1 5 W est 1 6 th Str et | New Y o rk City

by DAWN ’S Early Light BY DAWN ’S EARLY LIGHT Jewish Contributions to American Culture from the Nation’s Founding by to the Civil War DAWN ’S Early Light

An exhibition, presented by the By Dr. Adam Mendelsohn, Curator American Jewish Historical Society, was Director of the Pearlstine/Lipov Center for Southern Jewish Culture made possible through the generosity of College of Charleston Leonard L. Milberg with additional support from the Center for . Living in an age when Jews are fully integrated into so much of America’s public and popular Great Hall & David Berg Rare Book Room, Center for Jewish History culture, it is difficult to imagine a time before they shone on the stage, and printed page. Such a future for Jews was scarcely imaginable in the crucible years after the birth of the March 16 — May 30, 2014 United States. In the colonial period, there was little precedent for Jews speaking for themselves vocally and volubly in the public arena. At the dawn of the Republic, they were new to American public life. Yet as the United States started its grand experiment with liberty, and began to invent a culture of its own, Jews, too, began a grand Curator Dr. Adam Mendelsohn, Director experiment of living as equals. In a society that promised exceptional freedom, this was both liberating and confound - of the Pearlstine/Lipov Center for ing. As individuals, they were free to participate as full citizens in the hurly-burly of the new nation’s political and Southern Jewish Culture, social life. But as members of a group that sought to remain distinctive, freedom was daunting. In response to the College of Charleston challenges of liberty, Jews adopted and adapted American and Jewish artistic idioms to express themselves in new Contributing Scholars For Jews, initially a tiny minority in the early Republic, freedom ways as Americans and as Jews. In the process, they invented American Jewish culture, and contributed to the Dr. Heather S. Nathans, Tufts University flowering of American culture during the earliest days of the Republic. was both liberating and confounding. As individuals they were Shari Rabin, Yale University By Dawn’s Early Light showcases a rich variety of Jewish free to participate as full citizens in the hurly-burly of the The Birth of American Culture voices from this age of experimentation. Displayed are Concept and title Dr. Lance Sussman Following the Revolution, American writers, impresarios, new nation’s political and social life. But as members of some of the earliest novels, poems, plays, newspapers, and intellectuals still looked to Europe for inspiration, scientific treatises, and religious works prepared and a group that sought to remain distinctive, freedom was and audiences continued to consume culture created produced by Jews in the United States. As seems fitting across the Atlantic. But over time, the United States daunting. In response to the challenges of liberty, Jews for the “people of the book,” Jews first made a lasting began to emancipate itself culturally from the Old World. imprint in early America on the printed page. They did so adopted and adapted American cultural idioms to A growing number of publishers printed work by both literally — publishing and printing was one of the express themselves in new ways, as Americans and as Americans for Americans. Playwrights wrote dramas only major industries in which Jews played a prominent that spoke to American concerns. Scientists explored Jews. In the process, they invented American Jewish culture. part in the first decades of the American Republic — the natural history of their own land. And theologians and figuratively, as writers and thinkers engaged with and religious seekers put an American stamp on the the artistic, political, religious, social, and scientific new nation’s spiritual life. issues of their day.

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1 Most who achieved renown in the early Republic wrote, Even as some Jews used the printed page to leave their 1820s Jews were living in growing numbers in , agenda, they shared a desire to create a new sense of edited, published, or performed works of general rather mark on American culture, the steam-powered printing , , St. Louis, and Indiana, and solidarity and community, and to bridge the divisions than Jewish interest. Several Jews achieved public press left its imprint on the internal life of the Jewish they continued to move further south and west, following within a diverse Jewish population that came from a wide influence and fame as journalists, performers, poets, community. Jews were not the first of America’s religious transportation lines and the booms and busts of various variety of places, spoke different languages, and practiced playwrights, and as editors of scientific works. Some groups to recognize the possibilities that mass printing cities and towns. Jews joined in the California gold rush, Judaism according to different rites. The power of the lived off their talents for writing, performing, and some - presented. Protestant evangelicals had skillfully utilized but also tried their luck as peddlers and merchants in printed page advanced this quest for community, helping times for self-promotion. In claiming a space for Jews in the printing press to communicate with their followers, towns and villages throughout the nation. As Jewish Jews create social and religious ties across distant spaces, the public arena, they fulfilled the charge that Thomas win new converts, and supply a vast market of devoted leader and editor Isaac Leeser wrote in 1843, “The and making them feel at home in the United States. Jefferson presented to Mordecai Manuel Noah, one of readers; by the 1820s, Jews began to follow their lead. country is fast filling up with Jews … from the newly But the efforts of religious leaders were only part of a the leading lights of the Jewish community, for Jews to gotten Santa Fe to the confines of New Brunswick, Wandering Jews broader cultural response by Jews as they adapted to attain true equality in the United States. “Our laws,” and from the Atlantic to the shores of the western sea, new circumstances in a new land. Jewish men, and for In many cases, those who wrote for Jewish readers were Jefferson wrote, put “all on an equal footing, but more the wandering sons of Israel are seeking homes and the first time, Jewish women, began to produce essays, responding to epochal changes in the Jewish community, remains to be done.” Only if Jews acquired prominence freedom.” According to one estimate, by 1860 Jews lived poetry, plays, novels, and learned texts to entertain, which experienced a demographic and geographic “on the equal and commanding benches of science” — in one thousand different cities and towns throughout educate, and edify their fellow Jewish Americans and revolution of its own in the antebellum period. In 1800, by which he meant all intellectual spheres — would they the United States. their non-Jewish neighbors. Written in German and the Jewish population numbered a few thousand souls become “equal objects of respect and favor” in the eyes English, and occasionally Hebrew,, their works were the clustered in port cities on the eastern seaboard. Nine Making Judaism American of their neighbors. first expression of a distinct American Jewish culture. decades later, on the eve of the Civil War, a Jewish If the printed word could reach a dispersed Jewish People of the Book population of at least 150,000 was scattered throughout community, it could also preach to a population that By Dawn’s Early Light explores how, in our nation’s The materials on display convey multiple layers of a continent. Most were newcomers from German- many religious and community leaders considered earliest days, Jews began to grapple on the stage and meaning to contemporary viewers. They provide a portal speaking lands, but also from Russia, , and England. imperiled. The freedoms that made the United States the printed page with what it meant to be Jewish and into an earlier age of cultural vitality when the United Pushed by social rupture, political upheaval, and the so enticing to immigrants also presented a host of new American. The cultural quest that these writers, performers, States itself was new. They illuminate the extraordinary ongoing struggle for Jewish emancipation in Europe, challenges to Judaism. Religious freedom enabled new - and thinkers began more than a century ago continues to creativity of American Jews in the early Republic. And they were also lured across the Atlantic by the promise comers to shun the synagogue if they wished to do so, resonate today. they reveal a set of profound changes that reshaped of economic opportunity, religious freedom, and and marry whomever they pleased. Christian missionaries America and its Jewish community, and made this participation in the grand project of America’s westward eagerly courted Jews for conversion. Jews outside of Dr. Heather S. Nathans, Chair of the Department of Drama and Dance at Tufts University, and Shari Rabin moment of cultural vitality possible. expansion. While advances in steamship technology made larger centers found it difficult to adhere to basic of Yale University’s Religious Studies Department, Those who sought to participate in the cultural life of the it easier and faster than ever to migrate to the United elements of traditional Jewish life — eating kosher meat, contributed to this essay. new nation were aided immeasurably by technological States, the expanding network of steamboats and railroads praying with a quorum of ten men, or observing the changes — especially revolutions in printing and trans - allowed Jews to disperse throughout the continent. Whereas Sabbath — and easy to let Jewish associations and practices portation — that made the production of books and previously American Jews had looked eastward, across the fall away as they built new lives in the United States. newspapers easier and cheaper, and brought armies of ocean, for economic and personal ties, increasingly they It was no coincidence that many of those who printed new readers within reach. The expansion of public felt the pull of the American West. books and newspapers for Jewish readers in the 1840s schooling; a growing appreciation of the need to cater With the new nation and its Jews on the move, Jewish and 1850s were religious leaders. Emboldened by a sense to the intellectual interests of women as well as men; and communal and religious leaders began to recognize the of crisis, they began to produce new prayer books, trans - the ballooning of America’s population, which doubled potential of the written word to reach a growing and lations of religious texts, and newspapers that they hoped between 1800 and 1830, and came close to doubling increasingly dispersed Jewish population. Many migrants, would speak to America’s Jews. Some sought to adapt again by 1850, dramatically increased the market for the vast majority of whom were men, fanned out into the Judaism to America’s modern ways; others to preserve reading materials of all kinds. hinterland in search of fortune and glory. As early as the tradition during a time of change. Whatever their religious

2 3 Preamble

Photo: John Halpern

Redraft Of The Castello Plan, New Amsterdam In 1660 Observations On The Language Of The Muhhekaneew Indians John Wolcott Adams and I. N. Phelps Stokes, 1916 Jonathan Edwards, Jr. Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg New Haven: Printed by Josiah Meigs, 1788 The Library Company of This unusually detailed map of New Amsterdam, originally drafted in 1660 by the town’s surveyor and reprinted much later, reveals a Perhaps inspired by his more famous father, who saw Native modest Dutch colonial settlement in its fourth decade of existence. Americans as central to “developing God’s climax to human Because of a census performed in the same year that the map history,” Jonathan Edwards, Jr. (1745–1801), a leading student was drafted, historians have been able to identify and locate most of Native American languages and a distinguished Presbyterian residents. A motley group of Jewish refugees had settled in the port minister, maintained that a connection existed between Biblical town six years earlier, over the objections of the colonial governor, Hebrew and Native American languages. Edwards was fluent Peter Stuyvesant, who protested that the “new territories should no in Mahican, the dominant indigenous language of Western more be allowed to be infected by people of the Jewish nation.” Massachusetts, where he grew up. Although he was part of the He feared this would create a precedent, allowing other groups, emerging field of modern linguistics, Edwards’s adherence to including Catholics, to settle in New Netherlands. Stuyvesant was the “Jewish Indian” theory helped sustain this idea into the overruled by the Dutch West India Company. As a result, historians nineteenth century. trace the origins of a permanent Jewish presence in North America to 1654. Jews only won the right to public worship around the turn of the eighteenth century.

4 5 Speaking for Themselves

Address Delivered Before The American Whig And Cliosophic Societies Of The College Of New Jersey… David S. Kaufman Princeton: June 25, 1850 Princeton University Library Mudd Manuscript Library

A graduate of the Princeton class of 1833, David Spangler Kaufman Photo: John Halpern (1813–1851) returned to his alma mater in 1850 to deliver this oration praising America and the institution of slavery. Kaufman, the first man of Jewish descent to represent the new state of Texas in the House of Representatives, studied and practiced law after graduation, and had a storied career in Texas politics. From his perch Departure Of The Israelites For The Yanky City Of Refuge in Congress, he unsuccessfully pushed for Texas to claim parts of Or A Parting Farewell To John Bull what are now New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma. [England]: c.1825 The Library Company of Philadelphia

Mordecai Manual Noah (1785–1851) achieved renown as a Speech Of Mrs. E. L. Rose At The Women’s Rights Convention journalist, newspaper editor, playwright, theater critic, politician, and Syracuse: Masters Print, [1852] communal leader at a time when few American Jews succeeded in Princeton University Library any of those fields. He held several offices including American Miriam Y. Holden Collection consul in Tunis, sheriff of New York, and grand sachem of Tammany Hall. Today, Noah is best remembered for his much-derided and Ernestine L. Rose (1810–1892) delivered this speech in September ultimately unsuccessful scheme to establish a “City of Refuge” for 1852 at the third annual convention of activists who supported persecuted Jews from around the world on Grand Isle near Buffalo. advancing the rights of women in the United States. It was one of He proposed it would be paid for with a tax of three shekels of silver several progressive causes that she championed. Echoing a theme “upon each Jew throughout the world.” In this hostile cartoon, Noah from America’s foundation, she declared that, “as a woman has to is depicted as his Biblical namesake atop an ark, beckoning Jews pay taxes to maintain government, she has a right to participate in to settle in his “land of milk and honey.” The cartoonist takes aim the formation and administration of it.” She became the president at both Noah and at Jews more broadly. Ararat, the colony Noah of the convention the following year. Alongside suffragism and proposed to build, is mocked here, as it was by many of his feminism, Rose campaigned for abolitionism and socialism. detractors. Jews are depicted abandoning England for Ararat, This rabbi’s daughter was also an atheist. toting bundles inscribed “Guineas,” “Sovereigns,” and “Stock.”

Photo: John Halpern

6 7 Religious Works

The Jew Being A Defence Of Judaism Against All Adversaries And Particularly Against The Insidious Attacks Of Israel’s Advocates Solomon H. Jackson, ed. New York: Johnstone & Van Norden,1823–1825 Princeton University Library Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers

The first Jewish periodical published in the United States, The Jew was less concerned with reporting news — the paper was devoid of references to events within the Jewish community — than with a full-throated assault on missionaries who had begun to print their own newspaper to encourage conversion. “In the present Sermon enlightened age, not to defend Judaism,” declared the editor, Gershom Mendes Seixas Solomon H. Jackson, “would be considered a tacit acknowledgment New York: November 28, 1799 that it was indefensible.” Jackson (died, c.1847), whose children Facsimile were raised as Christians, became observant after his wife’s death, American Jewish Historical Society, New York and devoted himself to publishing Jewish works. He became the Jacques Judah Lyons Collection, P-15, Box 5 first Jewish printer in New York; his print shop was able to set type in both Hebrew and English. Gershom Mendes Seixas (1745–1816) was born in to a Sephardic family. He became the first American–born Jewish “minister” in the United States, serving as hazan of New York’s The Twenty-Four Books Of The Holy Scriptures Congregation Shearith Israel. Seixas, known as the “Patriot Isaac Leeser, trans. Preacher,” supported American independence, and quickly Philadelphia: 1853–1854 recognized that the new nation would become a haven for Jews. Private collection of Leonard L. Milberg He participated in the inauguration of George Washington, was an incorporator of , and served as a member of the Isaac Leeser (1806–1868) began work on this “improved translation” Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York. Seixas of the Bible in 1838 out of frustration that the Protestant King gave this “short discourse” on the subject of “freewill offerings” on James version reigned virtually unchallenged within the American a day of thanksgiving that had been called by the “great majority of Jewish community. Rebecca Gratz (1781–1869), unable to find an the clergy” of New York City. He had delivered a handful of sermons appropriate alternative for her Sunday School, tore out objectionable in English before — a novelty in American synagogues — including portions of the Protestant text. Leeser’s translation lacked the one praising the United States as “founded upon the strictest lyricism of the King James text, but better reflected Jewish interpre - principles of equal liberty and justice” on the day of national tations of the text. By the 1860s it had become what one historian thanksgiving called by George Washington after the ratification of has described as “the standard Bible for English-speaking Jews.” the Constitution. Early American Jews did not mind the inherently religious character of this kind of celebration, but as early as 1776, n r e p l they had called — with mixed results — for thanksgiving a H n

h observances that omitted direct reference to Jesus. o J

8 : o t o h P 9 Instructional Literature

Instruction In The Mosaic Religion Joseph Johlson; Isaac Leeser, trans. Philadelphia: Adam Waldie, 1830 Princeton University Library Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers

Catechism For Younger Children: Designed As A Familiar Exposition Of The Jewish Religion Isaac Leeser Philadelphia: Adam Waldie, 1839 Facsimile Princeton University Library Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers

Isaac Leeser (1806 –1868)described his translation, from German into English, of a catechism on Judaism as his “first literary performance of any note.” Newly appointed as hazan of Mikveh Israel in Philadelphia, he undertook the project because of the paucity of textbooks in English suitable for use at home and in Jewish schools. His choice of text is surprising because its author, Joseph Johlson (1777–1851), was associated with religious reform, and Leeser with traditionalism. At several points, Leeser offered Orthodox interpretations to counter Johlson. Conceding that the catechism was suitable only for “advanced classes,” Leeser prepared this “little book” less than a decade later to “assist” the

Photo: John Halpern Sunday school, which had recently opened in Philadelphia. The text begins with a dedication to Rebecca Gratz, the school’s guiding spirit.

10 11 Poetry & Prose

Photo: John Halpern

The Leper And Other Poems Hymns Written For The Service Of The Hebrew Infelicia Rebekah Hyneman Congregation Beth Elohim Adah Isaacs Menken Philadelphia: A. Hart, 1853 Charleston: Levin & Tavel, 1842 Philadelphia, New York: 1868 Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg The Princeton University Library

Much of the verse in this volume, written by Rebekah Hyneman The majority of the poems in this hymnal are signed PM, for Adah Isaacs Menken (1835 –1868), a popular actress, was also an (1816–1865), reflects the influence of middle-class ideals on Penina Moïse (1797–1880), one of the first and most prolific female accomplished poet. Published a few months after Menken’s death, American Jewish culture, and particularly on Jewish women. Jewish poets in antebellum America. An 1838 conflagration that Infelicia is a collection of her poetry and showcases her interest “Oh woman! weak and powerless,” one poem concludes, “thee is swept Charleston and razed its synagogue was transformative for in engaging with contemporary literary culture, including American given / The task to prune the budding branch, and bid it bloom for American Judaism and for Moise. She became intimately involved authors such as Whitman and Longfellow. One critic heaven,” a reference to the new expectation that mothers would in the Reform synagogue — the first in the United States — built admitted: “We took up this volume with an inclination to laugh,” but assume responsibility for their children’s Jewish education. in place of the fire-ruined structure. She superintended its Sunday instead he discovered, “a heart of more than common tenderness, Hyneman, a convert, became a committed Jew after her marriage school and wrote 190 hymns for its services. These hymns are a brain of rare activity, fine tastes, and lofty aspirations.” to a Jewish merchant. Her poetry, translations, children’s stories, noteworthy because they were composed in English and written and prose, published in a variety of venues, often dealt with the by a woman, both breaks with Jewish tradition. need to resist the temptations of Christian culture.

12 13 Music

Le Bananier Louis Moreau Gottschalk Memorie Di Lorenzo Da Ponte, Da Ceneda Così Fan Tutte New York: Schuberth & Co., 1851 Lorenzo Da Ponte Lorenzo Da Ponte The Library Company of Philadelphia Nuova-Jorca: Lorenzo e Carlo Da Ponte. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, [1810] Gray & Bunce, stampatori,1823 Princeton University Library The works of Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869) — heavily The Library Company of Philadelphia Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers tinged with Creole, African, and Latin American influences — are unique in American musical history. Born in New Orleans to Lorenzo Da Ponte (1749–1838) is best known today as Mozart’s Translated as Thus They All Do It, Da Ponte’s follows the a Creole mother and a a Jewish father, Gottschalk heard Creole librettist. His three-volume memoirs, though highly entertaining, adventures of two soldiers who test the fidelity of their lovers by music in the cradle. At age thirteen, he began a nearly ten-year wooing them while in disguise. As the title hints, the two young leave out some of the juiciest parts of the author’s life, including an sojourn in Europe where he received a classical education. women are surprisingly open to the soldiers’ advances. When it Returning in 1853, he became the most popular pianist in the explanation for his official banishment from Venice for a mala vita premiered at Vienna’s Burgtheater in 1790, Mozart was chastised (bad life). He was born in Venice into a Jewish family, but in 1764 for wasting his talents on such a trivial subject, but the piece is United States. When scandal forced him to flee, he settled in his father married a Catholic and converted himself and his family. now regarded as one of his finest . South America, where he died of complications from malaria at Da Ponte’s colorful life included a stint as a Catholic priest; age forty. It was with this work, along with his Bamboula, that acquaintances with such fantastic figures as Casanova and Gottschalk made an indelible mark on the world of music. Written Emperor Joseph II of Austria; an affair that produced two children; in 1848, the piece is infused with Creole and Afro-Cuban rhythms. and multiple careers in the United States, first as a grocer, and then While Gottschalk's Jewish ancestry has been debated, there are as founder of the Italian language department at Columbia College. three pieces of evidence that strongly suggest that his father, He was the first Catholic to be appointed to the faculty, and also the Edward, was Jewish: his sister married into a Jewish family in first to have been born a Jew. At age 84, he founded the New York Texas; he subscribed to [ital] The Occident and American Jewish House, the first Italian opera house in the United States. Advocate; and his name appears on an 1828 list of “Israelite It was a short-lived venture, but it helped feed the American Donors” to New Orleans’s Congregation Shangarai Chasset. appetite for Italian opera.

14 15 b

Theater

Carte de Visite: Adah Isaacs Menken Undated American Jewish Historical Society, New York Adah Isaacs Menken Collection

Playbill: Rookwood At Maguire’s Opera House, San Francisco

Photo: John Halpern San Francisco, 1864 American Jewish Historical Society, New York Adah Isaacs Menken Collection

Mortara: Or, The Pope And His Inquisitors. A Drama. Adah Isaacs Menken (1835–1868), an actress, a beauty, a wit, and Together With Choice Poems a poet, managed to cram an extraordinary number of experiences Herman M. Moos into her thirty-three years. From obscure beginnings (she has been Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1860 variously claimed as Jewish and African American) she refashioned Princeton University Library herself as an international celebrity who married multiple times and Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers became recognized for her daring performances as well as her passionate advocacy for Jewish causes. ’s Edgardo Mortara was a Jewish Italian boy who was forcibly newspaper, The Israelite, praised her “chaste and beautiful writings.” removed from his parents in 1858 after being secretly baptized by In 1857, the paper published her essay in defense of Shylock’s a servant. The shocking case raised an international outcry among character, and it would continue to print her poems and essays supporters of Jewish rights. The novelist and newspaper editor throughout her life. In 1858, when she toured in Cincinnati, Herman M. Moos (1836–1894), a recent immigrant to the United The Israelite encouraged patrons to see her in “the favorite States, crafted a play that pits Edgardo’s father and a hotheaded characters in the Jewess, Ivanhoe, the Grotto Nymph, etc.” young revolutionary named Jepthah against the . Her fame was such that the paper claimed: “The bare mention of Jepthah leads an uprising against the Pope, demanding, her name is sufficient to attract … our readers.” Menken frequently “Is Israel’s courage dead?” Moos also praises America as, performed “breeches” roles in which she wore men’s clothes, as in “Home of the free – th’asylum of the oppressed.” The play was the Gothic melodrama Rookwood. Menken clung to her Jewish faith too controversial to receive a stage production during Moos’s throughout her life, declaring to one reporter: “Through that pure lifetime, but it circulated among readers sympathetic to the cause. and simple religion I have found greatest comfort and blessing.”

16 17 Travel

Photo: John Halpern

J. De Cordova’s Map Of The State Of Texas Travels In England, France, Spain, And The Barbary States, Published by Jacob de Cordova, Houston, Texas; In The Years 1813-14 And 15 engraved by J. M. Atwood, New York, 1851 Mordecai Manuel Noah Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg New York: Kirk and Mercein, 1819 Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg Born in Jamaica, Jacob De Cordova (1808–1868) lived in Philadelphia and New Orleans before moving to Houston Mordecai Manuel Noah (1785–1851), a journalist, politician, in 1837, following the Texas Revolution. He subsequently lived and prominent Jewish leader, wrote this account as a defense in Austin and Waco, which he helped found. A multilingual of his service as U.S. consul to Tunis. He described his time renaissance man, De Cordova was a merchant, mapmaker, abroad and included vivid notes about the places and people politician, newspaperman, and real estate promoter, as well as he encountered. He wrote at length about the Jews of Tunis, a committed leader in the International Order of Odd Fellows. fashioning himself as an heir to the medieval Jewish traveler This was the first large-scale map of Texas. It was created by and travel writer Benjamin of Tudela. De Cordova using land office files and his own surveys. Published in Houston four years after statehood, the map was reprinted and revised repeatedly for use by promoters and settlers. Among the migrants were some Jews, who beginning in 1852, created communal institutions, first in Galveston, and then in Houston, San Antonio, and elsewhere. The map includes Kaufman County, to the east of Dallas, which was named for David Spangler Kaufman (1813–1851), a Jew, who represented the state in the House of Representatives. 18 19 Science & Medicine

.

The Ordnance Manual For The Use Of Officers Of The United States Army Alfred Mordecai Washington: Gideon & Co., 1850 The Library Company of Philadelphia

This manual, prepared for use by army officers by Alfred Mordecai (1804–1887), reflected his pioneering efforts to apply scientific vigor to the development, testing, and use of weaponry. After graduating from West Point at the top of his class, Mordecai began his military career as an engineer, but soon moved into the Ordnance Department. By 1860 he commanded the Watervliet Arsenal which produced bullets and other materiel for the army. Approached by Jefferson Davis to run the Ordnance Department of the Confederacy, Mordecai, whose family and personal loyalties were deeply divided between North and South, instead chose to resign his commission and sit out the war.

Observations On The Cause, Nature, And Treatment Of The Epidemic Disorder, Prevalent In Philadelphia David de Isaac Cohen Nassy Photo: John Halpern Philadelphia: Printed by Parker & Co. for M. Carey, 1793 The Library Company of Philadelphia

A yellow fever epidemic in 1793 in Philadelphia — then the capital of the United States — prompted David Nassy (1747–1806) , a Jewish physician, druggist, and amateur botanist originally from Surinam, to publish this analysis of the causes, course, and treatment of the outbreak, which killed one in ten Philadelphians. Ascribing the outbreak to a “corruption of the air,” Nassy provided a graphic account of the progression of the disease among the infected, and instructed doctors to bleed and blister patients, supply emetics and purgatives, and apply emollient herbs. Despite this regimen being less harsh than others, only nineteen of Nassy’s 117 patients died during the height of the epidemic.

Photo: John Halpern

20 21 Periodicals

Die Deborah Vol. 1, No. 1 (August 24, 1855) Isaac M. Wise, ed. Digital facsimile Princeton University Library Leonard L. Milberg Collection of Jewish American Writers

Isaac Mayer Wise introduced Die Deborah in 1855 as a German- language supplement to his weekly newspaper, The Israelite. Die Deborah published news from the Jewish world, articles on Jewish culture and history, and serialized fiction — primarily for a female audience. The German text appealed to the many American Jews who had recently emigrated from central Europe. Long before it disbanded in 1902, however, Die Deborah began to decline in importance, as more Jews spoke and read English.

New York Enquirer Vol. 1, No. 3 (July 3, 1826) M. M. Noah, ed. Digital facsimile American Jewish Historical Society, New York

Noah’s Weekly Messenger Vol. 1, No. 2 (July 23, 1843) M. M. Noah, ed. Digital facsimile American Jewish Historical Society, New York

Newspaper publisher Mordecai Manuel Noah (1785–1851) used his editorial perch and potent pen to participate in the raucous political scene of his day. From 1826 to 1829, Noah edited the New York Enquirer, filling its pages with investigative reporting, human interest stories, and satires that skewered “good society.” Noah’s Weekly Messenger, first published in 1843, appeared destined to fold after just its second issue. But a timely merger with another newspaper (edited in part by the then little-known ) ensured its longevity. The Sunday Times and Noah’s Weekly Messenger remained in publication until 1892. In reference to his own name, Noah featured an ark floating over the motto “A Free Press, The Ark of Public Safety” on the masthead of his publications.

22 Memorie Di Lorenzo Da Ponte, Da Ceneda A Discourse, Delivered In Charleston, (S.C.) On The The Jew; Being A Defence Of Judaism Against All Discourses, Argumentative And Devotional On The Mortara: Or, The Pope And His Inquisitors. A Drama. Checklist Lorenzo Da Ponte 21st Of Nov. 1825, Before The Reformed Society Adversaries And Particularly Against The Insidious Subject Of The Jewish Religion Together With Choice Poems Nuova-Jorca: Lorenzo e Carlo Da Ponte Of Israelites: For Promoting True Principles Of Attacks Of Israel’s Advocates Isaac Leeser Herman M. Moos KEY Gray & Bunce, Stampatori, 1823 Judaism According To Its Purity And Spirit, On Their Solomon H. Jackson, ed. Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Co., 1837 Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1860 AJHS = American Jewish Historical Society, New York LCP First Anniversary New York: Johnstone & Van Norden, 1823–1825 P/LM P/LM LCP = The Library Company of Philadelphia Isaac Harby P/LM Lecture On Texas : A Treatise By Moses Mendelssohn The Ordnance Manual For The Use Of Officers LM = Private Collection of Leonard Milberg Charleston: A.E. Miller, 1825 Jacob De Cordova Seder Ha-tefilot: Ke-minhag K. K. Sefaradim Isaac Leeser, trans. Of The United States Army P = Princeton University Library Facsimile Philadelphia: Ernest Crozet, 1858 (The Form Of Daily Prayers: According To The Custom Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1852 Alfred Mordecai P/LM = Princeton University Library / Leonard L. Milberg AJHS Collection of Jewish American Writers AJHS (Soble Rare Books) Of The Spanish And Portuguese Jews) P/LM Washington: Gideon & Co., 1850 A Selection From The Miscellaneous Writings Of Solomon H. Jackson, E. S. Lazarus, eds. LCP Facsimile = item was shown in facsimile in the exhibition Texas: Her Resources And Her Public Men The Twenty-Four Books Of The Holy Scriptures The Late Isaac Harby New York: 1826 Jacob De Cordova Isaac Leeser, trans. Richmond In By-Gone Days Charleston: James S. Burges, 1829 LM Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1858 Philadelphia: 1853–1854 Samuel Mordecai Facsimile BOOKS & PAMPHLETS LCP Instruction In The Mosaic Religion LM Richmond: George M. West, 1856 AJHS (A. S. W. Rosenbach Collection) Joseph Johlson; Isaac Leeser, trans. P/LM Oration On Causes Of The Mortality Among Strangers The Italian Bride: A Play In Five Acts The History Of The Jews From The Destruction The Prophet’s Daughter Philadelphia: Adam Waldie, 1830 During The Late Summer And Fall Samuel Yates Levy Of The Temple To The Nineteenth Century Marion Hartog Facsimile Full Annals Of The Revolution In France, 1830: To Jacob De La Motta Savannah: J. M. Cooper, 1856 Hannah Adams Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, [1846] P/LM Which Is Added, A Full Account Of The Celebration Savannah: Printed by Kappel & Bartlet, 1820 P/LM Boston: John Eliot, 1812 P/LM Of Said Revolution In The City Of New-York, On The LCP AJHS (A.S.W. Rosenbach Collection) Jewish Miscellany, No. VI An Essay On Flogging In The Navy 25th November, 1830: Being The Forty-Seventh A Treatise On The Diseases Of The Eye The Jew And The Doctor (Days Of Old By Charlotte Elizabeth [Mrs. Tonna]; Uriah P. Levy Anniversary Of An Event That Restored Our Citizens Elements Of Physics: Or, Natural Philosophy, General William Lawrence; Isaac Hays, ed. Thomas Dibdin Rachel Levi: A Tale; The Jews And Their Religion New York: Pudney & Russell, 1849 To Their Homes, And To The Enjoyment Of Their And Medical, Explained Independently Of Technical Philadelphia, Lea & Blanchard, 1843 London: Printed by A. Strahan for By Isaac Leeser) AJHS (Uriah P. Levy Collection) Rights And Liberties Mathematics, And Containing New Disquisitions And LCP T. N. Longman O. Rees, 1800 Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society, [1846] Myer Moses II Practical Suggestions P Descriptions Of The Inferior Maxillary Bones Of P/LM Max Lilienthal, American Rabbi: Life And Writings New York: J. & J. Harper, 1830 Neil Arnott Mastodons, In The Cabinet Of The American Max E. Lilienthal P/LM First American from the third London edition, Harrington, A Tale; Ormond, A Tale (Vol. 1) The Buccaneers Philosophical Society With Remarks On The New York: Bloch Publishing Company, 1915 with additions, by Isaac Hays Maria Edgeworth Samuel B. H. Judah Genus Tetracaulodon, & C AJHS Observations On The Cause, Nature, And Treatment Philadelphia: Carey, Lea & Carey, 1829 London: Printed for R. Hunter, 1817 Boston: Munroe & Francis, 1827 Isaac Hays Of The Epidemic Disorder, Prevalent In Philadelphia LCP P (General Rare Books Collection) AJHS (A.S.W. Rosenbach Collection) Philadelphia: Printed by J. Kay, jun., and Co., 1833 The Mystery Of Israel’s Salvation Explained David de Isaac Cohen Nassy And Applied… Philadelphia: Printed by Parker & Co. for Speech Of Hon. J. P. Benjamin, Of Louisiana, LCP Gotham And The Gothamites, A Medley Observations On The Language Of The Increase Mather M. Carey, 1793 On the Right Of Secession: Delivered In The Samuel B. H. Judah Muhhekaneew Indians Biblical History For Israelitish Schools: With A Brief London: Printed for John Allen, 1669 LCP Senate Of The United States, Dec. 31, 1860 New York: Published for the author, and sold by Jonathan Edwards, Jr. Outline Of The Geography Of Palestine… P (Behrman Collection of American Literature) Washington: Printed by Lemuel Towers, 1861 S. King, 1823 New Haven: Printed by Josiah Meigs, 1788 Emanuel Hecht, Samuel Adler, Maurice Mayer Koul Jacob In Defence Of The Jewish Religion: P (John Shaw Pierson Civil War Collection) P/LM LCP New York: Thalmessinger, Cahn & Benedicks, 1859 The Last Of The Asmoneans Containing The Arguments Of The Rev. C. F. Frey, Incidents Of Travel And Adventure In The Far West P/LM Nathan Mayer Olat Tamid: Gebetbuch Für Israelitische The Rose Of Arragon, Or, The Vigil Of St. Mark: One Of The Committee Of The London Society For Solomon Nunes Carvalho Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1859 Reform–Gemeinden Israel Vindicated: Being A Refutation Of The A Melo-Drama, In Two Acts… The Conversion Of The Jews, And Answers Thereto New York: Derby & Jackson, 1857 LM David Einhorn Calumnies Propagated Respecting The Jewish Samuel B. H. Judah Jacob Nikelsburger P (Gift of Philip Ashton Rollins, Class of 1889) Baltimore: Gedruckt bei C.W. Schneidereith..., 1858 Nation, In Which The Objects And Views Of The Liverpool: printed; New York: re-printed for New York: S. King, 1822 Infelicia A Key To The Hebrew Tongue: Containing The P/LM American Society For Ameliorating The Condition John Reid, bookseller, 1816 P/LM Adah Isaacs Menken [Alef Bet] Alphabet, With The Various Vowel Points Of The Jews Are Investigated P (Gift of Sidney Lapidus, Class of 1959) Kol Kore Bamidbar: Über Jüdische Reform. Ein Wort Facsimile Accompanied By Easy Lessons Of One And More George Houston A Tale Of Lexington An Die Freunde Derselben (A Voice Calling In The Philadelphia, New York: 1868 Discourse Delivered At The Consecration Of The Syllables, With The English Translation Affixed New York: Collins, 1820 Samuel B. H. Judah Wilderness: On Jewish Reform. A Word To Friends P Synagogue Of [Kahal Kadosh Shearith Israel] In Thereto, So That The Learner May Understand As AJHS (A.S.W. Rosenbach Rare Book Collection) New York: Published at Dramatic repository: Of The Same) The City Of New–York: On Friday, The 10th Of Nisan, He Proceeds; To Which Is Added An Introduction H. Sage’s Book and Music Store, 1823 Bernhard Felsenthal A Defence Of The Cosmogony Of Moses The Sabbath Service And Miscellaneous Prayers 5578, Corresponding With The 17th Of April, 1818 To The Hebrew Grammar With Points, Intended To P/LM Chicago: C. Hess, 1859 Jonathan (Jonas) Horwitz Adopted By The Israelites, Founded In Charleston, Mordecai Manuel Noah Facilitate The Scholar In His Progress To The November 21, 1825 AJHS (Monographs) Baltimore: Richard J. Matchett, 1839 A Guide For Rational Inquiries Into The Biblical New York: Printed by C. S. Van Winkle, 1818 Attainment Of The Primitive Languages Abraham Moïse, ed. LCP Writings: Being An Examination Of The Doctrinal P (Gift of Sidney Lapidus, Class of 1959) Emanuel Nunes Carvalho A Treatise On Gems Charleston: J. S. Burges, 1830 Lewis Feuchtwanger Hymns Written For The Service Of The Hebrew Difference Between Judaism And Primitive Philadelphia: William Fry, 1815 LM Discourse On The Restoration Of The Jews: Delivered New York: A. Hanford, 1838 Congregation Beth Elohim Christianity, Based Upon A Critical Exposition Of AJHS At The Tabernacle, Oct. 28 And Dec. 2, 1844 LCP Charleston: Levin & Tavel, 1842 The Book Of Matthew Dikduk Leshon Ivrit: A Grammar of the Hebrew Notices Of Florida And The Campaigns Mordecai Manuel Noah LM Isidor Kalisch Tongue Myer M. Cohen First Annual Report Of The Executive Committee Of New York: Harper, 1845 Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1857 Judah Monis Charleston: Burges & Honour The Board Of Delegates Of American Israelites The Leper And Other Poems P/LM AJHS Boston: Printed by Jonas Green, 1735 New York: B. B. Hussey, 1836 New York: “Jewish Messenger” Job Printing Office, 1860 Rebekah Hyneman AJHS (A.S.W. Rosenbach Collection) P/LM AJHS (Archives) Philadelphia: A. Hart, 1853 Claims Of The Jews To An Equality Of Rights The Fortress Of Sorrento: A Petit Historical Drama, LM Isaac Leeser A Compendious Lexicon Of The Hebrew Language In Two Acts Daily Prayer Book With Inscriptions On The First Page Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Co., 1841 Clement Moore Mordecai M. Noah Dated 1758-9 And 1816–17, Indicating That The Book Princeton University Library New York: Collins & Perkins, 1809 New York: D. Longworth, at the Dramatic Repository, Was Owned, Respectively, By Gershom Mendes P/LM LCP Shakespeare-gallery, 1808 Seixas, And His Grandson, Theodore J. Seixas P/LM Facsimile AJHS (Seixas family papers, P-60)

24 25 A Letter Addressed To The Southern Delegates Of A Descriptive Geography And Brief Historical Sketch History Of The Israelitish Nation From Abraham To EPHEMERA & MANUSCRIPTS Mechlin Lace Belonging To Rebecca Gratz VISUAL MATERIALS The Baltimore Democratic Convention, On The Claims Of Palestine The Present Time Derived From The Original Sources Private Collection of Helen Fitzgerald Portraits & Cartoons Of The “Barn-Burners” To Be Admitted To Seats In Joseph Schwartz; Isaac Leeser, trans. Isaac M. Wise Address Delivered Before The American Whig And That Convention Philadelphia: A. Hart, 1850 Albany: J. Munsell, 1854 Cliosophic Societies Of The College Of New Jersey… Letter From Rebecca Gratz To Maria Gist Gratz Cartoon Of Mordecai Manuel Noah Mordecai Manuel Noah LM Facsimile David S. Kaufman Mentioning Hebrew Sunday School George Catlin New York: 1848 P/LM Princeton: June 25, 1850 December 16, 1838 New York: Imbert’s Lithography, 1826 P/LM A Discourse For … A Day Of Humiliation Facsimile AJHS (Gratz family papers, P-8, Box 4, Folder: Letters LCP Rev. Gershom M. Seixas Hymns, Psalms, Prayers (Shiru La-Adonai P (Mudd Manuscript Library) from RG to MGG) Marion Or The Hero Of Lake George New York: Printed by William A. Davis & Co. for Naphtali Shir Hadash) Departure Of The Israelites For The Yanky City Of Mordecai M. Noah Judah, 1798 Isaac Mayer Wise Carte de Visite: Adah Isaacs Menken Letter From Thomas Jefferson To Mordecai Refuge Or A Parting Farewell To John Bull New York: E. Murden, 1822 LM Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1868 Undated Manuel Noah [England]: c.1825 P AJHS (Monographs) Facsimile May 20, 1818 LCP Service For The Two First Nights Of The Passover AJHS (Adah Isaacs Menken Collection) Facsimile Sefer Ha-Yashar Or The Book Of Jasher New York: S. H. Jackson, 1837 Minhag Amerika: The Daily Prayers For Collection of Yeshiva University Museum Portrait Of Isaac Leese Mordecai Manuel Noah AJHS American Israelites Così Fan Tutte Gift of Erica and Ludwig Jesselson AJHS (Isaac Leeser Papers, P-20, Box 1, Folder 104)\ New York: M. M. Noah & A. S. Gould, 1840 Isaac Mayer Wise Lorenzo Da Ponte, librettist P/LM The Charleston Book: A Miscellany In Prose And Verse Cincinnati: Bloch Publishing Company, 1872 Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel, [1810] Letter In Yiddish Regarding Events Of 1776 Portrait Of Rebecca Gratz William Gilmore Simms, compiler P/LM P/LM Jonas Phillips , c.1838 Travels In England, France, Spain, And The Barbary Charleston: S. Hart, 1845 Facsimile Oil on canvas States, In The Years 1813–14 And 15 Facsimile The Wandering Jew: A Lecture Il : Dramma Giocoso In Due Atti Philadelphia: 1776 AJHS Mordecai Manuel Noah P Isaac Mayer Wise Lorenzo Da Ponte The National Archives of the United Kingdom, London New York: Kirk and Mercein, 1819 Cincinnati: [1877] : De l’Imprimerie de Hocquet, 1820 Portrait Of Thomas Jefferson LM Ezra Stiles And The Jews: Selected Passages From P/LM Princeton University Library Home, Sweet Home!: A Favorite Air Arranged For Amos Doolittle, engraver, undated His Literary Diary Concerning Jews And Judaism P/LM The Piano Private Collection of Leonard L. Milberg A Critical Grammar Of The Hebrew Language Ezra Stiles Address Of B. F. Peixotto On His Reelection For Grand John Howard Payne Isaac Nordheimer New York: Philip Cowen, 1902 Sar Of The I. O. B. Berith At Philadelphia July 31, 5624 Le Nozze Di Figaro, Il Don Giovanni, E l’Assur Boston: C. Bradlee, 1835–36 Portrait Of Jonas B. Phillips New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1842 AJHS (1864) Re D’Ormus; Tre Drammi LCP Daguerrotype, 1853 AJHS Benjamin Franklin Peixotto Lorenzo Da Ponte AJHS The Yellowplush Correspondence AJHS (AJHS Archives, P-195) New York: Stampatori Giovanni Gray e Co., 1826 Playbill: Rookwood At Maguire’s Opera House, Portrait Of Maria Edgeworth Zamira, A Dramatic Sketch: And Other Poems William Makepeace Thackeray LCP San Francisco Jonas B. Phillips Philadelphia: E. L. Carey & A. Hart, 1838 An Address Delivered Before The General Society Of San Francisco, 1864 John Downman, 1807 New York: G. A. C. Van Beuren, 1835 Facsimile Mechanics And Tradesmen Of The City Of New-York, Danse Ossianique Facsimile LM P/LM LCP On The Opening Of The Mechanic Institution, By M. AJHS (Adah Isaacs Menken Collection) Louis Moreau Gottschalk Prints, Maps, & City Views M. Noah, Esq., To Which Is Added, The Remarks Philadelphia: J. E. Gould & Co., 1850 The Evil Eye: A Melo-Drama, In Two Acts (Printed Jewes In America, Or, Probabilities That Made…On Laying The Corner Stone Of That Edifice, LCP Our Way Across The Mountain, Ho! Federal Hall, The Seat Of Congress From The Acting Copy; To Which Are Added, The Cast The Americans Are Of That Race… By Thomas R. Mercein. Henry Russell Amos Doolittle Of The Characters ... And The Whole Of The Stage Thomas Thorowgood New York: W. A. Mercein, 1822 Le Bananier Boston: Parker & Ditson, 1838 New Haven: Printed and sold by A. Doolittle, 1790 Business; As Performed At The Bowery Theatre, London: Printed by W. H. for Tho. Slater, 1650 P/LM Louis Moreau Gottschalk P/LM LM New-York (First Performed April 4, 1831) LM New York: Schuberth & Co., 1851 Jonas B. Phillips Broadside The Library Company of Philadelphia Sermon Great American Shrike, or Butcher Bird, AJHS (A.S.W. Rosenbach Collection) The Fountain Opened… Philadelphia: Philadelphia Theatre, [1820] Gershom Mendes Seixas 2. Pine Grosebeak, 3. Ruby-crown’d Wren, Samuel Willard P/LM Handbill: Max Maretzek’s Splendid Italian New York: November 28, 1799 4. Shore Lark. Tales For Leisure Hours Boston: Printed by B. Green and J. Allen for Opera Company AJHS (Jacques Judah Lyons Collection, P-15, Box 5) Etching, 1829 Jonas B. Phillips Benjamin Eliot, 1700 Circular Of The American Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia: Steam-power Job Printing Office, After Alexander Wilson Subscription List For The Old Synagogue, Philadelphia: Atkinson & Alexander, 1827 P/LM To The Friends Of Ledger Building, 1851 LM P/LM Isaac Leeser AJHS April 30, 1788 American Ornithology; Or The Natural History Of Philadelphia: American Jewish Publication Society, Facsimile Ichnography of Charleston, South Carolina Bible View Of Slavery: A Discourse The Birds Of The United States. Illustrated With Plates December 10, 1845 Handwritten Address Delivered In Hebrew The Congregation Mikveh Israel, Philadelphia Edward Petrie, 1790 Morris J. Raphall Engraved And Coloured From Original Drawings P/LM By Sampson Simson At The Columbia College LM New York: Rudd & Carleton, 1861 Taken From Nature Alexander Wilson; Isaac Hays, ed. Commencement In 1800 P (John Shaw Pierson Civil War Collection; Gift of Sidney New York: Collins & Co. and Philadelphia: Harrison Hall, Catechism For Younger Children: Designed As Gershom Mendes Seixas J. De Cordova’s Map Of The State Of Texas Lapidus, Class of 1959) 1828–1829 A Familiar Exposition Of The Jewish Religion AJHS (Simson Family Papers, P-109) Published by Jacob de Cordova, Houston, Texas; engraved LCP Isaac Leeser by J. M. Atwood, New York, 1851 Devotional Exercises, For The Use Of The Daughters Facsimile Hebrew Prayer For Peace Recommended During LM Of Israel The Essence Of Judaism: For Teachers & Pupils, Philadelphia: Adam Waldie, 1839 The Revolution Morris J. Raphall And For Self-Instruction P/LM Gershom Mendes Seixas Kuchel & Dresel’s California Views Drawn From New York: L. Joachimssen, 1852 Isaac M. Wise 1776 Nature & On Stone By Kuchel & Dresel AJHS Cincinnati: Bloch & Co., 1861 Elementary Introduction To The Scriptures, AJHS (Jacques Judah Lyons Collection, P-15, Box 4, San Francisco: Britton & Rey, 1857 P/LM For The Use Of Hebrew Children Folder 234) LM Speech Of Mrs. E. L. Rose At The Women’s Rights Simha Peixotto Convention The First Of The Maccabees: A Historical Novel Philadelphia, 1854 Letter From Rebecca Gratz To Helen Gratz Syracuse: Masters Print, [1852] Isaac Mayer Wise AJHS Regarding Gratz Lace P (Miriam Y. Holden Collection) Cincinnati: Bloch Pub. and Print. Co., [1860] Facsimile P/LM

26 27 Map Of The Territory Of The United States From The The Occident, and American Jewish Advocate Mississippi River To The Pacific Ocean, Originally Vol. 1, No. 3 (June 1843) Prepared To Accompany The Reports Of The Isaac Leeser, ed. Explorations For A Pacific Railroad Route. Digital Facsimile 1865–66–67 P/LM Washington, D.C.: Corps of Engineers, [1868] Facsimile Sinai P (Historic Maps Collection) Vol. 5, No. 1 (February 1860) David Einhorn, ed. Panoramic Views Of Philadelphia From Digital Facsimile The State House 1850 P/LM Drawn from nature by E. Whitefield New York: Wm. Endicott & Co. The Weekly Gleaner LM Vol. 1, No. 3 (January 30, 1857) Julius Eckman, ed. Plan Of Cincinnati & Vicinity Digital Facsimile Hand-colored engraving San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Philadelphia: S. Augustus Mitchell, 1860-1862 Public Library LM BY DAWN ’S EARLY LIGHT Plan Of The City Of New York In North America, Surveyed In The Years 1766 & 1767 Project Manager & Editor Bernard Ratzer, Cartographer London: Published according to an Act of Parliament, Madeline Rogers Creative Services Jan. 12, 1776, by Jefferys & Faden LM Designer Redraft Of The Castello Plan, New Amsterdam Keith Ragone Studio In 1660 John Wolcott Adams and I. N. Phelps Stokes, 1916 LM Associate Curator Josh Feinberg PERIODICALS American Jewish Historical Society Die Deborah Vol. 1, No. 1 (August 24, 1855) Executive Director Isaac M. Wise, ed. Rachel Lithgow Digital Facsimile P/LM Director of Library & Archives

The Israelite Susan Malbin Vol. 1, No. 1 (July 15, 1854) Isaac M. Wise, ed. Center for Jewish History Digital Facsimile P/LM Executive Director

The Evening Star Michael Glickman Vol. 1, No. 35 (January 24, 1834) Archive & Library Services M. M. Noah, ed. Digital Facsimile Laura Leone P/LM

Noah’s Weekly Messenger Vol. 1, No. 2 (July 23, 1843) M. M. Noah, ed. Digital Facsimile AJHS

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