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So Ähnlich Und Doch So Fremd Neurophilosophische Überlegungen Zum Moralischen Status Nichtmenschlicher Tiere in Der Menschlichen Gesellschaft

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So Ähnlich Und Doch So Fremd Neurophilosophische Überlegungen Zum Moralischen Status Nichtmenschlicher Tiere in Der Menschlichen Gesellschaft Universität Passau Philosophische Fakultät Fachbereich Praktische Philosophie So ähnlich und doch so fremd Neurophilosophische Überlegungen zum moralischen Status nichtmenschlicher Tiere in der menschlichen Gesellschaft Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Doktorgrades der Philosophie vorgelegt der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Passau im September 2010 von Sabine Tischler Dekan: Prof. Dr. Werner Gamerith Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Thomas Mohrs Prof. Dr. Christian Thies II Für alle nichtmenschlichen Lebewesen, die unter der selbsternannten Herrschaft des Menschen Qualen erdulden mussten oder müssen und aufgrund ihrer physiologischen Eigenschaften nicht die Möglichkeit haben, sich hiergegen zur Wehr zu setzen oder sich Gehör zu verschaffen. „Menschen sind Tiere. Mal sind wir grausam, mal maßlos gütig, aber immer sind wir Tiere. Wir sähen uns vielleicht gern als gefallene Engel, aber in Wahrheit sind wir Affen, die sich erhoben haben.“1 1 Morris, 1994, 6. III IV DANKSAGUNG Im Rahmen der Fertigstellung meiner Dissertationsschrift möchte ich mich nochmals bei all denjenigen bedanken, die mich bei deren Umsetzung unterstützt und begleitet haben. Besonderer Dank gilt zunächst meinem Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr. Thomas Mohrs, der für mich nicht nur ein vorbildlicher Professor, sondern mittlerweile auch ein guter Freund geworden ist. Ohne ihn hätte es diese Arbeit nie gegeben, denn durch ihn wurde ich auf eine mögliche wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit dem Thema Tierethik erst aufmerksam. Leider habe ich im Laufe meiner Studiengänge die Erfahrung machen müssen, dass es viel zu wenige wirklich gute Hochschullehrer an den Universitäten gibt, welche dazu fähig sind, ihre Studenten tatsächlich zu geistigen Eigenleistungen zu motivieren und ihnen dabei nicht nur die eigene Meinung überzustülpen. Die Leidenschaft, mit der er seine Tätigkeit als Hochschullehrer ausübt sowie sein Engagement für die Dinge, die er lehrt und für die er eintritt, als auch der Einsatz für seine Studenten sind dabei wirklich einzigartig. Herr Mohrs ist für mich der lebende Beweis dafür, dass Philosophie nicht nur bloße Theorie ist, sondern in jeder Hinsicht auch wirklich gelebt werden kann. Auch Herrn Prof. Dr. Christian Thies gebührt an dieser Stelle Dank für die bereitwillige Übernahme des Zweitgutachtens. Überdies möchte ich mich auch bei meinem Vorgesetzten an der IT-Schule Passau, Herrn Müller, sehr herzlich bedanken, der mir über Jahre hinweg immer wieder Freiräume in der beruflichen Tätigkeit einräumte, um mein mir gesetztes Ziel erreichen zu können. Mein Dank gilt auch meiner Familie, meinen Freunden und Studienkollegen, die mich über Jahre hinweg immer wieder motiviert haben und nicht müde wurden, Korrektur zu lesen und kritische Anmerkungen zu machen. Vor allem meiner lieben Freundin und Studienkollegin Birgit Beck gebührt an dieser Stelle Dank für diverse sowohl kritische als auch inspirierende Fachdiskussionen. Und nicht zuletzt bei meinem Bruder Christoph Lorenz möchte ich mich für gleichermaßen moralische als auch tatkräftige Unterstützung bedanken, ebenso bei meinem Mann für das große Ausmaß an Verständnis für den lang andauernden Zeitmangel. Zwar ist die Anfertigung einer Dissertationsschrift ohne ein hohes Maß an persönlichem Verzicht, Fleiß und Beharrlichkeit kaum möglich, doch wäre eine Fertigstellung der vorliegenden Arbeit ohne die Hilfe genannter Personen sicherlich völlig undenkbar gewesen. V VI INHALTSVERZEICHNIS VORWORT ............................................................................................................................... 1 1 EINLEITUNG .................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 ANIMAL FARM ............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 ANIMAL FARMING HEUTE, ODER: DER GRUND FÜR DIE TIERETHIKDEBATTE .................... 9 1.3 AUFBAU UND ZIELSETZUNG DIESER ARBEIT ............................................................... 11 2 ANTHROPOLOGISCHE PRÄMISSEN .......................................................................... 21 2.1 EMPATHIE ALS GRUNDLAGE FÜR MITLEID BEIM MENSCHEN ........................................ 24 2.1.1 Empathie und die Spiegelneurone .................................................................. 27 2.1.2 Mitgefühl und Mitleid ....................................................................................... 37 2.2 MORALFÄHIGKEIT BEIM MENSCHEN ........................................................................... 39 2.2.1 (Neuro-)Theologie / Religion ........................................................................... 41 2.2.2 Neurobiologie / Soziobiologie ......................................................................... 45 2.2.3 (Kognitive) Ethologie / Soziologie ................................................................... 61 2.2.4 (Sozial-)Psychologie ....................................................................................... 64 2.2.5 (Neuro-)Philosophie / (Neuro-)Anthropologie ................................................. 71 2.3 GERECHTIGKEITSSINN UND FAIRNESSEMPFINDEN ...................................................... 76 3 AUFHEBUNG DER KÜNSTLICHEN DICHOTOMIE ..................................................... 85 3.1 PHYSISCHE ÄHNLICHKEITEN ..................................................................................... 86 3.1.1 Evolutionstheorie ............................................................................................ 87 3.1.2 Biologie ........................................................................................................... 89 3.1.3 Psychologie .................................................................................................... 92 3.1.4 Ethologie ......................................................................................................... 94 3.2 „METAPHYSISCHE“ BZW. MENTALE ÄHNLICHKEITEN .................................................... 98 3.2.1 Geist, Denken, Sprache und Intelligenz ......................................................... 99 3.2.2 Bewusstsein, Selbstbewusstsein und Verstand ........................................... 105 3.2.3 Schmerz- und Leidempfindung sowie deren Ausdruck im Verhalten ........... 110 3.2.4 Gesellschaftsformen und Kultur .................................................................... 112 3.2.5 Empathie und Moral ...................................................................................... 117 3.2.6 Würde und Seele .......................................................................................... 121 3.3 WO LIEGT DER UNTERSCHIED? ............................................................................... 123 4 DARSTELLUNG UND KRITIK KONKRETER TIERETHISCHER ANSÄTZE ............. 127 4.1 SCHOPENHAUER UND DIE MITLEIDSETHIK ................................................................ 127 4.1.1 Über das Mitleid und die Grundlage der Moral ............................................. 128 VII 4.1.2 Kritik und Abgrenzung .................................................................................. 134 4.2 ALBERT SCHWEITZER UND DER BIOZENTRISMUS ..................................................... 138 4.2.1 Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben .............................................................................. 138 4.2.2 Kritik und Abgrenzung .................................................................................. 144 4.3 PETER SINGER UND DER PRÄFERENZUTILITARISMUS ............................................... 148 4.3.1 Der Präferenzutilitarismus ............................................................................ 148 4.3.2 Kritik und Abgrenzung .................................................................................. 155 4.4 TOM REGAN UND DER GRUND FÜR TIERRECHTE ...................................................... 159 4.4.1 Theorie der inhärenten Werte ....................................................................... 159 4.4.2 Kritik und Abgrenzung .................................................................................. 167 4.5 URSULA WOLF UND DAS GENERALISIERTE MITLEID .................................................. 169 4.5.1 Das Konzept des generalisierten Mitleids ..................................................... 169 4.5.2 Kritik und Abgrenzung .................................................................................. 180 4.6 WEITERE ERWÄHNENSWERTE POSITIONEN .............................................................. 182 4.6.1 Jean-Claude Wolf und die Interspezieskonflikte ........................................... 182 4.6.2 Paola Cavalieri und die Frage nach den Tieren ........................................... 190 4.6.3 Helmut Kaplan und die speziesistischen Denkstörungen ............................. 192 4.7 DIVERSE GEGENPOSITIONEN .................................................................................. 194 4.7.1 Immanuel Kant und der „Indirekte-Pflichten-Ansatz“ .................................... 195 4.7.2 Jan Narveson, Peter Carruthers und der Kontraktualismus ......................... 196 4.7.3 Carl Cohen und warum Tiere keine Rechte haben ....................................... 198 4.7.4 Tibor R. Machan und der „Mythos Tierrechte“ .............................................. 199 5 DIE THESE DER PATHOZENTRISCHEN FAIRNESS-(TIER-)ETHIK ........................ 203 5.1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DER PRÄMISSEN ....................................................................
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