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Response of Laying Hens to Aqueous Extracts of Petiveria Alliacea Root and Leaf

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Response of Laying Hens to Aqueous Extracts of Petiveria Alliacea Root and Leaf ANIMAL SCIENCES RESPONSE OF LAYING HENS to AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF PETIVERIA ALLIACEA ROOT AND LEAF A.M. Oyeleke1, O.A. Adeyemi1, L.T. Egbeyale1, R.A. Sobayo2, R.O. Olaifa1 1Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Production and Health, Abeokuta, Nigeria 2Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, College of Animal Science and Livestock Production, Department of Animal Nutrition, Abeokuta, Nigeria This study investigated the response of laying hens to aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf. A total of 288 eigh- teen-week-old Isa brown pullets were used for the 25-week study. The pullets were arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental layout in a completely randomized design. The pullets were distributed into two groups administered root extract or leaf ex- tract. Pullets in each group were allotted to four subgroups administered aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea at 15, 30 and 45 g l–1 concentration levels making eight treatments in total. Each treatment was replicated three times with twelve pullets per replicate. Eimeria oocyst counts and intestinal bacteria counts were lower (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0028, respectively) in hens administered 15, 30 and 45 g l–1 of Petiveria alliacea extracts than the control. The highest (P < 0.0001) antibody titre against –1 Newcastle disease vaccine was recorded in hens administered 30 and 45 g l concentrations of root (9.06 and 9.10 log2, re- spectively) and leaf (9.08 and 9.18 log2, respectively) extracts. The liver sections of hens in all treatments appeared normal. In conclusion, aqueous extract of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf at 30 and 45 g l–1 concentrations performed best as antimicro- bial and immune stimulating agent without impairing liver health. antibody titre, faecal oocyst count, histopathology of liver, intestinal bacteria count, lymphoid organ doi: 10.2478/sab-2021-0004 Received for publication on December 13, 2020 Accepted for publication on May 4, 2021 INTRODUCTION hepato-protective agents (A t t i a et al., 2017a, b; K i l a n y et al., 2018; S a h o o et al., 2019). However, For many years there has been a restriction on the there is no standardisation yet on the use of these use of synthetic drugs such as antibiotics in livestock medicinal plants as many studies are still underway production due to the emergence of drug-resistant mi- and a vast amount of these beneficial plants are yet croorganisms and detection of harmful drug residues to be comprehensively assessed. in animal products (D i a r r a , M a l o u i n , 2014; Petiveria alliacea (Guinea hen weed) is a potent G o n z a l e z , A n g e l e s , 2017). On the other hand, medicinal herb whose medicinal qualities are yet the increasing awareness of the public on food safety to be explored in the poultry industry. It is a peren- has influenced consumer’s preference toward food nial shrub with a rigid and straight stem, the roots, products from organic sources (B i s w a s et al., 2010). leaves and stems are characterised with garlic odour These have necessitated researches aiming to find viable (D u a r t e , L o p e s , 2005). The plant is native to alternatives to synthetic drugs which could serve as Northern America, Central America, Southern America growth-promoting, prophylactic and therapeutic agents and the Caribbean. It was introduced and grown widely in poultry production (D i a r r a , M a l o u i n , 2014). in African countries like Nigeria and Benin Republic Among these alternatives, medicinal plants have gained (Duarte, Lopes, 2005; Schmelzer, Gurib- significant attention due to their availability, potency F a k i m , 2008). Petiveria alliacea can be found in and insignificant side effects (J e l v e h et al., 2018). abundance in the southern part of Nigeria (A l e g r e , Several studies have shown the potentials of various C l a v o , 2007). Petiveria alliacea is commonly dis- medicinal plants as growth promoters, antimicrobial tributed along river banks, road sides, edges of humid agents, anticoccidial agents, immunostimulants and forests, pastures and gardens, its seeds can be easily SCIENTIA AGRICULTURAE BOHEMICA, 52, 2021 (2): 29–38 29 dispersed by wind or animals favouring colonisation leaves sourced from Kotopo area of Abeokuta, Ogun of new areas (A l e g r e , C l a v o , 2007). All parts State were weighed individually. Each weighed root of the plant were found useful in folk medicine as or leaf sample was blended separately in one litre of treatments for various diseases and conditions such water using a Panasonic Mx-Gx1021 blender. Each as fever, respiratory ailments, nervous spasm, asthma, blended mixture was separated by filtration after blend- paralysis and bolstering the immune system (R a n d l e ing using a 0.1 mm sieve screen. The filtrate from each et al., 2018). Researchers have successfully isolated separated mixture was presented to hens as drinking several bioactive compounds from Petiveria alliacea water according to treatment. In summary, the root and most of which are sulphur-containing compounds leaf extracts were prepared separately at 15, 30 and (dibenzyl-disulfide and dibenzyl-trisulfide), terpe- 45 g l–1 concentrations. Extracts were prepared and noids, flavonoids, tannin, alkaloids, phytates, phenols, stored in a refrigerator prior to days of administration. saponins, oxalates, carotenoids and antioxidants (d e A n d r a d e et al., 2012; E k u n s e i t a n et al., 2016). Experimental design and management Other studies also confirmed the antibiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancerous, anti-carcinogenic, Two hundred and eighty-eight (288) eighteen-week anti-parasitic and immune-stimulating properties of old Isa brown pullets were used for this study. The the plant (K i m et al., 2006; W i l l i a m s et al., 2007; experiment, which lasted for 25 weeks, was arranged Schmelzer, Gurib-Fakim, 2008; Randle in a 2 × 4 factorial experimental layout in a completely et al., 2018). randomised design. Two factors (plant part and extract In an in-vitro study by E k u n s e i t a n et al. (2016) concentration) were considered at two (root and leaf) reported the moderate antibacterial activity of Petiveria and four (0, 15, 30 and 45 g extract per l) levels, re- alliacea against selected bacteria of poultry importance. spectively. The birds were distributed into two groups Moreover, few other researchers have investigated the administered root extract or leaf extract. Birds in benefits of Petiveria alliacea in poultry production each group were allotted to four subgroups receiving (S o b a y o et al., 2017, 2018a, b; M u h a m m a d et 0 (control), 15, 30 or 45 g l–1 concentration of the ex- al., 2019; O d e t o l a et al., 2019). However, these tracts. Each treatment was replicated three times with researchers focused their investigations mainly on twelve birds per replicate group. The aqueous extracts the use of Petiveria alliacea as a growth-promoting of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf were presented to agent. The potential benefits of Petiveria alliacea as birds via drinking water on 2 consecutive days per an antibiotic and immune-stimulating agent is yet to week. On other days of the week, all experimental be explored in poultry species. Therefore this study birds were given ordinary water. The birds were raised investigated the microbial count, immunomodula- in a comfortable battery cage system and fed a mash tory response and liver histopathology in laying hens diet formulated according to the National Research administered aqueous extracts of Petiveria alliacea Council (NRC, 1994) recommendation (Table 1). root and leaf. Birds in all treatments did not receive any antibiotics or anticoccidial drug throughout the study. MATERIAL AND METHODS Data collection and evaluation Ethical statement and study site Phytochemical analysis of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf. Fresh root and leaf samples were air dried This study was conducted according to the guide- at room temperature and pounded to powder. Totally lines of Animal Welfare Committee, College of Animal 100 g of powdered root and leaf were put separately Science and Livestock Production, Federal University into 300 ml of distilled water to soak for 48 h at room of Agriculture Abeokuta, Nigeria. temperature. The suspensions were filtered with a The experiment was conducted at the research unit Whatman’s No. 1 filter paper and the filtrates evapo- of the Livelihoods Support and Development Centre rated to dryness in a water bath at 40°C. Testing for (SLIDEN AFRICA), Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. major phytochemical constituents was carried out ac- The site is located in the rainforest vegetation zone cording to H a r b o r n e (1973), S o f o w o r a (1993) of south-western Nigeria, latitude 7° 13′29.01″ N and and E v a n s (2000). longitude 3° 25′ 26.40″ E, 126.19 m a.s.l., eye altitude Body weight gain. The body weights of experi- 379.48 m (G o o g l e E a r t h , 2019). mental birds were determined at the beginning and at the end of the experiment using a Camry digital Aqueous extraction of Petiveria alliacea root and leaf weighing scale. Average body weight gain per bird was calculated according to the formula: The extraction was carried out according to the Average body weight gain per bird = (final body method described by N o d u et al.
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