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Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity on Reproductive Output in the Leaf-Footed Cactus Bug, Narnia Femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae)

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Consequences of Environmental Heterogeneity on Reproductive Output in the Leaf-Footed Cactus Bug, Narnia Femorata (Hemiptera: Coreidae) CONSEQUENCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY ON REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT IN THE LEAF-FOOTED CACTUS BUG, NARNIA FEMORATA (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) By LAUREN ANNE CIRINO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2020 © 2020 Lauren Anne Cirino To my family ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am so lucky to have the family and friends that I do. I would first like to thank my wonderful family. My mom and dad, Janice and Charles Cirino, taught me from a young age to never give up on my dreams. My brother, Todd Cirino, has always encouraged me to pursue my science dreams even though I had already set out on another career path. This degree is one step in the direction of that big dream, and I could not have achieved it without them. This degree is not only mine, it is theirs too. Forming friendships through science has been such a wonderful and supportive experience. I would like to thank my amazing friends who have stuck by me throughout the years. I am appreciative of your love, support, and encouragement. I would like to specifically thank Drs. Deanna Colton, Susan Lad, Michala Stock, Amanda Friend, and Ginny Greenway for their love and support. I am so grateful to have such strong and supportive women in my life. This degree would have been far more challenging without your encouragement. I am also grateful for the mentorship and guidance I have received from Christine Miller throughout this adventure of graduate school. Without her support, patience, and encouragement, this degree would have been far more arduous. I would also like to thank my committee members – Patricia Moore, Colette St. Mary, Lisa Taylor, and Todd Palmer. I appreciate your advice and valuable contributions to my research. I would also like to thank my funding sources that contributed to the success of this research – University of Florida Graduate Research Fellowship and the National Science Foundation (IOS-1553100 to Christine Miller). Finally, I would like to thank the Animal Behavior Society and the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology for awarding me grant money to share the results of my dissertation at their conferences. 4 Many undergraduate students have made this dissertation research and other research endeavors possible during my years as a graduate student at the University of Florida. I would like to thank Skyler Brandfon, Tyler Campbell, Devin Fabian, Stella Fedele, Daniela Gomez, Amberlika Guruvadoo, Kaylin Kleckner, Brandon Latchman, Haley Lenga, Meredith Lilley, Amun Majeed, Gagan Midathala, Elizette Rodriguez, Bryanna Sharot, Kayli Sieber, Ebony Taylor, Joshua Vildor, Kathleen Wang, and Maxwell Woolridge. Their smart, dedicated, and diverse experiences have truly enriched my life and made my dissertation less stressful. Mentoring them was one of the highlights of my time at the University of Florida. I would also like to thank the funding sources that funded a few of my undergraduate researchers including the Undergraduate Scholars Research program (Haley Lenga), the McNair Scholars program (Ebony Taylor and Daniela Gomez), and Animal Behavior Society (Daniela Gomez). Funding the next generation of scientists is crucial for increasing diversity and inclusion. Finally, I would like to thank all of the Miller Lab members who have been incredibly supportive. I thank Zachary Emberts, Michael Forthman, Sara Zlotnik, Tamsin Woodman, Ginny Greenway, Daniela Wilner, Ummat Somjee, and Pablo Allen. These fantastic lab mates have brainstormed ideas, helped troubleshoot projects, revised my writing, edited my slides, and helped shape me as a scientist among other things. I am so thankful that they were my lab mates and even more grateful they are my friends. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 13 2 SEASONAL NUTRITION AFFECTS FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ANATOMY BUT NOT FEMALE MATING BEHAVIOR ACROSS A LONG BREEDING SEASON ................................................................................................................. 19 Background ............................................................................................................. 19 Methods .................................................................................................................. 22 Insect Rearing and Diet Manipulations ............................................................. 22 Mating Behavior Trials ...................................................................................... 25 Female Anatomy .............................................................................................. 26 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................... 26 Juvenile diet – week 1 females .................................................................. 26 Adult diet switch and age – week 2 and 3 females .................................... 27 Results .................................................................................................................... 28 Juvenile Diet – Week 1 Females ...................................................................... 28 Adult Diet Switch and Age – Week 2 and 3 Females ....................................... 28 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 29 3 MATERNAL BODY SIZE, BUT NOT DIET, AFFECTS EGG SIZE IN THE LEAF- FOOTED CACTUS BUG, NARNIA FEMORATA .................................................... 42 Background ............................................................................................................. 42 Methods .................................................................................................................. 46 Insect Husbandry ............................................................................................. 46 Insect Rearing .................................................................................................. 47 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................... 49 Results .................................................................................................................... 49 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 50 4 SEASONAL CHANGES IN DIET QUALITY PARTIALLY RESCUE LONG TERM FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS .................................................................. 56 Background ............................................................................................................. 56 6 Methods .................................................................................................................. 59 Experimental Design ........................................................................................ 59 Insect rearing ............................................................................................. 59 Juvenile survivorship and development ..................................................... 60 Adult longevity and fecundity ..................................................................... 61 Statistical Analyses .......................................................................................... 62 Juvenile survivorship and development ..................................................... 62 Overall female reproductive success ......................................................... 63 Components of female reproductive success ............................................ 63 Speed of adult diet rescue ......................................................................... 64 Results .................................................................................................................... 65 Juvenile Survival and Development ................................................................. 65 Overall Female Reproductive Success ............................................................ 65 Components of Female Reproductive Success ................................................ 65 Female longevity ........................................................................................ 65 Female fecundity ........................................................................................ 66 Speed of Adult Diet Rescue ............................................................................. 66 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 67 5 MALES WITH DAMAGED WEAPONS PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING THAN INTACT MALES IN NON-COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENTS ................................. 77 Background ............................................................................................................. 77 Methods .................................................................................................................
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