A Neural Network Framework for Cognitive Bias
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Principles and Methods of Social Research
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF SOCIAL RESEARCH Used to train generations of social scientists, this thoroughly updated classic text covers the latest research tech- niques and designs. Applauded for its comprehensive coverage, the breadth and depth of content is unparalleled. Through a multi-methodology approach, the text guides readers toward the design and conduct of social research from the ground up. Explained with applied examples useful to the social, behavioral, educational, and organiza- tional sciences, the methods described are intended to be relevant to contemporary researchers. The underlying logic and mechanics of experimental, quasi-experimental, and nonexperimental research strategies are discussed in detail. Introductory chapters covering topics such as validity and reliability furnish readers with a fi rm understanding of foundational concepts. Chapters dedicated to sampling, interviewing, questionnaire design, stimulus scaling, observational methods, content analysis, implicit measures, dyadic and group methods, and meta- analysis provide coverage of these essential methodologies. The book is noted for its: • Emphasis on understanding the principles that govern the use of a method to facilitate the researcher’s choice of the best technique for a given situation. • Use of the laboratory experiment as a touchstone to describe and evaluate field experiments, correlational designs, quasi experiments, evaluation studies, and survey designs. • Coverage of the ethics of social research, including the power a researcher wields and tips on how to use it responsibly. The new edition features: • A new co-author, Andrew Lac, instrumental in fine-tuning the book’s accessible approach and highlighting the most recent developments at the intersection of design and statistics. • More learning tools, including more explanation of the basic concepts, more research examples, tables, and figures, and the addition of boldfaced terms, chapter conclusions, discussion questions, and a glossary. -
A Task-Based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization
A Task-based Taxonomy of Cognitive Biases for Information Visualization Evanthia Dimara, Steven Franconeri, Catherine Plaisant, Anastasia Bezerianos, and Pierre Dragicevic Three kinds of limitations The Computer The Display 2 Three kinds of limitations The Computer The Display The Human 3 Three kinds of limitations: humans • Human vision ️ has limitations • Human reasoning 易 has limitations The Human 4 ️Perceptual bias Magnitude estimation 5 ️Perceptual bias Magnitude estimation Color perception 6 易 Cognitive bias Behaviors when humans consistently behave irrationally Pohl’s criteria distilled: • Are predictable and consistent • People are unaware they’re doing them • Are not misunderstandings 7 Ambiguity effect, Anchoring or focalism, Anthropocentric thinking, Anthropomorphism or personification, Attentional bias, Attribute substitution, Automation bias, Availability heuristic, Availability cascade, Backfire effect, Bandwagon effect, Base rate fallacy or Base rate neglect, Belief bias, Ben Franklin effect, Berkson's paradox, Bias blind spot, Choice-supportive bias, Clustering illusion, Compassion fade, Confirmation bias, Congruence bias, Conjunction fallacy, Conservatism (belief revision), Continued influence effect, Contrast effect, Courtesy bias, Curse of knowledge, Declinism, Decoy effect, Default effect, Denomination effect, Disposition effect, Distinction bias, Dread aversion, Dunning–Kruger effect, Duration neglect, Empathy gap, End-of-history illusion, Endowment effect, Exaggerated expectation, Experimenter's or expectation bias, -
Heuristics and Biases the Psychology of Intuitive Judgment. In
P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS QC: FCH/UKS T1: FCH CB419-Gilovich CB419-Gilovich-FM May 30, 2002 12:3 HEURISTICS AND BIASES The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment Edited by THOMAS GILOVICH Cornell University DALE GRIFFIN Stanford University DANIEL KAHNEMAN Princeton University iii P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS QC: FCH/UKS T1: FCH CB419-Gilovich CB419-Gilovich-FM May 30, 2002 12:3 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014, Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2002 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2002 Printed in the United States of America Typeface Palatino 9.75/12.5 pt. System LATEX2ε [TB] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Heuristics and biases : the psychology of intuitive judgment / edited by Thomas Gilovich, Dale Griffin, Daniel Kahneman. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-79260-6 – ISBN 0-521-79679-2 (pbk.) 1. Judgment. 2. Reasoning (Psychology) 3. Critical thinking. I. Gilovich, Thomas. II. Griffin, Dale III. Kahneman, Daniel, 1934– BF447 .H48 2002 153.4 – dc21 2001037860 ISBN 0 521 79260 6 hardback ISBN 0 521 79679 2 paperback iv P1: FYX/FYX P2: FYX/UKS QC: FCH/UKS T1: FCH CB419-Gilovich CB419-Gilovich-FM May 30, 2002 12:3 Contents List of Contributors page xi Preface xv Introduction – Heuristics and Biases: Then and Now 1 Thomas Gilovich and Dale Griffin PART ONE. -
Safe-To-Fail Probe Has…
Liz Keogh [email protected] If a project has no risks, don’t do it. @lunivore The Innovaon Cycle Spoilers Differentiators Commodities Build on Cynefin Complex Complicated sense, probe, analyze, sense, respond respond Obvious Chaotic sense, act, categorize, sense, respond respond With thanks to David Snowden and Cognitive Edge EsBmang Complexity 5. Nobody has ever done it before 4. Someone outside the org has done it before (probably a compeBtor) 3. Someone in the company has done it before 2. Someone in the team has done it before 1. We all know how to do it. Esmang Complexity 5 4 3 Analyze Probe (Break it down) (Try it out) 2 1 Fractal beauty Feature Scenario Goal Capability Story Feature Scenario Vision Story Goal Code Capability Feature Code Code Scenario Goal A Real ProjectWhoops, Don’t need forgot this… Can’t remember Feature what this Scenario was for… Goal Capability Story Feature Scenario Vision Story Goal Code Capability Feature Code Code Scenario Goal Oops, didn’t know about Look what I that… found! A Real ProjectWhoops, Don’t need forgot this… Can’t remember Um Feature what this Scenario was for… Goal Oh! Capability Hmm! Story FeatureOoh, look! Scenario Vision Story GoalThat’s Code funny! Capability Feature Code Er… Code Scenario Dammit! Oops! Oh F… InteresBng! Goal Sh..! Oops, didn’t know about Look what I that… found! We are uncovering be^er ways of developing so_ware by doing it Feature Scenario Goal Capability Story Feature Scenario Vision Story Goal Code Capability Feature Code Code Scenario Goal We’re discovering how to -
Injury Establishes Constitutive Μ-Opioid Receptor Activity Leading to Lasting Endogenous Analgesia and Dependence
University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Physiology Physiology 2013 INJURY ESTABLISHES CONSTITUTIVE µ-OPIOID RECEPTOR ACTIVITY LEADING TO LASTING ENDOGENOUS ANALGESIA AND DEPENDENCE Gregory F. Corder University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Corder, Gregory F., "INJURY ESTABLISHES CONSTITUTIVE µ-OPIOID RECEPTOR ACTIVITY LEADING TO LASTING ENDOGENOUS ANALGESIA AND DEPENDENCE" (2013). Theses and Dissertations--Physiology. 10. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/physiology_etds/10 This Doctoral Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Physiology at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Physiology by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained and attached hereto needed written permission statements(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine). I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless a preapproved embargo applies. -
196296475.Pdf
SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE ENGINEERING Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; Stretchable organic optoelectronic exclusive licensee American Association sensorimotor synapse for the Advancement Yeongjun Lee1,2,3*, Jin Young Oh3,4*, Wentao Xu1,5,6, Onnuri Kim7, Taeho Roy Kim8, of Science. No claim to 3 9 3 3 7 original U.S. Government Jiheong Kang , Yeongin Kim , Donghee Son , Jeffery B.-H. Tok , Moon Jeong Park , Works. Distributed 3† 1,2,10† Zhenan Bao , Tae-Woo Lee under a Creative Commons Attribution Emulation of human sensory and motor functions becomes a core technology in bioinspired electronics for next- NonCommercial generation electronic prosthetics and neurologically inspired robotics. An electronic synapse functionalized with License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). an artificial sensory receptor and an artificial motor unit can be a fundamental element of bioinspired soft elec- tronics. Here, we report an organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse that uses an organic optoelectronic synapse and a neuromuscular system based on a stretchable organic nanowire synaptic transistor (s-ONWST). The voltage pulses of a self-powered photodetector triggered by optical signals drive the s-ONWST, and resultant informative synaptic outputs are used not only for optical wireless communication of human-machine interfaces but also for light-interactive actuation of an artificial muscle actuator in the same way that a biological muscle fiber contracts. Downloaded from Our organic optoelectronic sensorimotor synapse suggests a promising strategy toward developing bioinspired soft electronics, neurologically inspired robotics, and electronic prostheses. INTRODUCTION Light cognition is an important sensory function for bioinspired Our human body performs not only myriads of sensing functions electronics (12–15), for example, an artificial visualization system. -
John Collins, President, Forensic Foundations Group
On Bias in Forensic Science National Commission on Forensic Science – May 12, 2014 56-year-old Vatsala Thakkar was a doctor in India but took a job as a convenience store cashier to help pay family expenses. She was stabbed to death outside her store trying to thwart a theft in November 2008. Bloody Footwear Impression Bloody Tire Impression What was the threat? 1. We failed to ask ourselves if this was a footwear impression. 2. The appearance of the impression combined with the investigator’s interpretation created prejudice. The accuracy of our analysis became threatened by our prejudice. Types of Cognitive Bias Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases | Accessed on April 14, 2014 Anchoring or focalism Hindsight bias Pseudocertainty effect Illusory superiority Levels-of-processing effect Attentional bias Hostile media effect Reactance Ingroup bias List-length effect Availability heuristic Hot-hand fallacy Reactive devaluation Just-world phenomenon Misinformation effect Availability cascade Hyperbolic discounting Recency illusion Moral luck Modality effect Backfire effect Identifiable victim effect Restraint bias Naive cynicism Mood-congruent memory bias Bandwagon effect Illusion of control Rhyme as reason effect Naïve realism Next-in-line effect Base rate fallacy or base rate neglect Illusion of validity Risk compensation / Peltzman effect Outgroup homogeneity bias Part-list cueing effect Belief bias Illusory correlation Selective perception Projection bias Peak-end rule Bias blind spot Impact bias Semmelweis -
I Correlative-Based Fallacies
Fallacies In Argument 本文内容均摘自 Wikipedia,由 ode@bdwm 编辑整理,请不要用于商业用途。 为方便阅读,删去了原文的 references,见谅 I Correlative-based fallacies False dilemma The informal fallacy of false dilemma (also called false dichotomy, the either-or fallacy, or bifurcation) involves a situation in which only two alternatives are considered, when in fact there are other options. Closely related are failing to consider a range of options and the tendency to think in extremes, called black-and-white thinking. Strictly speaking, the prefix "di" in "dilemma" means "two". When a list of more than two choices is offered, but there are other choices not mentioned, then the fallacy is called the fallacy of false choice. When a person really does have only two choices, as in the classic short story The Lady or the Tiger, then they are often said to be "on the horns of a dilemma". False dilemma can arise intentionally, when fallacy is used in an attempt to force a choice ("If you are not with us, you are against us.") But the fallacy can arise simply by accidental omission—possibly through a form of wishful thinking or ignorance—rather than by deliberate deception. When two alternatives are presented, they are often, though not always, two extreme points on some spectrum of possibilities. This can lend credence to the larger argument by giving the impression that the options are mutually exclusive, even though they need not be. Furthermore, the options are typically presented as being collectively exhaustive, in which case the fallacy can be overcome, or at least weakened, by considering other possibilities, or perhaps by considering a whole spectrum of possibilities, as in fuzzy logic. -
Heuristics Elements of Information Seeking Strategies and Tactics: a Conceptual Analysis
This is the accepted manuscript of the article, which has been published in Journal of documentation. 2017, 73(6), 1322-1342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JD-11-2016-0144 Heuristics elements of information seeking strategies and tactics: a conceptual analysis Reijo Savolainen Faculty of Communication Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (Manuscript accepted for publication in Journal of Documentation, vol. 76, 2017) Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to elaborate the picture of strategies and tactics for informationseeking and searching by focusing on the heuristic elements of such strategies and tactics. Design/methodology/approach –A conceptual analysis of a sample of 31 pertinent investigations wasconducted to find out how researchers have approached heuristics in the above context since the 1970s. To achieve this, the study draws on the ideas produced within the research programmes on Heuristics and Biases, and Fast and Frugal Heuristics. Findings – Researchers have approached the heuristic elements in three major ways. First, these elementsare defined as general level constituents of browsing strategies in particular. Second, heuristics areapproached as search tips. Third, there are examples of conceptualizations of individual heuristics.Familiarity heuristic suggests that people tend to prefer sources that have worked well in similar situations inthe past. Recognition heuristic draws on an all-or-none distinction of the information objects, based on cuessuch as information scent. Finally, representativeness heuristic is based on recalling similar instances ofevents or objects and judging their typicality in terms of genres, for example. Research limitations/implications – As the study focuses on three heuristics only, the findings cannotbe generalized to describe the use of all heuristic elements of strategies and tactics for information seekingand searching. -
Master Thesis Heuristic Reasoning About Geospatial Data Under
Master thesis Heuristic Reasoning about Geospatial Data under Uncertainty Lorenzo Libertini 2020 Heuristic Reasoning about Geospatial Data under Uncertainty submitted for the academic degree of Master of Science (M.Sc.) conducted at the Department of Aerospace and Geodesy Technical University of Munich Author: Lorenzo Libertini Study course: Cartography M.Sc. Supervisor: Ekaterina Chuprikova, Dr.-Ing. (TU München) Reviewer: Madalina Gugulica, M.Sc. (TU Dresden) Chair of the Thesis Assessment Board: Prof. Dr. Liqiu Meng Date of submission: 08.09.2020 Statement of Authorship Herewith I declare that I am the sole author of the submitted Master’s thesis entitled: “Heuristic Reasoning about Geospatial Data under Uncertainty” I have fully referenced the ideas and work of others, whether published or un- published. Literal or analogous citations are clearly marked as such. Munich, 08-09-2010 Lorenzo Libertini Abstract Research on data uncertainty has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. Findings across a wide spectrum of knowledge domains demonstrate how hu- mans commonly adopt cognitive biases to navigate through unknown circum- stances. In this context, a set of reasoning strategies known as “heuristics” – i.e., logical shortcuts that help individuals to make decisions upon uncertain sit- uations – has been the focus of considerable interest. At the same time, incor- porating uncertainty into visualizations has become a crucial issue for GISci- ence and Cartography. However, there is a notable lack of studies dealing with the process of reasoning under uncertainty, particularly in geospatial data. The present thesis aims at filling such a gap by investigating how map-readers make use of heuristics to reason upon geospatial uncertainty, with a specific focus on the visualization of borders, or “borderization”. -
Neural Control of Human Movement
97818_ch19.qxd 8/4/09 4:16 PM Page 376 CHAPTER 19 Neural Control of Human Movement CHAPTER OBJECTIVES ➤ Draw the major structural components of the ➤ Outline motor unit facilitation and inhibition and brain, including the four lobes of the cerebral the contribution of each to exercise performance cortex and responsiveness to resistance training ➤ Discuss specific pyramidal and extrapyramidal ➤ Discuss variations in twitch characteristics, resist- tract functions ance to fatigue, and tension development in the different motor unit categories ➤ Diagram the anterior motor neuron and discuss its role in human movement ➤ Describe mechanisms that adjust force of muscle action along the continuum from slight to ➤ Draw and label the basic components of a maximum reflex arc ➤ Define fatigue and discuss factors that act and ➤ Define the terms (1) motor unit, (2) neuromuscular interact to induce neuromuscular fatigue junction, and (3) autonomic nervous system ➤ List and describe functions of the proprioceptors ➤ Summarize the events in motor unit excitation within joints, muscles, and tendons prior to muscle action 376 97818_ch19.qxd 8/4/09 4:16 PM Page 377 CHAPTER 19 Neural Control of Human Movement 377 The effective application of force during complex learned Brainstem movements (e.g., tennis serve, shot put, golf swing) depends on a series of coordinated neuromuscular patterns, not just on The medulla, pons, and midbrain compose the brain- muscle strength. The neural circuitry in the brain, spinal cord, stem. The medulla, located immediately above the spinal and periphery functions somewhat similar to a sophisticated cord, extends into the pons and serves as a bridge between computer network. -
Robotic Induction of Neuromodulation Via Paired Brain Stimulation with Mechanical Stimulation
ROBOTIC INDUCTION OF NEUROMODULATION VIA PAIRED BRAIN STIMULATION WITH MECHANICAL STIMULATION A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty By Euisun Kim In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the George W.Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2020 Copyright c Euisun Kim 2020 ROBOTIC INDUCTION OF NEUROMODULATION VIA PAIRED BRAIN STIMULATION WITH MECHANICAL STIMULATION Approved by: Dr. Jun Ueda, Advisor George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Minoru Shinohara School of Biological Sciences Dr. Frank Hammond Georgia Institute of Technology George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering Dr. Dobromir Rahnev Georgia Institute of Technology School of Psychology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. YongTae (Tony) Kim George W. Woodruff School of Date Approved: December 5, 2019 Mechanical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Soli Deo Gloria ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr. Jun Ueda, for his dedicated guidance through- out my graduate career. His patience and generosity helped me go through my PhD study for the last five and a half years. His excellence in research and passion for learning new topics have inspired me to become a professional researcher. Also, his sincere care for his students encouraged me to dream to become a warm-hearted teacher. It is my great honor to have had him as my academic advisor and mentor. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my reading committee, Dr. Minoru Shino- hara, Dr. YongTae (Tony) Kim, Dr. Frank Hammond, and Dr. Dobromir Rahnev. I truly appreciate all helpful suggestions that they have given to me, with regard to both on my research, and on my career.