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Home , Al Hoceima, Bab Taza, Brikcha, Chefchaouen, Ghafsai, Iounane

ROYAUME DU MAROC LE PREMIER MINISTRE AGENCE POUR LA PROMOTION ET LE DEVELOPPEMENT ECONOMIQUE ET SOCIAL DES PREFECTURES ET DU NORD DU ROYAUME

Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria Tel: (+43 1) 26060-0, Fax: (+43 1) 26060-5866, www.unodc.org Cannabis Survey 2004

Executive Summary 2004

May 2005 Abbreviations

APDN Agence pour la Promotion et le Développement Economique et Social des Préfectures et Provinces du Nord du Royaume CRTS Centre Royal de Télédétection spatiale DPAE Direction de la Programmation et des Affaires Economiques du Ministère de l’Agriculture, du Développement Rural et des Eaux et Forêts Dh Moroccan Dirham GPS Global Positioning System ICMP Illicit Crop Monitoring Programme LARATES Laboratoire de Recherches et d’Analyses Techniques et Scientifiques, Gendarmerie Royale UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime $ United States dollars

Acknowledgments The following institutions and individuals contributed to the implementation of this survey and to the preparation of the present report:

Government of Morocco: APDN : Direction des Affaires Administratives et Financières Direction des Opérations Département de la Coopération Internationale Département des Secteurs Productifs

CRTS Centre Royal de Télédétection spatiale

DPAE : Division des Statistiques et de l’Informatique

LARATES : Département Analyses et Prélèvements, Gendarmerie Royale

Association TARGA

The implementation of this survey would not have been possible without the support of the local administration of the prefectures and Northern provinces of the Kingdom and the dedicated work of the DPAE field surveyors.

UNODC: • Xavier Bouan, Project Coordinator (UNODC, Morocco) • Amina Mouline, Assistant Project Coordinator (UNODC, Morocco) • Hakan Demirbuken, Remote Sensing Expert (ICMP, Research and Analysis Section) • Denis Destrebecq, Programme Management Officer (ICMP, Research and Analysis Section) • Ayako Kagawa, Cartographer (Research and Analysis Section) • Anja Korenblik, Programme Management Officer (ICMP, Research and Analysis Section) • Thibault le Pichon, Chief (Research and Analysis Section) • Thomas Pietschman, Analyst (Research and Analysis Section)

The implementation of this survey was made possible thanks to financial contributions from the Governments of Morocco, Italy and .

This report, and other ICMP survey reports can be downloaded from: www.unodc.org/unodc/en/crop_monitoring.html

MOROCCO

Cannabis Survey 2004

May 2004

PREFACE

The first survey of cannabis cultivation was carried out in 2003, with the productive collaboration of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). This excellent cooperative effort was continued in 2004, when field surveys were carried out, making it possible not only to update statistics on the area of land cultivated and on production, and to enhance the database with information on cannabis quality and yields, but in particular to identify the socio-cultural mechanisms that determine the behaviour of cannabis producers. The latter information was the missing part of the puzzle with respect to setting up appropriate programmes of action to identify alternative sources of income. The results of the sociological study of cannabis cultivation show that special attention should be given to modernizing collective social organization, particularly in the central region, since successful and sustainable alternative development programmes cannot be achieved without the support of modern, organized collective structures. Support in the form of international cooperation is also vital, given the quantity of financial resources that needs to be mobilized in order to implement the measures identified under the development programme for the central Rif region. It is precisely for this purpose—mobilizing the necessary funds—that a round table is to be organized jointly by UNODC and the Agence du Nord, bringing together potential international donors. In conclusion, it should be stressed that the results of the surveys carried out in 2004 question some certitudes and therefore call for further research, particularly in the following areas:

- Calibration of the area of land used for cannabis cultivation; - Tracing of the origin of seeds; - Analysis of the THC levels, in which the survey highlighted wide variations; - The level of involvement of cannabis growers in producing cannabis resin from cannabis plants; - The sale price of cannabis and cannabis resin.

Driss Benhima

General Director

Agency for the Promotion and the Economic and Social Development of the Northern Prefectures and Provinces of the Kingdom PREFACE

In 2003, the Government of Morocco and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime undertook the first survey of cannabis cultivation in Morocco. While confirming the general extent of cannabis production in the Rif region, the 2004 Survey reveals a 10% decline in cultivation to 120,500 ha – an encouraging step in the right direction. This year’s survey builds on the work of the 2003 Survey by shedding new light on the motivations for cannabis cultivation and highlighting possible motives for change – all of which could eventually contribute to the elaboration of a national strategy to fight cannabis cultivation. The socio-economic findings presented here indicate that cannabis prices have been declining throughout the last 4–5 years. The price of resin, in particular, declined considerably between 1999 and 2004. This has put pressure on the 800,000 people involved in cannabis production, whose income has dropped 26% as compared to 2003. Income from cannabis production remains low relative to overall GDP per capita. Unfortunately, although the disparity between incomes in the legitimate sector (US$1,478) and incomes in the illicit sector (US$400) is striking, there are very few alternatives to cannabis production in these isolated and service-deprived regions. In localities heavily devoted to cannabis monoculture, traditional agricultural skills and practices have been lost as a result of the over-dependence on cannabis as a livelihood strategy. This is particularly the case amongst the youth, who have experienced no other livelihood strategy and who view cannabis cultivation as the sole means to independence and prosperity. In the Rif, where population densities are three times higher than the national average, the creation of sustainable income generating opportunities will be essential to halting the expansion of the illicit sector. Income derived from cannabis, estimated to be US$325 million in 2004, is only 0.7% of national income. This problem, therefore, can be tackled. The impact of cannabis cultivation and its links with crime, corruption, environmental degradation are evident and are felt far beyond the borders of Morocco itself. The commitment of the international community, both in terms of technical and financial resources, will be essential in sustaining further declines in cultivation. In the coming years, the goal should be to ensure that this 0.7% of national income is generated by activities that can make solid contributions to the country’s future. The current fall in prices, combined with the decline in cultivation and the structural disparity between incomes in the licit and illicit sectors, could signal an important window of opportunity for the successful implementation of sustainable development programmes. Exploiting this window of opportunity needs to be undertaken in a spirit of multilateral partnership. The international community must commit itself to a determined partnership with the Government of Morocco in combating the problem of cannabis production in the country and its contribution to destructive illicit economies. UNODC will continue to encourage and facilitate this productive and forward-looking multilateral partnership.

Antonio Maria Costa Executive Director United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Algeria Taourirt Berkane # # Guercif Morocco Dar Drius # Ulad Mohand Ulad Rualam # # Taza Cannabis cultivation Forest fire Forest and scrub Others # Taguidit # Al Hoceima Sidi Abdallah Sidi Tarquist # # Main roads Rivers Main cities Survey Area boundaries Commune boundaries Lakes

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I El Jabha # # 10 Kilometres 020 Fes Taounate Projection: UTM Zone 30N ¯ # Ouad-Laou # Chechaouen # # Tetouan Umeras # # Moulay Idriss du Zerhoun Idriss Moulay # Umeras # # Tetouan Makada Fahs-Bni Sidi Kassem # Ouezzane # KsarKebir El Assilah # Sidi Slimane # Mechra bel Ksiri bel Mechra # Souk El Arbaa du Rharb Arbaa Souk El Tanger # # Larache # APDN (Morocco) - UNODC/ICMP Cannbis Survey 2004 The boundaries and names shown the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Uni Morocco, Northern Province: Cannabis Cultivation in 2004 FACT SHEET

2003 Change 2004 Cannabis cultivation: 134,000 ha -10% 120,500 ha of which on rain fed land 88% 88% of which on irrigated land 12% 12% Number of households cultivating n/a cannabis : 96,600 families Total population involved in cannabis cultivation (based on an average of 8 persons per family) 804,000 n/a Cannabis yield on rain fed land 750* kg/ha 750 kg/ha on irrigated land 1,270* kg/ha 1,270 kg/ha Gross cannabis production: 109,000* tons -10% 98,000 tons Cannabis extraction rate 2.82*% 2.82% Potential production of cannabis resin 3,070* tons -10% 2,760 tons Average THC content : dried cannabis plants n/a 2.3% cannabis resin n/a 8.3% Distribution of farm gate sales: sale of raw cannabis 66% 66% sale of cannabis resin 34% 34% Cannabis sale prices : raw cannabis 35 dh/kg 25 dh/kg cannabis resin 1,400* dh/kg 1,400 dh/kg Dh2.9 billion Dh4.0 billion* (US$ 325 Total farmers income from cannabis: (US$ 417 million, -26% million, €362 million) €263 million) Dh41,000* Dh30,000 (US$ 4,300, (US$ 3,300, Average annual household income from €3,750) €2,700) cannabis: (based on 2003 estimate of 96,600 families) Dh3,600 Dh4,900 US$ 400 US$ 520 €330 Average cannabis income per capita: €450 (2003 GDP (2003 GDP per capita per capita US$ 1,478) US$ 1,478) Seizure of cannabis resin in Morocco: 96* tons n/a Seizure of cannabis resin in Western and 946* tons n/a Central : of which of Moroccan origin (80%) 757* tons n/a Annual turn-over of international trade in US$ 15* billion US$ 13 billion - 14% cannabis resin: €12.4* billion €10.8 billion (based on 2003 seizures estimates) * 2003 results updated based on more recent or more precise information and data obtained during the 2004 survey. Morocco Cannabis Survey 2004 Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Morocco remains one of the main producers of cannabis resin (hashish) in the world. It supplies primarily the European market. The Northern Region of Morocco, where most of the cannabis cultivation is concentrated, is spread over 5 provinces and covers an area of roughly 20,000 square km. In 2003, the first cannabis survey conducted jointly by the Moroccan Government and UNODC provided an initial estimate of the extent of cannabis cultivation in Morocco. This report presents the findings of the second survey conducted in 2004 and assesses the trend in cannabis cultivation. The information on cannabis production gained during this second survey lead to the revision of the 2003 cannabis yield, sale prices and annual income estimates. In 2004, an in-depth sociological survey shed new light on the motivations for cannabis cultivation and possible factors for change. These results should improve the knowledge of social and economic factors influencing localities where cannabis is produced and contribute to the elaboration of a national strategy to fight cannabis cultivation. It is worth noting that the estimate of the total farmers income from cannabis presented in this report combines the uncertainties of each of the following steps of the survey: - the results of area estimates are being contested by Moroccan experts. These results should be re-assessed in 2005 with a method accepted by both parties; - raw cannabis yield (kg/ha); - distribution of raw cannabis and cannabis resin sales at the farm gate level; - extraction rate of resin from raw cannabis; - sale price of raw and cannabis resin. The current estimate of the total farmers income from cannabis cultivation should therefore be considered with caution while the Moroccan Government and UNODC improve future surveys.

Findings Cannabis cultivation The analysis of the 2004 SPOT images, which fully covered the survey area, estimated cannabis cultivation at about 120,500 hectares, or a decrease of 10% compared to 2003. The most important decreases took place in the provinces of Al Hoceima (-54%) and Taounate (-43%) while a smaller decrease was noted in the province of Larache (- 1%). These decreases are attributed to outreach activities by the local administration. Cannabis cultivation increased significantly in the provinces of Tetouan (+19%) and Chefchaouen (+13%). 62% of cannabis cultivation is concentrated in the province of Chefchaouen. The remaining is distributed among the provinces of Taounate (12%), Larach (10%), Al Hoceima (9%), Tetouan (7%). The use of satellite imagery for the interpretation of cannabis cultivation is under development and the Moroccan government and UNODC continue to collaborate on its improvement. Morocco Cannabis Survey 2004 Executive Summary

Production of raw cannabis and cannabis resin Based on a raw cannabis yield of 1,270 kg/ha on irrigated land and 750 kg/ha yield on rain- fed land, the total potential production of raw cannabis was estimated at 98,000 tons. Its conversion into cannabis resin (hashish) was estimated at about 2,760 tons, or a decrease of about 10% compared to a revised 2003 potential production of cannabis resin of 3,070 tons. THC content The average THC content of dried cannabis plants is 2.3%, and the average THC content of cannabis powder or cannabis resin is 8.3%. Total gross farmers income from cannabis cultivation The calculation of raw cannabis is based on the estimates of production, the extraction rate of cannabis resin from raw cannabis and the distribution of the sales between raw cannabis and cannabis resin. Using these estimates as a basis, the total gross farmers income from cannabis cultivation is estimated at about 3 billion Dh (US$325 million). This represents 0.7% of GDP in 2003 (Dh242.6 billion or US$47 billion). Based on an estimate of 96,600 households (804,000 persons) benefiting from cannabis cultivation in the Rif region (2003 estimates), this represents a gross per capita income of 3,600 Dh (US$400), well below the country’s overall 2003 GDP per capita of 14,106 Dh (US$ 1478). Trafficking and overall turnover of the market for cannabis resin (hashish) of Moroccan origin Assuming that, as in 2003, 853 tons of cannabis resin were seized in 2004 (of which 96 tons in Morocco), about 1,927 tons of cannabis resin have remained available for consumption in 2004. With an average street price for cannabis resin of 6.9$ per gram in Western Europe, the overall turnover of the market of cannabis resin of Moroccan origin would have been US$ 13 billion, or €10.8 billion in 2004.

Algeria Taourirt Berkane # Nador # Guercif Spain Morocco # Dar Drius Dar Ulad Mohand Ulad Portugal Rualam # Ouali Al Hoceima Bni Ait Youssef Taza Arbaa Louta Al Hoceima # Ait Kamra Taza # Bni Abdallah no cannabis cultivation or not Survey Area 1 - 500 ha 501 - 1000 ha 10011800 - ha 18012500 - ha > 2500 ha Sidi Taguidit Abdelkader Zaouiat Sidi #

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u Imoukzan Main cities Bni Ahmed Moulay Main roads Rivers Survey Area Province boundaries Commune boundaries Lakes Bni Bounsar Bni

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I Taghzout Legend Taounate El Jabha El # # Ain Ben Lahcen Ben Taouante Ketama Sidi M'Hamed M'Hamed Sidi Tissa Oulad Ayyad Oulad Bni Rzine Abdelghaya El Bsabsa Oulad Sidi Mokhfi Ouad Ouad Jemaa Bni Mansour Bni 10 Taounate Fes Sidi Yahya Yahya Sidi Bni Zeroual Bni # Mansoura Sidi Lhaj M'Hamed Lhaj Sidi Bni Selmane Ouad Ouad Malha Kilomètres Ouad-Laou 020 Cherqia # Bni Ahmed Chefchaouen Bni Darkoul Gharbia Bni Ahmed ¯ Bni Said Projection: UTM Zone 30N Zone UTM Projection: Fifi Moulay Bni Faghloum Bni Kariat Ba Mohamed Zaouiat Abdelkrim Chechaouen Sidi Kacem Bni Snous Bni Martil # Kalaat # Bouqorra Tetouan Sidi Al Mandri Al Sidi Tetouan Mansour Azla Oulad Ali Oulad Tetouan Ghouazi Al Hamra Moqrissat M'Diq Zaitoune Umeras Al Ouad Al # # Zinat Fnidq Karrich Mallalienne Dar Bni Mkansa Allyene Tetouan Al Azhar Al Tetouan Bni Leit Bni Taghramt Saddina Ain Beida Sahtryine Kdim Souk Majaz Anjra Bni Idder Bni Ksar El Ksar Moulay Idriss du Zerhoun du Idriss Moulay # Ouezzane # # Ain Lahsan Ain Umeras Tetouan Bghaghza Souk L'Qolla Souk Asjen Jouamaa Bni Harchen Bni Makada Sidi Kassem Al Kharroub Fahs-Bni Fahs-Bni # Jbel Jbel Lahbib # Bou Jedyane Bou Larache Ksar El Kebir Assilah Tangier Al Manzla Al # Sidi Slimane Souaken # Mechra bel Ksiri bel Mechra Bni Garfett # Ksar Souk El Arbaa du Rharb du Arbaa El Souk Oulad Oulad Ouchich # Tangier # Rissana Chamalia Rissana Rissana Janoubia Rissana Assilah Sahel Asilah Larache # Souk El Alba APDN (Morocoo) - UNODC/ICMP Cannabis Survey 2004 The boundaries and names shown the designations used on this map do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Uni Morocco - Northern Provinces: Cannabis Cultivation in 2004 (per commune)

Algeria Taourirt Berkane # Nador # Guercif Spain Morocco # Dar Drius Ulad Mohand Ulad Portugal Rualam # Imzouren Ouali Al Hoceima Al Bni Bouayach Bni Nekkour Ait Youssef Youssef Ait Taza Arbaa Taourirt Arbaa Al Hoceima Louta Tifarouine # Ait Kamra Imrabten Taza Chakrane # Izemmouren Bni Abdallah no cannabis production or not SurveyArea 6 tons - 0.001 6 - 10 tons tons - 400 10 400 - 700tons 700 - 1200 tons > 1200 tons Sidi Bouzineb Sidi Taguidit Abdelkader Zaouiat Sidi Zaouiat #

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g Main roads Rivers Ahmed Cherif Ahmed Main cities Survey Area Province boundaries Commune boundaries Lakes

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I # Taghzout Taounate Zrizer Khlalfa El Jabha El # Legend # Ain Aicha Ben Lahcen Ben Taouante Ketama Sidi M'Hamed M'Hamed Sidi Tissa Oulad Ayyad Oulad Bni Rzine Abdelghaya Souahel Abdelghaya Timezgana El Bsabsa Oulad Oulad Daoud Tamsaout Mezraoua Amtar Sidi Bni Smih Mokhfi Ouad Ouad Jemaa Tamorot Bouarouss Galaz Oudka El Bibane El Iounane Ratba Ghafsai 10 Loulja Bni Mansour Bni Bni Bouzra Bab Berred Bab Ourtzagh Taounate Fes Kilometres Chefchaouen 020 Jbabra Sidi Yahya Yahya Sidi Bni Zeroual # Mansoura Sidi Lhaj M'Hamed Lhaj Sidi Kissane Steha Bni Selmane Ouad Ouad Malha Ouad-Laou Tizgane Bni Salah Cherqia Tafrant # Sidi El Abed Bouchabel Bni Ahmed Tabouda ¯ Bni Darkoul Bni Projection: UTM Zone 30N Zone UTM Projection: Gharbia Tassift Moulay Bouchta Moulay Bni Ahmed Chechaouen Bni Said Talambote Fifi Moulay Moulay Bni Faghloum Bni Kariat Ba Mohamed Zaouiat Zaouiat Abdelkrim Bab Taza Bab Sidi Kacem Bni Snous Bni Martil # Kalaat # Bouqorra Tetouan Sidi Al Mandri Sidi Tetouan Mansour Azla Oulad Ali Oulad Tetouan Ghouazi Al Hamra Moqrissat M'Diq Zaitoune Umeras Al Ouad Al # # Zinat Fnidq Derdara Laghdir Karrich Mallalienne Dar Bni Dar Mkansa Allyene Zoumi Tetouan Al Azhar Al Tetouan Bni Leit Taghramt Saddina Ain Beida Sahtryine Kdim Souk Souk Tanaqoub Majaz Anjra Bni Idder Bni Ksar ElKsar Moulay Moulay Idriss du Zerhoun Tazroute # Ouezzane # # Ain Lahsan Ain Brikcha Umeras Tetouan Bghaghza Souk L'Qolla Souk Asjen Jouamaa Bni Harchen Bni Bni Arouss Makada Sidi Kassem Sidi Al Kharroub Al Fahs-Bni # Jbel Jbel Tatoft Lahbib # Zaaroura Bou Jedyane Bou Ayacha Larache Ksar El Kebir El Ksar Assilah Tangier Al Manzla # Souk Tolba Souk Sidi Slimane Sidi # Souaken Mechra bel Ksiri bel Mechra Bni Garfett # Ksar BjirKsar Souk El Arbaa du Rharb Arbaa El Souk Oulad Oulad Ouchich # Tangier # Rissana Chamalia Rissana Zouada Rissana Janoubia Rissana Assilah Sahel Asilah Larache # Laouamra - Northern Provinces: Cannabis Production in 2004 (per commune) Souk El Alba Morocco APDN ( Morocco ) - UNODC/ICMP Cannabis Survey 2004 Cannabis ) - UNODC/ICMP ( Morocco APDN United by the or acceptance endorsement official imply do not this on used designations the and shown names and boundaries The

Algeria Taourirt Berkane # # Spain Nador Guercif Morocco # Ulad Mohand Ulad Dar Drius Portugal # Taza # Al Hoceima images Rualam images Taza # Survey Area IKONOS SPOT 5 Taguidit # Al Hoceima Tarquist Sidi Abdallah Sidi # #

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I Taounate El Jabha # # 10 Kilometres 020 Taounate # Ouad-Laou # Fes ¯ Projection: UTM Zone 30N Chefchaouen Chechaouen Martil # # Tetouan Umeras # # Ouezzane # # # Tetouan Makada Fahs-Bni Sidi Kassem Umeras # Moulay Moulay Idriss du Zerhoun # Tangier # Sidi Slimane Assilah # Mechra bel Ksiri # Souk El Arbaa du Rharb Ksar El Kebir Tanger # # Larache Larache Asilah # APDN (Morocco) - UNODC/ICMP Cannabis Survey 2004 The boundaries and names shown the designations used on this do not imply official dorsement or acceptance by United Na Morocco - Northern Provinces: Spot 5 and IKONOS images acquired in 2004