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Growth Response, Haematology and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Petiveria Alliacea Root Meal

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Growth Response, Haematology and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Supplemented with Petiveria Alliacea Root Meal Nigerian J. Anim. Sci. 2016 (2):370 - 379 Growth Response, Haematology and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens fed Diets Supplemented with Petiveria alliacea Root Meal *Odetola, O. M. Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, P.M.B 5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, Nigeria Corresponding author: *[email protected] Target audience: Poultry farmer, nutritionist, feed millers, extension officers Abstract An experiment was conducted with one hundred and eighty (180) unsexed day old broiler chicks of Cobb strain to investigate the effects of feeding diets supplemented with Petevaria alliacaea root meal (PRM) on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. The broiler chicken were brooded together for 7 days after which they were randomly distributed into 6 dietary treatments of 30 birds per treatment which were further divided into 3 replicates of 10 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. Six dietary treatments were formulated such that T1 which is control contained 0.00g/100kg of feed, while T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6 contained 500.00, 1000.00, 1500.00, 2000.00 and 2500.00g/kg of feed respectively. Data were collected on feed intake and weekly weight gain. Blood samples were collected from the animals through the wing web vein for haematological indices evaluation. At 56 days of the experiment, 6 birds were randomly selected per treatment, starved overnight, weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation for carcass analysis. Results revealed no significant (P>0.05) difference in all performance characteristics indices measured. Packed cell volume, Haemoglobin concentration, Heterophil and monocytes were significantly (P<0.05) influenced PRM supplementation. The results of carcass characteristics showed significant (P<0.05) difference in the values obtained for gastro intestinal tract, gizzard, heart and liver. It can be concluded that supplementing broilers diets with graded levels of PRM had no detrimental effects on the performance, haematological parameters and carcass characteristics. Key words: Broiler, performance, haematology, carcass characteristics Description of problem to 134 million tonnes (2). Demand for The demand for livestock products meat grew only by about 0.6 percent in increases as the human population is developed countries compared to an increasing in the developing countries of annual increase of 2.8 percent in the the world (1). For instance, total meat developing countries. production in the developing world Over the years, a variety of non nutritive tripled between 1980 and 2002 from 45 feed additives have been used in poultry 370 Odetola production to improve the performance tremendous therapeutic potentials (11, of poultry birds. Antibiotics growth 12). promoters (AGP) have been included in Petiveria alliacea (Anamu) is a species poultry diets to promote growth, health of flowering plant in the pokeweed and to maximize the genetic potentials family, phytolaccaceae that is native to of modern poultry (3). However, the Florida and the lower Rio Grande valley presence of residue of antibiotics in of Texas in the United States. Mexico, meat and meat products meant for Central America, the Caribbean and h u m a n c o n s u m p t i o n a n d t h e tropical South America (13, 14). It is a development of drug resistant micro deeply rooted herbaceous perennial organisms in human has brought about shrub growing up to 1 meter (3.3 feet) in the search for alternative plant extract as height and has small greenish pinnate antibiotic and growth promoters (4). flowers. The roots and leaves have a Researchers (5, 6,7 and 8) have strong acrid garlic-like odour which identified several beneficial chemical taints the milk and meat of animals that components in medicinal plants which graze on it (15, 13). It is known by a wide play an important role in improving number of common names including, production and immune system of birds guinea henweed, anamu in the against diseases and have strong Dominican Republic and Brazil, mucura medicinal value and could be utilized as in Peru, mapurite in Trinidad and apacin natural growth promoters to replicate in Guatemala (16). P. alliacea is used as antibiotics and other synthetic feed a bat and insect repellant. It is also used additives. The environment of man is in teas, extracts, capsules. The leaves endowed with plants and fruit which and roots are used for medicinal purpose. over time has been found to be of great This plant is reported to be used to nutritional and health importance to man eliminate bacteria, fungi, candida and and animals. Such plants and fruits viruses. It is also used to enhance the constitute sources of spices in food, immune system and increase urination stimulants and some micro nutrients (14). Studies report beneficial results in while others may have aphrodisiac the use of this plant to lower the blood properties. sugar levels and in the elimination of These plants or spices and fruits cancer cells. The plant is also used for includes Allium sativum (garlic), arthritis, allergies and as therapy for Zimgiber officinale (ginger), Piper fever and malaria. Besides its beneficial nigrum (pepper), Solanum species (egg medical uses, it has also been reported to plant), Garcinia kola (bitter kola) and induce abortions. This is an important Petiveria alliacea (Anamu), many of property that needs to be taken into which have been extensively consideration when used by woman or investigated and their properties animal of child bearing age (13, 14). This documented (9, 10). Quite a number of experiment was therefore, carried out to these plant materials mentioned above evaluate Petiveria alliacea root meal on have antimicrobial properties with t h e p e r f o r m a n c e a n d c a r c a s s characteristics of broiler chicken. 371 Odetola Materials and methods air dried roots were milled into Petiveria Collection and preparation of Petiveria root meal (PRM) and stored in an air- alliacea Root Meal tight container until when needed for Petiveria alliacea was sourced from compounding. different locations within and outside Experimental diet formulation. the campus of Federal College of Six dietary treatments were formulated. Animal Health and Production Treatment one (1) which is the control, Technology, Moor Plantation, Ibadan, had no Petiveria alliacea root meal South west Nigeria. The roots were cut (PRM), while T2, T3, T4, T5, andT6 had from the stem, washed thoroughly and 500,00g, 1000.00g, 1500.00g, 2000.00g cut into pieces to increase the surface and 2500.00g of Petiveria alliacea root area. It was then air dried till a moisture meal (PRM) per 100kg of feed content of about 10% was obtained. The respectively. Table 1: Gross composition of the experimental diets (g/100gDM) Starter phase Parameters (%) T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T 6 *PRM (g/100kg feed) 0.00 500..00 1000.00 1500.00 2000.00 2500.00 Maize 50.50 50.50 50.50 50.50 50.50 50.50 Ground nut cake 5.00 5 .00 5.00 5.00 5. 00 5.00 Soybean meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 3 0.00 30.0 0 Fish meal 2.00 2 .00 2.00 2.00 2. 00 2.00 Wheat offal 7.30 7.30 7.30 7.30 7 .30 7.30 Bone meal 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2 .50 2.50 Salt 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0 .25 0.25 Lysin e 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0 .10 0.10 Methioni ne 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0 .10 0.10 Limeston e 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2 .00 2.00 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 1 00.00 100 .00 Crude protein 22.67 22.78 23.15 23.37 23.58 23.64 Crude fibre 5.89 5.92 5.85 5.82 5.96 6.34 Total as h 7.85 7.6 8 8. 67 8 .88 8.74 7.76 Ether extract 3.75 3 .82 3.79 3.77 3. 85 3.83 Nitrogen free extract 56.66 49.55 48.26 47.95 4 7.72 48.2 0 PRM = P etiveria alliacea Roo t Meal E x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s a n d has been provided with facilities for management lighting, feeding and watering. Feed and A total of one hundred and eighty (180) water were provided ad libitum; litter unsexed day -old Cobb strain of broiler condition was properly monitored and chicks were used for this study. The managed to prevent caking which could chicks were randomly assigned to 6 lead to outbreak of coccidiosis. Birds on dietary groups of three replicates with 10 T1 were medicated with antibiotics, birds per replicate in a completely while those on other treatments were not randomized design. The birds were medicated. However normal routine brooded together for 7 days before the vaccinations were carried out as at when commencement of the experiment. They due. Data were collected on feed intake, were housed in an open sided pen, which body weight and feed conversion. 372 Odetola Performance characteristics indices evaluation. The blood samples Known quantity of feed was supplied to were collected into the bottle pre-treated the birds and the left over removed and with EDTA, an anticoagulant. The weighed to determine the actual feed haematological indices examined consumed on daily basis. The daily feed include Red Blood count (RBC), white consumption was added together over a blood cell (WBC), Packed cell volume period of 7 days to obtain the feed (PCV), Leucocytes differential count consumption per week.The body weights (monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil e.tc) were taken on weekly basis.
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