LDS) and Its Interaction with Mine Water
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Low Density Sludge Storage In A Flooded Underground Mine Carole Kubiak, Christian Wolkersdorfer Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Arbeitsgruppe Hydrogeologie, Luisenstraße 37, 80333 München, Gemany; [email protected] Abstract This paper discusses the chemical and physical characteristics of Low Density Sludge (LDS) and its interaction with mine water. A general overview of the physics of the LDS produced at a German fluorite mine is described. The work confirmed the highly hydrous nature of the sludge (11.5 to 17% solids), its rather low sedimentation rate, and its thixotropic viscosity. LDS interaction with mine water has been both tested in the laboratory and modelled with PHREEQC. Mine water quality was modified when in contact with sludge: its total alkalinity and pH increased and its iron concentration and total acidity decreased. On this account we showed that mine water chemistry was improved when in contact with LDS, even though LDS represents less than 1% of total mine water volume. As a consequence, the re-injection of the sludge within the mine is a sustainable tool for the handling of the LDS and the improvement of mine water quality. Key words: LDS; PRHEEQC; mine water chemistry; iron rich sludge; chemical modelling; sludge rheology; thixotropic; Straßberg/Germany; fluorite mine; Harz mountains. Introduction Polluted mine water draining from working or abandoned mines might be an environmental risk and therefore needs treatment. One out of two options can be used: active or passive treatment. In the first case large amounts of sludge are produced and its disposal needs space and consumes land in land fills or underground waste repositories. Researchers and consultants worldwide seek for an option to use the sludge or to dispose it with the help of a cheap and environmentally sound technique. This paper describes laboratory investigations and numerical modellings conducted with the low density sludge of a German mine water treatment plant in the Harz Mountains. Those results help to understand the ongoing processes within the flooded mine in which the sludges are disposed of. “Low Density Sludge” (LDS) is an iron-rich sludge that usually contains 1 to 10% solids. This LDS is a highly hydrous waste product of mine water treatment, which in addition to iron, may contain various proportions of other metals. Modern mine water treatment plants apply a more efficient flocculation processes to achieve densities of 30% or better and thus decrease the waste volume. This “High Density Sludge” (HDS) has a higher metal content than LDS and an improved crystallinity, with a reduced potential for metal leaching (GAN ET AL. 2005; ZINCK 1997). The various metals contained in the sludge originate from the precipitation of metals and ions dissolved in acidic mine water. The process of Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) generation is well understood and shall not be repeated here (STUMM & MORGAN 1981). In a conventional treatment system (ZINCK 1997; YOUNGER et al. 2002; BROWN et al. 2002; WOL- KERSDORFER 2006) alkaline materials are added to raise the pH of the AMD water to levels that cause the solubilised metals to precipitate. A preferred alkaline material is hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), which is added to the AMD as a slurry. The effluent is then aerated, and flocculants are sometimes added. Treated sludge then settles in a pond, and excess water is decanted from the pond and released to a stream. In general LDS consists of amorphous oxy and hydroxy iron oxides plus excess calcite (CaCO3; KALIN et al. 2006; ZINCK 1997). Because of widespread occurrence of the sludges, the empirical knowledge of their characteristics and handling has been improved in recent years (GEORGAKI 2003). SEYSSIECQ et al. (2003) also conducted an extensive review of the literature devoted to the rheological characterisation of activated and sewage sludges. They showed an important variability in properties depending upon sludge history and processing and the lack of clearly identifiable composition and structure highlighting our incomplete scientific understanding of the sludges. Sludges produced by conventional AMD treatment processes require appropriate disposal to prevent the re-release of metals. LDS sludge has sometimes been re-injected in the flooded mines and, due to residual CaCO3 of the treatment process, is thought to be a possible buffering source for the AMD. It could increase the pH and cause the metals to precipitate directly within the mine. Thus it could improve the quality of effluent water, solving both mine water acidity and metal concentration problems quoted before. The aims of this report are to examine the water quality and mine water quality changes during the mixing between sludge and mine water. LDS physical properties and mine water chemistry were therefore measured in the case of the Straßberg Mine, Germany, where LDS is re-injected within the flooded mine since 1992. The key questions of this paper will be: is this handling solution sustainable and can it be generally applied in other mines as well? Materials and methods Site details of the Straßberg Mine The Straßberg Mine is located in the central part of the Harz Mountains, in the German region of Saxony-Anhalt (Fig. 1). The average precipitation was 650 mm/year during the period 1969—1999 (RÜTERKAMP & MESSER 2000), with a continental climate. The exploitation of the mine started 600 years ago, first for lead, zinc and silver, finally for fluorite. It is also accompanied by pyrite and marcasite. Oxidation of those later minerals is the initial reaction in the formation of AMD and metalliferous leaching at the site. In 1989 production was stopped, and the flooding of Straßberg Mine started on May 31st 1991. (BST Mansfeld GmbH & Co KG 2005). The flooding caused a contact between oxygenated water and pyrite, and a first flush reaction: dissolved iron concentrations in the mine water increased from 1— 2 mg/L in 1990 to about 40 mg/L in 1994, with a pH of around 5.5. In May 1992, with a sudden death of fishes in the Selke River, mine water treatment became compulsory. In autumn 1992 pumping (total capacity ca. 7 m3/min) of the mine water started in the Main Pit (Fluor Shaft, Fig. 1) of the Straßberg Mine and in the No. 901 shaft. The mine water is treated at the Fluor Shaft and Brachmannsberg sites (Fig 1) by addition of hydrated lime and aeration. A flocculent (polyacrylamid Synthofloc) is added only at the Brachmannsberg site. The water and sludge then settle in ponds (three at the Main Pit site, two at the Brachmannsberg site), and the superficial water is released to a river (tributary of the Selke River and Uhlenbach respectively). After about two months the sludge is gathered and re-injected into the mine. Figure 1 Schematic map of the Straßberg Mine site. U N o 539 shaft hl en b a ch ç B 4 B 4 Siptenfelde to Ha rzg ero de k ç Siptenfelde broo Siptenfelde seepage t Brachm annsberg adit N o 530 shaft i d a n r e h Biw ender adit t de r ro o e zg n ar H to t i Fluor shaft d a h S c e a lk b e e ç s a l G new Glasebach adit Straberg/Harz shaft TU BA m ine entrance 4 3 Glasebach shaft 0 1000m L The repumped sludge is nearly liquid. In 1996 the solid content was evaluated to be about 9.13 g/L, which corresponds to about 1% solid, with a measured pH value of 9 to 11. The same year, the volume 3 re-injected was of about 7,200 m /month (WEYER 1996). However, less water was progressively used to gather the sludge, and in 2000, the average water volume injected was 1,600 m3/month (König, personal communication). The current solid percentage is thought to be higher. Tracer tests (WOLKERSDORFER & HASCHE 2003; WOLKERSDORFER 2005) have shown that the different location points of the mine are well connected, with a global flow from North to South. The Sludge is re- injected into the mine at the Westfeld borehole, north-west of the Fluor Shaft. From there the water stream direction is from Westfeld toward Main Pit and Glasebach. This study focuses on the sludges originating from the Fluor Shaft and Brachmannsberg sites, in particular on their physical properties, and on modelling their interaction with mine water. Water samples of four different sites and sludge samples of two different sites were collected in March 2007. Three water samples were taken underground at the Fluor Shaft main pit, at No. 539 (Brach- mannsberg) and at the Glasebach pit. A further water sample was collected from a mine drainage gallery near Alexisbad. This latter water is assumed to have a quite similar chemical composition as the original Straßberg Mine water. Two sludge samples were taken at the Fluor Shaft site in the pond II by Mansfeld GmbH & Co. KG and one sample at the surface of the northern pond at the Brachmannsberg site. pH, redox potential, mine water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and electric conductivity were measured on site with WTW portable instruments. For redox potential measurements, the results obtained with the Pt–Ag/AgCl InLab501 (ARGENTHAL, 3 mol/L KCl) electrode system were adjusted to a potential relative to that of the standard hydrogen electrode, at 10°C. All samples were filtered through 0.45 µm cellulose acetate filters and for the trace element analyses HNO3 was added. Total acidity and alkalinity were measured using a Hach digital titrator. Mine water samples were analyzed with a Perkin-Elmer AAS-3300 Spectrometer for total iron, manganese, zinc, aluminium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, Perkin-Elmer SIMAA-6000 Spectrometer for silver, cadmium, copper, nickel, and lead, and DIONEX-IC-DX-100 for fluoride, chloride, nitrate, and sulphate.