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The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera)

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The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera) BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY Volume b21 The Semiaquatic and Aquatic Hemiptera of California (Heteroptera: Hemiptera) Edited by ARNOLD S. MENKE With contributions by Harold C. Chapman, David R. Lauck, Arnold S. Menke, John T: Polhemus, and Fred S. Truxal. THE SEMIAQUATIC AND AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OF CALIFORNIA (Hete ropt era: Hemiptera) BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECT SURVEY VOLUME 21 THE SEMIAQUATIC AND AQUATIC HEMIPTERA OF CALIFORNIA (Heteroptera: Hemiptera) c edited by ARNOLD S. MENKE with contributions by Harold C. Chapman, David R. Lauck, Arnold S. Menke, John T. Polhemus, and Fred S. Truxal UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY*LOSANGELESLONDON BULLETIN OF THE CALIFORNIA INSECTSURVEY Advisory Editors: H. V. Daly. J. A. Powell, J. N,Belkin, R. M. Bohart, D. P. Furman, J. D. Pinto, E. I. Schlinger, R. W. Thorp VOLUME 21 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY AND LOS ANGELES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS. LTD. LONDON. ENGLAND ISBN 0-520-09592-8 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER 77-91755 0 1979 BY THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRINTED BY OFFSET IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ROBERT L. UStNGER initiated this project but did not live to see it ,finished. Bob was an inspirational teacher and n dear friend to all of us, and it is with great affection that we dedicate this bulletin to his memory. Contents Preface, ix Acknowledgments, x Abbreviations, xi INTRODUCTION, A. S. Menke California Fauna, 1 Habitat and Ecology, 2 Key to California semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera based on habitats and habits, 3 Economic Importance, 3 Biology, 4 Eggs, 4 Key to eggs and egg-laying habits of California semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera, 4 Nymphs, 5 Key to nymphs of California families of semiaquatic and aquatic Hemiptera, 6 Parasites and commensals, 6 Alary polymorphism and migration, 6 Swimming and surface locomotion, 8 Respiration, 9 Stridulation, 10 Collecting Methods and Rearing Techniques, 10 Procedure, 10 Literature, 11 Morphology, 11 Metathoracic scent glands, 12 Systematics, 13 Infraordinal names, 13 Phylogeny and classification, 13 Key to adults of Nearctic families, 14 FAMILY SALDIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 16 FAMILY HEBRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 34 FAMILY MESOVELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 39 FAMILY HYDROMETRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 43 FAMILY MACROVELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 46 FAMILY VELIIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 49 FAMILY GERRIDAE, J. T. Polhemus and H. C. Chapman 58 FAMILY NEPIDAE, A. S. Menke 70 FAMILY BELOSTOMATIDAE, A. S. Menke 76 FAMILY CORIXIDAE, D. R. Lauck 87 vii viii CONTENTS FAMILY OCHTERIDAE, A. S. Menke 124 FAMILY GELASTOCORIDAE, A. S. Menke 126 FAMILY NAUCORIDAE, J. T. Polhemus 131 FAMILY NOTONECTIDAE, F. S. Truxal 139 Literature Cited, 149 Index, 163 Preface Water bugs play an important role in fresh water the first symptoms of the illness that would cut short ecosystems, and knowledge of them is essential for the Usinger’s brilliant career became obvious, much of the study of fish biology and for the proper management of bulletin still remained incomplete. After his death, the hatcheries. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence responsibility for insuring completion of the bulletin that certain groups may be utilized in the biological fell to Menke. John Polhemus agreed to write up the control of mosquitoes. Robert L. Usinger’s book, “Aqua- Naucoridae and help Chapman with the large task of tic Insects of California,” published in 1956, summar- completing the semiaquatic families. The 16-year ges- ized knowledge of the California semiaquatic and aqua- tation of this bulletin has resulted in some inconsis- tic Hemiptera, but within a few years it was obvious tencies, but we hope that Bob would have been proud that the treatment of some of the families in the book of the result. needed improvement. The water bugs were one of Bob’s Harold C. Chapman is on the staff of the Gulf Coast “first loves,” and he wanted to see an updated manual Mosquito Research Laboratory of the USDA at Lake on them in print, so in 1962 he approached Harold Charles, La,; David R. Lauck is on the faculty of Hum- Chapman and Arnold Menke about doing a California boldt State University, Arcata, Calif.; Arnold s. Menke Insect Survey Bulletin. David Lauck and Fred Truxal is with the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, accepted invitations to join in the endeavor, and work Washington, D.C.; John T. Polhemus is with the Uni- started in mid-1962. Bob was to do the introduction versity of Colorado Museum, Boulder, Colo.; Fred S. and the Naucoridae and take care of editing the work. Truxal is with the Natural History Museum, Los Angeles As often happens in a multiauthor project, some indi- County, Los Angeles, Calif. viduals had more time than others, and bv 1967. when ix Acknowledgments We have had the help of many individuals. Jerry A. chapter. Douglass Miller, Ronald Hodges, and Ted Powell, University of California, Berkeley, devoted con- Spilman, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, siderable time to the project, especially after Usinger?s Washington, D.C., Robert Denno, University of Mary- death. He arranged for the typing of rough drafts and land and Harold Chapman, Lake Charles, Louisiana the execution of those illustrations rendered by Celeste reviewed various pottions of the manuscript and offered Green, also of the University. In addition, Jerry acted many useful suggestions for improvement. John Law- as a trouble shooter in many of those areas that plague rence, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, a work as involved as this has been, and we owe him Massachusetts, furnished us with a photocopy of a rare a special debt of thanks. Say paper. Karen Menke and Mary Pat Grimmnitz did The late Carl J. Drake freely gave constructive advice all of the manuscript typing. To all of these people we on problems connected with various families in the Ger- extend our deep appreciation. romorpha. Per Lindskog, University of Stockholm, We would like to thank the following people who fur- Stockholm, Sweden: R. H. Cobben, Wageningen, Neth- nished information on types or other critical specimens: erlands; I.M. Kerzhner, Zoological Institute, Lenin- Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., Vincent Lee, and Hugh Leech, grad, U.S.S.R.; and Randall T. Schuh, American Mu- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco; Peter seum of Natural History, New York, gave advice on Ashlock and George Byers, University of Kansas, Law- special problems in the Saldidae. Margaret Parsons, rence; Howard Evans, Colorado State University, Fort University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, and Helen Collins (formerly at Harvard University, Cambridge, Vaitaitis, Arlington, Virginia, furnished a complete Massachusetts); Richard Froeschner, U .S. National translation of Popov?s 1971 book without which it would Museum, Washington, D.C.; Wayne Gagnb and Frank have been impossible to include much information here Howarth, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii; Jon about this important new work. Carl Muesebeck, U.S. Herring, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S.D.A., National Museum, Washington, D.C., also did some Washington, D.C.; Ira La Rivers, University of Nevada, translating for us. John Polhemus supplied up-to-date Reno; Jack Lattin, Oregon State University, Corvallis: tabulations of total numbers of genera and species for Thomas Moore, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Gerromorpha and other useful information relating Joe Schuh, Klamath Falls, Oregon; Roy Snelling, Los to the introduction. W. Aubrey Crich, Grimsby, Canada, Angeles County Museum of Natural History, California; furnished the excellent photo of a male Belostoma with Roy Danielson, Lunds Universitets Zoologiska Institu- eggs. All figures taken from previously published works tion, Lund, Sweden; Nils Andersen, Universitetets Zoo- are acknowledged in the legends. Celeste Green ren- logiske Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark; C. Lyal, dered figures 11-12, 67-68, 80, 240-241, and 245-248. British Museum (Natural History), London, England; Biruta Akerbergs, Smithsonian Institution, drew fig- A. Kaltenbach, Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna, ures 51-62, and E. Templeton, Los Angeles County Austria; C. Schmitz, Musee Royal de I?Afrique Centrale, Museum, drew figure 267. Figures 17-18, 27-28, 39-41 Tervuren, Belgium; Bert Gustafsson, Naturhistoriska and 252-265 were drawn by Arnold Menke. The re- Riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden: and D. Guiglia, Mu- maining figures are the work of the authors of each seo Civic0 di Storia Naturale, Genoa, Italy. X Abbreviations We gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the Museums and other type depositories are cited in following institutions and owners of private collections abbreviated form under each species, “Mus. Paris” or for making specimens available for study. The appended “USNM,”for example. The complete names of those abbreviations are used to indicate deposition of the institutions not enumerated above are cited below with material seen in this study. their respective abbreviations. AMNH American Museum of Natural History. New York ANSP Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PDA Ashlock Collection, Lawrence, Kansas Pennsylvania CAS California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco BMNH British Museum (Natural History), London, CDFA California Department of Food and Agriculture. England Sacramento csu Colorado State University, Fort Collins. Colo- CNC Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Canada rado HCC Chapman Collection, Lake Charles, Louisiana CJD Drake Collection (now in USNM) CNHM Chicago Natural History Museum. Chicago Mus. Helsinki Helsingin Y liopiston EIPinmuseo, Helsinki, Fin- cu Cornell University, Ithaca. New York land CLH Hogue Collection, Eagle Rock, California (now Mus. Eberswalde Instit fiir Pflanzenschutzforschung Kleinmach- in LACM) now, Eberswalde, German Democratic Republic ISU Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Mus. Brussels Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Bel- ILR La Rivers Collection, Verdi, Nevada (now in CAS) gique. Brussels, Belgium DRL Lauck Collection, Arcata, California LSL Linnean Society of London, London. England LACM Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History.
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