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HISTORY © Lonelyplanetpublications 8 Arrival Date © Lonely Planet Publications 8 History If East Timor’s history were a novel, it would been the first Portuguese visitor. Portuguese be an entertaining read. The tragedy, of trading ships regularly visited the north coast course, is that it’s all true. in search of sandalwood. It wasn’t until 1568 that Dutch traders first arrived in Timor. For KINGDOMS & CANNIBALISM the next 300 years the Dutch and Portuguese The discovery of stone artefacts and evidence competed for control of Timor. of pre-agricultural societies may indicate that The era of Portuguese influence really be- Timor was home to Homo erectus, early homi- gins in 1556 at Lifau (in present-day Oecussi), noids related to Java Man, who settled the when Dominican friars established a settle- Indonesian archipelago up to one million ment and set about converting the Timorese years ago. Evidence of modern human set- to Catholicism. Official Portuguese efforts HISTORY HISTORY tlement on Timor dates back at least 13,000 were minimal, and colonisation was left to a years, when the Austronesian peoples of Asia handful of Dominicans in the hope that con- migrated throughout the eastern islands. version would spread Portuguese influence These hunter-gatherers were joined by later and keep out the Dutch. migrants from Asia, who introduced agricul- A Dutch expedition, led by Apollonius ture around 2000 BC. Scotte, sailed in 1603 to Kupang, in today’s Little is known of Timor before AD 1500, Indonesian West Timor, and negotiated with although Chinese and Javanese traders visited the local ruler to build a fort in return for the island from at least the 13th century, and Dutch military help against competing tribes. possibly as early as the 7th century. Traders Dutch claims to Timor date from this time, visited coastal settlements in search of the but Scotte didn’t act on the agreement, and it plentiful sandalwood (prized for its aroma was to be 40 years before the Dutch showed and for the medicinal santalol made from the any serious interest in Timor. oil) and beeswax. Away from the coast, a dozen or so Timorese Timor was divided into a number of small kingdoms held sway over the island with no kingdoms, which were little more than tribal interference from the colonial powers until groupings involved in frequent skirmishes, 1642. The most dominant kingdom in the with head-hunting a popular activity. The west was the Dawan kingdom of Sonbai, while Dawan (Atoni) people, thought to be the ear- the central Tetun kingdom of Wehali, based liest inhabitants of Timor, were the largest around the present-day region of Belu, was group in western Timor, but were divided the most powerful in central-east Timor. into numerous small kingdoms. In 1642 Francisco Fernandes landed in The Tetun (Belu) people, the other major Naikliu and led a Portuguese military ex- ethnic group, migrated to Timor in the 14th pedition to weaken the power of the Timor century, settling the fertile central regions and kings. With the assistance of Timorese allies, pushing the Dawan westward. Their origins Fernandes marched across Sonbai territory, are uncertain, but they call their homeland around present-day Kapan and, after successes Malaka, and they may well have migrated there, went on to defeat Wehali. His small from the Malay Peninsula. From their fer- army of musketeers was composed prima- tile base, which straddles the current West rily of Topasses, the mestizo group from the Timor–East Timor border, they expanded Portuguese settlements at Larantuka (Flores) until four of their tribes had formed kingdoms and Pulau Solor. The Christian, Portuguese- and pushed further into East Timor. speaking Topasses, called ‘Black Portuguese’ by the Dutch, were descended from inter- PORTUGUESE & DUTCH DEALINGS marriage between the Solorese, Portuguese, The first Europeans in Timor were the and slaves from Portuguese colonies in India Portuguese, who may have landed as early as and Melaka. 1509, although 1515 is generally given as the After this show of strength, the Topasses arrival date. Antonio de Abreu is said to have settled in Timor, at Lifau on the coast and lonelyplanet.com HISTORY •• A Forgotten Corner 9 then further inland around present-day far-flung Kupang, which held little economic Kefamenanu and Niki Niki in West Timor. interest. Trade was largely conducted by These strangers representing a far-off, power- Chinese merchants, and the Dutch colony ful kingdom were welcomed by local rulers was neglected. and given land. Although acting on behalf It was a similar story in the east, where the of Portugal, through intermarriage they Portuguese held on to power through strate- went on to form their own kingdoms and gic alliances against attacks from local chiefs. become a power unto themselves. Two clans Portuguese settlement was minimal, and the of Topasses, the de Ornai and the da Costa colony was ruled from Macau on the Chinese clans, integrated into the local community coast. Chinese outnumbered Europeans in and became the new rulers, controlling Portuguese Timor, and the colony also had to most of Timor, but not without skirmishes cope with Chinese rebellions. The sandalwood among themselves. trade began to die, and coffee, introduced as HISTORY The Dutch, unsettled by the growing a cash crop in 1815, became the principal Portuguese influence, arrived in Kupang in concern of the Portuguese. 1653 to stake their claim to Timor. First they Dutch–Portuguese conflict was mostly fortified Kupang and then set about control- confined to Flores. When the Dutch finally ling the surrounding area. They forged al- took Larantuka in 1851, they forced negotia- liances with local rulers around the Bay of tions that resulted in the Treaty of Lisbon in Kupang, but a Dutch military expedition to 1859. The Portuguese relinquished all claims the south was soundly defeated by Timorese on Flores, and Timor was divided in half. and Topasses forces in 1656. The split was not formalised until a further In the same year a Portuguese was ap- treaty in 1904, with a slight rejigging of the pointed to administer the settlement at Lifau, borders right up until 1916. Portugal claimed making it the first real Portuguese colony on the east and the north-coast pocket of Oecussi Timor. When the Portuguese commander in the west, based around Lifau, while Holland died, a Topasse capitao was appointed in 1663 received the rest of the west. and the Topasses went on to consolidate their power. In 1701 the Portuguese Viceroy of Goa A FORGOTTEN CORNER appointed a governor to control Lifau, but he The 20th century brought the greatest changes lasted only until 1705 when he was driven out to Timor as the colonial powers increased by the Topasses. their involvement. The new Dutch policy The Portuguese returned to Lifau, but was to rule all of the East Indies possessions their power was tenuous at best. By 1749 directly, establishing Dutch government the Topasses controlled central Timor and throughout the archipelago. In 1905 Kupang marched on Kupang to confront the Dutch. was ordered to bring the local chiefs to heel. Although outnumbered, the Dutch won and The various kingdoms had to swear allegiance killed many Topasse leaders at the battle of to Holland and submit to the authority of a Penfui, the site of Kupang airport today. Dutch Controller. In return they were given The Dutch in Kupang, comprising only a autonomy to rule their principalities and col- handful of United East India Company (VOC) lect taxes for the Dutch administration. officers, became the major force on Timor Rebellions broke out across West Timor through alliances with inland chiefs and from 1906 onwards and the Dutch reacted further military campaigns. The Portuguese swiftly. In Niki Niki, Dutch forces sur- had to abandon Lifau in 1769 after more at- rounded the royal compound, and the royal tacks from the Topasses, and the colony was family self-immolated rather than yield to moved east to Dili, the present-day capital of the Dutch. Rebellions continued right up to East Timor. 1916, when the last kingdoms succumbed Conflict between Timorese kingdoms and to Dutch rule. Although roads and schools against the Dutch continued throughout the were built, most of the population outside 19th century. The Dutch were firmly en- the regional centres had little contact with sconced in Kupang, but unable and unwilling the Dutch, except for some aggressive, mostly to control the interior. The VOC went bank- Protestant, missionary activity. Control was rupt in 1799, leaving the Dutch government limited, and the traditional rajas held sway to assume direct control, but they ignored under a Dutch hegemony..
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