnumbered, the Dutch won and The various kingdoms had to swear allegiance killed many Topasse leaders at the battle of to Holland and submit to the authority of a Penfui, the site of Kupang airport today. Dutch Controller. In return they were given The Dutch in Kupang, comprising only a autonomy to rule their principalities and col- handful of United East India Company (VOC) lect taxes for the Dutch administration. officers, became the major force on Timor Rebellions broke out across West Timor through alliances with inland chiefs and from 1906 onwards and the Dutch reacted further military campaigns. The Portuguese swiftly. In Niki Niki, Dutch forces sur- had to abandon Lifau in 1769 after more at- rounded the royal compound, and the royal tacks from the Topasses, and the colony was family self-immolated rather than yield to moved east to Dili, the present-day capital of the Dutch. Rebellions continued right up to East Timor. 1916, when the last kingdoms succumbed Conflict between Timorese kingdoms and to Dutch rule. Although roads and schools against the Dutch continued throughout the were built, most of the population outside 19th century. The Dutch were firmly en- the regional centres had little contact with sconced in Kupang, but unable and unwilling the Dutch, except for some aggressive, mostly to control the interior. The VOC went bank- Protestant, missionary activity. Control was rupt in 1799, leaving the Dutch government limited, and the traditional rajas held sway to assume direct control, but they ignored under a Dutch hegemony..
Recommended publications
  • Trajectories of the Early-Modern Kingdoms in Eastern Indonesia: Comparative Perspectives

    Trajectories of the Early-Modern Kingdoms in Eastern Indonesia: Comparative Perspectives

    Trajectories of the early-modern kingdoms in eastern Indonesia: Comparative perspectives Hans Hägerdal Introduction The king grew increasingly powerful. His courage indeed resembled that of a lion. He wisely attracted the hearts of the people. The king was a brave man who was sakti and superior in warfare. In fact King Waturenggong was like the god Vishnu, at times having four arms. The arms held the cakra, the club, si Nandaka, and si Pañcajania. How should this be understood? The keris Ki Lobar and Titinggi were like the club and cakra of the king. Ki Tandalanglang and Ki Bangawan Canggu were like Sangka Pañcajania and the keris si Nandaka; all were the weapons of the god Vishnu which were very successful in defeating ferocious enemies. The permanent force of the king was called Dulang Mangap and were 1,600 strong. Like Kalantaka it was led by Kriyan Patih Ularan who was like Kalamretiu. It was dispatched to crush Dalem Juru [king of Blambangan] since Dalem Juru did not agree to pass over his daughter Ni Bas […] All the lands submitted, no-one was the equal to the king in terms of bravery. They were all ruled by him: Nusa Penida, Sasak, Sumbawa, and especially Bali. Blambangan until Puger had also been subjugated, all was lorded by him. Only Pasuruan and Mataram were not yet [subjugated]. These lands were the enemies (Warna 1986: 78, 84). Thus did a Balinese chronicler recall the deeds of a sixteenth-century ruler who supposedly built up a mini-empire that stretched from East Java to Sumbawa.
  • Timor-Leste's Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region

    Timor-Leste's Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region

    110 Regionalism, Security & Cooperation in Oceania Chapter 8 Acting West, Looking East: Timor-Leste’s Growing Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region Jose Kai Lekke Sousa-Santos Executive Summary • Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally at the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region, and has pursued a two-pil- lared neighborhood foreign policy of “comprehensive and collective en- gagement,” which is defined by “Acting West” and “Looking East.” • Timor-Leste is seeking to integrate itself within regional governance and security structures, and institutions of both Southeast Asia and the Pa- cific Islands, thereby increasing its strategic role as a conduit for cooper- ation and collaboration between the two regions. • Timor-Leste is of increasing geostrategic importance to the Asia Pacific in view of the growing focus on the Pacific Ocean in terms of resource security and the growing competition between China and the United States. • Timor-Leste could play an increasingly significant role in regional de- fense diplomacy developments if the Melanesian Spearhead Group re- gional peacekeeping force is realized. Timor-Leste’s Engagement with the Pacific Islands Region - Santos 111 “We may be a small nation, but we are part of our inter- connected region. Our nation shares an island with Indone- sia. We are part of the fabric of Southeast Asia. And we are on the cross road of Asia and the Pacific.” 1 - Xanana Kay Rala Gusmao Introduction Timor-Leste is situated geopolitically and culturally on the crossroads of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands region and has, since achieving in- dependence in 2002, pursued a two-pillared neighborhood foreign policy of ‘Acting West’ and ‘Looking East.’ Timor-Leste claims that its geographic position secures the “half-island” state as an integral and categorical part of Southeast Asia while at the same time, acknowledging the clear links it shares with its Pacific Island neighbors to the west, particularly in the areas of development and security.
  • 2017 Timor-Leste Parliamentary Elections Report

    2017 Timor-Leste Parliamentary Elections Report

    TIMOR-LESTE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS JULY 22, 2017 TIMOR-LESTE PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS JULY 22, 2017 INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE WWW.IRI.ORG | @IRIGLOBAL © 2017 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Timor-Leste Parliamentary Elections July 22, 2017 Copyright © 2017 International Republican Institute (IRI). All rights reserved. Permission Statement: No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system without the written permission of the International Republican Institute. Requests for permission should include the following information: The title of the document for which permission to copy material is desired. A description of the material for which permission to copy is desired. The purpose for which the copied material will be used and the manner in which it will be used. Your name, title, company or organization name, telephone number, fax number, e-mail address and mailing address. Please send all requests for permission to: Attention Communications Department International Republican Institute 1225 Eye Street NW, Suite 800 Washington, DC 20005 Disclaimer: This publication was made possible through the support provided by the United States Agency for International Development. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of United States Agency for International Development. TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 INTRODUCTION 4 ELECTORAL SYSTEMS AND INSTITUTIONS
  • 8Th Euroseas Conference Vienna, 11–14 August 2015

    8Th Euroseas Conference Vienna, 11–14 August 2015

    book of abstracts 8th EuroSEAS Conference Vienna, 11–14 August 2015 http://www.euroseas2015.org contents keynotes 3 round tables 4 film programme 5 panels I. Southeast Asian Studies Past and Present 9 II. Early And (Post)Colonial Histories 11 III. (Trans)Regional Politics 27 IV. Democratization, Local Politics and Ethnicity 38 V. Mobilities, Migration and Translocal Networking 51 VI. (New) Media and Modernities 65 VII. Gender, Youth and the Body 76 VIII. Societal Challenges, Inequality and Conflicts 87 IX. Urban, Rural and Border Dynamics 102 X. Religions in Focus 123 XI. Art, Literature and Music 138 XII. Cultural Heritage and Museum Representations 149 XIII. Natural Resources, the Environment and Costumary Governance 167 XIV. Mixed Panels 189 euroseas 2015 . book of abstracts 3 keynotes Alarms of an Old Alarmist Benedict Anderson Have students of SE Asia become too timid? For example, do young researchers avoid studying the power of the Catholic Hierarchy in the Philippines, the military in Indonesia, and in Bangkok monarchy? Do sociologists and anthropologists fail to write studies of the rising ‘middle classes’ out of boredom or disgust? Who is eager to research the very dangerous drug mafias all over the place? How many track the spread of Western European, Russian, and American arms of all types into SE Asia and the consequences thereof? On the other side, is timidity a part of the decay of European and American universities? Bureaucratic intervention to bind students to work on what their state think is central (Terrorism/Islam)?
  • 4. Old Track, Old Path

    4. Old Track, Old Path

    4 Old track, old path ‘His sacred house and the place where he lived,’ wrote Armando Pinto Correa, an administrator of Portuguese Timor, when he visited Suai and met its ruler, ‘had the name Behali to indicate the origin of his family who were the royal house of Uai Hali [Wehali] in Dutch Timor’ (Correa 1934: 45). Through writing and display, the ruler of Suai remembered, declared and celebrated Wehali1 as his origin. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Portuguese increased taxes on the Timorese, which triggered violent conflict with local rulers, including those of Suai. The conflict forced many people from Suai to seek asylum across the border in West Timor. At the end of 1911, it was recorded that more than 2,000 East Timorese, including women and children, were granted asylum by the Dutch authorities and directed to settle around the southern coastal plain of West Timor, in the land of Wehali (La Lau 1912; Ormelling 1957: 184; Francillon 1967: 53). On their arrival in Wehali, displaced people from the village of Suai (and Camenaça) took the action of their ruler further by naming their new settlement in West Timor Suai to remember their place of origin. Suai was once a quiet hamlet in the village of Kletek on the southern coast of West Timor. In 1999, hamlet residents hosted their brothers and sisters from the village of Suai Loro in East Timor, and many have stayed. With a growing population, the hamlet has now become a village with its own chief asserting Suai Loro origin; his descendants were displaced in 1911.
  • English, and Distinguishing Speaking, Reading, and Writing, but Not Specifying ‘Reading a Letter’ As in the TLSLS)

    English, and Distinguishing Speaking, Reading, and Writing, but Not Specifying ‘Reading a Letter’ As in the TLSLS)

    Report No: AUS0000624 . Timor-Leste Public Disclosure Authorized Timor-Leste Poverty Developing Timor-Leste Gender-Disaggregated Poverty Small Area Estimates Public Disclosure Authorized Technical Report . May 2019 Public Disclosure Authorized . POV . Public Disclosure Authorized © 2019 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2019. DEVELOPING TIMOR-LESTE GENDER- DISAGGREGATED POVERTY SMALL AREA ESTIMATES – TECHNICAL REPORT. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: [email protected]. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ..........................................................................................................................
  • Data Alumni Diklat Pim Tk.Iii Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya

    Data Alumni Diklat Pim Tk.Iii Badan Pengembangan Sumberdaya

    DATA ALUMNI DIKLAT PIM TK.III BADAN PENGEMBANGAN SUMBERDAYA MANUSIA DAERAH PROVINSI NTT ANGKATAN : 09 TANGGAL MULAI DIKLAT : 14 MARE 2016 TANGGAL SELESAI DIKLAT: 01 JULI 2016 TEMPAT JENIS TLP NIP NAMA TANGGAL LAHIR AGAMA PANGKAT GOL JABATAN INSTANSI NOMOR REGISTRASI LAHIR KELAMIN KANTOR Kabid Data dan Kepangkatan Pemerintah AFRET APRIANUS LOPO, Timor Tengah 00001548/DIKLATPIM TK. 197204091999031009 09 April 1972 Protestan Laki-Laki Pembina IV/a pada Badan Kepegawaian Kabupaten Timor S.SOS Selatan III/53/5300/LAN/2016 Daerah Tengah Selatan Kabag Tata Usaha pada RSUD Pemerintah Kota 00001549/DIKLATPIM TK. 196504071999031002 ANDERIAS WOLI,SH Sumba Barat 07 April 2016 Protestan Laki-Laki Pembina IV/a S.K.Lerik Kupang III/53/5300/LAN/2016 ANIKA T.LENI BELLA, Kabag Keuangan pada Pemerintah Kota 00001550/DIKLATPIM TK. 196811251995032005 Kupang 25 November 1968 Protestan Perempuan Pembina IV/a SE Sekretariat DPRD Kupang III/53/5300/LAN/2016 Kabid Penataan dan Pelayanan DAVIDZON EDISON Pemerintah Kota 00001551/DIKLATPIM TK. 196312081985121005 Kupang 08 Desember 1962 Protestan Laki-Laki Pembina IV/a Perhubungan Pada Dinas PUAS,SH Kupang III/53/5300/LAN/2016 Perhubungan Kabid Pengawasan dan Djarmes Herminus Pemerintah Kota 00001552/DIKLATPIM TK. 197001022001121007 Kupang 05 Juni 1968 Protestan Laki-Laki Pembina IV/a Pengendalian pada Dinas Lango, S.Sos,.MM Kupang III/53/5300/LAN/2016 Pendapatan Daerah Kabid Pelayanan Medis pada Pemerintah Kota 00001553/DIKLATPIM TK. 196806152002121005 dr. M.Ihsan Lamongan 15 Juni 1968 Islam Laki-Laki Pembina IV/a RSUD SK Lerik Kupang III/53/5300/LAN/2016 Pemerintah dr.R.A.KAROLINA Kepala Rumah Sakit Umum 00001554/DIKLATPIM TK.
  • Customary Law Toward Matamusan Determination

    Customary Law Toward Matamusan Determination

    CUSTOMARY LAW TOWARD MATAMUSAN DETERMINATION TO CUSTOM SOCIETY AT WEWIKU WEHALI, BELU, NTT Roswita Nelviana Bria (Corresponing Author) Departement of Language and Letters, Kanjuruhan University of Malang Jl. S Supriyadi 48 Malang, East Java, Indonesia Phone: (+62) 813 365 182 51 E-mail: [email protected] Sujito Departement of Language and Letters, Kanjuruhan University of Malang Jl. S Supriyadi 48 Malang, East Java, Indonesia Phone: (+62) 817 965 77 89 E-mail: [email protected] Maria G.Sriningsih English Literature Facultyof Languageand Literature Kanjuruhan University of Malang Jl. S. Supriyadi No. 48 Malang 65148, East Java, Indonesia Phone: (+62) 85 933 033 177 E-mail: ABSTRACT Customary law is the law or unwritten rule that grow and thrive in a society that is only obeyed bycostom society in Belu. One of the most important customary law in Belu is the marriage law. Matrilineality system in 94 south Belunese descent is traced through the mother and maternal ancestors.However, in this matrilineal system, there is still a customary law that maintains the father‘s lineage based on customary law by adopting which called matamusanwhich is really ineresting because it is dfferent with matrilineal system in Minangkabau as the most popular matrilineal society. The research design of this thesis is descriptive qualitative research. It is intended to describe about matamusan as customary adoption system, chronological step of matamusan determination, the development of matamusan implementation, factors influencing the development of matamusan determination, and the effectiveness of customarylaw toward matamusandetermination.From the result of this study, it was clear that customary law is still effective in handle the violation of matamusan determination.
  • Kebijakan Pengelolaan Cendana Di Nusa Tenggara Timur

    Kebijakan Pengelolaan Cendana Di Nusa Tenggara Timur

    KEBIJAKAN PENGELOLAAN CENDANA DI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR Oleh : S. Agung S. Raharjo Peneliti pada Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan LHK Kupang Jln. Alfons Nisnoni No. 7B Airnona Kupang Telp. 0380-823357 Fax 0380-831068 Email : [email protected] A. Pengantar Sumber daya hutan merupakan salah satu modal pembangunan bangsa. Pada era orde baru hutan dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu sumber devisa untuk pembangunan. Seperti telah kita ketahui bersama sumber daya hutan yang besar terdapat di Kalimantan, Sumatra dan Papua, maka pada saat itu (orde baru) pemerintah melakukan eksploitasi besar-besaran terhadap hutan di kawasan tersebut. Hasil eksploitasi hutan tersebut digunakan sebagai modal pembangunan. Berkaca dari praktek eksploitasi hutan sebagai sumber pendapatan negara tersebut, maka bagaimana dengan Nusa Tenggara Timur(NTT)? Hasil hutan apa yang di eksploitasi dan menopang pembangunan di NTT? Ya kita punya Cendana. Selama masa orde baru cendana menjadi penopang Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) NTT. Bagaimana eksploitasi cendana di NTT? apakah hasilnya digunakan untuk modal pembangunaan di NTT? bagaimana kebijakan pengelolaan cendana di NTT dan implikasinya?. Makalah ini akan memberikan gambaran pengelolaan cendana di NTT, implikasi dan alternatif solusi pengelolaan cendana sesuai dengan kondisi kontemporer. Makalah dibagi menjadi lima bagian yaitu pengantar, yang berisi latar belakang umum makalah ini. Bagian ke dua memberikan gambaran pengelolaan cendana sebelum reformasi, hal ini terutama berkaitan dengan kebijakan atau aturan yang berlaku dan implikasinya. Kemudian pada bagian ketiga akan memberikan gambaran pengelolaan cendana pasca reformasi. Pada bagian ke empat akan memberikan gambaran alternatif kebijakan pengelolaan cendana sesuai dengan kondisi politik konteporer yang berkembang di Indonesia. Sebagai penutup pada bagian ke lima akan disampaikan beberapa rekomendasi dan kebutuhan respon pemerintah terhadap pengelolaan cendana ke depan.
  • Sea-Change: Mambai Sensory Practices and Hydrocarbon Exploitation in Timor-Leste

    Sea-Change: Mambai Sensory Practices and Hydrocarbon Exploitation in Timor-Leste

    Sea-Change: Mambai Sensory Practices and Hydrocarbon Exploitation in Timor-Leste by Prash Naidu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in the University of Michigan 2019 Doctoral Committee: Professor Stuart Kirsch, Chair Professor Webb Keane Professor Maria Lemos Professor Erik Mueggler Prashanthan Naidu [email protected] ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3619-3636 © Prashanthan Naidu 2019 Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my grandparents, Avva and Thata, and Avo Roza in Timor-Leste. ii Acknowledgements I recall the times Avva, my paternal grandmother, whiffed deeply into a piece of fruit before placing it under my untrained nose. “Here, smell it. You can tell by the smell if it’s ripe,” she said. This memory rematerialized many years later when my Mambai host mother, Roza, beckoned me to smell the fish caught by her husband in the Tasi Mane. “You won’t smell the sea when you smell our fish, you will only smell death,” Roza would often remind me during fieldwork. Not only did Roza nudge me to study the vital role of the senses in people’s perception of environmental change, she also stirred memories of my grandmother’s olfactory teachings. Roza and her family Araujo shared more than food, safety, and shelter with me; they left me with a sense of purpose in documenting and writing about the sea-change experienced by people at the margins of international concern. As an adviser once shared with me, an acknowledgement is the materialization of our lived memories.
  • Downloaded from Brill.Com09/25/2021 08:57:46PM Via Free Access | Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea

    Downloaded from Brill.Com09/25/2021 08:57:46PM Via Free Access | Lords of the Land, Lords of the Sea

    3 Traditional forms of power tantalizing shreds of evidence It has so far been shown how external forces influenced the course of events on Timor until circa 1640, and how Timor can be situated in a regional and even global context. Before proceeding with an analysis of how Europeans established direct power in the 1640s and 1650s, it will be necessary to take a closer look at the type of society that was found on the island. What were the ‘traditional’ political hierarchies like? How was power executed before the onset of a direct European influence? In spite of all the travel accounts and colonial and mission- ary reports, the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century source material for this region is not rich in ethnographic detail. The aim of the writers was to discuss matters related to the execution of colonial policy and trade, not to provide information about local culture. Occasionally, there are fragments about how the indigenous society functioned, but in order to progress we have to compare these shreds of evidence with later source material. Academically grounded ethnographies only developed in the nineteenth century, but we do possess a certain body of writing from the last 200 years carried out by Western and, later, indigenous observers. Nevertheless, such a comparison must be applied with cau- tion. Society during the last two centuries was not identical to that of the early colonial period, and may have been substantially different in a number of respects. Although Timorese society was low-technology and apparently slow-changing until recently, the changing power rela- tions, the dissemination of firearms, the introduction of new crops, and so on, all had an impact – whether direct or indirect – on the struc- ture of society.
  • Pahlawan-Pahlawan Suku Timor

    Pahlawan-Pahlawan Suku Timor

    TIDAK DIPERJUALBELIKAN Proyek Bahan Pustaka Lokal Konten Berbasis Etnis Nusantara Perpustakaan Nasional, 2011 PAHLAWAN-PAHLAWAN SUKU TIMOR oleh I.H. DOKO Perpustakaan Nasional Balai Pustaka R e p u b l i k I n d o n e s i a Penerbit dan Percetakan PN BALAI PUSTAKA BPNo. 2847 Hak pengarang dilindungi Undang-undang Cetakan pertama 1981 Gambar kulit: B.L. Bambang Prasodjo. KATAPENGANTAR Bahwa perjuangan menentang kaum penjajah di Timor sudah ada sejak bangsa asing berusaha berkuasa di bagian Tanah Air kita ini, mungkin belum banyak yang mengetahuinya. Bacaan yang memperkenalkan para pahlawan bangsa kita yang ada di wilayah ini dapat dikatakan tidak ada. Kalau pun ada mungkin hanya terbatas di Pulau Timor dan sekitarnya saja. Kami sajikan pada kesempatan ini episode-episode perjuangan para pahlawan kita di Timor dan dilengkapi pula dengan ilustrasi-ilustrasi historis. Kami yakin bacaan ini akan sangat besar artinya bagi para remaja dan masyarakat umumnya di seluruh Tanah Air kita. Taktik serta strategi perjuangan dapat berbeda-beda, tetapi yang jelas sama ialah: Setiap suku bangsa kita sejak dulu menolak segala bentuk penjajahan oleh siapa pun. PN Balai Pustaka PENDAHULUAN Ahli sejarah J. Toynbcc menyatakan bahwa dengan mempelajari jalan sejarah, kita akan lebih memahami keadaan kita sekarang dan masalah kita yang akan datang. Memang tepat sekali ucapan itu, karena tidak ada hari esok tanpa melalui hari ini dan demikian pula tidak ada hari ini tanpa melewati hari kemarin. Di dorong oleh keyakinan inilah, maka buku mengenai "Para Pahlawan Suku Timor" ini disusun sebagai bahan bacaan untuk masyarakat umum, khususnya untuk para siswa dan pemuda bangsa kita di daerah Nusa Tenggara Timur, yang pasti ingin lebih banyak mengetahui tentang kisah kehidupan dan perjuangan tokoh-tokoh di daerahnya, sebagai bagian mutlak dari perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia dalam mencapai Kemerdekaan Tanah Air dan Bangsa.