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Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University DEDICATED to MY PARENTS A REVIEW OF THE INDIAN OLIGOSITINI (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) WITH A REVISION OF GENUS OLIGOSITA WALKER THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF Doctor of Philosophy IN ZOOLOGY By Mrs. SALMA BEGUM Under the Supervision of Dr. (Mrs.) Shoeba Binte Anis Maulana AzadDEPARTMENT Library, AligarhOFZOOLOGY Muslim University FACULTYOFLIFESCIENCES ALIGARHMUSLIMUNIVERSITY ALIGARH(INDIA) 2015 Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University DEDICATED TO MY PARENTS Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is my pleasure to express sound perception of gratitude to my research supervisor, Dr. (Mrs.) Shoeba Binte Anis, Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for her valuable guidance, intellectual curiosity, articulate manner, affectionate attitude during my whole research work. I am highly thankful to Dr. Mohammad Hayat, Retired Professor and Principal Investigator, ICAR Network Project on Insect Biosystematics for providing me the research material, access to ZDAMU collection. His healthy criticism, valuable suggestions and regular encouragement throughout my studies inspired me to work hard with confidence and dedication. I am grateful to Prof. Iqbal Parwez, Chairman, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for providing me the necessary research facilities. Sincere thanks are also due to my teachers, Prof. Kamil Usmani, Dr. Shahid Bin Zeya, Dr. Syed Irfan Ahmad, Dr. Ayesha Qamar, Dr. Khowaja Jamal and Dr. Mohammad Amir for their consistent cooperative attitude. Thanks are also due to Dr. Debjani Dey, Principal Scientist, IARI, New Delhi, for providing me the type material for my research work. Besides, I am also thankful to Ms. Natalie Dale-Skey, Curatorial Assistant Hymenoptera, The Natural History Museum, London, for sending me the images of some holotypes that helped me in comparing my specimens with it and categorizing it properly. I also gratefully acknowledges the University Grants Commission, New Delhi, for providing financial assistance (Maulana Azad Fellowship). The moral support extended by my senior, Dr. S.M.Ali Badruddin has been a strength to sustain to do research and outcome with this work. I wish to express my thanks to my fellow Scholar, Mrs. Tabassum Rehmat, Ms. Shireen Saleem, Mohd. Talib Khan. They have provided the loving family environment that afforded me the tranquility Maulanaand peace of Azad mind that madeLibrary, this work enjoAligarhyable and smooth.Muslim Thanks Universityare due to Prince Tarique, Uzma Usman, Farha Fatima, Mohsin Ikram, Mohd Jameel, Kaleemullah, Mustafizur Rahman, M. Jamali, Dr. Rashid Nayeem, Dr. Hirdesh, Dr. Rukshima Nesha, Dr. Humyoon and Dr. Imran for being there for help and cooperation during my rush hour of my life. Thanks are due to Mrs. Nighat Parveen and Mrs. Maryam, for elderly treatment and remain always with me. I also wish to thank Mr. Riaz Ahmad for his moral support throughout the research work. Above all, I am highly indebted to my beloved mother and father for their knack direction and blessing throughout my life. I do miss today the blessing of my uncle (Papa chau) who inspired and encouraged me for dedication in research and felt pride whatever little I achieved ever. I am immensely thankful to my brother Mansur, sister Shabanam and Bhabhi Subhani, for their affection, appreciation and love that shown for me. Special thanks to Mrs. Sana for lending me a helping hand during the most stressful days. I wish to give special thanks to my mother in law, Mrs. Ashiya, brother in laws, Mr. Azad Khan, Azam, Mohammad (Ningthem), sister in laws, Sofiya, Saaziya, Eche Thoi and Bhabhi for their moral support and cooperation during critical periods of the work. The love for me expressed by my loving younger, Gufran and Seifan, have been invaluable assets. I am extremely thankful to my husband Dr. Mohd Mahmud Khan for the support, care and affection showered upon me. Without his help and understanding, it would not have been possible for me to finish my work. I owe my deepest thanks to most precious gift of God, my son, Reihan Khan and apologize for not able to give time due to spend hours in my research work. (Mrs. Salma Begum) Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University CONTENTS Acknowledgements Chapter 1. TAXONOMY I. Introduction 1 II. Material and Methods 4 1. Material 4 2. Methodology 4 3. Abbreviations 6 4. Terminology 9 Figures 10 – 11 III. Family Trichogrammatidae 12 1. Historical review of the family Trichogrammatidae 12 i. Review of the world literature 12 ii. Review of the Indian literature 14 2. Classification 17 3. Key to the Indian genera of tribe Oligositini Ashmead 18 4. Tribe Oligositini Ashmead 20 A. Subtribe Oligositina Walker i. Revision of Indian species of genus Oligosita Walker 23 1. Genus Oligosita 23 Key to subgenera and Indian species, females 25 Subgenus Oligosita s.str. 1. Oligosita angustipennis Yousuf & Shafee 27 2. Oligosita aseta sp. nov. 28 3. Oligosita breviclavata Yousuf & Shafee 30 4. Oligosita debaiensis Yousuf & Shafee 32 Maulana5. AzadOligosita Library,doonensis sp. nov.Aligarh Muslim University34 6. Oligosita gilvus Yousuf & Shafee 36 7. Oligosita longiflagellata Yousuf & Joshi 37 8. Oligosita longipennis Yousuf & Shafee 38 9. Oligosita longirhinaria Yousuf & Shafee 38 10. Oligosita meerutensis Yousuf & Shafee 41 11. Oligosita naias Girault 43 12. Oligosita novisanguinea Girault 44 13. Oligosita obliqua Fatma & Begum, in Fatma et al. 47 14. Oligosita sanguinea (Girault) 48 15. Oligosita younusi Yousuf & Shafee 50 Subgenus Orioligosita Hayat 16. Oligosita similiana Hayat 52 Figures 54 – 65 ii. Review of the genera of subtribe Oligositina Walker 2. Genus Epoligosita Girault 66 Key to subgenera and Indian species, females 67 Subgenus Epoligosita s.str. 1. Epoligosita albiscutellum Yousuf & Shafee 67 2. Epoligosita ardeeiana sp. nov. 69 3. Epoligosita bicolor Hayat & Viggiani 70 4. Epoligosita clara Hayat & Viggiani 71 5. Epoligosita keralaensis sp. nov. 73 Subgenus Epoligositina Livingstone & Yacoob 6. Epoligosita duliniae Livingstone & Yacoob 74 Figures 76 – 81 3. Genus Megaphragma Timberlake 82 Key to Indian species, females 83 1. Megaphragma longiciliatum Subba Rao 83 2. Megaphragma magniclava Yousuf & Shafee 84 3. Megaphragma shimalianum Hayat 86 Figures 88 – 90 4. Genus Prestwichia Lubbock 91 MaulanaKey to IndianAzad species, Library, females Aligarh Muslim University92 1. Prestwichia fractum sp. nov. 92 2. Prestwichia indica Jonathan & Julka 93 3. Prestwichia nympha Hayat 94 4. Prestwichia multiciliatum Lin (New record) 95 Figures 98 – 100 5. Genus Prosoligosita Hayat & Husain 101 Key to Indian species, females 102 1. Prosoligosita aseta Hayat 102 2. Prosoligosita longicauda Hayat 103 3. Prosoligosita perplexa Hayat & Husain 104 4. Prosoligosita proxima Hayat 106 Figures 108 – 111 B. Subtribe Eteroligositina Lin i. Review of the genera of subtribe Eteroligositina Lin 6. Genus Chaetostrichella Girault 112 1. Chaetostrichella indica Hayat 113 Figures 115 7. Genus Hayatia Viggiani 116 Key to subgenera and Indian species, males 117 Subgenus Hayatia s.str. 1. Hayatia indica Viggiani 117 2. Hayatia uttara Hayat 119 Subgenus Alhindia Hayat 3. Hayatia triclada Hayat 120 Figures 123 – 125 8. Genus Probrachista Viggiani 126 1. Probrachista bharatensis Hayat 127 Figures 129 9. Pseudoligosita Girault 130 Key to subgenera and Indian species, females 131 Subgenus Pseudoligosita s.str. 1. Pseudoligosita aesopi (Girault) 132 Maulana 2.AzadPseudoligosita Library, assamensis Aligarh sp. nov. Muslim University133 3. Pseudoligosita brevicilia (Girault) 135 4. Pseudoligosita brevifringiata (Yousuf & Shafee) 136 5. Pseudoligosita ernakulamensis sp. nov. 137 6. Pseudoligosita latipennis (Yousuf & Shafee) 139 7. Pseudoligosita longicilia (Yousuf & Shafee) 140 8. Pseudoligosita nephotetticum (Mani) 141 9. Pseudoligosita sakara (Hayat & Khan) 143 10. Pseudoligosita singularis (Yousuf & Shafee) 144 11. Pseudoligosita tachikawai (Yashiro) 145 12. Pseudoligosita yasumatsui (Viggiani & Subba Rao) 146 Subgenus Zorontogramma Silvestri 13. Pseudoligosita conigaster sp. nov. 147 Figures 150 – 160 Chapter 2: PHYLOGENY Phylogeny of the Indian tribe Oligositini 161 1. Introduction 161 2. Methods 161 3. Taxa 162 4. Characters and characters matrix 162 Table 1. Data matrix of 28 characters used in the analysis 165 Figure 1. Hypothesis of the relationships of Indian genera of tribe Oligositini 165 5. Result 166 6. Discussion 167 Figures 168 IV. References 169 RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University CHAPTER 1. TAXONOMY Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh Muslim University I. INTRODUCTION The superfamily Chalcidoidea (Order: Hymenoptera), divided into 23 families (Noyes, 2015), presents considerable biological, ecological and morphological diversity. The family Trichogrammatidae includes very small to minute insects, ranging in size from 0.2-1.0 mm. These are very widely distributed and can be collected throughout the year from any habitat, or reared from eggs of other insects.
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