Local Knowledge of Coastal Communities in North Sumatra on Identification and Types of Mangrove Utilization on a Sustainable Basis
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Local Knowledge of Coastal Communities in North Sumatra on Identification and Types of Mangrove Utilization on a Sustainable Basis 1Farid Aulia, 2Badaruddin, 3R. Hamdani Harahap and 4Budi Utomo 1Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Postgraduate School of the Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan 2Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, 3Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, 4Department of Forestry, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan Key words: Local knowledge, identification and types of Abstract: This study purposes to identify local mangrove ecosystem utilization, cultural adaptation communitie’s knowledge of mangrove ecosystems and mangrove utilization analysis based on local knowledge of the community. The method used was descriptive qualitative by using a cultural ecological approach by Steward as an analysis unit. Knowledge to identify the number and type of mangrove vegetation that has become part of the cultural adaptation they receive from generation to generation with different cultural forms. The community in Jaring Halus called plant vegetation in two main categories, namely Wood and tree. Wood and tree are the local terminology of the community in Jaring Corresponding Author: Halus village to refer to all plants that produce fruit nor to Farid Aulia harvest. The community in Nagalawan village, however, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, has substantial knowledge of the vegetation variation that Postgraduate School of the Universitas Sumatera Utara, forms the mangroves in Sei Nagalawan village, slightly Medan different from what the community has in the Jaring Halus village. The mention of mangrove is a collection of Page No.: 3178-3182 plants that cannot hold itself. Therefore, in a mangrove Volume: 15, Issue 17, 2020 area will usually be found at least four types of plants. ISSN: 1816-949x This condition as a direct impact of the experience of Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences mangrove deforestation areas in Sei Nagalawan village is Copy Right: Medwell Publications much higher. INTRODUCTION containing sea and fishery (coastal) vegetation. Growing up in coastal areas and around the estuary (apart from North Sumatra Province has potential coastal and coastal forest formations) that are regularly and regularly marine resources. The mangrove ecosystems are one of seized by sea water and influenced by tides. The existence the most important resources in the coastal areas when of mangrove ecosystems in recent years has been viewed from a biological, economic, physical-chemical shrinking due to the susceptibility of mangrove forest perspective. Mangrove ecosystems serve as buffer conversion activity which continues to increase into ecosystems that are located in unique areas/zones as this agricultural land or fish/shrimp ponds, resulting in area is a transition between sea and land components decreased productivity of the ecosystem. 3178 J. Eng. Applied Sci., 15 (17): 3178-3182, 2020 The prior study by Onrizal states a similar description The research is located in the coastal community where there has been a widespread change in mangrove region on the east coast of North Sumatra Province, by forests in the coastal area of North Sumatra. These setting the village of Jaring Halus, Secanggang measurements began in 1977, 1988/1989, 1997 and 2006 Subdistrict, Langkat Regency and Sei Nagalawan village, continued to decline. Compared to the area of mangrove Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency as a forest in 1977, in 1988/1989, 1997 and 2006, mangrove research site. Determining the location of the research is forest in the East coast of North Sumatra decreased by based on previous research findings, both institutional and 14.01% (left to 88.931 Ha), 48.56% (left to 53,198 ha) individual researchers also discuss with stakeholders in and 59.68% (only 41,700 ha left) from the initial area of managing mangrove on a sustainable basis. To analyze 103,415 ha in 1977. local knowledge in managing the mangrove ecosystems The depletion of mangrove ecosystems in the coastal as qualitative descriptive, to analyze the relationship area of North Sumatra creates the interest of the between humans and their physical environment, researchers to work with an emphasis on the study of technology and social organization and how they local knowledge built in managing the fulfilment of the influence each other in the process of community life necessities of local communities living in the coast of adaptation in realizing environmental changes in the Langkat and Serdang Bedagai Regencies. Local mangrove forest, based management of local wisdom with knowledge is part of a managed management strategy undergoing cultural modifications over time. through cultural values, knowledge and experience that is the entity of a community group used by people in RESULTS AND DISCUSSION managing the interaction between human beings and between humans and nature[1]. Such local knowledge is Identification of knowledge based on local wisdom part of the dynamics of managing mangrove ecosystems towards mangrove: The key element in this research is in Jaring Halus and Sei Nagalawan village to take the condition of local knowledge based on local wisdom conservative measures to make mangrove a source of life and renewal efforts that have taken place. Ahimsa-Putra that must be managed sustainably. describes local wisdom as a set of knowledge and good Various parties participated in supporting the practices derived from previous generations and from management of mangrove ecosystems in many places experience in relation to the environment and other with various interests. The two regions have been societies belonging to a community somewhere, which is introduced in developing and strengthening the used to settle properly and real issues and/or difficulty knowledge of sustainable mangrove management. encountered. Referring to the definition of local wisdom, the narrative of various knowledge of the fishermen MATERIALS AND METHODS community about the mangroves for later use in addressing the problems of life experienced has become This study used a qualitative approach with a case important. study to explain comprehensively on variations mangrove A set of knowledge of the fishing community in management based on local wisdom in both regions Langkat regency related to the management of the (Jaring Halus village, Secanggang Subdistrict, Langkat mangrove ecosystem began with the narration of their Regency and Sei Nagalawan village, Perbaungan knowledge of the conditions of vegetation and fauna that Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency) with the questions made the mangrove area a habitat. In emic, the fishing “how” and “why”. community in Langkat has a local categorization of the The advantages of such case studies are the primary vegetation used. The communities in Jaring Halus called means of emic research, which presents a view of the plant vegetation in two main categories, namely: Woods subject under study, in this case, the coastal communities and trees wood is the local terminology of the community in managing mangrove[2]. Suharjito explains that emic in the Village of Jaring Halus to mention all plants or analysis aims to state what the thinking, known, done plants that do not produce fruit for harvest. which the informant expects to conform to what the Although, the plant or plant is fruitful, the fruit informants conveyed themselves. The emic analysis is produced by the plant cannot be consumed. In other combined with ethical analysis which is an explanation of words, wood is a conception of Jaring Halus community the phenomenon or phenomenon of local wisdom renewal to refer to plants that are only utilized for a need. On the provided by researchers based on the community’s basis of this conception, then the plants only take stems or experience or understanding of the elements of knowledge branches will be utilized for something included in this and technology acquired through the introductory process category. Data mining on this indicates that the types of undertaken by various government and non-government plants which belong to large groups of wood that can be agencies on mangrove management in sustainable. found in the mangrove ecosystem in Langkat are: 3179 J. Eng. Applied Sci., 15 (17): 3178-3182, 2020 C Api-api woods (Avicennia) has led to standardization in biological methods. C Bakau Bangka woods (Rhizophora mucronata) Generally, the community of Nagalawan know some C Lenggadai woods (Bruguiera parviflora) mangrove forest planters: C Buta-buta woods (Excoecaria agallocha) C Mata Buaya woods (Bruguiera hainesii) Api api trees: Which is divided into two types, namely: C Cemara Pantai woods (Only in some parts) C Nere Api Api Hitam trees (Apicenia alba): To plant it, abrasion will accelerate deposition to make it turn into the The names and types of plants that can be categorized land as the soil yields more and can accelerate as trees by the local community in Jaring Halus are sedimentation of the soil and from the process of Berembang (Sonneratia caseolaris), Rapid (Sonneratia sedimentation, it mixes with mud, soil and others that can alba) and Nipah (Nypa). The tree name of Berambang by eventually become land. some local communities is also called Berombang. Plants “Berembang/Berombang” is a kind of plant whose Api Api Putih Trees (Apicenia marina): To manage it morphology is not different from some types of plants that into food such as “Dodol,” then it can also make pastries fall into the category of wood. It’s just the fruit taken from grains in the Api Api Putih plant. “Berembang/Berombang” including the type of plants that produce round fruit that has a petal with fruit diameter Bakau trees: Which is divided into 3 types, namely: about 3-4 cm. Nipah plant is a kind of plant plug with the physical C Bakau Merah trees (Rhizophora apiculata) morphology of its leaves resembling coconut. During this C Bakau Bangka trees (Rhizophora mucronata) time, the part of the Nipah most often used by the C Bakau Hijau trees (Rhizophora stylosa) fishermen community is the leaves of Nipah.