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Türk Dış Politikası'nda Kültürel Diplomasi

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Türk Dış Politikası'nda Kültürel Diplomasi TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ: YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜ ÖRNEĞİ Abuzer ER Yüksek Lisans Tezi Danışman: Prof. Dr. Mustafa FİŞNE Ağustos, 2018 Afyonkarahisar T.C. AFYON KOCATEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ: YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜ ÖRNEĞİ Hazırlayan Abuzer ER Danışman Prof. Dr. Mustafa FİŞNE AFYONKARAHİSAR 2018 YEMİN METNİ Yüksek Lisans tezi olarak sunduğum “Türk Dış Politikası’nda Kültürel Diplomasi: Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Örneği” adlı çalışmanın tarafımdan bilimsel ahlak ve geleneklere aykırı düşecek bir yardıma başvurmaksızın yazıldığını ve yararlandığım eserlerin kaynakçada gösterilen eserlerden oluştuğunu, bunlara atıf yapılarak yararlanmış olduğumu belirtir ve bunu onurumla doğrularım. .../…../2018 Abuzer ER i TEZ JÜRİSİ KARARI VE ENSTİTÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ONAYI ii ÖZET TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI’NDA KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ: YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜ ÖRNEĞİ Abuzer ER AFYON KOCATEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ KAMU YÖNETİMİ ANABİLİM DALI AĞUSTOS 2018 Danışman: Prof. Dr. Mustafa FİŞNE Devletler zora (güce) dayalı politikalardan ziyade ‘‘kültürel diplomasi’’ yoluyla dillerini, geleneklerini, göreneklerini ve kültürleri yaymak için çeşitli faaliyetler gerçekleştirmişlerdir. Örneğin, İngiltere British Council, Almanya Goethe Enstitüsü ve İspanya ise Cervantes Enstitüsü gibi kültür enstitüleri ile kültürel diplomasi faaliyetleri gerçekleştirmeye çalışmışlardır. Türkiye de bu sürecin bir parçası olmuş ve Yunus Emre Enstitüsü bünyesinde kendi kültürel birikimini tanıtmak ve yaymak adına çeşitli adımlar atmıştır. Dolayısıyla, son dönemlerde literatüre giren ve Türk dış politikasında da kullanılmaya başlanan yumuşak gücün bir parçası olan ‘‘kültürel diplomasi’’nin mahiyeti ve Türkiye’nin bu alanda ne gibi faaliyetlerde bulunduğu ve bu bağlamda Yunus Emre Enstitüsü’nün faaliyetleri ve bu faaliyetlerin etkinliği incelenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kültürel Diplomasi, Yumuşak güç, Yunus Emre Enstitüsü, Kültür Enstitüleri. iii ABSTRACT CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN TURKISH FOREING POLICY: EXAMPLE OF YUNUS EMRE INSTITUTE Abuzer ER AFYON KOCATEPE UNIVERSITY THE ISNTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT of PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION August 2018 Advisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mustafa FİŞNE States have realised in a variety of activities to spread their languages, traditions and cultures through "cultural diplomacy" rather than force-based politics. For instance, the British Council in the UK, the Goethe Institute in Germany and the Cervantes Institute in Spain have attempted to carry out cultural diplomacy activities with cultural institutes. Turkey has been a part of this process and the Yunus Emre Institute to introduce their cultural heritage and has taken several steps to spread. Accordingly, the nature of “cultural diplomacy” entering to the literature in recent years as a part of soft power that began to be used increasingly by Turkey is examined together with related activities by Turkey. In this context, the activities of Yunus Emre Institute is investigated and their effectiveness is discussed. Key Words: Cultural Diplomacy, Soft Power, Yunus Emre Institute, Cultural Institutes. iv İÇİNDEKİLER YEMİN METNİ ................................................................................................................ i TEZ JÜRİSİ KARARI VE ENSTİTÜ MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ ONAYI ................................ ii ÖZET ............................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iv İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ v TABLOLAR LİSTESİ .................................................................................................... iv RESİMLER LİSTESİ ............................................................................................... x GRAFİKLER LİSTESİ ........................................................................................... xi KISALTMALAR DİZİNİ ............................................................................................ xii GİRİŞ ................................................................................................................................ 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM KAVRAMSAL VE TARİHSEL ÇERÇEVE 1. DİPLOMASİ, KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ, GÜÇ, YUMUŞAK GÜÇ VE KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ İLİŞKİSİ ................................................................................................... 4 1.1. DİPLOMASİ ..................................................................................................... 4 1.2. KAMU DİPLOMASİSİ VE YENİ KAMU DİPLOMASİ ANLAYIŞI ............ 6 1.2.1. Kamu Diplomasisi Teknikleri ............................................................... 12 1.3. GÜÇ KAVRAMI ............................................................................................. 15 1.3.1. Yumuşak Güç ......................................................................................... 17 1.3.2. Yumuşak Güç ve Kamu Diplomasisi İlişkisi ....................................... 21 1.4. KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ KAVRAMI ......................................................... 21 1.4.1. Kültürel Diplomasinin Araçları............................................................ 24 v 4. KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ ENSTİTÜLERİ ........................................................... 26 4.1. FRANSA- ALLIANCE FRANÇAISE VE INSTITUTS FRANÇAIS ............ 27 4.2. İNGİLTERE-BRITISH COUNCIL ................................................................. 29 4.3. ALMANYA-GOETHE ENSTİTÜSÜ ............................................................. 32 4.4. İSPANYA-CERVANTES ENSTİTÜSÜ ........................................................ 33 4.5. ÇİN-KONFÜÇYÜS ENSTİTÜSÜ .................................................................. 35 4.6. KÜLTÜR ENSTİTÜLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ ............................. 37 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI VE KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ 1. TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ GELİŞİMİ VE EVRELERİ .................................. 40 1.1. DIŞ POLİTİKA ............................................................................................... 40 1.2. TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI ................................................................................ 41 1.3. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ TEMEL DIŞ POLİTİKA İLKELERİ ................. 43 1.3.1. Bağımsızlık İlkesi ................................................................................... 43 1.3.2. Batıcılık ................................................................................................... 44 1.3.3. Statükoculuk/Güvenlik Politikası ......................................................... 45 1.3.3.1. Mevcut Sınırları Sürdürme ............................................................... 46 1.3.3.2. Mevcut Dengeleri Sürdürme ............................................................ 47 1.4. CUMHURİYET DÖNEMİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ BAŞLICA GELİŞMELERİ ...................................................................................................... 49 1.4.1. Atatürk Dönemi (1923-1939) ................................................................ 50 1.4.2. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Dönemi (1939-1945) ............................................ 55 1.4.3. Soğuk Savaş Dönemi (1945-1990) ......................................................... 57 vi 1.4.4. Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Dönem (1993-2002) ............................................ 64 2. 2002 SONRASI YENİ TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASI ................................................... 71 2.1. 2002 SONRASI TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ GENEL HATLARI ............. 71 2.2. 2002 SONRASI TÜRK DIŞ POLİTİKASININ İLKELERİ ........................... 72 2.2.1. Stratejik Derinlik ................................................................................... 73 2.2.2. Merkez Ülke/ Düzen Kurucu Aktör Olma .......................................... 74 2.2.3. Yumuşak Güç ve Kamu Diplomasisinin Uygulanması ...................... 75 2.2.4. Vizyon Odaklılık .................................................................................... 76 2.2.5. Proaktif (Önleyici) ve Ritmik Diplomasi ............................................. 76 2.2.6. Komşularla Sıfır Sorun İlkesi ............................................................... 77 2.3. 2002 SONRASI ABD, AB, RUSYA VE ORTADOĞU İLE İLİŞKİLER ..... 78 2.4. 2002 SONRASI DÖNEMİN KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ FAALİYETLERİ . 83 2.4.1. Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Başkanlığı’nın Faaliyetleri .............. 83 2.4.2. Kamu Diplomasisi Koordinatörlüğü’nün Faaliyetleri ....................... 86 2.4.3. Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Toplulukları Başkanlığı’nın Faaliyetleri ............................................................................................................................ 87 2.4.4. Diğer Kurumların Faaliyetleri .............................................................. 88 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KÜLTÜREL DİPLOMASİ ARACI OLARAK YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜ 1. YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜNÜN KURULUŞU ................................................... 90 2. YUNUS EMRE TÜRK KÜLTÜR MERKEZLERİ ................................................ 93 2.3. YUNUS EMRE ENSTİTÜSÜNÜN FAALİYET ALANLARI ...................... 98 2.3.1. Eğitim-Öğretim Faaliyetleri ve Türkçe Öğretimi ............................... 98 vii 2.3.1.1. Türkoloji Projesi ............................................................................. 102 2.3.1.2. Ölçme-Değerlendirme
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