Executive Summary Morocco Cannabis Survey 2005 January 2007

ROYAUME DU MAROC LE PREMIER MINISTRE AGENCE POUR LA PROMOTION ET LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL DES PREFECTURES ET PROVINCES DU NORD DU ROYAUME

Morocco Cannabis Survey 2005

Executive Summary January 2007 Abbreviations: Dh Moroccan Dirham €Euro UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime US$ United States Dollar

The figures and results of the Moroccan Cannabis Survey 2005 were already approved by the Government of Morocco as well as by UNODC, and published in the World Drug Report 2006. However, the final report, on which this executive summary is based, has not yet been formally approved by the Moroccan authorities.

The boundaries and names shown and designations used on the maps of this publication do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.

Morocco - Northern Provinces: Cannabis Cultivation, 2005

6°W 5°W 4°W

Tangier Portugal Assilah # Fahs-Bni Spain Makada Tan- gier Martil # Algeria Tetouan # Morocco Assilah Asilah # Ouad-Laou Tetouan #

Umeras Umeras # # Al Hoceima Larache Larache # # El Jabha Chefchaouen # # Taguidit #

# 35°N Ksar El Kebir Nador

Tarquist 35°N # # Rualam Al Hoceima Chefchaouen Ouezzane#

Souk El Arbaa du Rharb Ulad # Mohand # Mechra bel Ksiri # Taounate #

# Main cities Cannabis cultivation Taounate Taza Survey area Forest and scrub Province boundaries Others 0255012.5 Main roads Sidi Slimane #Eradication area km Lakes # Projection UTM 30N - WGS84 6°W 5°W 4°W # Source: Government of Morocco/UNODC Cannabis Survey 2005 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. FACT SHEET

2004 Variation 2005 Cannabis cultivation 120,500 ha -40% 72,500 ha On rain-fed land (bour) 88% 80% On irrigated land 12% 20%

Cannabis yield On rain-fed land (bour) 750 kg/ha -39% 459 kg/ha On irrigated land 1,270 kg/ha 43% 1,821 kg/ha Gross cannabis production 98,000 mt -46% 53,300 mt Cannabis extraction rate 2.82 % -29% 2.0% Potential production of cannabis resin 2,760 mt -62% 1,066 mt Distribution of farm gate sales Sale of raw cannabis 66 % -32% 45% Sale of cannabis resin 34 % 62% 55% Cannabis sale price For raw cannabis 25 Dh/kg 100% 50 Dh/kg For cannabis resin 1,400 Dh/kg 186% 4,000 Dh/kg Total farmers income from cannabis Dh 2.9 billion 21% Dh 3.5 billion US$ 325 million 19% US$ 386 million € 263 million 24% € 325 million Number of households cultivating cannabis n/a 89,900 Average gross household income from cannabis per Dh 30,000 30% Dh 38,900 year US$ 3,300 30% US$ 4,300 € 2,700 33% € 3,600 Seizures in Morocco Of raw cannabis 319 mt -64% 116 mt

Of resin 87 mt 11% 97 mt

Annual turnover of international trade in cannabis US$ 13 billion -57% US$ 5.6 billion resin of Moroccan origin € 10.8 billion -57% € 4.6 billion EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Morocco Cannabis Survey 2005 was implemented by the Government of Morocco with support from UNODC's Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme (ICMP). The objective of ICMP is to assist the international community in monitoring the extent and evolution of illicit crops, namely coca bush, opium poppy and cannabis, in the context of the elimination objective adopted by the General Assembly Special Session on Drugs in June 1998. Despite decreases in the area under cannabis cultivation for the second consecutive year, Morocco remains on of the main producers of cannabis resin (hashish) in the world. It supplies primarily the European market. The Northern Region of Morocco, where most of the cannabis cultivation is concentrated, is spread over five provinces and covers an area of roughly 20,000 square kilometres. The survey area covered the Rif region in the North of the country. Using SPOT satellite imagery, the area under cannabis cultivation was estimated at 72,500 hectares, which is a decline of 40% compared to 2004. This significant decrease was the result of the combined effects of adverse weather conditions, an awareness campaign by the Government to convince farmers to give up cannabis cultivation, and eradication activities.

Figure 1: Cannabis cultivation (hectares), 2003 to 2005

160,000

140,000

120,000

100,000

80,000

Hectares 60,000

40,000

20,000 134,000 120,500 72,500 0 2003 2004 2005

The reduction was most pronounced in the province of Chefchaouen, where the area under cannabis cultivation decreased from 79,195 hectares (2004) to only 40,529 hectares (2005). This corresponds to a decrease by 46%. Despite this encouraging reduction, the province remains the largest cannabis producing province, and contributes to 56% of the total cannabis area in the country. Table 1: Cannabis cultivation by province (hectares), 2005 Province Cannabis (ha) As % of total cannabis 2005 cultivation 2005 Chefchaouen 40,529 56% Taounate 12,362 17% Al Hoceima 11,671 16% Tetouan 7,916 11% Larache (eradicated) 0% Total (rounded) 72,500 100%

The potential gross cannabis production was estimated at 53,000 metric tons in 2005. This is a decrease by 46% compared to 2004 (98,000 metric tons). This decrease is a result of the decrease in area under cannabis cultivation. The impact of an increased proportion of irrigated cannabis fields, which usually have much higher yields than rain-fed fields, was negligible as irrigated fields had only a share of 20% of the total cannabis area.

Figure 2: Gross cannabis production (metric tons), 2003 to 2005

120,000

100,000

80,000

60,000

Metric tons 40,000

20,000 109,000 98,000 53,300 0 2003 2004 2005

Assuming that all the cannabis was transformed into cannabis resin with a ratio of 2 kg of resin per 100 kg of raw cannabis, the total potential production of cannabis resin was estimated at 1,066 metric tons in 2005. This is a decrease by 61% compared to 2004 (2,700 metric tons). The decrease in potential resin production is more pronounced than for raw cannabis due to a lower resin extraction ratio compared to 2004. Cannabis prices doubled in 2005, from 25 Dh/kg (2004) to 50 Dh/kg (2005) for raw cannabis, as a result of the decreases in production. Prices for cannabis resin almost tripled from 1,400 Dh/kg (2004) to 4,000 Dh/kg (2005). Farmers processed a larger proportion of their raw cannabis harvest into resin (55%) for sale, which, together with the high price for cannabis resin, led to a overall increase by 21% in farmers income from cannabis in 2005. The total farmers income from the sale of cannabis was 3.5 billion dirham (US$ 386 million or € 325). This amount is equivalent to 0.8% of the GDP in 2004 (Dh 443.67 billion). Figure 3: Prices and production of cannabis and cannabis resin, 2003 to 2005

60 120,000 50 Dh/kg 4,500 4,000 Dh/kg 3,500 50 100,000 4,000 3,000 3,500 35 Dh/kg 2,500 40 80,000 3,000 2,000 30 25 Dh/kg 60,000 2,500 (mt)

Dh/kg 2,000

Dh/kg 1,400 Dh/kg 1,400 Dh/kg 1,500 20 40,000 1,500 1,000 10 20,000 1,000

500 500 (mt) production Resin Gross cannabis production cannabis Gross 0 0 0 0 2003 2004 2005 2003 2004 2005

Gross cannabis production Price of raw cannabis Resin production Price of cannabis resin

With an estimated number of 89,000 households cultivating cannabis in 2005, the gross annual income from cannabis per household amounts to Dh 38,900 (US$ 4,300 or € 3,600). Based on an average of 8.5 persons per household, about 760,000 persons were involved in cannabis cultivation in 2005. The annual turnover of international trade in resin of Moroccan origin was estimated at US$ 5.5 billion (€ 4.6 billion). Morocco - Northern Provinces: Cannabis Cultivation by Commune, 2005

6°W 5°W 4°W

35°N Bni Gmil Ouaouzgane Bni Abdallah Ksar Bjir Tatoft Maksouline Tifarouine Brikcha Bni Salah Bab Berred Bni Hafida Nekkour Dar Drius # Ain Beida Fifi Tarquist 35°N Moulay Ahmed # Moqrissat Cherif Zaouiat Sidi Chefchaouen Sidi Boutmim Abdelkader # Rualam Asjen Issaguen Zarkat Chakrane Bni Faghloum Ouad Malha Tamorot Ketama Nador Arbaa Taourirt Bni Ahmed Cherqia Mansoura Bni Bounsar Al Hoceima Tamsaout # Zoumi Sidi Bouzineb Ouezzane Kalaat Bni Ahmed Abdelghaya Souahel Bni Ammart Bouqorra Gharbia Ratba Bni Ahmed Bni Bchir Taghzout Imoukzan Tabouda Sidi Lhaj Souk El Arbaa du Rharb M'Hamed # Bni Bouchibet Oudka Sidi Yahya Ulad Mohand Bni Zeroual Sidi # Tafrant Tamedit Mokhfi Khlalfa Bni Ounjel Tafraout Mechra bel Ksiri GhafsaiEl Bibane Bouhouda Thar Essouk # Kissane Fennassa Bab Timezgana Zrizer El Hit Taounate Galaz # Moulay Bouchta Bouadel Ourtzagh Taouante Bni Oulid Mezraoua Rghioua

Moulay Abdelkrim Ain Mediouna # Cannabis cultivation (ha) Ghouazi Main cities Jbabra Taounate Oulad Daoud Ain Maatouf No cannabis Bouchabel Kariat Ba Ain Aicha Survey area Bouarouss Mohamed 1- 600 Mkansa Bni Snous Province boundaries Sidi El Abed Ras El Ouad Taza Loulja Sidi Slimane El Bsabsa Commune boundaries #601 - 1200 Tissa # Messassa 1201 - 1800 Ouad Jemaa Outabouabane Taza Guercif Sidi M'Hamed Ben Lahcen # # Sidi Abdallah 1801 - 2400 # Ain Legdah >2400 0306015 # Oulad Ayyad km Eradicated Fes # Projection UTM 30N - WGS84 6°W 5°W 4°W 34°N Source: Government of Morocco/UNODC Cannabis Survey 2005 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Morocco - Northern Provinces: Gross Cannabis Production by Commune, 2005

6°W 5°W 4°W

Tangier Ksar Fnidq El Majaz Taghramt Portugal Assilah # Fahs-Bni M'Diq Spain Makada Allyene Tan- Anjra gier Jouamaa Mallalienne Martil Martil Saddina # Souk Kdim Tetouan Ain Lahsan Tetouan # Tetouan Algeria Al Azhar Sidi Al Mandri Assilah Azla Morocco Asilah Bni Harchen Tetouan Zaitoune Al Manzla Dar Bni # Jbel Karrich Zaouiat Sidi Kacem Lahbib Sahtryine Ouad-Laou Bghaghza # Al Kharroub Bni Idder Zinat Bni Said Ayacha Oulad Ali Mansour Umeras Tizgane # Bni Arouss Umeras Al Hamra Bni Leit Rissana Chamalia Tazroute Tassift Bni Garfett Zaaroura # Steha Sahel Al Ouad Al Hoceima Larache Bni Bouzra # Larache # Talambote El Jabha Al Hoceima Rissana Janoubia Chefchaouen # Izemmouren Tanaqoub Amtar # Ait Youssef Souaken Derdara Rouadi Ouali Souk L'Qolla Bni Selmane Bni Mansour Mtioua Taguidit Imzouren Bou Jedyane Bni # Oulad Ouchich Bni Smih Bni Gmil Boufrah Ait Kamra Zouada Souk Tolba Bab Taza Louta Laouamra Senada Bni Bouayach Laghdir Ksar El Kebir Bni Darkoul Imrabten # Iounane Bni Rzine 35°N Bni Gmil Bni Abdallah Ouaouzgane Tatoft Maksouline Ksar Bjir Tifarouine Brikcha Bni Salah Bab Berred Bni Hafida Nekkour Dar Drius # Ain Beida Fifi Tarquist 35°N Moulay Ahmed # Moqrissat Cherif Zaouiat Sidi Chefchaouen Sidi Boutmim Abdelkader Rualam Asjen Issaguen Zarkat Chakrane # Bni Faghloum Ouad Malha Tamorot Ketama Nador Arbaa Taourirt Bni Ahmed Cherqia Mansoura Bni Bounsar Al Hoceima Tamsaout # Zoumi Sidi Bouzineb Ouezzane Kalaat Bni Ahmed Abdelghaya Souahel Bni Ammart Bouqorra Gharbia Ratba Bni Ahmed Bni Bchir Taghzout Imoukzan Tabouda Sidi Lhaj Souk El Arbaa du Rharb M'Hamed # Bni Bouchibet Oudka Sidi Yahya Ulad Mohand Bni Zeroual Sidi # Tafrant Tamedit Mokhfi Khlalfa Bni Ounjel Tafraout Mechra bel Ksiri GhafsaiEl Bibane Bouhouda Thar Essouk # Kissane Fennassa Bab Timezgana Zrizer El Hit Taounate Galaz Moulay Bouchta # Bouadel Bni Oulid Ourtzagh Mezraoua Taouante Gross cannabis production Rghioua Moulay Abdelkrim Ain Mediouna (metric tons) Ghouazi Taounate # Jbabra Oulad Daoud Main Cities Ain Maatouf No cannabis cultivation Bouchabel Ain Aicha Kariat Ba Bouarouss Survey area Mohamed Mkansa 1- 50 Bni Snous Sidi El Abed Ras El Ouad Taza Loulja Province boundaries Sidi Slimane El Bsabsa 51 - 500 # Tissa Commune boundaries Messassa 501 - 1000 # Ouad Jemaa Outabouabane Guercif Sidi M'Hamed Ben Lahcen Taza # Sidi Abdallah # 1001 - 2000 # Ain Legdah > 2000 0306015 # Oulad Ayyad km Eradicated # Fes Projection UTM 30N - WGS84 34°N 6°W 5°W 4°W

Source: Government of Morocco/UNODC Cannabis Survey 2005 The boundaries and names shown and the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Retail prices for cannabis resin in North Africa and in Europe (US$/gramme), 2004

24.8 12.4 Price of cannabis resin (2004) 27.6

Russia < 2 US$/gramme Island 10 .2 9.0 Finland 2 - 5 US$/gramme 12.7 Norway 5 - 8 US$/gramme Sweden 12.4 8.2 11.4 Estonia > 8 US$/gramme

11.7 Indicative estimation Latvia 11 .1 Denmark 7.5 Lithuania* No data Netherlands 7.6 8.2 Belarus Ireland 9.3 United 6.8 Germany Poland Kingdom Czech Rep. Max. price Belgique 10.8 9.3 12.1 5.0 7.9 10.2 Slovakia 5.0 6.2 Austria 15.55 Average / typical price Hungary } Rep. of Min. price Switzerld.9.4 Slov. Moldova 4.5 France Romania 4.5 Average / typical price Serbia & Montenegro * Price (2003) Croatia** 2.8 5.5 ** Price (2002) Italy FYR Macedonia 3.0 7.5 Spain Portugal

Greece Additional data: 1.5 Tunisia** Retail price in Morocco (2003): US$ 0.5 (US$0.4 - 0.6) 0.5 0.5 Marocco* Algeria* Farm gate prices for resin powder in Morocco (2003): 0.09 US$/gramme

Source: UNODC Annual Report Questionnaire and EUROPOL. The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. Main trafficking routes of Moroccan cannabis resin, 2004

Finland 467 Island Norway 37 2,092 Sweden 820 Estonia 84 Denmark 1,757 Lithuania 2 United Ireland Kingdom Netherlands 3,226 69,030* 16,101 Germay Poland 5,473 41 Belgium 39,921 Czech Rep. 23 Slovakia 1 Austria Hungary 427 Switzerld. 2 300 Slovenia France 8 103,705 Croatia Italy 5 15,924 Main trafficking routes of Spain Moroccan cannabis resin 794,437 Portugal 28 994 Cannabis resin production, 2004

Principal destination countries for Moroccan cannabis resin

Figures Cannabis resin Tunisia seizures (kg), 2004 Morocco 2,311 Production: Algeria * Seizures in 2003 2,760 mt Seizures: 12,373 86,000 Total seizures of cannabis resin in Western and Central Europe: 1,083 metric tons (2004) Sources: UNODC Annual Reports Questionnaire, Morocco Cannabis Survey Report 2004. The boundaries, names and designations used in this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations.