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Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Papua Using Multiple Geophysical and Micropaleontological Proxies Lawrence A Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2007 Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Papua using multiple geophysical and micropaleontological proxies Lawrence A. Febo Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Earth Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Febo, Lawrence A., "Paleoceanography of the Gulf of Papua using multiple geophysical and micropaleontological proxies" (2007). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3357. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3357 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PALEOCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GULF OF PAPUA USING MULTIPLE GEOPHYSICAL AND MICROPALEONTOLOGICAL PROXIES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geology and Geophysics by Lawrence A. Febo B.S., Ohio State University, 1999 M.S., Ohio State University, 2003 December 2007 For my late advisor, Dr. John Wrenn ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS What you are about to read, and I certainly hope enjoy, is the result of a significant effort not just on my part, but also from so many people who I would like to thank. First, I thank my late advisor Dr. John Wrenn. John was an excellent mentor to me and instrumental in shaping who I have now become as a scientist and teacher. He was also a very good friend, never ceasing to surprise me with his vast scientific knowledge, genuine willingness to help others, and his ability to brighten my days with a casual swipe of his witty humor. Being his student was a rare privilege and it is he to who I dedicate this volume. After some recovery time, I was very fortunate to be adopted by Brooks Ellwood and I have benefited greatly from his scientific expertise. In fact, many of the tools and ideas brought together in this dissertation are a result of his guidance. I also extend many thanks to Dr. Barun Sen Gupta for all the time he took discussing data and ideas with me. The stable isotope data in this dissertation would not have been possible without the help of Dr. Brian Fry, thank you for teaching me so much. I am also grateful to Sam Bentley for inviting me to be a part of the MARGINS Source-to-Sink research initiative and also a part of his team over the years. I came to LSU to do marine geology and paleoceanography, and he delivered. Sam provided countless opportunities unobtainable anywhere else, circumnavigating Australasia certainly ranking high on the list, but none as memorable as crossing the equator, facing King Neptune’s court, and walking the plank all in the same day! Research results presented in this dissertation was partly supported by NSF grant OCE #0305373 awarded to Samuel Bentley. Results presented in Chapter 4 were funded iii by LSU and a U.S. NSF -Egypt Joint Science and Technology Board grant to Dr. Ellwood and Dr. Aziz M. Kafafy, Grant #OTH6-008-002. I would also like to thank BP America for providing generous financial assistance to complete my research and also gainful future employment. I also thank the Geological Society of America, the American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists, and the Department of Geology and Geophysics at Louisiana State University. The Department has supported me with generous assistantships and scholarships, even after my term limit. Additionally, I thank Bob Olson of Baseline Resolution for discussions about TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data. I also received thoughtful comments from Andre Droxler, Gerry Dickens, Chuck Nittrouer, and two anonymous reviewers on an early version of chapter 2. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, family, and close friends for understanding my hawkish desire to do the Ph.D. I especially thank my shipmates Jason Francis, Luke Patterson and Zahid Muhammad, and my “paleo” officemates Rebecca Tedford, Jeff Agnew, and Juan Chow. Thanks for listening to me squawk the last five years. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................iii ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………...vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………1 CHAPTER 2. LATE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE SEDIMENTATION, ORGANIC-CARBON DELIVERY, AND PALEOCLIMATIC INFERENCES ON THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE OF THE NORTHERN PANDORA TROUGH, GULF OF PAPUA................................................9 CHAPTER 3. SURFACE SEDIMENTS AND DISPERSAL PATHWAYS ON THE OUTER SHELF-EDGE AND BASIN IN THE GULF OF PAPUA: MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY, CALCIUM CARBONATE, AND ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL MEASUREMENTS..................................................................................67 CHAPTER 4. DETRITAL CONTROLS ON MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY AND CYCLOSTRATIGRAPHY RECORDS ….............................................100 CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................121 APPENDIX A: PUBLISHED AND SUBMITTED CHAPTER ABSTRACTS.............124 APPENDIX B: SUPPLEMENTAL CHAPTER 2 DATA TABLES NOT IN TEXT….128 APPENDIX C: CORE IMAGES OF MV-51JPC………………………………………137 APPENDIX D: PERMISSION REQUEST…………………………………………….138 APPENDIX E: COMPREHENSIVE REFERENCE LIST.............................................140 VITA................................................................................................................................156 v ABSTRACT Recent marine and late Pleistocene sediments examined from the Gulf of Papua (GoP), Papua New Guinea investigate the flux and fate of detrital sediments and organic carbon over the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Based on surface sediment magnetic susceptibility (MS) and calcium carbonate concentrations, recent marine sediment is exported off the narrow shelf and into deeper regions via the Kerema Canyon of the northern Pandora Trough. Detrital clastic sediment is then dispersed deeper into the central and southern Pandora Trough. Except for pelagic deposition, very little material reaches the Ashmore Trough and Eastern Plateau adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data and organic petrography indicate that late Pleistocene and recent organic matter were strongly degraded prior to burial. Late Pleistocene depositional records come from two, 12 m piston cores retrieved from the slope of the northern Pandora Trough. MV-54 was taken at the mid-slope of the central Pandora Trough (923 m) and MV-51 was collected from a bathymetric high in the northeastern Pandora Trough (804 m). Core sediments were analyzed with MS, calcium carbonate, organic geochemistry, and benthic foraminiferal assemblages. Both cores show two periods of rapid sediment accumulation. High accumulation rates characterize 15,800-17,700 Cal. yrs B.P. in MV-54 and correspond to the early transgression when rivers delivered sediments closer to the shelf-edge. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages in MV-51 indicate a seasonally variable flux of organic carbon during late LGM (~18,400- 20,400 Cal. yrs B.P.), suggesting enhanced contrast between monsoon seasons. The oldest section, >32,000 14C yrs B.P., contains the highest mass accumulation rates and TOC fluxes, with >50% of the organic carbon derived from C3 vascular plant vi matter. MS and benthic foraminiferal accumulation rates are orders of magnitude higher during this interval than any younger time indicating a greater influence of detrital minerals and labile organic carbon. Because mineralogy and detrital input are shown to be the main controls on MS variability, the MS data in this interval suggest more direct dispersal pathways from central and eastern PNG Rivers to the core site when sea level was lower and dispersal gradients were higher. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Continental margins are one of the ultimate storage sites for sediments shed from continental settings. Warm, wet tropical environments such as the Amazon Basin, west central Africa, and Indonesia supply significant quantities of sediment and terrestrial organic carbon to marine depositional systems [Meybeck, 1988; Milliman, 1995; Nittrouer et al., 1995; Milliman et al., 1999; Schlünz and Schneider, 2000; Syvitski et al., 2005]. At present, a minimum of 50% of the annual sediment discharged into the global ocean originates from tropical drainage basins [Meybeck, 1988] and accounts for approximately 60% of the total organic carbon budget [Schlünz and Schneider, 2000]. In the tropical western Pacific, Indonesia and Australasia are estimated to be responsible for as much as 25% of the global sediment flux [Milliman et al., 1999] and ~40% of the terrestrial organic carbon buried in coastal and shelf deposits [Schlünz and Schneider, 2000]. In addition to the importance of global sediment and organic carbon budgets, the tropical western Pacific region is the location of dynamic climatic and oceanographic features, making it an area of critical paleoceanographic importance for understanding long-term sediment storage and organic carbon cycling [Bjerknes, 1969; Meyers et al., 1986; Beaufort et al., 2001; Clemens et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2003]. The western Pacific warm pool, or WPWP, is a large region north of Papua
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